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The pseudofruit of A. othonianum Rizzini, "Cerrado" cashew pulp, has been described as rich in flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and vitamin C. The objective of this work was to evaluate the beneficial health effects seen with the addition of "Cerrado" cashew pulp (CP) to an obesogenic high fat diet provided to C57BL/6J male mice. In week 9, the HF-fed group had a significantly higher baseline glucose concentration than the LF- or HF+CP-fed groups. In RNAseq analysis, 4669 of 5520 genes were found to be differentially expressed. Among the genes most upregulated with the ingestion of the CP compared to HF were Ph1da1, SLc6a9, Clec4f, and Ica1 which are related to glucose homeostasis; Mt2 that may be involved steroid biosynthetic process; and Ciart which has a role in the regulation of circadian rhythm. Although "Cerrado" CP intake did not cause changes in the food intake or body weight of fed mice with HF diet, carbohydrate metabolism appeared to be improved based on the observed changes in gene expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein-energy malnutrition and mineral deficiencies in children under five years are major problems in developing countries. The present study was thus carried out with the aim of proposing a weaning flour based on parboiled rice, spirulina, and cashew nut that meets the nutritional needs of children aged 06 to 24 months. To achieve this, the mixture design approach (a 9-point augmented simplex-centroid design) was used to obtain optimal blend of flour. The responses evaluated where proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals (iron, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and zinc), carotenoids, fibers, and ash content. The rheological analyses (rapid viscosity analysis) were carried out on the optimal flour. It results that the optimal proportion of parboiled rice, spirulina, and cashew nut was, respectively, 85.80, 5.96, and 8.23. These conditions result in a protein, lipids, carbohydrates, carotenoids, ash, fibers, calcium, iron, magnesium, and zinc content of 14.15%, 9.04%, 68.46%, 8.2 mg, 3% ash, 4.98%, 510 mg, 16 mg, 65 mg, and 5 mg, respectively, and an energy value of 411.8 kcal. These optimate conditions resulted also in a peak viscosity of 60 cP and a final viscosity of 86 cP which are lower than the established value (1000 cP). Thus, the weaning flour based on parboiled rice, spirulina, and cashew nut obtained in these optimate conditions can meet the nutritional needs of children aged 06 to 24 months and is therefore an efficient weaning food to fight against child malnutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus aculeatus is a common saprophyte and ubiquitous fungus belonging to section Nigri . They produce diverse secondary metabolites which are important in biological processes and industrial applications. We present the draft genome sequences of two A. aculeatus isolated from cashew nuts from coastal Kenya., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

The use of natural resources has increased over the years, generating negative impacts with the need for studies that contribute to the development of conservation actions. The municipality of Ilha Grande, inserted within the Environmental Protection Area of the Delta do Rio Parnaíba, is one of the four municipalities on the coast of Piauí, where the extraction of native plant species assumes economic and social value, such as Anacardium occidentale L. (cajuí), an undomesticated form of cashew tree, characterized by having small sized drupe and hippocarp. The objective was to evaluate the social, economic and environmental profile of the inhabitants of Ilha Grande regarding the use and occupation of cashew nuts in dune areas, as well as contributing to the conservation of the species in coastal communities in the state of Piauí. Semi-structured interviews were conducted through direct observation and weekly visits. Data were collected qualitatively and quantitatively. 200 residents were interviewed, of which (71.5%) were female. Most are adults (65%), aged between 31 and 40 years, born and raised in the community (98%). Most have incomplete primary education (42%) and earn one minimum wage (50%). The main economic activity is fishing (55.5%) followed by extractive activities (29%) agriculture (14.5%) and others (1%). Among the issues mentioned for the conservation of cashew areas, deforestation (55%) stands out as the main environmental problem faced by the community. Economically, the extraction of cashew nuts is one of the most profitable activities for the majority (98.5%) of the community and the products generated by the species such as sweets, liquor, juices and commercialization of the nut almond constitute for some families as the only source of income. The vast knowledge about cashew and its use by the community contributes to the preparation of actions and plans for sustainable management and conservation of the species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the absence of a clear clinical history of reaction, diagnosis of cashew allergy using skin prick tests (SPT) or cashew‐specific IgE requires a high number of oral food challenges (OFC). By using Ana o 3 sIgE alone, or a two‐step diagnostic algorithm using cashew sIgE followed by Ana o 3 sIgE, there is a reduced need for OFC. We aimed to perform a cost comparison for both of these approaches compared with cashew SPT alone. Methods: Pooled individual‐level data from 6 studies were used to determine diagnostic accuracy and OFC rate. Two studies used cashew SPT (n = 567, 198 allergic), with 95% positive and negative predictive values of ≥12 mm and <3 mm. Four studies were included in the pathways for Ana o 3 sIgE alone or a 2‐step algorithm incorporating cashew and Ana o 3 sIgE (n = 271, 156 allergic). Cut‐offs used were ≥8.5kUA/L and ≤0.1kUA/L for cashew sIgE and ≥0.35kUA/L and ≤0.1kUA/L for Ana o 3 sIgE. Costs were constructed based on unit prices from hospital inpatient admissions, expenses incurred by families, individual patient data on allergic reaction types and rates, and adrenaline autoinjector carriage, applying a health system perspective. Results: Modeled data through the Ana o 3 pathway resulted in a 46.43% cost reduction (€307,406/1000 patients) compared with using cashew SPT alone (€573,854/1000 patients). The 2‐step algorithm resulted in a 44.94% cost reduction compared with SPT alone (€315,952.82/1000 patients). Both the Ana o 3 pathway and 2‐step algorithm resulted in a 79%–80% reduction in OFCs compared with SPT. Conclusions: Using Ana o 3 as a standalone test for cashew allergy diagnosis or a 2‐step algorithm incorporating cashew sIgE and Ana o 3 sIgE is accurate and results in a large reduction in both OFCs and health system costs compared with cashew SPT alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The avalanche of environmental challenges and health hazards associated with the use of mineral-oil based metalworking fluids is a global concern. This paper investigates the feasibility of developing a viable and eco-friendly metalworking fluid from varied blends of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) with palm kernel oil (PKO). The methodology involved extraction of CNSL using roasting and Soxhlet methods. The CNSL extract was blended with PKO at varied proportions and characterized for phytochemical substances using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), functional phase identification by XRD, and physicochemical compositions. Results show that the Soxhlet extraction route gave a better yield of 35.8% against 20.4% from the roasting process. Both CNSL and PKO exhibit the presence of bio-active compounds including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, phenol, terpenoids, saponins, coumarins, and steroids. These outcomes suggest that the blend developed is a viable metalworking fluid representing a huge value-addition to cashew nut waste and a boost to a cleaner environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) which is an important cash crop in Tanzania, is susceptible to various abiotic and biotic stresses. Cashew leaf and nut blight disease caused by Cryptosporiopsis spp. is a devastating disease of cashew crop resulting in a significant reduction of nut production. We conducted a study to assess the association between weather variables, particularly rainfall and temperature, on cashew leaf and nut blight disease (CLNBD) outbreaks and establish a minimum wetness duration period for initiation and development of the disease. Poisson regression analysis indicated a significant association between rainfall and temperature with CLNBD incidence (df = 3, Chi Pr < 0.001). Rainfall was positively associated with CLNBD and a unit increase of 1 mm in rainfall caused a 2 percent increase in the percentage of disease incidence (e = + 0.01995, p < 0.011). However, temperature was negatively associated with disease incidence and a unit increase of 1 °C in temperature caused a 21.56% decline in disease incidence (e = –0.2428, p < 0.001). Blight incidence was significantly higher (p < 0.001) during the rainy season (range: 11.7 to 36.6%) compared to the dry season (1.4 to 11.5%). Cashew trees in Mtwara District recorded higher blight disease incidence as compared to the rest of the studied areas. This study also established that symptoms for blight disease on cashew leaves appear 8 h post exposure to continuous wet periods. Thus, it appears that for the blight pathogen to initiate and complete its infection processes, a continuous wet period of at least 8 h is required. Findings from this study, particularly the association of rainfall and temperature on disease epidemics, can be used as tools for forewarning incidences of CLNBD. This would help timely initiation of appropriate management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products used as plasticizer can inhibit its migration in rubber and improve the dispersion of inorganic power. Herein, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was plasticized by poly‐cardanol (PCA) originated from the Friedel–Crafts alkylation without solvent of cardanol which was extracted from abandoned cashew nut shell. Results show that the Mooney viscosity of SBR/PCA compounds decreases from 45.8 to 34.7 and Tg from −52°C to −56.3°C when PCA is added from 0 to 30 phr. Moreover, the elongation at break of SBR contained 30 phr PCA increases by 515% compared with SBR. PCA also shows amphiphilic, which is verified by the improved dispersion of SiO2 in SBR/PCA compounds. The swelling ratio of SBR/PCA/SiO2 vulcanized rubber decreases and the crosslinking density increases. Meanwhile, the elongation at break of SBR70‐40 vulcanized rubber is 17.3%, which is higher than that of SBR100‐40 vulcanized rubber. PCA, acted as plasticizer and compatibilizer, provides a simple and green way for the application of natural products in the rubber industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review, the focus of discussion is the polysaccharide fraction of cashew gum (CG), an exudate of Anacardium occidentale L., a plant typical of hot and humid tropical climates commonly found in northeastern Brazil and from which cashew nuts are extensively commercialized. CG purification, biological activity, and physical–chemical properties are explored in this work, in addition to applications of this biopolymer as a component of biomaterials used to either support, enhance, or replace damaged tissues or improve biological function. Evidence of its successful use to produce a range of biomaterials, from particles to gels and films, and to improve properties of already existing formulations are provided, supporting its versatility in this field of application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new procedure for drying of cashew kernels is proposed. The new methodology involves the use of solar air dryers to remove the dark sticky coating called testa on the surface of the cashew kernel to get the final product. There are several challenges in the new procedures, especially with respect to the moisture level to be retained in the cashew kernel post drying for facilitating the optimal peeling activity. In this regard, thermal performance is carried out through a set of experimental and computational trials. The experiments have revealed that the natural and forced convection solar dryers with drying speeds of 1.0 kg/h and 1.66 kg/h, respectively, showed drying efficiencies of 51.7% and 50.9%, which is within the permissible acceptable limit, thus ascertaining a moisture reduction of 40 to 42% in each of case and keeping the moisture content within the band of approximately 5%, required for effective peeling of the testa from the cashew kernel to obtain the final product. This new method has resulted in batch drying of cashew kernels of up to 30 kg capacity in a time span of 360 minutes of solar irradiation with an average consumption of 255 kJ. The results of the experiments are also validated from the artificial neural network (ANN) and response surface methodology (RSM) modelling, resulting in better prediction and optimization of the performance parameters. The error between the actual and experimental values is well within the permissible limit of +/-5%, thereby correlating the experimental and statistical values for deriving an ANN model for predicting the results for different time duration and solar irradiation. In this way, the thermal analysis of the solar dryers for drying cashew kernels has resulted in findings, which shall be utilized to improve the overall performance efficiency and the methodology adopted for maximum yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cisplatin (CP) is a chemotherapeutic/anticancer drug culpable in sperm and testicular damage, but the use of dietary patterns has been reported to averse this effect. To date, no report on the use of roasted cashew nut‐supplemented diets (RCNSD) against chemotherapy‐induced testicular damage has been presented. In this study, the effect of 10% and 20% RCNSD on reproductive hormones, sperm parameters, testicular and epididymal antioxidant status, and steroidogenic enzymes activities in CP‐induced rats were determined. Interestingly, these parameters were boosted, but with a decrement in radical species level in the testes/epididymis of CP‐induced rats fed with RCNSD as against the untreated CP‐induced rats. The modulatory effect of RCNSD on the tested reproductive parameters in studied tissues could be among the mechanism of action, by which RCNSD mitigates andrological toxicity. Hence, RCNSD could be harnessed as a functional food/nutraceutical agent for alleviating the andrological toxicity of CP‐induced male reproduction. Practical applications: Consumption of cashew nuts has been a great benefit to human health, as a result of its richness in nutritional constituents including biologically active amino acids, tocopherols, fatty acids, polyphenols, and selenium, among others. Cashew nuts are mostly consumed fried/roasted, with yoghurt, as a paste, or used as an ingredient in confectionery products. The folkloric use of cashew nuts in the management of cardiovascular diseases, male reproductive disorders, and diabetes has been reported. In this study, the ability of roasted cashew nut‐supplemented diets to modulate reproductive hormones, sperm parameters, testicular and epididymal antioxidant status, and steroidogenic enzymes activities in CP‐induced reproductive toxicity in male rats was revealed, thus, indicating its possible use, clinically, in the management of reproductive toxicity induced by cancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2‐Pentadecyl‐[1,1"‐biphenyl]‐4,4"‐diol (PBD) is synthesized starting from cashew nut shell liquid—a by‐product of cashew processing industry. A new series of partially biobased aromatic (co)polycarbonates possessing biphenylene units and pendant pentadecyl chains is synthesized by solution polycondensation of PBD or varying compositions of PBD and bisphenol‐A with triphosgene in dry dichloromethane. Inherent viscosities and number average molecular weights of (co)polycarbonates are in the range 0.51–1.24 dL g−1 and 18 × 103– 43.4 × 103 g mol−1, respectively indicating the formation of reasonably high molecular weight polymers. Flexible, transparent, and free‐standing films of (co)polycarbonates can be cast from chloroform solution. (Co)polycarbonates are characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. T10 and Tg values of (co)polycarbonates are in the range 417–433 and 8–147 °C, respectively. It is demonstrated that the Tg values can be tuned by incorporation of appropriate mol% of PBD as a comonomer in Bisphenol‐A‐based copolycarbonates. The lowering of the Tg values of (co)polycarbonates can be attributed primarily to the packing disruptive effect of flexible pentadecyl chains. Furthermore, the effect of incorporation of PBD as a comonomer on water contact angle values of (co)polycarbonates is evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew varieties are categorised as early season, mid season and late season varieties. Harvesting of late season varieties coincides with rainy season, and the quality of matured nuts is very poor. This study was conducted to analyse various characteristics of immature cashew kernels so that the loss of matured nuts can be overcome by utilizing them before they reach maturity. Six varieties of cashew, namely, Madakkathara-2, Sulabha, Dhana, Priyanka, Poornima and Kanaka were studied for the immature kernel characteristics, which were collected from Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara. The physical characteristics studied were shelling percentage, kernel weight, kernel size, shell weight, testa weight, colour, external appearance and shape of kernel. The estimated range of biochemical composition of immature cashew kernels was 0.19-0.23% tannins, 4.88-9.63% carbohydrates, 5.08-9.08% fat, and 7.29-12.45% protein, which varied with varieties. The immature cashew kernels were observed as potential raw materials for preparing value-added products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew sprouts are highly nutritious and a potential additive to a healthy diet. Experiments were conducted at the Cashew Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Madakkathara, to evaluate the nutritional quality of cashew sprouts and assess the harvest stage on yield and quality of sprouts, and to study the effect of pre-sowing treatments on germination and recovery. The cashew sprouts recorded 2.48 per cent of total sugars, 4.70 g/100g of protein, 17.18 per cent of fat, 3.6 g/100g of free amino acid, 420 mg/100g of phenol, 2.8 mg/100g of tannin, and 22.22 mg/100g of iron and 64.2 mg/100g of calcium. Cotyledon recovery was the highest (62 to 68 %) and at par in all harvest stages except the leaf unfurling stage (51%). Total sugar content increased from 1.9 per cent at the cotyledon emergence stage to 2.3 per cent at the plumule emergence and leaf unfurling stages. Polyphenol content was highest at the cotyledon emergence stage (1.18%), while free amino acids were lowest (2.53 mg/100). The lowest tannin content was recorded in cotyledons harvested at plumule emergence stage (4.54 mg/100g). Cashew nuts pre-soaked for 72 and 96 hours in water gave higher germination percentage of 95.3 and 90.3, respectively. Pre-soaking of cashew nuts for 72 hours and harvesting at the plumule emergence stage resulted in quality cashew sprouts with higher yield (544.10 g 0.2m-2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: Medicinal plants are used as alternative therapy for diabetes. This study investigated comparative effects of methanolic extracts of Anacardium occidentale (linn) nut, leaf and stem bark on hyperglycemia and associated abnormalities in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: Ninety male Wistar albino rats weighing (200±20g) were used and diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50mg/kgb.wt). The rats were allotted into 9 groups, 10rats/group. Group I: (non-diabetic); Group II: (diabetic untreated); Groups: III & IV: diabetic rats received 100mg/kgb.wt& 200mg/kgb.wt nut extract; Groups: V & VI: diabetic rats received 100mg/kgb.wt& 200mg/kgb.wt leaves extract; VII & VIII were diabetic rats received 100mg/kgb.wt& 200mg/kgb.wt stem bark extract and Group IX: diabetic rats received 2mg/kgb.wt p.o glimepirides for 4weeks. Daily food and water intakes were recorded; weekly body weight and blood glucose levels were measured throughout the experiment. The animals were sacrificed on the last day and fasting plasma blood glucose was withdrawn for biochemical parameters estimation. Results: Fasting plasma blood glucose, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase, alkaline (ALT), aminotransferase (ALP), urea, uric acid, creatinine, malondialdehydes (MDA) and water intake levels were significantly (p<0.01, 0.05) reduced in the extracts treated groups. However, High density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), body weight and food intake levels were significantly (p<0.01, 0.05) increased in the extracts treated groups. Conclusion: Anacardium occidentale parts posses anti-diabetic properties. The nut has extreme therapeutic efficacy and could be used as alternative therapy for diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate i) the inhibitory and bactericidal activity of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and its isolated compounds (anacardic acid and cardol) against oral bacteria; ii) the biofilm formation inhibition, resin-dentin bond strength and physicochemical properties of a dental adhesive incorporated with these substances. The antibacterial effect of CNSL, anacardic acid, and cardol were assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal (MBC) concentrations. Effect in inhibiting biofilm formation of the adhesive incorporated with the substances (15 μg/ml) against a mixed-species biofilm of Streptococcus mutans and Candida Albicans and was determined by direct contact test. Additional Analysis included microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test, elastic modulus (EM), flexural strength (FS), degree of conversion (DC), water sorption (WS) and solubility (SL). The data were submitted to statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). CNSL, anacardic acid and cardol showed antibacterial activity for all strains tested, with MIC and MBC values ranging from 3.12 to 25 μg/ml. There was no growth of colonies forming units in the adhesives incorporated with the substances. EM increased in the adhesive incorporated with anacardic acid, decreased after incorporation of cardol and it was not affected by incorporation of CNSL. The substances tested showed no effect in FS, DC, WS, SL and μTBS. In conclusion, the CNSL, anacardic acid and cardol showed antibacterial effects against oral bacteria and, the incorporation of substances did not reduce the performance of the adhesive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardols are resorcinolic lipids, available in many natural sources including cashew nut, pistachio, macadamia, and mango. Despite of several beneficial biological activities of cardols, cytotoxic activities of cardols are not fully understood. In preliminary studies, 5[8(Z),11(Z),14-pentadecatrienyl]resorcinol, known as cardol (C 15:3) was found to inhibit tyrosinase-catalyzed melanin formation in cell-free system. In the case of cultured cell analysis, cardol (C 15:3) showed intense cytotoxicity but not anti-melanogenic activity against B16–F10 melanoma cells. Subsequently, cardol (C 10:0) and cardol (C 5:0), containing shorter alkyl side chain, exhibited inferior cytotoxicity compared to cardol (C 15:3). The cytotoxicity via cardol (C 15:3) was reversed by the addition of antioxidants, indicating that intracellular prooxidative activity was involved. Furthermore, cardol (C1 5:3) produced significant levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while cardol (C 5:0) generated lesser ROS levels. Our findings suggest the cytotoxic activity of cardols is their prooxidative effect depending on the length of alkyl side chain. • Cardol (C 15:3), found in many natural sources including cashew nut exhibits intense toxicity on B16–F10 melanoma cells. • Cytotoxicity of cardol (C 15:3) is depend on the length of alkyl side chain rather than the presence of double bonds. • Two distinct antioxidants reduced the cytotoxicity of cardol (C 15:3). • Cardol (C 15:3) showed higher prooxidative capacity compared to cardol (C 5:0). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass derived activated carbon has attracted well‐deserved attention in the realm of energy storage applications due to its high porosity and excellent electrochemical properties. In this study, cashew nutshell derived activated carbon (CNSAC) exhibits a highly interconnected and honeycomb like microporous structure with a large specific surface area of 835 m2 g−1 and a high pore volume of 0.4 m3 g−1. These superior structural features of CNSAC facilitate rapid diffusion of electrolyte and improve its electrochemical efficiency, which is desirable for electrode material. Fabrication of symmetrical supercapacitors (SSC) employing water in salt (WIS) electrolyte validates the outstanding electrochemical performance of CNSAC electrode material. WIS based SSC had a remarkable specific capacitance of 110 Fg−1 at a current density of 1 Ag−1 over a wider electrochemical stability window of 0–2 V, suggesting that WIS electrolytes can address the limitations of conventional aqueous electrolytes and have significant potential for diverse supercapacitor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for soybean has been steadily increasing year after year. Pests are one of the most significant barriers to increasing soybean production. The goal of this study was to determine what concentration of soapberry fruit extract to use as an adjunctive ingredient in cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) formulations to obtain the best pest control effect and soybean growth and yield. This study used a randomized complete block design with a single factor: soapberry extract concentration. The research included four treatments: application of CNSL formulations containing 4%, 3%, 2%, and 0% soapberry extract, application of CNSL formulations containing 1 g/liter detergent, synthetic pesticides (Fastac 1-2 liters/ha), and no pesticides as a control. Insecticide applications were effective against grasshopper and pod-sucking bugs in soybean cultivation; the CNSL with 3%, 4% soapberry and the CNSL with detergent had effectiveness comparable to the synthetic insecticides. Soybean growth was unaffected by any of the CNSL formulations or synthetic insecticide applications. However, using a CNSL formulation with 4% soapberry increased soybean yield as much as using a synthetic insecticide; it did not differ significantly from using a CNSL formulation with detergent. The soybean yield was highest in the CNSL formulation with detergent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Remote communities alleviate economic hardship by renting their crops to others, and these transactions are often informal and exploitative. Because farmland is an important income source for rural areas, understanding the participation in distress rentals of cashew nut farms is critical for sustainable development. Previous studies have highlighted relationships between socioeconomic factors and participation in land rentals but have failed to examine distress rentals under ethnic contexts. In this study, we interviewed 121 villagers to examine socioeconomic determinants of the participation in distress rentals of farmers with regard to their indigenous culture in two communes in Binh Phuoc province. We found that ethnic identity, land‐ownership, informal training in agriculture, family size, and proximity to markets are statistically significant in explaining the likelihood to participate in distress rentals. Based on these findings, we make several recommendations for how local governments can create better policies to ensure social justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is a treatment option for patients with milk, egg, and peanut allergy, but data on the efficacy and safety of cashew OIT are limited. Methods: A cohort of 50 cashew‐allergic patients aged ≥4 years, who were consecutively enrolled into cashew OIT (target dose 4000 mg protein) between 4/2016 and 12/2019. Fifteen cashew‐allergic patients who continued cashew elimination served as observational controls. Co‐allergy to pistachio and walnut was determined. Full desensitization rate and associated immunological changes in both groups were compared. Patients fully desensitized to cashew were instructed to consume a dose of 1200 mg cashew protein for 6 months and were then challenged to a full dose. Patients with co‐allergy to pistachio or walnut were challenged to the respective nut. Results: Forty‐four of 50 OIT‐treated patients (88%) compared to 0% in controls tolerated a dose of 4000 mg cashew protein at the end of the study (odds ratio 8.3, 95% CI 3.9–17.7, p < 0.001). An additional three patients were desensitized to 1200 mg cashew protein, and three patients stopped treatment. Three patients (6%) were treated with injectable epinephrine for home reactions. Desensitized patients had decreased SPT, sIgE, basophil reactivity, and increased sIgG4, following treatment. Following cashew desensitization, all pistachio (n = 35) and four of eight walnut co‐allergic patients were cross‐desensitized to the respective nut. All (n = 44) patients consuming a low cashew dose for ≥6 months following desensitization passed a full‐dose cashew OFC. Conclusions: Cashew OIT desensitizes most cashew‐allergic patients and cross‐desensitizes to pistachio. Safety is similar to OIT for other foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is cultivated in more than 30 countries because of its economic and nutritional importance. Despite having a significant agronomic role, little is known about the genetic and phenotypic diversity of cashew populations in Brazil. Thus, we aimed to characterize and estimate the diversity among cashew genotypes based on agro-morphological and physicochemical traits, with an objective of selection of varieties for breeding programmes. Forty-three cashew trees were evaluated based on 13 morphological traits and three physicochemical traits. A wide range of variations was recorded for the phenotypic characteristics, including total weight, fruit weight, pseudofruit length, kernel weight and total acidity, suggesting the existence of considerable variations for potential use in breeding programmes. Principal component analysis explained 79.74% of the total variation in the first two principal axes. The dendrogram based on the UPGMA method classified the 43 genotypes into six groups. Groups IV and VI were the most dissimilar, with emphasis on the genotypes 28 and 43, which were observed to be most divergent based on the Euclidean distance matrix (3.054). This makes it possible to select genotypes for hybridization with F1 generation gains. Based on cluster analysis and comparison of means among the six groups, promising genotypes were identified with superior traits, such as fruit weight, pseudofruit length, kernel weight and total acidity. This suggests the importance of phenotypic characterization for cashew breeding programmes. In addition, the observed vast diversity is an important genetic basis for improving cashew yield in northeastern Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biosafety of Anacardium occidentale (cashew) nut oil using male Wistar rats as model. Cashew nut oil was extracted from cashew nuts with the aid of a Soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane as solvent. Twelve male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to four groups labeled I, II, III and IV (3 rats per group). Group I served as the control group and were administered distilled water. Group II received 1.53 mL/kg of the nut oil; group III received 4 mL/kg of the nut oil while group IV received 8.13 mL/kg of the nut oil. The administrations were via the oral route. Blood samples were collected weekly for haematological examination. At the end of four weeks study period, the rats were anaesthetized and the liver and kidneys were removed for histological examination. The haematological result showed slight deviation from the normal in packed cell volume (52%), total white blood cell count (9.38 x 103/mm3) and lymphocyte count (58.17%) in Wistar rats administered 4 to 8.13 mL/kg of the cashew nut oil, respectively yet no visible compromise of the immune system was observed. Histological analysis; however, revealed some hepatocyte morphological lesions including mild microvesicular steatosis, kupffer cell hyperplasia, shrinkage of glomeruli, glomerular distortion, necrotic renal tubules, severe congestion and atrophy of renal tubules in rats fed 8.13mL/kg of the nut oil. In conclusion, the cashew nut oil was responsible for hepatic parenchymal and matrix alteration in wistar rats administered 8.13 mL/kg of cashew nut oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) have aroused considerable attention due to their high chemical stability and potential applications in adsorption. A series of HCPs were prepared via one‐step solvent knitting method using the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) as bio‐based building block. Characterization of the prepared samples was performed by N2 adsorption, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectra, solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy images. Depending on the N2 adsorption, the as‐prepared CNSL‐HCP4 exhibits the highest specific surface area of 93 m2·g−1 and displays a uniform pore‐size distribution. TGA results show that the decomposition temperature of the polymers exceeds 350°C. More significantly, the dynamic adsorption of high concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was investigated with CNSL‐HCP4 under dry and humid conditions. The results show that the maximum adsorption capacity of o‐xylene under dry conditions is 217 mg·g−1 and its corresponding adsorption amount (208 mg·g−1) decreases slightly under 30% relative humidity condition, indicating that CNSL‐HCP4 had a hydrophobic surface. A little decrease in adsorption capacity of o‐xylene on CNSL‐HCP4 after five recycles confirms the reusability of the CNSL‐HCPs. Therefore, CNSL‐HCP4 is considered to be a promising candidate for potential adsorbent in recycling the VOCs from the exhaust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anacardic acid (AA) is a natural active ingredient that accounts for 65% of the liquid extract from the shell of the cashew nut. Due to the stronger cytotoxic activity of hydrogenated AA (HAA) against NTERA-2 cancer stem cells (CSCs) than AA itself, HAA was co-conjugated with CD133 monoclonal antibody (mAb^CD133) into nanoliposomal particles (AMC). This nanoliposomal complex is expected to improved HAA activities against CSCs based on the targeting capacity of mAb^CD133 toward CD133, a typical CSCs' surface marker. AMC was manufactured with a mean size of 100.9 nm, a zeta potential of −40.7 mV, and a PDI of 0.283. We report a 100% encapsulation efficiency of HAA into liposomes and a 90.7% conjugation efficiency with mAb^CD133. The penetration of AMC into NTERA-2 CSCs after 2 h was 83.7%. The AMC complex inhibited NTERA-2 growth with an IC50 (inhibition concentration at 50%) value of 75.83 ± 6.70 µM, showing the targeting ability and lower toxicity (IC50 > 100 µM) on healthy cells. The AMC nanoparticles also demonstrated significant potential apoptotic induction by activating caspase 3 activity by up to 2.57 and 2.06 folds compared to that of the negative control at 20 and 4 µM, respectively. This induction was significant improvement in comparison with that of unconjugated HAA (P <.05). AMC presented a clear effect on the solid structure of NTERA-2 spheroids and significantly suppressed the proliferation of CSCs in the 3D tumorspheres with an IC50 = 64.25 ± 3.15 µM, compared to the free form with an IC50 = 82.22 ± 0.65 µM (P <.05). Therefore, this nanoliposomal complex exhibits promising capacities as an effective material against NTERA-2 CSCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of wheat flour treated with ball milling (BM) and maltodextrin on the oil absorption and textural characteristics of fried batter-coated cashews and almonds (BCAs) were investigated. The result showed that the crystallinity of the starch granules in wheat flour decreased after the BM treatment. Furthermore, the ΔH of the batter decreased as the BM time was elongated, but the addition of maltodextrin had no significant impact on ΔH. Both BM-treated wheat flour and maltodextrin increased the fracturability and decreased the oil content of the fried BCAs' batter. The addition of BM-treated wheat flour and maltodextrin decreased the oil content of the batter from 28.93% to 18.75% for batter-coated cashews and from 30.92% to 18.61% for batter-coated almonds. Overall, the addition of BM-treated wheat flour and maltodextrin in batter is an effective approach to decrease oil content and improve the textural quality of fried BCAs. [Display omitted] • Fried BCAs made from BM-treated wheat flour exhibited a darker color. • The batter made of BM-treated wheat flour and maltodextrin was more compact. • BM-treated wheat flour and maltodextrin reduced the oil content of fried BCAs. • BM-treated wheat flour and maltodextrin increased the crispness of fried BCAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cashew nut allergy shows an increasing prevalence along with its high consumption. Nowadays, food allergy still has no cure, and allergen avoidance is still the standard management, urging a sensitive and convenient cashew nut detection method. Herein, saltatory rolling circle amplification (SRCA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the Ana o 2 gene were proposed and compared. In addition, a closed-tube SRCA assay using hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) as a color indicator (HNB-SRCA) was developed to realize visual on-site detection of cashew nut. SRCA and HNB-SRCA can detect 75.3 fg of cashew nut DNA, which is 10- and 100-times more sensitive than LAMP and PCR, respectively. SRCA and HNB-SRCA exhibited a relative sensitivity of 0.01% in a binary mixture, which is comparable to LAMP and 10-times higher than that of PCR. When combined with a rapid DNA extraction method, SRCA and HNB-SRCA performed better applicability compared to LAMP and PCR. Additionally, compared to SRCA using electrophoresis to analyze the amplification products, the visual closed-tube HNB-SRCA combined with the rapid DNA extraction protocol is a better potential cashew nut on-site detection strategy in foods. • A rapid visual HNB-SRCA for on-site detection of cashew nut has been developed. • HNB-SRCA assay exhibits high sensitivity, detection 75.3 fg of target DNA. • The present assay exhibits high applicability for the rapid DNA extraction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Packaging materials for food often deteriorate when transported, handled, and stored for an extended time. This compromises their integrity and poses a challenge to the preservation of food. However, the development of self-healing food packaging materials offers a promising alternative. These materials can repair damage autonomously, thereby ensuring food safety and nutrient retention. This paper investigated a UV-triggered self-healing film containing Omega-3 microcapsules and a Chitosan-Hemicellulose blend as a matrix. The hemicellulose, which normally blocks UV light, is extracted from argan nutshells and blended with chitosan to finally cast and form a film with UV-triggered intelligent microcapsules. The structural, thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties and the self-healing ability of films were examined. An FTIR, TGA, and SEM analysis confirmed the successful microencapsulation of Omega-3 with an average size of 35 μm and its incorporation into the matrix of the film. Furthermore, SEM analysis confirmed the film's ability to self-heal. Based on that, the film was used to manufacture a plastic zipper bag to package the cashew nuts. As a result of the packaging test, the cashews' shelf life is extended, and their quality is preserved. • The UV-triggered self-healing film based on Omega-3 microcapsules in Chitosan-Hemicellulose as a matrix. • The multicore-microcapsules were manufactured via the Oil-Water-Oil emulsion technique. • The microcapsules were mixed with chitosan and the hemicellulose that was extracted from argan nutshells. • The film was used to package the cashew nut and the results show that is useful for preserving the cashew quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synergistic effect of cashew nut shell liquids residue with potassium iodide was confirmed. • Formulations containing intensifier reduced the corrosion rates in approximately 50%. • The highest efficiency was achieved by formulation containing more residue and less solvents (6.0 % v/v) at 333 K (96.76 %). • Theoretical results demonstrated that the corrosion inhibitor properties were intensified in acidic medium. • Iodide − cashew nut shell liquid residue interaction showed improvement of inhibition by increasing dipole moment values. Industrial applications such as acid pickling and descaling justify the need for corrosion inhibitors. Among biomass derived inhibitors, there is the distillation residue of the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), which consists of a polyaromatic structure. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the synergistic effect of CNSL residue with KI through experimental (15 % HCl) and DFT studies. Three theoretical models were used with different radicals drawn from the experimental chemical characterization of the CNSL residue (CNSL/phenyl, CNSL/n-butyl and CNSL/tert-butyl substituents). The formulation containing intensifier, B1 + KI, achieved 89.84 % efficiency when compared to B1 (83.52 %) by linear polarization resistance. The concentration effect of formulation B1 was also evaluated, and the highest efficiency was achieved by B1 (6.0 % v/v) at 333 K (96.49 %). The presence of inhibitory film was confirmed by EDS, and a more uniform surface was observed in the presence of the corrosion inhibitor formulations. The DFT studies revealed that the proposed CNSL residue model has the potential to be used as a corrosion inhibitor, especially the CNSL/phenyl inhibitor. In acid medium, it was demonstrated that the corrosion inhibitor properties were intensified. Finally, the analysis of the interaction of chloride and iodide ions with the CNSL/phenyl compound showed that the presence of halides can improve the inhibitory properties by increasing the dipole moment values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The recovery of the ELISA was 0.63%-4.08%. • The intra-day and inter-day precision were 0.63–4.08% and 3.56%-5.78%. • The LOD and LOQ were 0.023 μg/mL and 0.033 μg/mL. • The method showed no cross-reactivity with soybeans, cashew nuts and sesame. • Ara h 3 can be detected in different food matrices containing peanuts. Peanut is an important food that can cause food allergies, often leading to moderate and severe allergic symptoms such as skin rashes, asthma, and even anaphylactic shock. Research indicates that Ara h 3 is one of the major peanut allergen. In order to establish a simple analytical method for detecting Ara h 3, we developed a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with antibodies that were induced from purified Ara h 3. The experimental results showed that the purified Ara h 3 had good purity, and we successfully prepared capture and detection antibodies. The method established in this study exhibited high specificity and did not cross-react with soybeans, cashew nuts, and sesame. For validation, including precision, recovery and sensitivity were in good condition. We also detected the Ara h 3 in peanut related foods. Overall, the ELISA developed in this study is a reliable method for Ara h 3 detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guinea-Bissau's economy is heavily reliant on the export of raw cashew nuts, which make up 90% of export value and provide income for 80% of the population. However, the country faces structural challenges, political instability, weak financial management systems, and the impacts of climate change. The public sector pension schemes also face challenges, with high fiscal consequences for the country. The lack of infrastructure, human capital, and public services hinders private sector-led growth and economic diversification. Poverty is widespread, particularly in rural areas. The government needs to address governance issues in the public pension schemes and take measures to improve them. Additionally, there have been protests against the high cost of living in the country. [Extracted from the article]

Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) has been explored in several applications within the sustainability principles and circular economy of agro-industrial product waste. To understand the anticorrosive and lubricant properties of CNSL solutions, a multi-faceted approach, incorporating electrochemical analyses, immersion test, tribological measurements, and tribochemical characterization was carried out for mild steel AISI 1012, stainless steel AISI 420 and Aluminium Alloy 6061. Electrochemical analyses reveal a positive impact of CNSL, inducing a shift in corrosion potential to more positive values and a decrease in corrosion current, indicating effective corrosion inhibition for stainless steel and aluminium alloy. In mild steel, CNSL exhibits a mixed-type inhibition with efficiency increasing in correlation with oil concentration. The lubricating properties of CNSL are evident according to the coefficients of friction (COF) obtained and the elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime observed during tribological tests. Tribochemical tests demonstrate a reduction in wear and an improvement in tribocorrosion behavior under sliding conditions. CNSL emerges as a promising tribocorrosion mitigator, demonstrating multifaceted benefits. The concentration-dependent effects highlight the need for optimization in specific applications, particularly for passive materials. CNSL not only inhibits corrosion through film formation but also provides effective lubrication, reducing friction, wear, and chemical-mechanical degradation. This research contributes valuable insights to corrosion science. It proposes practical applications for CNSL in diverse industrial contexts, showcasing its potential as an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution for tribocorrosion challenges. • The influence of Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) on the tribocorrosion behavior across three metallic alloys (mild steel, stainless steel, and aluminium) is explored. • Electrochemical analyses, immersion test, tribological measurements, and tribochemical characterization was carried out for AISI 1012, AISI 420 and AA6061. • CNSL exhibited a positive impact on corrosion inhibition for stainless steel and aluminium alloy, inducing a shift in corrosion potential to more positive values and a decrease in corrosion current. • CNSL demonstrated lubricating properties according to the coefficients of friction (COF) obtained and the elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime observed during tribological tests. • CNSL emerges as a promising tribocorrosion mitigator, demonstrating multifaceted benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A novel sorbitan monooleate-based siloxane derived from a plant source was successfully synthesized. • The plant-based phloretin and sorbitan monooleate-based siloxane were introduced into the cashew shell-based WPU network. • The resulting cashew shell oil-based WPU exhibited high transparency, strong toughness, and good water resistance. • The incorporation of phloretin and sorbitan monooleate-based siloxane imparted outstanding UV resistance and anti-corrosion properties to the system. • The resulting cashew shell oil-based WPU showed outstanding UV resistance and anti-corrosion properties to the system. The increasingly severe energy shortage and growing environmental problems have accelerated the rapid development of sustainable polymer materials. Hereon, a novel method was proposed for the synthesis of cashew nut shell oil-based waterborne polyurethane (WPUs), which exhibited excellent toughness, transparency, water resistance, UV resistance and corrosion resistance. Specifically, the sorbitan monooleate-based siloxane (MSP) was prepared via a thiol-ene click chemistry reaction. Subsequently, the plant-based phloretin (PRT) and MSP were introduced as polyols into the skeleton of WPUs through the molecular structure design strategy. Series of high bio-based content (91 %) WPUs networks were obtained via pre-polymerization and self-emulsification methods. The properties of their dispersions and films were thoroughly investigated, and it was found that the addition of MSP and PRT enhanced the overall performance of WPUs film. For instance, there was a significant increase in T g. Additionally, they exhibited a maximum tensile strength of 31.5 MPa and a maximum toughness of 53 MJ/m3, which were the most outstanding among all reported plant oil-based WPU systems so far, indicating excellent tear resistance. Interestingly, the water absorption rate of PSWPU-40 was reduced to 7.1 %, suggesting good water resistance, which resolved the contradiction between the mechanical properties and water resistance of the current plant oil-based WPU systems. The PSPWU films exhibited promising application prospects, exemplified by its ability to effectively shield the entire UV range. Furthermore, its coating demonstrated outstanding anti-corrosion properties with a maximum anticorrosion efficiency of 97.1 %. It could be attributed to the synergistic effect of a self-crosslinking structure, higher crosslinking density, a tighter network structure, and stronger intermolecular forces (H-bond). This work provided a meaningful guide for the application and development of high-performance bio-based WPU functional coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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We report the fabrication of bio-formulated nanosheets with CNSL (Cashew Nut Shell Liquid), iron oxide nanoparticles, chitosan biopolymer and plant extracts from the sources of Mentha spicata L., Vitex negundo L., and Eucalyptus globulus M.) for improved efficacy in food packaging. The FTIR, SEM and AFM analyses revealed uniform distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles and nano-formulated bio-active compounds in the chitosan matrix. The EDAX analysis of the fabricated bio-formulated nanosheets confirmed the constituent elements of chitosan, CNSL, iron oxide and plant extracts. The bio-formulated nanosheets embedded with iron oxide nanoparticles of average size ~ 100 nm reflects an efficient thermal stability and barrier properties (UV, oxygen). Further studies of water imbibed bio-formulated nanosheets with the blending of CNSL along with iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited an excellent resistivity against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus). The study revealed that the bio-formulated nanosheets could be used as a potential barrier resist eco-packaging material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weaning period of an infant, which should begin from 7 months, is characterized by the gradual change from a liquid to a solid diet. After 6 months, the nutrients contained in breast milk are no longer sufficient to meet the growing demands of the infant. This is the ideal period for the introduction of a complementary food to make up for any deficiencies. To contribute to this situation, two groups, each consisting of five combinations of millet flour, enriched with cashew flour were formulated. The samples M100A0 (Unenriched millet flour), M92,5A7,5, M85A15, M77, 5A22,5 and M70A30 were enriched with 7.5%, 15%, 22,5% and 30% downgraded cashew flour, respectively. The samples MF100A0 (Unenriched fermented millet flour), MF92, 5A7,5, MF85A15, MF77, 5A22,5 and MF70A30 were constructed in a corresponding manner, the only difference being that the millet flour was fermented. After analyses of the different formulations, the best proportions of proteins were observed in MF70A30, MF77, 5A22, 5 and M70A30, which were 13.13%, 12.25% and 12.25%, respectively. Samples M70A30 and M77,5A22,5 exhibited the best iron contents of 8.44 ppm and 8.12 ppm, respectively. The protein contents of the unfortified samples M100A0 and MF100A0 were 7.53% and 6.13% respectively. Formulations MF70A30, M77,5A2,5 and M70A30 with levels of 1.06 ppm, 0.98 ppm and 0.98 ppm, respectively, gave the best zinc contents. The moisture contents of the formulated samples had minimal changes. They varied between 6.16 ± 0.06% and 7.6 ± 0.99% for unfermented samples, and between 6.35 ± 0.32% and 7.0 ± 0.02% for fermented samples. The humidity values of the two groups of samples were not significantly different at P≤0.05. These low moisture contents in the flours are important for better preservation. At the end of this study, certain formulations were selected because of their good nutritional profile. Thus the formulations M70A30 composed of 70% millet flour and 30% cashew flour and MF70A30 composed of 70% fermented millet flour and 30% cashew flour present the best options and could be used as quality infant flours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In tree nut (TN) allergy, singleplex tests showed the diagnostic utility of rAna o 3, rCor a 14/nCor a 9, and nJug r 1/nJug r 4 for cashew/pistachio, hazelnut, and walnut allergies, respectively. However, disadvantages of the tests include high costs and excessive blood sampling in multi-sensitized patients, and a limited number of components. We investigated the utility of a multiplex macroarray (i.e., the ALEX2 test) in TN allergy. In 169 children, skin prick test, the component- and extract-specific IgEs of TNs were investigated for clinical reactivity and tolerance. The predictors (AUC = 0.962–0.749) of clinical reactivity to cashew, pistachio, hazelnut, and walnut were rPis v 1/rAna o 3, rPis v 1/rAna o 3/nPis v 2/nPis v 3, rCor a 14/nCor a 11/nCor a 9, and nJug r 1/nJug r 2/nJug r 6/nJug r 4, respectively. More than 93% of the patients with clinical reactivity to pistachio/cashew, hazelnut and walnut had positivity of (≥0.3 kU A /L) rPis v 1/rAna o 3, rCor a 14 and nJug r 1/nJug r 2, respectively. The highest accuracies of clinical reactivity to culprit nut were obtained with combination of rPis v 1, sIgE and SPT positivities for cashew/pistachio, rPis v 1 ≥ 1.0 kU A /L for pistachio, rCor a 14 ≥ 1.0 kU A /L for hazelnut and combination of nJug r 1 and nJug r 2 positivities for walnut, respectively. Also, higher concentrations of rPis v 1 (≥15.0 kU A /L), rCor a 14 (≥5.0 kU A /L) and nJug r 1/nJug r 2 (≥15.0 kU A /L) had %100 specificity and PPV in predicting clinical reactivity to cashew, hazelnut and walnut, respectively. Multiplex macroarray test is useful and reliable in the diagnosis of TN allergy in children, confirms and expands existing knowledge, and can be used as a stand-alone tool in the bottom-up diagnostic approach. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developing countries are using non-edible oils for the production of biofuels, additives, or alternate fuels. The research article focused on the behavior study and analysis of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) biodiesel obtained by processing the cashew nut shell liquid. The work is carried out to derive the thermal-cracked(TC) -CNSL oil from Cardonal in the temperature range l 50°C to 400° C. The chemical functional groups are studied using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) techniques. The TC-CNSL blended fuel performance is compared with diesel and neat biodiesel (B-100). The physicochemical properties of diesel, CNSL, and TC-CNSL biodiesel are estimated based on American Society for Testing and Materials(ASTM) standards. The 50 parts per million(p'Pm) Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles are added with TC-CNSL-B25, TC-CNSL-B50, TC-CNSL- 75, and TC-CNSL-BJOO and processed in a single stroke diesel engine working at constant speed 1500-rpm. The blended fuel is analyzed based on environmental emission parameters in the diesel engines. The carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO认 hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of B-100 are reduced by 40.5 %, 60.9 %, and 30.7 % respectively in comparison to diesel, at full load. The nitrogen oxide(NOx) emissions are increased by 13.26 % in B-100 in comparison to diesel, at full load. The smoke density is also observed decreasin􀄺arison to diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marination is one of the methods that are often used in beef processing in an attempt to obtain high quality of beef. Cashew apple extract marinade (CAM) improves the microbiological characteristics of meat by inhibiting the growth of meat bacteria. The effect of CAM on other aspects such as physical (microbiological, tenderness, cooking loss, water holding capacity and pH) and chemical (moisture, fat and protein content) characteristics of meat have not been evaluated, which would be beneficial for the utilisation of agroindustry waste in the meat industry. In this study, the effect of CAM on the physical and chemical characteristics of beef, including microbiological characteristics, tenderness, cooking loss and water holding capacity, was evaluated. CAM (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) was used during beef processing for 4 h at refrigeration temperature. Significant effects of CAM were observed on the physical and chemical characteristics of beef. CAM increased beef tenderness and reduced total bacteria, cooking loss, moisture, fat, and protein content. The optimum concentration of CAM for which significant changes were observed in the physical and chemical characteristics of beef was 20%. Thus, cashew apple can be utilised as a promising marinade agent in beef processing with the criteria of food for specific health use. This approach will help reduce cashew apple waste and is an eco-friendly approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of the energy consumed worldwide comes from non-renewable sources, such as oil derivatives, making it necessary to search for renewable, clean energy sources, with emphasis on biomass from agricultural and industrial waste. Coconut shell pellets (CSPs) and cashew nut shell pellets (CNSPs) were manufactured and subsequently subjected to chemical, thermal and exhaust gas analyses of their combustion. Mean temperature results in the combustion area were 366.44 ± 84.79°C (CSPs) and 295.00 ± 89.47°C (CNSPs). The exhaust gas combustion values were 19.43 ± 0.57% (CSPs) and 18.75 ± 0.77% (CNSPs) of O2, 2348 ± 1241 ppm (CSPs) and 2901 ± 499 ppm (CNSPs) of CO, 14.92 ± 5.06 ppm (CSPs) and 39.83 ± 10.91 ppm (CNSPs) of NOx, and 441.25 ± 130.41 ppm (CSPs) and 2841.50 ± 765.26 ppm (CNSPs) of CH4. In conclusion, the combustion process of CSPs proved to be less polluting and more energy efficient when compared with CNSPs. The analyses of the exhaust gases from the combustion of these biomasses can serve as a basis for the creation of safety parameters and public policies to regulate the use of biomass for energy purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work explores the potential of Mangifera indica leaf mid-rib fibers as a reinforcement for polymer composites. The fibers were subjected to sodium bicarbonate treatment for 6 h, 12 h, 18 h, and 24 h duration and the effect of chemical treatment on the tensile strength of the fibers was evaluated. Maximum tensile strength of 104 MPa was obtained for 18 h treated fibers. Scanning electron microscopy of the fiber surface revealed surface impurities, layers of dead cells and degradation of fibrils, as some of the important features for variation in tensile strength. Fourier transform infrared spectra of all varieties of fibers supported function group modifications with chemical treatment. X-ray diffraction analysis of the fiber confirmed improvement in the crystallinity index of the fibers till duration of 18 h. Composites with untreated and 18 h treated fibers were considered for fabrication along with Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)/epoxy matrix. Techniques such as hand layup and compression moulding were adopted for composite fabrication and mechanical properties of the cured composites were determined. Maximum values of tensile, flexural and impact strength obtained were 48 MPa, 70 MPa and 38 kJ/m2 respectively. Failure modes such as fiber pull-out, fiber shearing, fiber debonding and matrix shearing were observed through scanning electron micrographs of the Mangifera indica composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semecarpus anacardium Linn. a potent ethanomedicinal plant belonging to Family-Anacardiaceae, commonly known as 'Bhallatak' or 'Bhilawa'. It has potent medicinal value in Ayurveda and siddha system of medicine. Bhilawa is being used traditionally and ethanobotanically for several treatments. Phytochemical analysis of Semecarpus anacardium nut shows biologically active compounds such as biflavonoids, phenolic compounds, bhilawanols, minerals, vitamins and amino acids, which shows various medicinal properties. Traditional healers and physicians use formulations of Semecarpus anacardium in their clinical practice. In market there are number of formulations among them commonly used formulations are Amritbhallatak Avaleha, Bhallatakasav, Suran vatak, Bhallatak Parpati, Sanjeevani Vati, Narsimha choorna, etc. Several experiments have proved pharmacological activities of Semecarpus anacardium as anti-atherogenic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, anti-reproductive, CNS stimulant, anticarcinogenic and hair growth promoter activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work a corrosion protection material formed by commercial benzoxazine and polyaniline (PAni) for coatings applications was developed. PAni doped with a natural phenolic compound, cardanol, was used in the coating preparation, and conventional hydrochloric acid-doped PAni was also used for comparative purposes. Cardanol is a reddish-brown liquid obtained from the by-product of cashew nut processing. The presence of the aliphatic group and the hydroxyl of the cardanol, as well as the amine groups of the PAni, can enhance the corrosion barrier of a benzoxazine coatings. The anticorrosive properties of the coatings were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 3.5% NaCl solution for a total period of 168 h. The coatings of benzoxazine filled with PAni showed better anticorrosion performance and adhesion strength on carbon steel substrate when compared to pristine benzoxazine and PAni doped with 3 wt% cardanol exhibits the best performances. This last result can be explained by both the presence of PAni and the better PAni dispersion within benzoxazine when doped with cardanol. In addition, the incorporation of cardanol-doped PAni in the benzoxazine reduced the cure temperature of the benzoxazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]