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This review elaborates on biochemical characteristics, in vivo metabolism, biological conversion through UV irradiation, as well as dietary fortification of vitamin D. Recent innovations in vitamin D utilization, including nanoencapsulation, direct or indirect addition, emulsion, ultrasound, microwave processing, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing, as well as UV photoconversion, were summarized. Mushrooms, eggs, yeasts, as well as seafood, such as Barramundi and Atlantic salmon, were typical representatives of original natural food materials for vitamin D bioconversion in relevant research. The critical session thereof referred to the 295 nm UV-B irradiation triggering biological fortification of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3, which occurred in ergosterol from mushrooms, and cholesterol from egg yolk, respectively. The schematic biosynthesis of vitamin D precursors in yeasts regulated miscellaneous enzymes were clearly demonstrated. These summarized pathways played a role as a theoretical primer for vitamin D bioconversion when the UV irradiation technique is concerned. Besides, tomatoes had become the latest potential vitamin D sources after genetic modification. The safety consideration for vitamin D fortified functional food was discussed either. Further research is required to fill the gap of investigating optimized factors like types of eggs, meat, and grain, boarder range of wavelength, and dosage in UV irradiation. Vitamin D has a great potential market in the field of functional food development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Extremely premature infants receive nutrition and medication through nasogastric tubes. Breastmilk given accordingly is subject to fat loss. This study aimed to investigate whether this could also apply to vitamin D. Methods: A questionnaire investigated vitamin D administration at a level III neonatal intensive care unit in Sweden in 2021. Feeding simulations with breastmilk and various vitamin D mixtures were done accordingly. After administration, vitamin D3 concentration was analysed using chromatography with mass spectrometry, followed by repeated simulations with vitamin D mixtures without breastmilk in 2023. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 10 persons. Vitamin D was administered as drops using an enteral syringe and a nasogastric tube in conjunction with a breastmilk meal. In the feeding simulations, vitamin D3 concentration after administration was significantly higher using a syringe alone compared to standard administration. When vitamins were administered according to standard but without breastmilk, 100% of the vitamin D and 40% of the multivitamins were lost. The vitamins adhered to the material, mainly in the nasogastric tube. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that standard vitamin D supplementation in the neonatal intensive care unit may be unpredictable when administered by enteral syringe and nasogastric tube. We suggest using direct oral administration whenever possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D is an essential nutrient that has various beneficial effects on the human body. The results of cholecalciferol supplementation are varied, and there has yet to be a comprehensive review regarding its effect on animal models. Therefore, this scoping review aims to summarize the evidence regarding the effect of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) supplementation on the lipid profiles of animal subjects. PubMed, Scopus, and DOAJ were searched for original research articles published until 2022. Studies were included if they were experimental studies, cholecalciferol was used as a supplement, and the changes in the lipid profile were analyzed. A total of 260 articles were collected, of which 250 articles were excluded, and 10 articles were included for qualitative synthesis. All studies used oral routes to supplement cholecalciferol with various doses and duration ranging from several weeks to several months. Most studies reported reduced lipid parameters in serum or organ-specific animals supplemented with cholecalciferol. As conclusion, cholecalciferol reduces lipid content in animal subjects and may have a beneficial effect on populations with metabolic diseases such as diabetes and dyslipidemia. Further research is required to explore the mechanism of how cholecalciferol affects the lipid profiles of experimental animals.

Objective: To study the relationship between nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors family pyrin domain containing 3(NLRP3) inflammasome and disease activity and bone metabolism indexes of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and its diagnostic value. Methods: 300 RA patients admitted to the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from May 2021 to September 2022 were selected, and the patients were divided into low-degree group(n=62), moderate group(n=104), severe group(n=134) according to the 28 joint disease range of motion (DAS28) score. NLRP3, apoptosis-related spot-like protein (ASC), caspase-1 (caspase-1) mRNA expression level, bone metabolism indexes of each group were detected and compared. The correlation of NLRP3 inflammasome index and DAS 28 score and bone metabolism indexes was analyed by Pearson correlation, and the diagnostic value of NLRP3, ASC, and caspase-1 for the severity of disease activity of RA was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve. Results: The serum NLRP 3, ASC and Caspase-1 mRNA were higher in the severe and moderate groups than the low-degree group, and severe group was higher than the moderate group (P<0.05). Serum Bone gla protein(BGP), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and β-collagen special sequence (β-CTx) levels in the moderate group and low-degree group were significantly lower than the severe group, and low-degree group was lower than the moderate group (P<0.05). Serum 25- (OH) Vitamin D3 [25- (OH) D3] and type I procollagen propeptide (PINP) levels were significantly higher in the moderate group and low-degree grade group than the severe group, and low-degree grade group was higher than the moderate group (P<0.05). The Pearson correlation analysis showed that, the serum NLRP 3 inflammasome index was positively associated with DAS 28 score, BGP, PTH and β-CTx, but negatively associated with 25- (OH) D3 and PINP (all P<0.05). ROC analysis showed that the area under the curve of NLRP3, NLRP3, ASC alone and in combination for the severity of disease activity of RAwas 0. 770, 0.733, 0.739, and 0.828, respectively. Conclusion: The NLRP3 inflammasome is closely related to disease activity in RA patients, the serum NLRP 3 inflammasome index is positively correlated with DAS 28 score, BGP, PTH and β-CTx, but negatively correlated with 25- (OH) D3 and PINP. The combined detection of NLRP 3, ASC and Caspase-1 levels has the higher diagnostic value for the severity of disease activity of RA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is widespread around the world and has been extensively documented to affect various health conditions, including the cognitive functioning of the brain. Serum 25-hydroxylated forms of vitamin D are traditionally used to determine vitamin D status. However, there is now evidence that cholecalciferol activation can occur and be controlled by locally expressed enzymes in the brain. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cholecalciferol supplementation on cognitive function in rats who underwent transient VDD in adulthood. Thirty-six adult Wistar rats were administered paricalcitol (seven doses of 32 ng injected every other day) along with a "vitamin D-free" diet to induce VDD, which was confirmed using a LC–MS/MS serum analysis of the cholecalciferol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels. Treatment was performed by including 1000 IU/kg and 10,000 IU/kg cholecalciferol in the diet. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the novel object recognition (NOR), Morris water maze (MWM), and radial arm maze (RAM) tests. An immunohistochemical analysis of the brain regions involved in learning and memory was performed by quantifying the neurons, astrocytes, and microglia labelled with anti-neuronal nuclei (NeuN), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba-1) antibodies, respectively. The vitamin D deficient group showed the lowest performance in both the MWM and RAM tests. In contrast, the cholecalciferol-treated groups exhibited a faster learning curve. However, no difference was detected between the groups in the NOR test. On the other hand, differences in the cellular organization of the hippocampus and amygdala were observed between the groups. Cholecalciferol supplementation decreased the density of the Iba-1- and GFAP-labeled cells in the hilus and cornu Ammonis 3 (CA3) regions of the hippocampus and in the amygdala. These results support vitamin D's substantial role in learning and memory. They also highlight that subtle changes of cognitive function induced by transient VDD could be reversed by cholecalciferol supplementation. Further studies are needed to better understand VDD and cholecalciferol's effects on the brain structure and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aimed to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) concentrations in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) patients and to evaluate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on their treatment course. Methods: Serum 25(OH)D3concentrations were measured in 47 newly diagnosed EPTB patients and 42 controls. Vitamin D-deficient EPTB patients were randomly assigned to receive 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) orally once a week for 6 weeks (total 300,000 IU), followed by maintenance doses of 1000 IU a day besides anti-TB drugs or the first line anti-TB treatment only. Follow up serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were measured after 3 months of starting vitamin D3 supplementation. Both groups were evaluated for clinical, laboratory, and radiological outcomes after treatment. Results: Serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were significantly lower among TB cases (17.1 ± 5.5 nmol/L) compared to healthy controls (51.8 ± 27.3 nmol/L), and vitamin D deficiency was observed in all EPTB patients (n = 47). Patients in VD3 supplementation group had significantly higher weight gain and serum albumin level at 2 months and end of treatment, higher hemoglobin concentration at the end of treatment, significantly lower CRP and ESR at 2 months and at the end of treatment. In cases with TB pleurisy, a significant higher rate of full resolution of pleural fluid after 6 months of anti-TB treatment and shorter treatment duration were noted compared to the other group. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in EPTB patients, in whom, vitamin D supplementation is a useful adjunctive therapy to anti-TB drugs and improves treatment course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Diabetic osteoporosis is gaining public attention. However, few studies have reported the effect of a high-glucose environment on the osteogenic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells and the corresponding therapeutic strategies. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether vitamin D3 can restore the osteogenic differentiation potential of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in a high)glucose environment. METHODS: The viability of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells was detected by CCK-8 assay to screen the appropriate vitamin D3 intervention concentration. Under the high-glucose environment, RT-qPCR, western blot assay, immunofluorescence, JC-1 mitochondrial membrane potential, alizarin red staining, and β-galactosidase staining were used to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation potential, intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential alteration, and cell senescence of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells after vitamin D3 intervention. The underlying mechanism was also discussed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Vitamin D3 significantly promoted the proliferation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in the range of 0.1 μmol/L to 1 mmol/L. (2) High-glucose environment down-regulated the mRNA and protein level expressions of osteogenic-related genes α1-I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, Runt-associated transcription factor 2, and osteocalcin in human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, which induced oxidative stress and cellular senescence. (3) Vitamin D3 at an intervention concentration of 10 μmol/L significantly restored the osteogenic phenotype of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells under high-glucose conditions and attenuated intracellular oxidative stress and cellular senescence by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. (4) These findings suggested that the osteogenic differentiation ability of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells was reduced in the high-glucose environment, and vitamin D3 could partially improve their osteogenic differentiation ability and reduce cell damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D deficiencies are linked to multiple human diseases. Optimizing its synthesis, physicochemical properties, and delivery systems while minimizing side effects is of clinical relevance and is of great medical and industrial interest. Biotechnological techniques may render new modified forms of vitamin D that may exhibit improved absorption, stability, or targeted physiological effects. Novel modified vitamin D derivatives hold promise for developing future therapeutic approaches and addressing specific health concerns related to vitamin D deficiency or impaired metabolism, such as avoiding hypercalcemic effects. Identifying and engineering key enzymes and biosynthetic pathways involved, as well as developing efficient cultures, are therefore of outmost importance and subject of intense research. Moreover, we elaborate on the critical role that microbial bioconversions might play in the a la carte design, synthesis, and production of novel, more efficient, and safer forms of vitamin D and its analogs. In summary, the novelty of this work resides in the detailed description of the physiological, medical, biochemical, and epidemiological aspects of vitamin D supplementation and the steps towards the enhanced and simplified industrial production of this family of bioactives relying on microbial enzymes. Key points: • Liver or kidney pathologies may hamper vitamin D biosynthesis • Actinomycetes are able to carry out 1α- or 25-hydroxylation on vitamin D precursors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although antiviral properties of vitamin D are recognized, the influence of parental Vit D supplementation on COVID-19 disease has not been determined. Objective: The aim of study was to evaluate impact of prompt treatment of Vit D deficiency on COVID-19 patients. Patients and Methods: A randomized controlled experiment was carried out on 250 COVID-19 patients. Patients were categorized into two cohorts: one cohort received daily intramuscular injection of 200,000 IU cholecalciferol for four consecutive days, while other cohort received daily oral dose of 10,000 IU cholecalciferol. The latter group functioned as control group. Before and after therapy, serum 25(OH)D level, inflammatory markers and electrolytes were measured, besides, clinical follow-up. Results: In Vit D group, the 25(OH)D levels considerably increased after 7 days compared to initial levels (32.48 ±9.64 Vs 13.77 ±6.51 ng/mL, respectively). All Vit D deficient patients have transitioned to sufficient status. Levels of markers (ESR 50.99±17.56 mm/hr, CRP 30.75 ±24 mg/L, and ferritin 392.05 ±139.17 ng/mL) decreased after seven days (29.74±8.97 mm/hr, 10.52 ±13 mg/L, and 94.59 ±27.14 ng/mL, respectively). A substantial clinical improvement occurred in Vit D group compared to their initial condition. Also Vit D deficiency was found to significantly increase risk of COVID-19 mortality by factor of 15.375 [AOR = 15.375, 95% CI: 1.898-124.52, p=0.01]. Conclusion: A daily intramuscular injection of 200,000 IU cholecalciferol for four consecutive days has been proven to significantly enhance clinico-labarotaory parameters in COVID-19 patients. Considering higher Vit D supplementation as a potential treatment for COVID-19 is a viable option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and vitamin D3 supplementation on Chemokine (C-C motif) Ligand 5 (CCL-5) and C-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) in the white adipose tissue (WAT) of male rats with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Materials and Methods: The experimental study involved 40 male Wistar rats divided into 5 groups (n=8). These groups were healthy control (HC), diabetic control (DC), diabetic+HIIT (DHIIT), diabetic+vitamin D3 (DD3), and diabetic+HIIT+vitamin D3 (DHIITD3). The rats completed 8 weeks of HIIT, consisting of 12 sessions lasting 1 minute each at an intensity of 90-95% of their maximum running speed. Additionally, the rats were administered a weekly dose of 10,000 IU/kg of vitamin D3 for 8 weeks. Results: The levels of CCL-5 (P<0.001) and CCR5 (P=0.003) were found to be higher in the DC group as compared to the HC group. However, when HIIT training and vitamin D3 were administered together, there was a decrease in CCL-5 (P=0.001) and CCR5 (P<0.001) in the DHIITD3 group (P=0.001). Similarly, vitamin D3 alone reduced CCR5 levels in the DD3 group (P< 0.001). Also, the decrease of CCR5 in the DD3 group was higher than in the DHIIT group (P=0.022), and the DHIITD3 group was higher than in the DHIIT group (P<0.001), but there was no difference between the DD3 and DHIITD3 groups (P≥0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that combining HIIT training with vitamin D3 has a greater effect on reducing the expression of CCL-5 and CCR5 in the white adipose tissue of rats with type 2 diabetes induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and a high-fat diet (HFD), compared to the effects of each one alone. It is recommended that the study be conducted by measuring the variables involved in the mechanisms and the changes in CCL-5 and CCR5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Natural killer (NK) cell activity is low and NK cell maturation is suppressed in diabetic mice. • Interferon-γ production of splenocyte is low in diabetic mice. • Transforming growth factor-β expression in spleen is high in diabetic mice. • Enhanced NK cell activity may be associated with changes in proportion of mature NK cells. • Vitamin D supplementation enhanced interleukin-12 production. • Vitamin D supplementation enhanced Bcl2 and Tbx21 expression in NK cells. Type 2 diabetes mellitus negatively affects the immune system, resulting in reduced natural killer (NK) cell activity. Vitamin D has been shown to regulate innate and adaptive immune cells. However, the effects of vitamin D on NK cells remain inconclusive, especially in the context of diabetes. We hypothesized that dietary vitamin D 3 supplementation can enhance NK cell activity in diabetic mice. Therefore, we investigated the effects of dietary vitamin D 3 on NK cell activity in control and diabetic mice and explored the mechanisms of NK cell activity modulation by vitamin D 3. Control (CON) and diabetic mice (db/db) were randomly divided into 2 groups, then fed either a control diet (948 IU vitamin D 3 /kg diet, vDC) or a diet supplemented with vitamin D 3 (9,477 IU vitamin D 3 /kg diet, vDS) for 8 weeks. Diabetic mice exhibited lower NK cell activity than control mice. The vDS group had significantly higher NK cell activity than the vDC group in both control and diabetic mice. The vDS group had a higher percentage of CD11b single-positive NK cells than the vDC group (CON-vDS 34%; db/db-vDS 30%; CON-vDC 27%; db/db-vDC 22%). The intracellular expression of splenic TGF-β was significantly higher in the db/db group than in the CON group. Overall, vDS group had higher Bcl2 and Tbx21 mRNA expressions than the vDC group. In conclusion, the present study shows that NK cell activity is impaired under diabetic conditions, possibly due to the reduced percentage of mature NK cells. Moreover, NK activity is enhanced by dietary supplementation in both control and diabetic mice that may be associated with changes in the proportion of mature NK cells. The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of vitamin D on NK cell activity in diabetic conditions. The results showed that diabetic mice showed impaired NK cell activity with lower percentage of mature NK cells and NKG2D expression. However, dietary vitamin D 3 -supplementated group showed enhanced NK cell activity in diabetic mice, along with increased production of NK-stimulating cytokines and increased levels of mRNAs associated with NK cell maturation.Abbreviations: Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2; CD, cluster of differentiation; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; IL, interleukin; NK cells, Natural killer cells; NKG2D, Natural killer group 2D; Tbx21, T-box transcription factor 21; TGF-β, Transforming growth factor beta. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the therapeutic efficacy of calcium carbonate and vitamin D3 granules in bone density and growing limbs in children. Methods: One hundred children with pains in growing limbs were recruited as the study group, juxtaposed with a blank group comprised of 100 healthy children with no pains. Both groups underwent physical examinations at Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang City, China during the study period. Children in the study group were further randomized into treatment group (n = 50) which received orally administered calcium carbonate (500 mg) and vitamin D3 granules (35 μg) once daily for 3 months and control group (n = 50) without treatment intervention. Bone density, pain severity, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-(OH)D), calcium, and phosphorus levels were determined in all groups. Results: There was no significant difference in serum calcium, phosphorus, and bone density Z-scores in the study and control groups (p > 0.05). Also, the presence of pains in growing limbs of children was associated with significantly lower serum levels of 25-(OH)D (p < 0.05), but treatment with calcium carbonate and vitamin D3 granules significantly ameliorated pain (p < 0.05). After treatment, children who received calcium carbonate and vitamin D3 granules exhibited significantly higher bone density Z-scores, with higher scores observed in those with effective treatment outcomes compared to those with ineffective outcomes (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Pains in growing limbs of children are associated with serum 25-(OH)D levels. Oral administration of calcium carbonate and vitamin D3 granules significantly alleviates the severity of pains and improves bone density. Further studies using larger patient populations and multi-racial centers will be needed to consider potential factors such as genetic and environmental that may have an impact on the study outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sufficient levels of vitamin D have been associated with higher chances for both clinical pregnancy and live birth among women undergoing assisted reproductive techniques, whereas low levels of maternal vitamin D have been associated with preeclampsia and late miscarriage. In Denmark, subgroups at risk for low vitamin D levels, including neonates and toddlers, are recommended to use supplementation. The aim was to study the level of vitamin D3 among neonates born after in vitro fertilization compared with neonates from the general population. Material and methods: In this cohort study a random sample of 1326 neonates representing the general population and 1200 neonates conceived by in vitro fertilization born in Denmark from 1995 to 2002 were identified from registries covering the whole Danish population. Information on use of assisted reproduction was collected from the Danish In Vitro Fertilization register, ICD‐10 code: DZ358F. 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D was measured from dried blood spots routinely collected by heel prick 48–72 h after birth and corrected according to the hematocrit fraction for capillary blood of neonates. Linear regression analysis was performed, both crude and adjusted, for predefined putative confounders, identified through directed acyclic graphs. Results: Vitamin D3 analysis could be performed from a total of 1105 neonates from the general population and 1072 neonates conceived by in vitro fertilization that were subsequently included in the study. The median vitamin D3 was 24.0 nmol/L (interquartile range [IQR] 14.1–39.3) and 33.0 nmol/L (IQR 21.3–48.8) among neonates from the general population and neonates conceived by in vitro fertilization, respectively. The adjusted mean difference between neonates from the general population and those conceived by in vitro fertilization was 6.1 nmol/L (95% confidence interval 4.1–8.1). Conclusions: In this study, children born after in vitro fertilization have a higher vitamin D3 than a random sample of neonates in Denmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is widely present in various organisms and is an important precursor of vitamin D 3. Despite significant improvements in the biosynthesis of 7-DHC, it remains insufficient to meet the industrial demands. In this study, we reported high-level production of 7-DHC in an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae leveraging subcellular organelles. Initially, the copy numbers of DHCR24 were increased in combination with sterol transcriptional factor engineering and rebalanced the redox power of the strain. Subsequently, the effects of compartmentalizing the post-squalene pathway in peroxisomes were validated by assembling various pathway modules in this organelle. Furthermore, several peroxisomes engineering was conducted to enhance the production of 7-DHC. Utilizing the peroxisome as a vessel for partial post-squalene pathways, the potential of yeast for 7-dehydrocholesterol production was demonstrated by achieving a 26-fold increase over the initial production level. 7-DHC titer reached 640.77 mg/L in shake flasks and 4.28 g/L in a 10 L bench-top fermentor, the highest titer ever reported. The present work lays solid foundation for large-scale and cost-effective production of 7-DHC for practical applications. • Engineering post-squalene pathways in peroxisomes enhanced 7-DHC biosynthesis in diploid S. cerevisiae • Balanced regulation of NADPH supply and acetate accumulation are beneficial for 7-DHC accumulation. • The highest productivity of 7-DHC (4.28 g/L) was attained in a 10-L bioreactor with this peroxisome-engineered yeast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescent girls and young women of childbearing age are the main populations affected by endocrinopathy known as polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). It is especially important to take into account whether clinical and biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism are present in female patients. In maintaining metabolic homeostasis, leptin is crucial. According to research, vitamin D deficiency may play a role in the pathophysiology of PCOS by contributing to insulin resistance, inflammation, dyslipidaemia, and obesity, which are all conditions linked to the syndrome. In this study, leptin and vitamin D3 levels will be measured in order to determine how each relates to the aetiology of PCOS. Materials and Methods: Hundred young women were allocated into two groups, 50 women with PCOS (diagnosed on the basis of revised Rotterdam criteria for PCOS), taken as a study group, and 50 healthy women with no PCOS as control group. Blood samples were collected and tested for hormonal parameters. Results: Between the two groups, there were no appreciable variations in demographic traits. Study groups were found to have considerably higher serum leptin levels than control groups. The study group's vitamin D3 levels were found to be lower than those of the control group. Conclusion: Patients with PCOS are a special population with distinctive hormonal profiles that differ from typical profiles in healthy populations. Comparing PCOS to healthy individuals, leptin levels were higher while vitamin D3 levels were lower. It is necessary to conduct more extensive research on the involvement of leptin and vitamin D3 in the aetiology of PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have demonstrated the relationship between vitamin D deficiency, infection severity and mortality from COVID-19. This study aimed to analyze the vitamin D metabolites and cytokine expression levels of COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized with bolus cholecalciferol supplementation. Materials and methods: This study represents the next stage of the open-label randomized pilot conducted by the Almazov National Medical Research Centre. A total of 44 hospitalized patients, comparable in demographic, clinical, laboratory and instrumental baseline characteristics, with moderate/severe COVID-19 were included. All patients had similar doses of concomitant corticosteroid therapy. Twenty-two patients received 50,000 IU cholecalciferol on the first and eighth days of hospitalization. The serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D and 28 plasma cytokines were estimated for each group initially and on the ninth day of hospitalization. Results: Initially, there were no differences in the 1,25(OH)2D and cytokine levels in patients with vitamin D deficiency and normal 25(OH)D. Bolus cholecalciferol therapy at a total dose of 100,000 IU led to an increase in 25(OH)D levels in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, while the levels of the active metabolite (1,25(OH)2D) did not show significant differences between the groups or in its increased level over time, regardless of cholecalciferol supplementation. Furthermore, cholecalciferol supplementation at a total dose of 100,000 IU did not affect the majority of the cytokines estimated on the ninth day of hospitalization, except for the pro-inflammatory marker IL-1b, the concentration of which was lower in the group of patients without vitamin D supplementation. Conclusions: The 25(OH)D level was positively associated with an anti-inflammatory immune response, but cholecalciferol supplementation at a total dose of 100,000 IU did not affect the active-form vitamin D or cytokine expression levels. This fact may be explained by the impact of corticosteroid therapy, and it requires further investigation in a post-COVID-19 context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been observed in association with susceptibility to various pathologies, including autism, major depression, age-related changes in cognitive functioning, and Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. This study aimed to establish the association between Fok1/Apa1 polymorphic variants and anxious/depressive symptoms in nonclinical adolescents from central Italy, with the goal of identifying the risk of developing both symptoms. We found no significant difference in genotype distribution or dominant/recessive models of Fok1/Apa1 VDR polymorphic variants between subjects with anxious/depressive symptoms and controls. HN9.10e cell lines carrying the AA genotype for Fok1 and the CC genotype for Apa1 responded better to treatment with vitamin D3 than cell lines carrying the AG genotype for Fok1 and CA genotype for Apa1. Cell lines carrying the GG genotype for Fok1 and the AA genotype for Apa1 did not respond at all, suggesting avenues for future studies in both the general population and individuals with mental and/or neuropsychiatric disorders. These studies suggest that the level of response to vitamin D3 administered to prevent and/or treat mental or neurological disorders could depend on the polymorphic variants of the vitamin D receptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Lipocalin-2 is an acute phase-associated adipokine that can serve as an inflammatory and biomarker indicator of cartilage deterioration in osteoarthritis. However, its role in the musculoskeletal system remains not fully understood. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate lipocalin-2 and its relationship with markers of inflammation (Interferon-gamma, ESR, and CRP), bone density (vitamin D3 and calcium), and the triglyceride-glucose index in new-onset arthritis patients in Mosul, Iraq. Methods: This study included 125 participants aged 20 to 65, divided into two groups. The Arthritis Patient Group comprised 70 participants (37 females and 33 males) attending the Bone Diseases Consultation Unit at the Ibn Sina Teaching Hospital in Mosul, Iraq. The Control Group comprised 31 females and 24 males. Ethical approval was obtained from the Iraqi Ministry of Health - Nineveh Health (No. 2022095). Commercial ELISA kits were used to measure serum lipocalin-2, Interferon-gamma, ESR, and CRP as inflammation markers, vitamin D3, and calcium as bone density markers. Moreover, the Triglyceride Glucose (TYG) Index was evaluated. Results: The findings revealed a significant increase in lipocalin-2 levels in males compared to females, with LCN-2 increasing with age. Arthritis patients showed a significant increase (72%) in lipocalin-2 levels. Inflammatory indicators (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, interferon-gamma) displayed significant increases (46%, 1200%, and 581%, respectively). Glucose (23%), triglycerides (71%), and TYG index (21%) also exhibited significant increases. Meanwhile, bone density indicators (vitamin D3 and calcium) found a significant decrease (53% and 20%, respectively) in arthritis patients. Linear correlation coefficient (R) analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between lipocalin-2 and indicators of inflammation, glucose, TG, and TYG index. Conclusion: This study's findings suggest that LCN-2 serum levels were higher in patients with new-onset arthritis than in controls in Mosul, and LCN-2 serum increased in males compared with females and getting older serum LCN-2 increased for the patients and control groups. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between the Triglyceride Glucose Index, which measures metabolic disorders, and serum LCN-2 levels and inflammatory indicators in new-onset arthritis patients in Mosul, Iraq. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involved fortifying pumpkin slices with calcium and vitamin D3 using vacuum impregnation (VI) pre‐treatment and assessing the quality characteristics of the resulting desserts/jams. Slices were subjected to immersion or VI pre‐treatments for 30, 60, and 90 min in a solution containing calcium oxide and vitamin D3. Calcium ions contributed to the hardness of desserts, with VI reducing processing time. The highest impregnated calcium (58.17 mg/100 g fw) and vitamin D3 contents (6.02 mg/100 g dm) were determined in slices pre‐treated by VI for 90 min. VI was more effective than immersion in terms of calcium and vitamin D3 transition into pumpkin tissues. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicated that calcium oxide particles were noticeable in slices pre‐treated by VI. Immersing fruit slices for 90 min produced desserts with a textural hardness of 11.04 N, while VI pre‐treatment for the same duration increased their hardness value to 18.92 N. Desserts produced with VI‐pre‐treated slices exhibited superior texture and sensory attributes, with no adverse taste resulting from calcium oxide. In conclusion, VI pre‐treatment shows significant potential for the industrial production of desserts/jams with enhanced structural integrity for fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Warts are highly contagious benign lesions caused by HPV occurring in various forms, such as flat warts, palmar and plantar warts, etc. Immunotherapy offers a safe and effective method for the treatment of warts by stimulating cell-mediated immunity in these locations. Materials and Methods: Twenty cases of palmoplantar/ periungual warts of varying size and duration who underwent a vitamin D3 injection immunotherapy procedure were included in the present study, irrespective of age and sex. 0.2 to 0.4 ml of vitamin D3 injection was infiltrated at the base of each wart to a maximum of five warts in each sitting in two-week intervals for about four sessions or till their complete clearance. The response was graded as complete resolution, partial (50–99% resolution), or no or mild (50%) response. The patients were followed up for six months for any recurrence. Results: Complete resolution was seen in nine (45%) patients, partial resolution in eight (40%), and no response in three (15%). Conclusion: Injection vitamin D3 immunotherapy offers a better alternative method of therapy for recalcitrant/multiple warts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Increasing evidence demonstrated that there are altered levels of both pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and pointed out that immune dysfunction may also relate to social deficits. This study aimed to investigate the effect of aquatic exercise combined with vitamin D supplementation on social interaction and two related cytokines (Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10) in children with ASD. Materials & Methods Forty boys with ASD (mean age: 10.90; age range: 6-14 years) were randomly assigned to the three interventions (groups 1, 2, and 3) and one control group (each 10 participants). Participants in the group 1 and 3 received a 10-week aquatic exercise program. Subjects in groups 2 and 3 took orally 50,000 IU of vitamin D3/week. This study evaluated the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10, as well as the participants' social interaction at baseline and postintervention. Results Compared to the control group, all three interventions improved social skills scores (p< 0.001). Surprisingly, the combination strategy could significantly reduce IL-6 and increase IL-10 serum levels in children with ASD. Conclusion Aqua-based exercise programs combined with vitamin D supplementation are recommended to benefit children with ASD and improve social and communication dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapy drug used in a broad spectrum of cancer. The current study investigated the protective effect of vitamin D3 (vit-D3) on CP-induced cardiotoxicity. Forty-two male Balb-c mice (20–25 g) were divided into seven groups (GP), 6 per/group were included: GP1 was considered the control group, GP2 received a single dose of I.V. injection of cisplatin (10 mg/kg). Seven days before cisplatin injection on GP3 and GP4 as pre-treatment, vit-D3 was injected I.P. with the doses of 500 IU/kg and 1000 IU/kg, respectively. GP5 and GP6 were considered the treatment groups, were injected cisplatin (10 mg/kg, I.V), and 15 days later, received vit-D3 (500 IU/kg and 1000 IU/kg, I.P) for 7 days. GP7 was the positive control group, which received vit-D3 at a dose of 500 IU/kg (I.P.) for 7 days. Tissues samples and blood serum were collected for biochemical and histopathological investigations. CP injection significantly increased (p < 0.001) LDH, Troponin I, CK-MB, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels, but total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were significantly reduced. Histological findings showed cardiac muscle rupture, myocardial fiber necrosis, edema, and pyknotic nuclei, indicating cardiac damage. In both pre-treatment and treatment protocol, vit-D3 could improve the histological and biochemical parameters and prevented from the CP toxicity. Vit-D3 significantly could prevent the CP cardiotoxicity in pre-treatment groups, and partially improve the damage of chemotherapy in treatment group. However, further research is necessary to establish the potential of vit-D3 in preventing or ameliorating cisplatin-induced cardiotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The food industry is challenged to develop nutritious and palatable foods that satisfy older people's needs. So, this work aimed to study the incorporation of nanoemulsions enriched with vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acids into two desserts (yogurt and fruit puree), characterizing their nutritional profile, viscosity, and color properties and evaluating their in vitro bioaccessibility and sensory response. The results showed that adding nanoemulsion modified the nutrition profile of desserts due to increasing lipids and calories. The desserts' physical properties were also affected, with a decrease in viscosity and a lightening of color. Regarding digestion, the enriched desserts presented a low release of free fatty acids (14.8 and 11.4%, respectively). However, fruit puree showed the highest vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acid in vitro bioaccessibility (48.9 and 70.9%, respectively). In addition, older consumers found this dessert more acceptable than yogurt due to the adequate intensity of its sensory attributes (aroma, flavor, sweetness, and consistency). Therefore, the fruit puree can be enriched with nanoemulsions loaded with vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acids to improve the bioaccessibility of lipid bioactive compounds and sensory performance, offering a health-enhancing option for older consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the association between vitamin D3 level and oxidative stress biomarkers such as Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Method: In this cross‐sectional study, 54 patients including 32 females and 22 males with a mean age of 54.92 ± 11.37 years with T2D attending the diabetes clinic from 2021 to 2022 were included. According to the average level of vitamin D in this population (14.91), they were divided into two groups with vitamin D ≤15 ng/mL and vitamin D >15 ng/mL. Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D and AOPP, HSP and FRAP parameters. The correlation between vitamin D and other variables was evaluated via the Pearson correlation test. Result: Vitamin D level had a positive relation with FRAP (β = 0.32, p = 0.017) and HSP (β = 0.39, p = 0.003), but had a negative relation with AOPP (β = −0.30, p = 0.02). The level of 2hPP also had a negative relation with the level of vitamin D (β = −0.33, p = 0.03). There was not any relationship between the level of vitamin D and AGEs or other variables. After adjusting for multiple confounders for the multivariate regression model, HSP remained significant. Conclusion: This research indicates the relationship between vitamin D levels and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with Type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and severe deficiency in children and adolescents, in a large Brazilian sample. Methodology: Results of 413,988 25(OH)D measurements in children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years collected between 01/2014 and 10/2018 were obtained from the database of a Clinical Laboratory. In this population, 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentrations below 20 ng/mL are considered deficient, and below 12 ng/mL as severe deficiency. All measurements were performed by immunoassay and the results were distributed by gender, age group, seasonality, and latitude. Results: The mean of 25(OH)D levels was 29.2 ng/mL with a standard deviation of 9.2 ng/mL. Of the total samples, 0.8% had a concentration < 12 ng/mL, and 12.5% of the samples had a concentration < 20 ng/mL, with a higher prevalence in females. Children under 2 years of age had the lowest prevalence. The effects of latitude and seasonality were quite evident. In samples of female adolescents from the southern region in winter, 36% of vitamin D deficiency and 5% of severe deficiency were found. Conclusion: In this large number of measurements of 25(OH)D in children and adolescents, 12.5% had a deficiency and 0.8% had severe deficiency. A greater deficiency was observed among adolescents, especially females, which raises questions about the need for supplementation during this period of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The global prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has been studied thoroughly. Either ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) or cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) supplements treat such deficiency. However, their relative efficacy was explored in many researches. Aim: To compare the effects of vitamin D supplementation with either the enteral or parenteral formulations of cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol on raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in children. Methods: This is a randomised controlled clinical trial that included 120 Egyptian school-aged children (5-10 years) randomly selected from the Pediatric outpatient clinic at Ain Shams University Hospitals from January 2021 to December 2022. Sequential randomization allocated the participants into 4 equal groups. Group A: received 10,000 IU of oral ergocalciferol every 4 days for 3 months, Group B: received 2400 IU of oral cholecalciferol daily for 3 months, Group C: received 200,000 IU of intramuscular ergocalciferol once, and Group D: received 200,000 IU of intramuscular cholecalciferol once. serum 25(OH)D was measured at baseline, 1,2, and 3 months after supplementation. Results: The mean ages of the recruited children were 7.40±1.33, 7.40±1.45, 8.28±2.02, and 7.23±1.65 years for groups A, B, C, and D respectively. Injectable vitamin D3 achieved the highest increments in serum 25 (OH) D after 3 months of supplementation followed by injectable vitamin D2, oral vitamin D3 and oral vitamin D2 respectively. 100% of injectable vitamin D3 recipients, 76.7 % of injectable vitamin D2 recipients, 23.3% of oral vitamin D3 recipients and 20 % of oral vitamin D2 recipients achieved sufficient vitamin D levels after 1 month of supplementation. Compliance with oral therapy was assured by asking the patients to return empty bottles. Conclusion: A loading dose of intramuscular vitamin D3 200.000 IU is the most potent, cost-effective and rapid regimen in correcting vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in children and sustains sufficient 25 (OH) D levels up to 3 months after injection, followed by injectable vitamin D2, oral vitamin D3 and oral vitamin D2 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium (Mg), a nutritional element which is essential for bone development andmineralization, has a role in the progression of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease characterized by significant deterioration of bone microstructure and bone loss. Mg deficiency can affect bone structure in an indirect way through the two main regulators of calcium homeostasis (parathyroid hormone and vitamin D). In human osteoblasts (OBs), parathyroid hormone regulates the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) to affect osteoclast (OC) formation. In addition, Mg may also affect the vitamin D3 -mediated bone remodeling activity. vitamin D3 usually coordinates the activation of the OB and OC. The unbalanced activation OC leads to bone resorption. The RANK/RANKL/OPG axis is considered to be a key factor in the molecular mechanism of osteoporosis. Mg participates in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis by affecting the regulation of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D levels to affect the RANK/RANKL/OPG axis. Different factors affecting the axis and enhancing OC function led to bone loss and bone tissue microstructure damage, which leads to the occurrence of osteoporosis. Clinical research has shown that Mg supplementation can alleviate the symptoms of osteoporosis to some extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most life‐threatening neoplasias in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of CRC. 1α,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], the most active vitamin D metabolite, is a pleiotropic hormone that, through its binding to a transcription factor of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a major regulator of the human genome. 1,25(OH)2D3 acts on colon carcinoma and stromal cells and displays tumor protective actions. Here, we review the variety of molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 in CRC, which affect multiple processes that are dysregulated during tumor initiation and progression. Additionally, we discuss the epidemiological data that associate vitamin D deficiency and CRC, and the most relevant randomized controlled trials of vitamin D3 supplementation conducted in both healthy individuals and CRC patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D is a group of seco-steroidal fat-soluble compounds. The two basic forms, vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), do not have biological activity. They are converted in the body by a two-step enzymatic hydroxylation into biologically active forms, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D2 [ercalcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D2] and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [calcitriol, 1,25(OH)2D3], which act as classical steroid hormones. 1,25(OH)2D3 exerts most of its physiological functions by binding to the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is present in most body tissues to provide support to a broad range of physiological processes. Vitamin D-liganded VDR controls the expression of many genes. High levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 cause an increase in calcium in the blood, which can lead to harmful hypercalcemia. Several analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3 and 1,25(OH)2D2 have been designed and synthesized with the aim of developing compounds that have a specific therapeutic function, for example, with potent anticancer activity and a reduced toxic calcemic effect. Particular structural modifications to vitamin D analogs have led to increased anticancer activity and reduced calcemic action with the prospect of extending work to provide future innovative therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergic diseases are showing increasing prevalence in Western societies. They are characterized by a heightened reactivity towards otherwise harmless environmental stimuli. Allergic diseases showing a wide range of severity of symptoms have a significant impact on the quality of life of affected individuals. This study aims to highlight the mechanisms that induce these reactions, how they progress, and which prenatal factors influence their development. Most frequently, the reaction is mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) produced by B cells, which binds to the surface of mast cells and basophils and triggers an inflammatory response. The antibody response is triggered by a shift in T-cell immune response. The symptoms often start in early childhood with eczema or atopic dermatitis and progress to allergic asthma in adolescence. An important determinant of allergic diseases seems to be parental, especially maternal history of allergy. Around 30% of children of allergic mothers develop allergic sensitization in childhood. Genes involved in the regulation of the epithelial barrier function and the T-cell response were found to affect the predisposition to developing allergic disorders. Cord blood IgE was found to be a promising predictor of allergic disease development. Fetal B cells produce IgE starting at the 20th gestation week. These fetal B cells could be sensitized together with mast cells by maternal IgE and IgE–allergen complexes crossing the placental barrier via the low-affinity IgE receptor. Various factors were found to facilitate these sensitizations, including pesticides, drugs, exposure to cigarette smoke and maternal uncontrolled asthma. Prenatal exposure to microbial infections and maternal IgG appeared to play a role in the regulation of T-cell response, indicating a protective effect against allergy development. Additional preventive factors were dietary intake of vitamin D and omega 3 fatty acids as well as decreased maternal IgE levels. The effect of exposure to food allergens during pregnancy was inconclusive, with studies having found both sensitizing and protective effects. In conclusion, prenatal factors including genetics, epigenetics and fetal environmental factors have an important role in the development of allergic disorders in later life. Children with a genetic predisposition are at risk when exposed to cigarette smoke as well as increased maternal IgE in the prenatal period. Maternal diet during pregnancy and immunization against certain allergens could help in the prevention of allergy in predisposed children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitamin D3 plays a vital role in numerous physiological processes within the human body, including having a positive effect on eye health. It is renowned for its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and angiogenic properties. Its deficiency is evolving into a significant global challenge. In order to explain the connection between vitamin D3 and various ocular diseases, 84 relevant studies, mainly from the PubMed database, published in English between 1999 and 2024 were analyzed. Ocular tissues can activate and regulate vitamin D levels, which emphasizes the significance of this nutrient in maintaining eye homeostasis. While there is suggestive evidence for a probable association between vitamin D3 and ocular health, more robust research is needed to establish causation and inform clinical guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently, Serum vitamin D (Vit. D) levels evaluation and the use of Vit. D supplements have increased substantially. There is no specific guideline for the duration of Vit. D supplementation, so yet Vit. D supplementation duration has remained a critical and controversial issue. This study aimed to determine the vit. D supplementation duration to reach an adequate or optimal Vit. D status and its effect on lipid profile. Methods: In this longitudinal study, 345 women with different status of Vit. D levels were enrolled and followed up for one year. Eligible participants received 50,000 IU Vit. D3 (cholecalciferol) once a month for 12 consecutive months. The serum Vit. D levels and lipid profiles were measured at baseline, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months after the intervention. Participants were categorized based on Vit. D level at baseline into deficiency (< 20 ng/mL), inadequate (20–30 ng/mL), and adequate (> 30 ng/mL) groups, and the data were compared at different times between the three groups. Results: Three deficiency (n = 73), inadequate (n = 138) and adequate (n = 134) groups of participants were followed. In all participants the average amount of Vit. D level changes were 8 ng/mL after one year of supplementation. The mean changes of serum Vit. D level in 6th and 12th months vs. 3th month was as below: In deficiency group: 4.08 ± 0.85 and 10.01 ± 1.02 ng/mL; (p < 0.001), in inadequate group: 3.07 ± 0.59 and 7.26 ± 0.78 ng/mL; (p = 0.001) and in adequate group: 2.02 ± 0.88 and 6.44 ± 1.005 ng/ml; (p = 0.001). Lipid profiles were improved in three groups. So, the mean changes of lipid profiles at the end of the study comparing with the baseline were: -5.86 ± 2.09, -7.22 ± 1.43 and − 6.17 ± 1.72 (mg/dl) for LDL (p < 0.05); -12.24 ± 3.08, -13.64 ± 3.21 and − 17.81 ± 2.94 (mg/dl) for cholesterol (p < 0.05) in deficiency, inadequate and adequate groups, respectively. For triglyceride, the mean changes were − 13.24 ± 5.78 and − 15.85 ± 7.49 (mg/dl) in deficiency and adequate groups, respectively (p < 0.05). Although the triglyceride decreased in the inadequate group at the end of the study but this difference was not significant (p = 0.67). Conclusion: Taking of 50,000 IU Vit. D 3 monthly for 12 months resulted in reaching its level to adequate level in both deficiency and insufficient groups; however, in the adequate group its level did not reach above than 50 ng/mL. Therefore, 50,000 IU Vit. D3 supplementation monthly for one year can have beneficial effects on lipid profiles and there is no risk of toxicity in healthy women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by excess androgens, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries. The mechanisms underlying ovulatory and metabolic disorders in PCOS remain elusive, hampering therapeutic development. Enhanced metabolic health correlates with increased microbiota gene content and microbial diversity. We aimed to explore the impact of gut microbiota and serum steroids on PCOS regulation associated with androgen excess. Methods: The fecal samples of patients with hyperandrogenic PCOS (n = 14) and control group with PCOS (n = 14) were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The peripheral venous blood of all subjects was collected to detect serum hormones. The association between gut microbiota and serum hormones was analyzed with the R language. Results: Our findings reveal that the hyperandrogenic PCOS group exhibits lower richness and diversity of gut microbiota compared to the control group. Characteristic genera in PCOS patients with hyperandrogenism include Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae_unclassified, Streptococcus, Saccharimonadaceae, Enterococcus, and Eubacterium_nodatum_group. Five hormones, including 5ß-androsterone, deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, 11-dehydrocorticosterone, and cortexolone, emerge as potential serum biomarkers for identifying patients with hyperandrogenic-PCOS (HA-PCOS). Furthermore, a lower vitamin D3 level may act as a susceptibility factor, suggesting that vitamin D3 supplementation could serve as a potential intervention for PCOS with hyperandrogenism. Conclusion: Specific fecal microbiota and serum steroids may be used as characteristic markers for clinical diagnosis of hyperandrogenic-PCOS. This research enhances our understanding of the intricate interplay among hormones, gut microbiota, and hyperandrogenemia in patients with PCOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the efficiency of cholecalciferol and low dose gamma radiation in modulating cytokine storm through their impact on inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokine and protecting against lung and liver injuries. Male Swiss albino mice were exposed to 0.2 Gy gamma radiation/week for four consecutive weeks then injected intraperitoneally (i.p) with a single dose of 8.3 × 106 CFU Escherichia coli/g b.w. then injected i.p. with 1.0 mg/kg cholecalciferol (Vit D3) for 7 days starting 4 h after E. coli injection. The results revealed that Cholecalciferol and low dose gamma radiation caused significant depletion in the severity of E. coli infection (colony forming unit per milliliter), log10 of E. coli, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin 6, VEGF, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels and significant elevation in IL‐10, IL‐4, and HO‐1. Immunohistochemical analysis of caspase‐3 expression in lung tissue section showed low caspase‐3 expression in cholecalciferol and low dose gamma radiation treated group. Histopathological examinations were performed in both lung and liver tissues which also emphasis the biochemical findings. Our results exhibit the importance of cholecalciferol and low dose gamma radiation in improving liver function and providing anti‐inflammatory response in diseases causing cytokine storm. Significance Statement: We investigated the efficiency of cholecalciferol and low dose gamma radiation in modulating cytokine storm through their impact on inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokine and protecting against lung and liver injuries. Significant depletion in the severity of Escherichia coli infection (colony forming unit per milliliter), log10 of E. coli, Tumor necrosis factor alpha, Interleukin 6, VEGF, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels in addition to significant elevation in IL‐10, IL‐4, and HO‐1 were detected. Immunohistochemical analysis of caspase‐3 expression in lung tissue section showed low caspase‐3 expression in cholecalciferol and low dose gamma radiation treated group. Histopathological examinations were performed in both lung and liver tissues which also emphasis the biochemical findings. cholecalciferol and low dose gamma radiation can improve liver function and provide anti‐inflammatory response in diseases causing cytokine storm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mastitis-causing bacteria can establish persistent infections in the mammary glands of commercially important dairy animals despite the presence of strong specific humoral and cellular immune mechanisms. We investigated the effect of vitamin D3 in the diet at a set level, but in two different forms (i.e., unencapsulated and encapsulated by complex coacervation with sulfur-saturated bovine lactoferrin-alginate using microbial transglutaminase-catalyzed crosslinking) on the immune response in late-lactating dairy goats. Dairy goats (n = 18) were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 6). Dairy goats were orally administered 0.35 mg of vitamin D3/day in the unencapsulated form and 0.35 mg of vitamin D3/day in the encapsulated powder form. Another group received the basal diet. The experimental period lasted 6 weeks. The blood serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25-(OH)-D3], lactoferrin, immunoglobulin A (IgA), and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) were measured. There were major differences in these parameters between dietary groups. However, the delivery of vitamin D3 in the encapsulated powder form to dairy goats resulted in a marked increase in 25-(OH)-D3 concentration in serum, while the serum level of lactoferrin also increased. Alternatively, the serum levels of IgA and the immunomodulatory cytokine INF-γ were elevated following supplementation with the encapsulated vitamin D3. The observed effects suggest that the deliverable form of dietary vitamin D3 results in differences in the immune response in late-lactating dairy goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate the effect of cholecalciferol supplementation on hand grip strength, walking speed, and expression of vitamin D receptor (VDR), interleukine‐6 (IL‐6) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) in monocyte in pre‐frail older adults. Methods: We conducted a randomized double‐blinded placebo‐controlled clinical trial for 12 weeks, involving 120 pre‐frail older adults who were randomized to the cholecalciferol group (cholecalciferol 4000 IU/day) or the placebo group. All subjects were given calcium lactate 500 mg/day. Hand grip strength and walking speed, as primary outcomes, were analyzed using intention‐to‐treat analysis. The expression of VDR, IGF‐1 and IL‐6 in monocytes, as secondary outcomes, were analyzed using per‐protocol analysis. Results: After a 12‐week intervention, there was a significant increase in serum 25(OH)D levels in both groups, with the increase being higher in the cholecalciferol group than in the placebo group (49.05 vs. 24.01 ng/mL; P < 0.001). No statistically significant differences were observed in hand grip strength (P = 0.228) and walking speed (P = 0.734) between the groups. There were no differences in the expression of VDR (P = 0.513), IL‐6 (P = 0.509), and IGF‐1 (P = 0.503) monocytes between the groups. Conclusions: Cholecalciferol supplementation for 12 weeks increased serum 25(OH)D levels among pre‐frail older adults. However, it did not improve hand grip strength and walking speed, and nor did it change the expression of VDR, IL‐6, and IGF‐1 in monocytes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; 24: 554–562. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aims to demonstrate the effects of Vitamin D (VD) supplementation, prior to oocyte pick-up within IVF protocols, in women with diverse VD status at the enrollment. Methods: A total of 204 women eligible for intra-cytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles were included in the study and two homogeneous groups were selected from the database. Both group of patients with normal VD baseline level (> 40 ng/ml) and patients with low VD baseline level (< 20 ng/ml) were divided into control group and treatment group. The control group followed the standard procedure. The treatment group was supplemented with vitamin D3 as cholecalciferol in combination with Myo-Inositol, folic acid, and melatonin 3 months before standard procedure, once a day in the evening. Results: VD levels significantly increased in the study group of low baseline VD, both in serum and in the follicular fluid compared to controls. The treatment induced a significant improvement of the embryo quality in both group of patients considered. Conclusion: Supplementation of VD in patients undergoing ICSI procedures significantly improved the number of top-quality embryos compared with the control group, either starting from VD normal baseline values or starting from low values. Trial registration number: 07/2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess vitamin D status and its impact on the initial characteristics of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Methods: This study included consecutive participants diagnosed with PHPT aged 18 years and/or older at a tertiary center between November 2017 and December 2023. A total of 195 subjects not taking vitamin D replacement were reviewed retrospectively. The study population was categorized into three groups according to their vitamin D levels at the time of admission: Group 1: vitamin D ≤19 ng/mL, Group 2: vitamin D 20-29 ng/mL, and Group 3: vitamin D ≥30 ng/mL. Demographic, clinical, biochemical, radiological findings, and postoperative complications were compared between the three groups. Results: Among 195 patients, 157 (80.5%) were women, and 38 (19.5%) were men. The mean age was 56.4±14.5 years. Sixty-five patients (33.3%) had vitamin D deficiency (VDD), and 48 patients (24.7%) had vitamin D insufficiency. Of the 195 patients, 74 (37.9%) had kidney stones, and 90 (46.2%) had osteoporosis. Fracture frequency was 9.7% (n=19). VDD was associated with higher parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels (p=0.000) and better estimated glomerular filtration rate (p=0.021). When all groups were compared, there were no differences in terms of nephrolithiasis, osteoporosis, and fractures. Conclusion: The present study revealed that VDD was associated with higher PTH levels and better renal function. However, vitamin D status was not associated with classical target organ involvement in PHPT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]