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Drainage is known to reduce carbon sequestration in peatlands, but its effect on the stability of carbon pool and changes in recalcitrant organic carbon fractions remain relatively unknown, especially in temperate montane peatlands. We investigated the effect of drainage on physicochemical properties and organic carbon fractions of six peat cores from drained and near-pristine areas of Baijianghe peatland, NE China, basing on 210Pb and AMS 14C dating. The vegetation biomass and biomass-C sequestration were also measured in both areas. The loss of total soil carbon accumulation due to drainage was 7.5 kg m−2 (− 25%), equivalent to a complete consumption of carbon accumulated for nearly 170 years in the near-pristine area. Vegetation succession after drainage had a little positive effect on ecosystem carbon sequestration, with an increase of 0.26 kg m−2, which compensated for only 3.5% of the peat soil carbon loss. Notably, over 80% of the total carbon loss after drainage was attributed to the loss of the recalcitrant carbon fraction. The study emphasizes the crucial impact of drainage on carbon sequestration in temperate peatlands. Our findings suggest that continuous water table drawdown induced by drainage, together with drought driven by climate warming, will further reduce carbon sequestration in drained peatlands. There is an urgent need to restore hydrology of peatlands in order to mitigate the long-lasting negative effect of drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to produce light olefins is one of the most promising ways to utilize CO2 in power plant flue gas. However, the low concentration of CO2 (~10%) and the existence of water steam in the flue gas pose great challenges for the catalyst design. To address these problems, we introduced a Mg promoter and hydrophobic component into the Fe-based catalyst to improve the CO2 adsorption capacity and weaken the negative effects of water. The yield of light olefins on an optimized multifunctional Fe-based catalyst increased by 37% in low-concentration CO2 hydrogenation with water steam. A variety of characterizations proved that the Mg promoter played critical roles in regulating the adsorption capacity of CO2, increasing the surface electron density of Fe species, and promoting the formation of iron carbide active sites. The hydrophobic component mainly contributed to constraining the oxidation of iron carbides via water steam. It benefited from the rational design of the catalyst, showing how our multifunctional Fe-based catalyst has great potential for practical application in CO2 utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of geological CO2 sequestration and its long-term implications are crucial for ensuring the safety and sustainability of carbon capture and storage (CCS) projects. This work presents a numerical reservoir modeling study to upscale CO2 injection in the Eastern Illinois Basin to a cumulative value of 27 Mt within the next 20 years, adding one proposed Class VI injector well to the two already existing ones in this field. Along with the reservoir simulations that include the main CO2 trapping mechanisms that ensure a minimum of a 100-year Area-of-Review containment, we describe a step-by-step approach to enhance measurement, monitoring, and verification (MMV) plans, starting from low-cost methods such as repeated 1D VSP in existing boreholes to 2D seismic surveys and higher-cost data acquisition techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional methods to develop biomass-based carbon adsorbents generally involve carbonization followed by chemical or physical activation. However, routes involving the hydrothermal treatment of biomass are receiving growing interest. In this work, two different strategies for the synthesis of sustainable CO2 adsorbents are compared, i.e., in situ ionic activation and hydrothermal treatment followed by activation with CO2. The latter is a green and simple procedure that does not require the addition of chemicals or acid-washing stages, and which leads to carbon adsorbents with relatively high CO2 adsorption capacity at low pressures, up to 0.64 mmol g−1 at 15 kPa and 50 °C, conditions relevant for postcombustion CO2 capture applications. On the other hand, in situ ionic activation can lead to carbon adsorbents with superior CO2 adsorption capacity in the aforementioned conditions, 0.78 mmol g−1, and with reduced cost and environmental impact compared to conventional chemical activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, there has been a growing interest in utilizing depleted gas and oil reservoirs for carbon capture and storage. This interest arises from the fact that numerous reservoirs have either been depleted or necessitate enhanced oil and gas recovery (EOR/EGR). The sequestration of CO2 in subsurface repositories emerges as a highly effective approach for achieving carbon neutrality. This process serves a dual purpose by facilitating EOR/EGR, thereby aiding in the retrieval of residual oil and gas, and concurrently ensuring the secure and permanent storage of CO2 without the risk of leakage. Injectivity is defined as the fluid's ability to be introduced into the reservoir without causing rock fracturing. This research aimed to fill the gap in carbon capture and storage (CCS) literature by examining the limited consideration of injectivity, specifically in depleted underground reservoirs. It reviewed critical factors that impact the injectivity of CO2 and also some field case data in such reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of biohydrogen with negative CO2 emissions through the steam methane reforming of biomethane, coupled with carbon capture and storage, represents a promising technology, particularly for industries that are difficult to electrify. In spite of the maturity of this technology, which is currently employed in the production of grey and blue hydrogen, a detailed cost model that considers the entire supply chain is lacking in the literature. This study addresses this gap by applying correlations derived from actual facilities producing grey and blue hydrogen to calculate the CAPEX, while exploring various feedstock combinations for biogas generation to assess the OPEX. The analysis also includes logistic aspects, such as decentralised biogas production and the transportation and storage of CO2. The levelized cost of golden hydrogen is estimated to range from EUR 1.84 to 2.88/kg, compared to EUR 1.47/kg for grey hydrogen and EUR 1.93/kg for blue hydrogen, assuming a natural gas cost of EUR 25/MWh and excluding the CO2 tax. This range increases to between 3.84 and 2.92, with a natural gas cost of EUR 40/MWh with the inclusion of the CO2 tax. A comparison with conventional green hydrogen is performed, highlighting both prices and potential, thereby offering valuable information for decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen from natural gas reforming can be produced efficiently with a high CO2 capture rate. This can be achieved through oxygen-blown autothermal reforming as the core technology, combined with pressure-swing adsorption for hydrogen purification and refrigeration-based tail gas separation for CO2 capture and recirculation of residual hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane. The low-temperature tail gas separation section is presented in detail. The main objective of the paper is to study and quantify the exergy efficiency of this separation process in detail. To achieve this, a detailed exergy analysis is conducted. The irreversibilities in 42 different process components are quantified. In order to provide transparent verification of the consistency of exergy calculations, the total irreversibility rate is calculated by two independent approaches: Through the bottom-up approach, all individual irreversibilities are added to obtain the total irreversibility rate. Through the top-down approach, the total irreversibility rate is calculated solely by the exergy flows crossing the control volume boundaries. The consistency is verified as the comparison of results obtained by the two methods shows a relative deviation of 4 · 10 − 7 . The exergy efficiency of the CO2 capture process is calculated, based on two different definitions. Both methods give a baseline exergy efficiency of 58.38%, which indicates a high degree of exergy utilisation in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbiomes are foundational components of the environment that provide essential services relating to food security, carbon sequestration, human health, and the overall well-being of ecosystems. Microbiota exert their effects primarily through complex interactions at interfaces with their plant, animal, and human hosts, as well as within the soil environment. This review aims to explore the ecological, evolutionary, and molecular processes governing the establishment and function of microbiome–host relationships, specifically at interfaces critical to One Health—a transdisciplinary framework that recognizes that the health outcomes of people, animals, plants, and the environment are tightly interconnected. Within the context of One Health, the core principles underpinning microbiome assembly will be discussed in detail, including biofilm formation, microbial recruitment strategies, mechanisms of microbial attachment, community succession, and the effect these processes have on host function and health. Finally, this review will catalogue recent advances in microbiology and microbial ecology methods that can be used to profile microbial interfaces, with particular attention to multi-omic, advanced imaging, and modelling approaches. These technologies are essential for delineating the general and specific principles governing microbiome assembly and functions, mapping microbial interconnectivity across varying spatial and temporal scales, and for the establishment of predictive frameworks that will guide the development of targeted microbiome-interventions to deliver One Health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests contain substantial carbon stores, including above and belowground biomass and living and non-living biomass. Different management regimes produce different outcomes related to stored and sequestered carbon in forests. The geographic focus of this study is the Wabanaki-Acadian Forest of the Maritime Provinces of Canada (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island). This study reviews the literature to evaluate the carbon impacts of (1) intensive forest management for fiber products, (2) unharvested (or conservation) forest, and (3) climate-focused, ecological forestry. Each of these forest management strategies and concomitant silviculture regimes sequester and store carbon at varying rates and across different carbon pools in the forest. The literature suggests that unharvested (conservation) forests store and sequester the most carbon, and traditional, intensive fiber management stores and sequesters the least. Ecological forestry may provide the best balance between carbon sequestration and storage and climate adaptability, while also allowing for the provision of some timber/fiber products. This study also discusses the co-benefits offered by forests under each of the three management regimes. New research, in general and in the region, needs to examine further belowground carbon dynamics in soil as most efforts to document carbon focus on aboveground carbon pools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide capture, utilization and storage technology is considered to be one of the most effective strategies to mitigate CO2 emissions. In this process, CO2 that is injected into seabed sediments under specific temperature and pressure conditions is sealed in the form of CO2 hydrate, known for its high gas storage density and exceptional security features. This method has significant advantages compared with onshore geological storage schemes. Thus far, however, there has been no industrial demonstration of CO2 hydrate storage, and the CO2 hydrate storage potential in the South China Sea remains underexplored without targeted evaluations. In this study, the phase equilibrium mechanism is combined with the volumetric method to describe and evaluate the CO2 hydrate storage distribution range, effective thickness, and potential volume available for CO2 hydrate storage. Based on the latest exploration and development data from the Qiongdongnan Basin, along with geological structure data, multibeam bathymetry, local high-resolution three-dimension multichannel seismic reflection data, logging data, and submarine heat flow data, the distribution of the CO2 hydrate storage stability zone is determined. The results show that the effective thickness and regional scope of CO2 hydrate storage in the concerned area can be determined by virtue of the local water depths and the submarine temperature and pressure of 18 virtual wells. The minimum water depth in the Qiongdongnan Basin that satisfies the temperature and pressure conditions needed for CO2 sediment storage is established as 415 m. The theoretical geological storage capacity of CO2 hydrate in the Qiongdongnan Basin is determined as 5.75x1011 to 8.73x1011 t, where the value range of E is between 0.56 and 0.85. These findings offer a solid foundation for China to create, advance and execute a viable strategy for CO2 hydrate storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic biology aims at designing new biological functions from first principles. These new designs allow to expand the natural solution space and overcome the limitations of naturally evolved systems. One example is synthetic CO 2 -fixation pathways that promise to provide more efficient ways for the capture and conversion of CO 2 than natural pathways, such as the Calvin Benson Bassham (CBB) cycle of photosynthesis. In this review, we provide a practical guideline for the design and realization of such new-to-nature CO 2 -fixation pathways. We introduce the concept of "synthetic CO 2 -fixation", and give a general overview over the enzymology and topology of synthetic pathways, before we derive general principles for their design from their eight naturally evolved analogs. We provide a comprehensive summary of synthetic carbon-assimilation pathways and derive a step-by-step, practical guide from the theoretical design to their practical implementation, before ending with an outlook on new developments in the field. [Display omitted] • One-carbon (C1) compounds are a valuable resource for future productions. • Synthetic C1 metabolism was designed to mediate human greenhouse gas emissions. • Novel C1 assimilation pathways were created according to clear design principles. • A general workflow for the realization of novel C1 metabolism could be defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of releasing carbon from the terrestrial pool into the atmosphere have significant long‐term and short‐term implications that affect many parts of our globe. Agricultural fields might help to address these concerns and provide cost‐effective solutions, such as lowering carbon dioxide levels (CO2) in the atmosphere while raising carbon levels in the soil. In order to increase agricultural land's potential to absorb and store carbon, the proper selection of suitable microbial inoculants with the capability to sequester carbon into soils is critical. Soil quality and characteristics would improve as a result, and atmospheric carbon would therefore be reduced. Soil microbes have the potential to influence the level of organic matter, which has an impact on the soil's ecological system and characteristics. Soil microbes play a role in carbon sequestration in soils by regulating multiple and distinct pathways for CO2 inputs and losses, such as biochemical processes that could sequester CO2, the capacity to sediment carbonates, the rigid nature of their components and vegetative tissues, or the composition of complex substances that preserve carbon in the soil. Further research is needed to investigate if particular microbial strains that can sequester carbon will help enhance soil quality and prevent climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perennial wheat yields for several years after sowing, and develops a deep and dense root system, thereby improving soil structure and preserving soil fertility. It is also drought resistant, which increases its future potential under the ongoing climate change. Moreover, perennial wheat offers and effective strategy for carbon sequestration through increasing soil carbon stocks. However, the effect of perennial wheat on soil properties remains uncertain in the conditions of south-eastern Kazakhstan due to the lack of data. To fill this gap, we conducted a study in which five varieties of perennial wheat were grown in the Almaty region in soils of different fertility for two years. As a result, in the plot where topsoil was removed to a depth of 25 cm, total carbon increased by nearly three times, from 0.54% to 1.42%, and the number of microorganisms increased from 715.1x103±0.2x103 to 48.0x103±0.6x103 colony forming units per ml of soil. The photosynthetic performance of perennial wheat varieties in the experimental plot was not negatively affected by the removal of top soil suggesting that perennial wheat can successfully restore soil fertility and replenish soil with chemical elements involved in photosynthesis. Our results confirm that in the conditions of the south-eastern Kazakhstan perennial wheat makes a significant contribution to the soil carbon stock accumulation and development of soil biota; in our study, these effects were particularly strong in the case of degraded soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the Can Gio district in Vietnam has faced escalating challenges linked to climate change, including deforestation, urbanization, and rising carbon emissions. This study employs remote sensing techniques to estimate critical forest metrics, particularly aboveground biomass (AGB) and carbon sequestration potential in the region. Through meticulous data collection and analysis, this research establishes strong correlations between vegetation indices derived from remote sensing data and AGB, as well as CO2 absorption. Our results reveal that the Can Gio mangrove forest boasts an impressive AGB ranging from 200 to 500 tons/ha and demonstrates significant variations in carbon sequestration potential across different sub-zones. These findings not only contribute to efficient AGB estimation methods but also facilitate sustainable forest management and climate change mitigation strategies, vital for the Can Gio district and regions globally grappling with similar challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have grown and reached 33.9 Gt of CO 2 equivalents in 2020. Its amounts have continuously increased since the industrial revolution, so, carbon capture and utilization and storage (CCUS) technology can mitigate CO 2 emission and global warming. Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) has attracted attention as it is used as a solvent in lithium-ion batteries. We proposed a modified process simulation based on the fractional converion of experiment of direct synthesis of the DMC using CO 2. Also, to separate azeotropic mixture, ethylene glycol is used as an entrainer. We changed the feed of the CO 2 and changed the design when CO 2 feed is lower than stoichiometry ratio. Economic feasibility for all cases was evaluated using Aspen Process Economic Analyzer (APEA) V12. As a result, the total annual cost for the case 1, 2 and 3 is US 9.88 M$/yr, US 9.71 M$/yr and US 10.3 M$/yr, respectively. The Net Present value (NPV) for the case 1,2 and 3 is US − 51.6 M$, US − 56.66 M$/yr and US − 56.1 M$. Sensitivity analysis is performed to examine the effect of the NPV while changing the economic parameters such as utility cost and DMC selling price from − 30% to 30%. The most effective parameter of the NPV is the selling price of the DMC for case 1 and utility cost for case 2 and 3. A lower DMC selling price and solving deactivation problem of catalyst are the potential to develop the CCU technology. • A modified process simulation based on fractional conversion of experiment of DMC using CO 2. • Economic feasibility is compared for the three simulated cases using APEA V12. • By sensitivity analysis, the price of DMC for case 1 and utility cost for case 2 and 3 are the most effective parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition to increasingly renewable electricity grids and the electrification of industrial processes are two recent developments promising to be potential solutions towards net zero in industrial production processes. Generally, grid electricity is perceived as a stable and reliable resource that can be accessed on demand. However, that is not always the case for large industrial users (100 MW+), and a key future challenge that must be overcome is the inherent uncertainty of the electricity supply by renewable sources, as well as in pricing. In methanol production, the concept of using electrolysis and CO2 capture is being explored as a way of replacing reforming to produce syngas for "green" methanol production. With the omission of the reforming process which supplies energy as steam for the process, there is now a need to electrify the affected downstream unit operations. Distillation is a key unit operation in chemical operations that consumes large amounts of energy for reboiler duty and holds the key to making on-specification AA-grade methanol, a precursor chemical. With the volatility of the electricity market, hence supply, these columns must be able to withstand a sudden large reboiler duty drop. This paper developed a novel process operations and control principle to allow for the flexible operation of a high-purity methanol distillation column in volatile energy markets. At its core is the concept of using a distillation column as a "process battery". Results obtained from a validated process simulation show that the novel "process battery" operations principle can withstand a supply-side change as great as 75% within a time span of 5 min without breaking complex quality and performance specifications of the column. This control philosophy is a major departure from the traditional process control and operating regimes that are focused on maintaining steady operations under all conditions. • Novel control philosophy developed for flexible operation of high-purity methanol distillation in volatile energy markets. • A major change from traditional operations and control focused on maintaining steady operations under all conditions. • The concept of using a distillation column as a "process battery" is defined. • Validated process simulation results show the strategy withstands large supply-side changes without breaking specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aims to assess the performance and industrial feasibility of using three-phase fluidized bed absorption columns for post-combustion carbon dioxide (CO 2) capture. The analysis is based on a mathematical model of a scaled-up fluidized bed absorption column that has been validated using pilot plant experimental data. The focus is on evaluating the energy efficiency of the fluidized bed column in comparison to packed bed technologies, which are currently widely used. The results of the analysis are evaluated in terms of three performance indicators (i.e., absorption efficiency, carbon capture rate, and energy performance index) and compared to packed bed columns. Simulation results indicate that the best column configuration is represented by a three-stage absorber and that the system performs optimally when particle diameter and density decrease with each section. Consequently, this leads to an increase in the total fluidized bed height and carbon capture rate by up to 25%. The energy performance index is maintained below 3.6, indicating an energy-efficient operation of the system. As such, the findings of this study suggest that the use of gas-solid-liquid three-phase fluidized bed absorption columns for post-combustion CO 2 capture is a promising technology for the implementation of CCUS and for achieving of climate neutrality targets. [Display omitted] • Mathematical modeling through experimental assessment. • Consideration of a three phase, gas-solid-liquid, fluidized bed absorber for carbon capture. • Integration of gas-solid-liquid fluidized bed absorber in a full-scale carbon capture plant. • Performance analysis of three phase absorption in terms of energy and carbon capture efficiency. • Comparison of the obtained performance with the one obtained using regular packed bed absorbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the reaction system with NaBH 4 as a hydrogen donor, inhibiting the formation of hydrogen is the key to promote the efficient catalytic hydrogenation of CO 2. In this study, nanoscale zero-valent nickel supported on carbon nanofibers (Ni0/CNFs) was fabricated as a catalyst for CO 2 hydrogenation in aqueous NaBH 4 solution. The characteristics of Ni0/CNFs were examined. By SEM, it was observed that spherical nickel nanoparticles were distributed homogeneously on the surface of strip-shaped carbon nanofibers. EDS mappings indicated that elements were evenly distributed on the catalyst, which might contribute to the uniform exposure of active sites. Via XRD, it was determined that all the diffraction peaks corresponded to the crystal face of nickel metal and that the absence of diffraction peaks of carbon nanofibers indicated that the crystallinity of the carrier was low. XPS study showed that nickel existed on the catalyst surface in two forms: zero valence metal and oxidation state. The effects of catalyst addition amount, NaBH 4 concentration, NaOH dosage, stirring rate on the yield of formate and hydrogen generation rate (HGR) were investigated. By optimizing the above parameters, the concentration of formate reached 150 mmol/L and the hydrogen production rate was 10.55 mL/min. Compared with the non-catalytic conditions, the concentration of formate increased by 57 % and the HGR decreased by 78 %. Moreover, the relationship between CO 2 hydrogenation and NaBH 4 hydrolysis was clarified. This research could enhance comprehension of CO 2 hydrogenation in aqueous NaBH 4 solution and contribute to the development of CO 2 capture and utilization storage technology. The significance of this study lies in clarifying the connection between CO 2 hydrogenation and borohydride hydrolysis in CO 2 catalytic hydrogenation technology. • Ni0/CNFs promoted CO 2 catalytic hydrogenation by inhibiting NaBH 4 hydrolysis. • The relationship between CO 2 hydrogenation and NaBH 4 hydrolysis was clarified. • Catalytic hydrogenation of CO 2 was performed under ambient conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 capture via physical adsorption on activated porous carbons represents a promising solution towards effective carbon emission mitigation. Additionally, production costs can be further decreased by utilising biomass as the main precursor and applying energy-efficient activation. In this work, we developed novel cellulose-based activated carbons modified with amines (diethylenetriamine (DETA), 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane (BAPE), and melamine (MELA)) with different numbers of nitrogen atoms as in situ N-doping precursors. We investigated the effect of hydrothermal and thermal activation on the development of their physicochemical properties, which significantly influence the resulting CO2 adsorption capacity. This process entailed an initial hydrothermal activation of biomass precursor and amines at 240 °C, resulting in C+DETA, C+BAPE and C+MELA materials. Thermal samples (C+DETA (P), C+BAPE (P), and C+MELA (P)) were synthesised from hydrothermal materials by subsequent KOH chemical activation and pyrolysis in an inert argon atmosphere. Their chemical and structural properties were characterised using elemental analysis (CHN), infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The calculated specific surface areas (SBET) for thermal products showed higher values (998 m2 g−1 for C+DETA (P), 1076 m2 g−1 for C+BAPE (P), and 1348 m2 g−1 for C+MELA (P)) compared to the hydrothermal products (769 m2 g−1 for C+DETA, 833 m2 g−1 for C+BAPE, and 1079 m2 g−1 for C+MELA). Carbon dioxide adsorption as measured by volumetric and gravimetric methods at 0 and 25 °C, respectively, showed the opposite trend, which can be attributed to the reduced content of primary adsorption sites in the form of amine groups in thermal products. N2 and CO2 adsorption measurements were carried out on hydrothermal (C) and pyrolysed cellulose (C (P)), which showed a several-fold reduction in adsorption properties compared to amine-modified materials. The recyclability of C+MELA, which showed the highest CO2 adsorption capacity (7.34 mmol g−1), was studied using argon purging and thermal regeneration over five adsorption/desorption cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue carbon has been proposed as a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation; however, a limited number of published works and data and knowledge gaps hinder the development of small island developing states' (SIDS) national blue carbon resources globally. This paper reviews the blue carbon ecosystems of Seychelles as a case study in the context of SIDS, comparing estimations by the Blue Carbon Lab and recent blue carbon (mangrove and seagrass) evaluations submitted to the Seychelles national government. Mangroves (2195 ha, 80% in Aldabra Atoll) and seagrasses (142,065 ha) dominate in Seychelles, with coral reefs having the potential for carbon sequestration (169,000 ha). Seychelles is on track to protecting its blue carbon, but these systems are threatened by rising sea levels, coastal squeeze, erosion, severe storms, and human activities. The importance of carbon inventories, accounting institutions, and continuous monitoring of blue carbon systems is discussed. Blue accounting is necessary for accurate accounting of carbon sequestration and carbon storage, generating carbon credits, and representing impactful reductions in greenhouse gases for NDCs. Challenges and opportunities include policy legislation regarding ownership rights, accreditation and certification for carbon credits, sustainable financing mechanisms like natural asset companies and blue tokens, local engagement for long-term success, and carbon market dynamics following COP27. The restoration and regulation of blue carbon resources for optimal ecosystem services delivery, carbon inventories, and blue carbon policy are recommended development priorities. Blue carbon ecosystems have the potential to contribute to NDCs of SIDS while simultaneously offering sustainable development pathways for local communities through the multiple ecosystem services they provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of organic waste in agricultural soil can enhance crop yields, improve waste management, and boost soil carbon (C) sequestration. However, more field data are required to fully understand the impacts of pyrolyzed and unpyrolyzed animal manures. The objectives of this study were (i) to analyze the impact of two pyrolyzed and unpyrolyzed manures on soil properties, soil C storage, and clover productivity and (ii) to examine the biochar's movement through the soil profile. Poultry litter (PL), dairy manure (DM), poultry litter biochar (PLBC), and dairy manure biochar (DBC) were applied at rates of 8 t ha−1 in a field experiment with red clover (Trifolium pratense L. var. Quiñequeli) in an Andisol. We monitored changes in soil chemical properties, foliar properties, and crop yield after three clover cuttings. To examine the movement of biochars through the soil profile, we set up a lab experiment where field conditions were simulated. PLBC, DBC, and PL increased soil pH by 0.5 (6.44), 0.28 (6.22), and 0.25 (6.19) units, respectively. Soil available P increased in both pyrolyzed and unpyrolyzed PL treatments (by 8.53 mg P kg−1, on average). Clover yields only increased in treatments with amendments that provided more available P and increased the pH. The addition of DBC increased soil total C (30.3%). Both biochars added to the soil surface exhibited little movement through the soil profile (2 to 4 cm). In this study, the pyrolysis of manures emerged as an option for reducing waste volume from the farming industry. Manure biochars proved useful at low rates for enhancing crop yields (PLBC) and storing C in the soil (DBC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assesses the status of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology and identifies barriers hindering its commercial viability. Conducting a global survey among HTC companies (with a total of 24 surveys sent), the research evaluates the current landscape, challenges, and future prospects of large-scale HTC operations. Furthermore, it presents a detailed global inventory of existing HTC facilities, illustrating geographical distribution and trends in application. Most of the companies are located in Europe, followed by Asia and North America. With substantial participation from HTC companies, exceeding 62% in the survey (15 companies), the study provides a comprehensive overview of diverse companies, their business models, regulatory challenges, and the overall state of HTC technology. The majority of companies in this study, approximately 80%, offer services in the field of waste management. This paper also explores the potential of HTC in transforming waste management practices, carbon sequestration methodologies, and the development of new materials. Employing a thorough SWOT analysis, the paper advocates for a broader adoption of HTC, emphasizing its transformative capacity in fostering sustainable management of urban, industrial, and agricultural residues, promoting circular economy principles, mitigating climate change, and offering a robust foundation for informed decision-making and sustainable development strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) can drive the release of organic carbon (OC) as carbon dioxide (CO2) by mediating electron transfer between organic compounds and microbes. However, DIR is also crucial for carbon sequestration, which can affect inorganic‐carbon redistribution via iron abiotic–phase transformation. The formation conditions of modern carbonate‐bearing iron minerals (ICFe) and their potential as a CO2 sink are still unclear. A natural environment with modern ICFe, such as karst lake sediment, could be a good analog to explore the regulation of microbial iron reduction and sequential mineral formation. We find that high porosity is conducive to electron transport and dissimilatory iron‐reducing bacteria activity, which can increase the iron reduction rate. The iron‐rich environment with high calcium and OC can form a large sediment pore structure to support rapid DIR, which is conducive to the formation and growth of ICFe. Our results further demonstrate that the minimum DIR threshold suitable for ICFe formation is 6.65 μmol g−1 dw day−1. DIR is the dominant pathway (average 66.93%) of organic anaerobic mineralization, and the abiotic‐phase transformation of Fe2+ reduces CO2 emissions by ~41.79%. Our findings indicate that as part of the carbon cycle, DIR not only drives mineralization reactions but also traps carbon, increasing the stability of carbon sinks. Considering the wide geographic distribution of DIR and ICFe, our findings suggest that the "iron mesh" effect may become an increasingly important vector of carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work reports an efficient method for facile synthesis of hierarchically porous carbon (WB‐AC) utilizing wheat bran waste. Obtained carbon showed 2.47 mmol g−1 CO2 capture capacity with good CO2/N2 selectivity and 27.35 to 29.90 kJ mol−1 isosteric heat of adsorption. Rapid removal of MO dye was observed with a capacity of ~555 mg g−1. Moreover, WB‐AC demonstrated a good OER activity with 0.35 V low overpotential at 5 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 115 mV dec−1. It also exhibited high electrocatalytic HER activity with 57 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 82.6 mV dec−1. The large SSA (757 m2 g−1) and total pore volume (0.3696 cm3 g−1) result from N2 activation contributing to selective CO2 uptake, high and rapid dye removal capacity and superior electrochemical activity (OER/HER), suggesting the use of WB‐AC as cost effective adsorbent and metal free electrocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO2) transfer in the intensive cultivation of microalgae is a crucial process in photobioreactor performance. This study evaluated three operating conditions (bubble size, aeration rate, and CO2 concentration) to improve the growth performance of the microalga Tetradesmus obliquus in a laboratory–scale photobioreactor. Two types of air diffusers were used (glass pipette and a sintered glass diffuser), three aerations rates (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 vvm), and four CO2–enriched air concentrations (0.04, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%) were investigated during the Tetradesmus obliquus cultivations. The results showed that the overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient (kLa) CO2 can be raised by increasing the aeration rate and using a sintered glass diffuser; however, CO2 capture efficiency was lower when the highest aeration rates were applied. When the glass diffuser was used at an aeration rate of 0.25 vvm, a kLa CO2 of 11.98 ± 0.6 1/h was provided, in comparison to 4.90 ± 0.19 1/h for the use of pipette at 0.5 vvm (maximum value reached). Similarly, the highest CO2 capture efficiency rate (67.94 ± 3.56%) was found applying an aeration rate of 0.25 vvm. At a CO2 concentration of 1 or 2% the T. obliquus biomass reached approximately 4.3 g/L, values significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the values reported for supplementation of 0.5% (~ 3.9 g/L) and 0.04% (~ 1.5 g/L). In summary, to avoid losses of CO2 to the atmosphere, an addition of 1% CO2 at an aeration rate of 0.25 vvm using a sintered glass diffuser were the optimal conditions to be applied in cylindrical laboratory–scale photobioreactor for T. obliquus growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of incorporating organic manure (OM) to reduced rates of chemical fertilizers to augment biomass production and carbon sequestration (Cseq) and the role of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) uptake in vegetation Cseq were investigated through pot experiment with 1-year-old Zanthoxylum armatum seedlings. Seven treatments were designed, including NPK, PK, NP, NK, OM, MNPK (50% NPK + 50% OM), and control (CK, no fertilization). MNPK application improved nutrient uptake of 2.76-fold N, 3.34-fold P, and 2.01-fold K, resulting in the highest biomass production and biomass Cseq (1.65-fold) as compared to CK. Correlation and redundancy analysis revealed that Cseq is significantly associated with biomass production (r = 0.994) and regulated by N and P uptake. The highest nutrient use efficiency was recorded for N (38.8%), followed by K (21.1%) and P (16.4%) under MNPK application. Therefore, MNPK could be an optimum measure regarding fertilizer saving, biomass production, and attaining C neutrality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halophytes are naturally salt-tolerant plants with immense potential to become alternate crops for saline lands. While their economic benefits have gained increasing attention, often, the roles of halophytes in addressing different climate change-related issues are overlooked. Halophytes can be a renewable resource for clean 'carbon-neutral' energy by serving as biofuel or biogas feedstock, help in the sequestration of rising CO2 as well as the phytoremediation of various pollutants, can be a good source of food and fodder thereby help in achieving food security in arid/saline areas, can help in protection and biodiversity conservation in various ecosystems, and can provide livelihood to poor local communities inhabiting barren lands. This review also attempts to highlight various usages of halophytes in connection with a global change perspective. However, there are still many challenges such as economic viability, customer preferences, environmental impacts, and scale-up challenges, which need further research, innovation, effective policies, and collaboration. In general, this review provides a synthesis of various biological, environmental, and socioeconomic aspects of halophytes to fully exploit the potential of halophytes for human welfare and combating global climate changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric pollution containing soil‐nitrifying ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) affects semi‐natural ecosystems worldwide. Long‐term additions of (NH₄)₂SO₄ to nitrogen (N)‐limited habitats, including heathlands, increase climate stress affecting recovery from wildfires. Although heathland vegetation largely depends on ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ErM) to access soil N, we lack detailed understanding of how prolonged exposure to (NH₄)₂SO₄ may alter ErM community composition and host plants' reliance on fungal partners following wildfire and affect recovery. Simulation of atmospheric pollution ((NH₄)₂SO₄) occurred bi‐weekly for 5 years after a 2006 wildfire in a UK heathland. Ten years after treatments ceased, we measured vegetation structure, lichen and lichen photobiont composition, soil characteristics, ErM colonization, ErM diversity in roots and soil, and assessed ErM potential as novel recovery indicators. Heather height and density, and moss groundcover, were greater in N‐enriched plots. Lichen community indices showed significant treatment effects, but without differences in photobionts. Soil pH and Mg were significantly lower in treated plots while soil cation exchange capacity was significantly higher. There were no detectable differences in ErM composition and keystone ErM taxa between control and treated plots. Soil carbon stock measures were variable. Our results indicate atmospheric pollution following fire can have significant lingering effects above‐ and belowground. ErM diversity and root colonization were not assessed in the original N‐addition experiment; we advocate for their inclusion in future studies as an integral part of the recovery assessment toolkit. We show that mycorrhizal fungi diversity is a viable ecological tool and summarize key steps for ErM identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the plant species diversity, community assemblage, net primary production and soil carbon sequestration in an old field (OF), which went through passive restoration with spontaneous secondary succession, and a restored prairie (RP), which went through active restoration with reintroduction of native plants. The passive restoration in OF did not attain as high diversity and richness of plant species as did in RP. Our NMS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) ordination revealed a clear divergence of RP and OF vegetation with dissimilar species compositions to separate paths of succession trajectory. The spontaneous succession in OF has made very little progress due to a potentially strong inhibitory priority effect of invasive plants. The belowground biomass in the high‐diversity RP was 1.3× higher than the low‐diversity OF. We found no measurable difference in soil C sequestration between RP and OF at this time, possibly due to edaphic factors, lack of legumes, or both. Human intervention is needed for restoring abandoned croplands—highly disturbed, fragmented and isolated habitats—to tallgrass prairies in the U.S. Midwest. Our recommended intervention includes but is not limited to removal of exotic plants, further augmentation of native plants (particularly legumes), and periodic burns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The provision of critical ecosystem services like carbon sequestration by peatlands has been degraded around the globe. Peatland restoration represents an opportunity to tackle the twin global emergencies of climate breakdown and biodiversity decline. Nonetheless, restoration success relies on a sound understanding of recovery trajectories associated with different restoration techniques. Focusing on temperate/boreal Sphagnum‐dominated peatlands, we used a quantitative meta‐analysis of 28 studies representing 275 sites in 11 countries to test for effects of peatland status (intact, restored, and degraded), varying restoration interventions and time since restoration on vegetation as a key indicator of peatland condition and functioning. Enhanced restoration (such as active revegetation) resulted in recovery to predisturbance levels within 30–35 years for Sphagnum mosses, and 20–25 years for many other peatland specialist species, and was the only restoration approach where positive outcomes were seen across all vegetation response variables. The use of standard restoration techniques, such as rewetting, was projected to result in cover of Sphagnum mosses and peatland specialist plants reaching that of intact sites within 45–55 years post‐restoration. Passive restoration (cessation of the degrading activity with no active restoration) generally elicited limited recovery of keystone peatland vegetation (Sphagnum spp.) even after multiple decades. A lack of standardization in monitoring severely constrains the analysis of peatland restoration outcomes. Increased funding for monitoring and reporting outcomes, and improved monitoring consistency, could greatly enhance our understanding of peatland restoration ecology and improve practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS), a decades-old concept, has recently garnered significant support and investment as a leading method for decarbonizing the atmosphere. However, regulation of CCS technology lags behind its rapid development. In most cases, primary regulatory control belongs to the Environmental Protection Agency, though state regulations also play a role. However, an increasing number of states seek control over their own CCS programs through a process known as primacy. This Comment provides an overview of CCS regulation within states that already have or are currently seeking primacy over CCS from the Environmental Protection Agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Condensation of 3,3′‐diamino‐2,2′‐ethylene‐bridged azobenzene with 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis‐(4‐formylphenyl) benzene produces a visible light responsive porous 2D covalent organic framework, COF‐bAzo‐TFPB, with a large surface area, good crystallinity, and thermal and chemical stability. The results demonstrate that the elaborated designed linker can make azo unit on the COF‐bAzo‐TFPB skeleton undergo reversible photoisomerization. This work expands the application scope of covalent organic frameworks in photo‐controlled release, uptake of guest molecules, dynamic photoswitching, and UV‐sensitive functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysulfone membranes, used as contactors for CO2 capture, are blended with two different hyperbranched polyethyleneimines modified with benzoyl chloride (Additive 1) and phenyl isocyanate (Additive 2) in different percentages. Fourier‐transformed infrared spectra evidence the presence of urea and amide groups, whereas the field emission scanning electron microscopy images show differences in the microstructure of the blended membranes. Dielectric spectra determine the motions of the side and backbone chains, which can facilitate the diffusion of CO2. The spectra consist of six dielectric processes; three of them are due to the polysulfone (γPSf, βPSf, and αPSf), whereas the rest are characteristic of the additive (γHPEI, βHPEI, and αHPEI). The benzoyl chloride and phenyl isocyanate functional groups introduce variations in molecular mobility and modify the relaxations associated with the hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (HPEI). The additives also increase the conductivity of the blended membranes, which can compromise the performance of the membranes, specifically in the case of Additive 1. Ion hopping is found to be the prevailing charge transport mechanism while both relaxations, αHPEI and αPSf, are actives. These results, together with the final morphology of the membranes, may explain the greater absorption capacity of the membranes prepared with the hyperbranched polyethyleneimine modified with Additive 2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) and transforming it into valuable fuels offers a dual benefit: the potential to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels and decrease our dependency on fossil fuels. Plasma‐assisted CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) conversion stands out within the various CO2 recycling methods, with research primarily emphasizing its energy efficiency and conversion efficacy. However, investigations of CO2 conversion under real air conditions are relatively scarce, and the effects of the other atmospheric molecules on the CO2 conversion process require further exploration. We have induced plasma chemical reactions by generating ultrashort pulse laser filaments inside a sealed‐off cavity with variable air pressures. Simultaneously, we applied mid‐infrared laser absorption spectroscopy to monitor the time evolution of the reaction products. The peak CO2‐to‐CO conversion ratio was achieved at an air pressure of 8000 Pa, which resulted in a CO concentration of 82 ppm. The experimental results suggested that nitrogen (N2) plays a promoting role in CO2‐to‐CO conversion, while the presence of oxygen (O2) seems to hinder the process. The hydroxyl radical (OH) arising from water molecules (H2O) limits the accumulation of CO at lower air pressures. However, at higher air pressures, the reduced OH radical concentration shows negligible impact on the CO2‐to‐CO conversion ratios. In addition, the study revealed that atmospheric plasmas produce a high concentration of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), which is directly proportional to the levels of ambient humidity. This research contributes to the development of strategies to mitigate the production of harmful gases like HCN in CO2 conversion, thereby promoting the ecofriendly conversion of atmospheric CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of dry ice as an admixture to cement pastes has many advantages such as improving the compressive strength and sequestration of CO2. However, its effect on the hydration mechanism of cement pastes is still unknown and will be investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in this paper. Based on the linear correlation of cumulative hydration heat from the isothermal calorimetry test and the logarithm of high-frequency resistivity, a modified Knudson equation is derived. Corresponding hydration kinetic parameters are calculated by applying the boundary nucleation and growth theory and kinetics model, including Avrami, geometrical contraction, and diffusion equations. The boundary area per unit volume (OvB) for the control specimen and specimens with 0.2% and 0.5% cement weight dry ice addition is 0.1171, 0.1250, and 0.1562, respectively, indicating that the dry ice addition increases the surface area of the nucleation process. In addition, the results show that the Avrami equation for monitoring the nucleation process is limited. Regarding the hydration curves, the transition from the nucleation and growth stage to the interaction of phase boundaries (I) stage is delayed by adding dry ice to the mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shu, Q.; Du, Y.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, A., and Ye, H., 2024. Factors influencing carbon burial in Holocene sediments of the coastal zone of Subei Basin (eastern China). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(2), 268–277. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal zone sediments are effective recorders of carbon burial changes in coastal areas under different sedimentary environments. Based on analysis of age, grain size, total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), in situ density, and other sediment indicators in the Gangxi (GX) profile of Jianhu County in the Subei Basin, eastern China, the burial fluxes of various carbon components were calculated, and potential factors influencing the carbon content and carbon burial fluxes were examined. The study results showed that the changes in carbon content in the GX profile were closely related to the depositional environment, and the TOC content was higher in the deep freshwater depositional environment. The TIC content was higher in tidal flats and shallow-sea depositional environments. The carbon burial fluxes in the GX profile sediments were affected by factors such as deposition rate and in situ density. The deposition rate was significantly positively correlated with the TC, TOC, and TIC burial fluxes (0.760, 0.59, and 0.86, respectively). The in situ density was significantly negatively correlated with the TC and TOC burial fluxes (–0.62, and –0.71, respectively); however, the negative correlation with TIC was not significant (–0.11). Regional comparisons show that the TOC contents and burial fluxes recorded in the GX profile sediments were lower than those in the modern coastal tidal flat sediments, coastal wetlands, and lakes in eastern China, possibly due to the long burial time of the sediments in the GX profile. During the burial process, part of the organic carbon was mineralized and decomposed through the action of microorganisms. The burial fluxes of organic carbon in the coastal sediments were relatively high, and they represent an effective carbon sequestration sink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mining sector has been the central attention of the business and public policy sustainable development scheme for several years. Reclamation territories are with potential carbon sequestration capacity in degraded mining areas and can be an impeccable option for achieving sustainable development goal-13. This paper made an investigation about the presence of heavy metals in reclaimed area possibilities to improve reclaimed soils with biochar with idea to enhance ecosystem carbon pool and atmospheric CO2 sequestration capacity to offset CO2 emission and soil organic carbon losses. The results show that the carbon content in biochar is 46.6 % and would be classified in class 2 according to the International Biochar Initiative. H/C and O/C atomic ratios could be useful for restoration of degraded poor mine soils through enhanced carbon sequestration. O/C ratio is 0.085 mol mol–1 and half-life of biochar is 2795.65 years, which confirm the biochar stability. For each kilogram of biochar incorporated into the soil, 144 g of carbon were sequestrated 52,8 % CO2 emission reduction. Hence, the biochar developed in this study can be used in carbon-deficient soils with the added benefit of long-term carbon storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is complex, three-dimensional biopolymer existing in plant cell wall. Lignin biosynthesis is increasingly highlighted because it is closely related to the wide applications in agriculture and industry productions, including in pulping process, forage digestibility, bio-fuel, and carbon sequestration. The functions of lignin in planta have also attracted more attentions recently, particularly in plant defense response against different pathogens. In this brief review, the progress in lignin biosynthesis is discussed, and the lignin's roles in disease resistance are thoroughly elucidated. This issue will help in developing broad-spectrum resistant crops in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tibetan Plateau (TP) has experienced a slowdown of the vegetation greening since the late 1990s. This structural change (i.e., greening) along with canopy physiology (i.e., potential photosynthetic productivity) regulates vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP). However, it remains unclear how the joint regulation influences the trend of alpine GPP under climate change. Here, we validate a universal productivity model against flux‐based and satellite‐derived observations at TP and diagnose the long‐term climatic impacts on GPP via canopy physiology and structure. We found an increasing but weakening trend of GPP after 1998. About 3/4 of this slowdown was attributed to the slowing greening after 1998, which was caused by the fact that the stress of atmospheric aridity and reduced benefits of warming overwhelmed the positive effects of CO2 fertilization and radiation enhancement. This study highlights the coupling between canopy structure and productivity for the long‐term period. Plain Language Summary: Plants absorb CO2 from the atmosphere through their leaves via process of photosynthesis. The green surface area of leaves and portions exposed to sunlight harvest the energy from the sun, while the plant's physiology determines how much and how well light radiation is used. The Tibetan Plateau is one of the most sensitive regions to climate change and has experienced a slowdown since 1998 of its hitherto increasing total vegetation greenness. An important point that remains unclear is whether, and to what proportion this slowdown in the capacity to absorb CO2 is attributed to the green canopy vegetation and/or its physiology. To gain insight into this question, we input data from 1982 to 2015 into a simulation model to separate the contributions of different environmental factors that brought about variation in CO2 capture. In this way we can understand what factors related to the canopy structure and/or plant physiology. We found that increased atmospheric aridity and reduced warming together led to a marked slowdown of canopy greening after 1998, leading to a continuous decline in efficiency to capture atmospheric CO2. Our research continues to highlight the important role of canopy structure on carbon capture trends for the alpine ecosystem and provides insights for the vegetation‐climate response. Key Points: The increasing trend of gross primary productivity on the Tibetan Plateau has slowed down from +3.15 ± 0.41 to +0.77 ± 0.03 g C m−2 yr−2 around 1990sCanopy greenness change contributed much more (about 3/4) to slow the gross primary productivity (GPP) increasing trend than canopy physiology effects after 1998Increasing atmospheric aridity and slowing warming rate diminished the persistent greening and led to the slowdown of increasing GPP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims a techno-economic analysis of a plant that produces methanol by hydrogenating carbon dioxide in the waste gas from an oil refinery using the electricity from floating photovoltaic power plant. First, carbon dioxide in the flue gas is captured in the carbon capture plant (CCP), and the hydrogen obtained from the seawater in the hydrogen plant (HP) with the help of photovoltaic energy is combined in the methanol plant (MPP) to produce methanol fuel. Using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES), a calculation was made of the amount of energy required and the number of solar panels or wind turbines that would be required to meet this demand, and then the environmental impact of the methanol plant was investigated. The Libyan Az-Zawiya oil refinery was considered for the case study due to its high solar potential, proximity to the sea and energy security. Systems' processes for CO 2 emissions, heat integration, energy efficiency, and thermo-economic performance were all taken into consideration. Renewable energy, synthetic fuel, and the methanol plant showed efficiencies of 0.21%, 0.5872%, and 0.1626%, respectively, and at the optimum density of the electrolyzer, 2.2 kA/m2, the efficiency of the electrolyzer was 0.782%. According to this study, all output parameters increase with the increase in the flue gas in the process, showing that flue gas is the most important input parameter affecting the outputs. The total cost of the plant for 30 years of operation was found to be $11.350 billion, with a production capacity of over 43.360 million tons of methanol, which equates to $412.9 per ton and $0.4129 per kg. Environmentally, the rate of captured emissions was about 4890 tons per day, and the mitigation rate was approximately 4513 tons per day. According to the results, the current plant is competitive with other clean synthetic fuel production plants. • High CO2 reduction potential. • Renewable hydrogen and methanol production. • On-demand hydrogen generation is provided with PEM electrolysis. • Hydrogen generation costs are competitive with other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers and policymakers are seeking alternatives to oil products. Hydrogen and electricity could be the answer. This review compares both carriers and their technologies across the production chain. This study indicates electricity is more mature and advanced on a large scale. It also presents greater Energy Returns on Investment (EROI) over hydrogen, which portends a viable alternative to oil products. Hydrogen is not adaptable to traditional uses and comes with significant transportation losses, so it's recommended as an energy storage option instead of a carrier. It is a competitive option in areas where grid extension is not feasible and is hard to abate industries. The primary resource of carriers is crucial for their energy and environmental sustainability. Therefore, clean energy and carbon capture and storage technologies and their hybridization across the production chain could define the future energy landscape. • Electricity present greater maturity, energy and environmental advantages. • Hydrogen is proposed as an energy storage medium rather than a carrier. • Energy source of alternatives critical determinant of sustainability. • Renewables, nuclear energy, CCS and technology hybrids define the future of energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agroforestry system is the best option to achieve the net zero carbon emissions target for India. Keeping this view, carbon sequestration and credit potential of gamhar based agroforestry system has been assessed. The experiment was carried out in randomized block design in seven different treatments with five replications. Gamhar tree biomass accumulation was higher in gamhar based agroforestry system compared to sole gamhar. Among different tree components, stem contributed a maximum to total gamhar tree biomass followed by roots, leaves and branches. The average contributions of stems, roots, leaves and branches in total tree biomass in two annual cycles (2016–17 and 2017–18) varied between 50 and 60, 19.8 and 20, 19.2 and 20, and 10.7 and 12.7 percent, respectively. In case of crops, above ground, below ground and total biomass was significantly higher in sole intercrops than gamhar based agroforestry system. Total (Tree + interrops + Soil) carbon stock, carbon sequestration, carbon credit and carbon price were significantly affected by treatments, and was maximum in Sole Greengram-Mustard. Net carbon emission was also recorded lowest in Sole Greengram-Mustard for which the values were 811.55% and 725.24% and 760.69% lower than Sole Gamhar in 2016–17, 2017–18 and in pooled data, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsurface sandstone reservoirs sealed by overlying, low-permeability layers provide capacity for long-term sequestration of anthropogenic waste. Leakage can occur if reservoir pressures rise sufficiently to fracture the seal. Such pressures can be generated within the reservoir by vigorous injection of waste or, over thousands of years, by natural processes. In either case, the precise role of intercalated mudstones in the long-term evolution of reservoir pressure remains unclear; these layers have variously been viewed as seals, as pressure sinks, or as pressure sources. Here, we use the geological record of episodic fluid venting in the Levant Basin to provide striking evidence for the pressuresource hypothesis. We use a Bayesian framework to combine recently published venting data, which record critical subsurface pressures since ~2 Ma, with a stochastic model of pressure evolution to infer a pressure-recharge rate of ~30 MPa/Myr. To explain this large rate, we quantify and compare a range of candidate mechanisms. We find that poroelastic pressure diffusion from mudstones provides the most plausible explanation for these observations, amplifying the ~3 MPa/Myr recharge caused primarily by tectonic compression. Since pressurized mudstones are ubiquitous in sedimentary basins, pressure diffusion from mudstones is likely to promote seal failure globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fast-growing plants with a high carbon fixation capability are promising candidates for mitigating climate change and serving as a renewable resource to replace fossil fuels. Nonetheless, their short lifespan and extensive use lead to the significant accumulation of underutilized waste. While conventional thermal energy extraction remains dominant in biomass utilization, the lack of appropriate carbon capture and storage techniques results in unavoidable CO2 emissions. In contrast, the fine reforming of lignocellulosic biomass offers the potential to reduce CO2 emissions. However, the polymeric, complex and rigid structure of lignocellulosic biomass poses challenges, necessitating energy-intensive pretreatment, where the balance between wood particle size reduction (and thus energy consumption) and pretreatment duration is often overlooked. Herein, we developed a facile energy-saving microwave-hydrothermal method to advance the utilization of fast-growing Paulownia. The optimized sugars (xylose and glucose) after pretreatment can be further converted to formate via a hybrid electrolysis process with the cogeneration of green hydrogen. Both xylose and glucose can be readily converted to formate with high yield and selectivity. This process can be directly powered by PV panel without the safety concerns of hydrogen crossover because oxygen evolution is greatly suppressed. This solar-driven hybrid electrolysis of pretreated Paulownia suggests a pathway to cogenerate green chemicals and green fuels from fast-growing woods while also storing energy from renewable sources in chemical bonds. Overall, this novel synthesis process for green chemicals contributes to the decarbonization efforts and sustainable development initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wettability plays a crucial role in multiphase fluid flow in porous media, impacting various geological applications such as hydrocarbon extraction, aquifer remediation, and carbon dioxide sequestration. Microfluidic methods have attracted interest for their capacity to explore and visualize essential multiphase flow dynamics at the pore level, mimicking actual rock pore structures. However, creating micromodels with representative mixed wettability is currently a challenge. Existing technology is limited to producing micromodels with a singular wettability, either water-wet or oil-wet, leaving a gap in representing mixed-wet scenarios. In this study, we introduce a novel method to fabricate microfluidic devices with controlled spatial distribution of wettability at the micro-scale, mimicking actual configurations of mixed-wet rocks arising from varied mineralogy and pore structures. The proposed method combines the soft lithography process with thin film deposition techniques. The micromodels were designed to mimic the pore network of actual reservoir rocks, and a silicon substrate served as the foundation for the photolithography process optimization and wettability alteration methodology. Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane coating was applied using molecular vapor deposition technology for surface wettability modification. The coated parts of the microdevice substrate altered the localized wetting state of the silicon towards hydrophobic, while the wettability remained unchanged in the non-coated areas. We utilized surface measurements, including contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, to assess the wettability, composition, thickness, shape, roughness, and overall quality of the coating. Our fabrication process successfully produced a microfluidics device with tailored mixed-wet attributes at the micro-scale, which is, to our best knowledge, the first achievement in the field. This method enables the replication of mixed-wet characteristics commonly seen in various applications, such as carbonates and shales within underground rocks, providing a more accurate examination of fundamental multiphase fluid dynamics and rock interactions at the pore level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruddlesden‐Popper‐type oxides exhibit remarkable chemical stability in comparison to perovskite oxides. However, they display lower oxygen permeability. We present an approach to overcome this trade‐off by leveraging the anisotropic properties of Nd2NiO4+δ. Its (a,b)‐plane, having oxygen diffusion coefficient and surface exchange coefficient several orders of magnitude higher than its c‐axis, can be aligned perpendicular to the gradient of oxygen partial pressure by a magnetic field (0.81 T). A stable and high oxygen flux of 1.40 mL min−1 cm−2 was achieved for at least 120 h at 1223 K by a textured asymmetric disk membrane with 1.0 mm thickness under the pure CO2 sweeping. Its excellent operational stability was also verified even at 1023 K in pure CO2. These findings highlight the significant enhancement in oxygen permeation membrane performance achievable by adjusting the grain orientation. Consequently, Nd2NiO4+δ emerges as a promising candidate for industrial applications in air separation, syngas production, and CO2 capture under harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ruddlesden‐Popper‐type oxides exhibit remarkable chemical stability in comparison to perovskite oxides. However, they display lower oxygen permeability. We present an approach to overcome this trade‐off by leveraging the anisotropic properties of Nd2NiO4+δ. Its (a,b)‐plane, having oxygen diffusion coefficient and surface exchange coefficient several orders of magnitude higher than its c‐axis, can be aligned perpendicular to the gradient of oxygen partial pressure by a magnetic field (0.81 T). A stable and high oxygen flux of 1.40 mL min−1 cm−2 was achieved for at least 120 h at 1223 K by a textured asymmetric disk membrane with 1.0 mm thickness under the pure CO2 sweeping. Its excellent operational stability was also verified even at 1023 K in pure CO2. These findings highlight the significant enhancement in oxygen permeation membrane performance achievable by adjusting the grain orientation. Consequently, Nd2NiO4+δ emerges as a promising candidate for industrial applications in air separation, syngas production, and CO2 capture under harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel porous carbon, derived from polybenzoxazine and subjected to hydrogen peroxide treatment, has been meticulously crafted to serve dual functions as a supercapacitor and a CO2 capture material. While supercapacitors offer a promising avenue for electrochemical energy storage, their widespread application is hampered by relatively low energy density. Addressing this limitation, our innovative approach introduces a three-dimensional holey carbon ball framework boasting a hierarchical porous structure, thereby elevating its performance as a metal-free supercapacitor electrode. The key to its superior performance lies in the intricate design, featuring a substantial ion-accessible surface area, well-established electron and ion transport pathways, and a remarkable packing density. This unique configuration endows the holey carbon ball framework electrode with an impressive capacitance of 274 F g−1. Notably, the electrode exhibits outstanding rate capability and remarkable longevity, maintaining a capacitance retention of 82% even after undergoing 5000 cycles in an aqueous electrolyte. Beyond its prowess as a supercapacitor, the hydrogen peroxide-treated porous carbon component reveals an additional facet, showcasing an exceptional CO2 adsorption capacity. At temperatures of 0 and 25 °C, the carbon material displays a CO2 adsorption capacity of 4.4 and 4.2 mmol/g, respectively, corresponding to equilibrium pressures of 1 bar. This dual functionality renders the porous carbon material a versatile and efficient candidate for addressing the energy storage and environmental challenges of our time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. agricultural producers are increasingly able to participate in private voluntary carbon initiatives that compensate their efforts to sequester CO2, reduce GHG emissions, and provide ecosystem services through eligible conservation practices. This study examines the potential effects of alternative private payment regimes (per practice vs. per output), prices paid to farmers relative to out-of-pocket costs (low vs. high), and the availability of information on CO2 sequestration (limited vs. full), on the adoption of cover crops and no-till in the United States, the resulting CO2 sequestration, and changes in farmers' net returns. The analysis relies on a highly stylized model of heterogeneous farms calibrated with county-level agronomic data, and simulated for current estimates of GHG impacts of cover crop planting and no-till under different scenarios. Our results indicate that agricultural carbon markets can be profitable for U.S. farmers, although with substantial geographic variability, and that annual carbon sequestration could range between 17 and 75 million mtCO2e. Payments per output would incentivize higher carbon sequestration than payments per practice, but the former regime would be less favored by farmers as a unified group than the latter (due to lower aggregate net returns). However, if operators of farms with high carbon sequestration potential could decide the payment regime to be implemented, they would choose the payment per output regime (due to higher net returns per enrolled hectare). Total projected net changes in GHGs under payments per practice, based solely on county-average net GHG effects of cover crops and no-till, over-estimate actual total GHG sequestration (based on the entire distribution of net effects by county) by 2.1 and 14.2 million mtCO2e, or 18% and 21%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel ZIF-8(Zn/Co)@g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites are developed and exhibit superior dual functions for atmospheric CO 2 capture and conversion. [Display omitted] • The study demonstrates a simple method for preparation of advanced nanocomposites. • Robust ZIF-8(Zn/Co)@g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites with multiple active sites are developed. • The material exhibits superior performance for atmospheric CO 2 capture and conversion. • The optimal ZCN-60 is recyclable and exhibits excellent reusability and versatility. The development of novel catalytic materials that integrate multifunctional sites has significant implications for expanding the utilization of CO 2 resources. However, simultaneously achieving high activity and stability remains a formidable challenge. In this study, a series of ZIF-8(Zn/Co)@g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites were prepared by employing a thermo-physical compounding strategy that involved the combination of nitrogen-rich graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) nanosheets with ZIF-8(ZnCo). The influences of different compositions of g-C 3 N 4 and ZIF-8(Zn/Co) on the catalyst structure were systematically investigated. Subsequently, the catalytic activities of these nanocomposites towards the cycloaddition reaction between CO 2 and epoxide were examined under different conditions. The presence of abundant Lewis base sites in g-C 3 N 4 facilitates CO 2 activation, while multiple Lewis acid sites in ZIF-8(Zn/Co) enable efficient epoxide activation. By working synergistically with a co-catalyst, tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB), CO 2 and epoxides can be efficiently reacted to synthesize the corresponding cyclic carbonates under mild or even atmospheric pressure conditions. The catalytic reaction conditions were optimized, and both the catalyst's recycling performance and the scope of epoxides with various substituents were investigated. The integration of g-C 3 N 4 and ZIF-8(Zn/Co) endows the catalytic material with exceptional structural stability and remarkable catalytic activity, thereby providing a new platform for highly efficient CO 2 conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]