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Aims: The ESPAC-1-randomized controlled trial of 541 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma showed that adjuvant chemotherapy increased median survival compared to no chemotherapy (19.7 months versus 14.0 months; P = 0.0005), including those with R1 resection margins but chemoradiotherapy did not. The aim of this study was to determine if postoperative complications or the type of surgery affected long-term survival. Methods: Analyses of patients on the ESPAC-1 database by categorical, log-rank and Cox proportional hazards modelling. Results: Operative details were available on 466 (86 per cent) patients: Kausch–Whipple (KW) was performed in 241 (52 per cent of total), pylorus-preserving KW (PPKW) in 171 (37 per cent), distal pancreatectomy in 35 (7 per cent) and total pancreatectomy in 19 (4 per cent) patients. Postoperative complications occurred in 125/446 (28 per cent) patients including: fistula = 37, delayed gastric emptying = 24, pulmonary complications = 14, and bleeding = 11. Survival analysis showed no significant difference in survival (median, 95 per cent CI) between those that had complications (17.2, 14.0–22.2 months) and those that did not (15.7, 13.7–17.4 months; P = 0.073). Patients that had a PPKW resection had a longer survival (18.1, 16.5–21.7 months) than those that had a KW resection (14.1, 12.8–16.4 months; P < 0.001). Stepwise selection revealed that only three factors were of independent prognostic significance: tumour grade (P < 0.001), nodal status (P < 0.001) and tumour size (P = 0.013) but not PPKW (P = 0.07). Conclusions: Patients who had complications after resection for pancreatic cancer still benefited from adjuvant treatment. Moreover, there was no evidence from this trial that the more conservative PPKW resulted in reduced long-term survival.

Twenty-six mungbean varieties and accessions were screened for resistance to 4 bruchid species (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae). On the basis of the percentage of seeds damaged all Australian commercial mungbean varieties tested here were highly susceptible to strains of Callosobruchus maculatus and C. chinensis, the 2 species that cause most damage worldwide to mungbean in storage. In addition, 3 accessions of wild mungbean appeared to have bruchid resistance. The texture layer present on the seed coat of some mungbean varieties and small seed size may act as oviposition deterrents. Consequently, these assays for determining resistance to bruchid infestation may not be suitable for identifying biochemical resistance of some mungbean genotypes.

Two genetic linkage maps of mungbean derived from the cross Berken ACC 41 are reported. The F2 map constructed from 67 individuals consisted of 110 markers (52 RFLP and 56 RAPD) that grouped into 12 linkage groups. The linked markers spanned a total map distance of 758.3 cM. A recombinant inbred (RI) population derived from the 67 F2 individuals was used for the generation of an additional linkage map. The RI map, composed entirely of RAPD markers, consisted of 115 markers in 12 linkage groups. The linked markers spanned a total map distance of 691.7 cM. Using a framework set of RFLP markers, the F2 map was compared with another F2 mungbean map constructed in Minnesota. In general, the order of these markers was consistent between maps. Segregation distortion was observed for some markers. 14.5% (16/110) of mapped F2 markers and 24% (28/115) of mapped RI markers segregated with distorted ratios. Segregation distortion occurred in each successive generation after the F2 . The regions of distortion identified in the Australian maps did not coincide with regions of the Minnesota map.

Inoculation methods were developed for the purpose of screening a large collection of mungbean germplasm lines for resistance to tan spot caused by Curtobacteriumflaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaczens. Stem prick and leaf infiltration inoculations were used to induce symptoms of vascular wilt and leaf scorch, respectively. There was variation in reaction to the two different tests within a range of eight cultivars tested. Cv. Green Diamond showed tolerance in both tests. However, there was little correlation between the two tests in disease reaction. Evidence indicates that the leaf scorch symptom is also due to water deprivation rather than to apoplastic pathogen invasion. A stem prick test suitable for screening mungbeans for tolerance to tan spot is described.

A glasshouse-based root inoculation method for screening for partial resistance to P. vignae was developed. By infecting potting mix with 0.01 g dry weight mycelium kg-1 dry weight of mix, inoculum levels comparable to those found under natural conditions of infestation in the field were obtained. This screening assay was used to compare resistance levels of eight cowpea lines with those obtained following hypocotyl inoculation with races 1-4 of P. vignae. One of the lines tested, CPI 84853, expressed partial resistance to all four races in the root inoculation assay, although it was highly susceptible to race 4 following hypocotyl inoculation. This line, along with the root assay described in this paper, form a basis for the development of new cowpea cultivars with more durable resistance to P. vignae.

The interactions between Phytophthora vignae and two cowpea cultivars are described. The cultivars are near-isogenic but differ in their resistance to P. vignae race 2. Cultivar Caloona is resistant, cv. Poona is susceptible. Resistance of cv. Caloona to race 2 is controlled by a single dominant gene and is expressed throughout the life of the plant in all tissues at temperatures up to 35°C. Inoculation of cut cowpea epicotyls with a plug of agar containing race 2 hyphae provides a reliable method of obtaining host tissue which responds in a predictable way to the pathogen. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity increases rapidly in invaded epicotyl tissue of cv. Caloona in response to inoculation with race 2. Increased PAL activity in advance of the hyphae is not detected. Low levels of PAL are produced by cv. Poona and cv. Caloona in response to inoculation with a race virulent on both cultivars (race 3). Application of l -2-aminooxy-3-phenylpropionic acid (1 m m ) or aminooxy acetic acid (10 m m ) through the cut bases of hypocotyls of cv. Caloona seedlings results in this cultivar, normally resistant to P. vignae race 2, becoming susceptible.

Two-way classification analysis, combined with analysis of variance and linear regression techniques, was applied to a set of yield data from twenty-one genotypes grown at twelve locations for two years in International Mungbean Nursery trials. Genotypes and environments with similar yield response patterns were grouped and differences between groups identified. Genotypes were also grouped on the basis of flowering time and the relation between days to flower and yield was examined. It was concluded that cluster and associated analyses are of value in determining response patterns of mungbean genotypes to a wide range of environments, and a useful aid in the selection of materials and locations for mungbean evaluation. In particular we note the adaptation of genotypes M409 and M1134 to high elevation locations, and the positive yield response of M374 (MG50-10A) to high yielding environments. Highest yielding lines were also the earliest to flower. Disease resistance was considered the most important breeding objective for mungbean yield improvement.

A simple mathematical model has been developed which is able to fit the impedance waveform produced by normal and abnormal subjects throughout the cardiac cycle with reasonable precision. Contributions from both the aorta and vena cava are significant. Fitted values of model parameters offer potentially useful clinical information. Estimates of the stroke volume obtained from the model correlate will with values derived from the maximum rate of change of the thoracic impedance during systole, but are in poorer agreement with values obtained using tracer dilution techniques.

Few areas of scientific research receive the funding required by particle physics. Leaving aside the fundamental advances, what tangible benefits can the tax-payer see for the money?

A low-activity Compton scatter imaging device employing a 1.4 mCi 133Ba gamma source has been used to detect 6 mm diameter voids in materials of very different densities and structural types. Two-dimensional histogram images have been obtained of sections of steel, steel covered with simulated marine growth, medium-density polyethylene and an inorganic ceramic cement, all containing 6 mm diameter simulated voids. The image contrast is large enough to differentiate these voids from statistical noise in runs of reasonable duration for practical source intensities, therefore making the technique promising for a variety of applications to small-component inspection. The images obtained are corrected for the effects of photon attenuation and in one case the image has been compared with a non-corrected one.

Nodulation and seedling growth of Desmodium intortum in agar tube culture and at two field sites in southeast Queensland were studied. Nodulation of lines grown on agar was reproduceable and a response to selection was obtained. Nodulation in the field was variable with a lack of correlation between sites and between years. The correlation between nodulation on agar and nodulation and seedling growth in the field differed between sites and was too low to allow selection in the laboratory to be used for the improvement of nodulation in the field.

An array of brass-walled proportional tubes will be installed within the lead-scintillator electromagnetic calorimeters of the OPAL forward detectors at LEP. Each array contains three layers of 1 cm2 tubes, with their axes at 0°, 45° and 90° to the horizontal, read out by hybrid charge integrators and multiplexers. The performance of the proportional tubes and readout, installed within an OPAL forward calorimeter, has been investigated in a CERN electron beam at incident energies between 5 and 80 GeV.

An isometric graphics representation has been used to analyse the data obtained from a prototype gamma-ray Compton scanner used for the detection of mm voids in steel and other materials. The data is compared with those from contour and histogram methods of image presentation previously described.

PIN silicon photodiodes used with low-noise preamplifiers are an attractive alternative to photomultipliers in some industrial scintillation counters. They are compact, robust, stable and insensitive to magnetic fields. A high-voltage supply is not required and the photodiode and preamplifier may be battery operated. The energy resolution of a scintillation counter comprising a 10*10*20 mm3 CsI (Tl) scintillator coupled to a silicon photodiode has been compared with that of a similar counter using an identical crystal coupled to a photomultiplier, and with that of a conventional NaI(Tl) scintillation probe. The equivalent noise charge of the photodiode used with a cheap, hybrid, low-noise preamplifier is 470 e- RMS, with the result that the CsI(Tl) scintillator-photodiode combination has a better energy resolution than the equivalent photomultiplier-based counter for gamma-ray energies above 150 keV, and is better than the NaI(Tl) scintillation probe above 600 keV.

Differential cross sections for the reactions e-+ p + e-+p+rO and e-+p + e-+n+x+ have been measured near the A(1236) resonance at four-momentum transfers of 0.05, 0.13, 0.25, and 0.4 (Gev/~)~. A few measurements of the r+ angular distribution have been obtained at a four-momentum transfer of 0.6 (GeV/c)Z. Cross sections for the xO reaction are compared with dispersion-theory predictions at several pion-nucleon c.m. energies for each four-momentum transfer. A phenomenological analysis of the ao results leads to the determination of the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole partial-wave amplitudes and the yNA transition form factor. Evidence is found for the existence of a significant scaler-transverse interference term in the cross section, which is tentatively associated with the resonant scaler quadrupole interaction. Cross sections for a+ electroproduction are compared with dispersion theories using the pion form factor as a free parameter. The results suggest a form factor similar to that of the proton. -1 fit to the form-factor results, using the p-dominance model, requires m,=560f 80 MeV. The rms pion charge radius is estimated to be t=0.86~k0.14 F.

Electron-proton coincidences from the reaction ${e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ have been measured for pion-nucleon center-of-mass energies in the region of the ${N}^{*}(1236)$ resonance at four-momentum transfers near 1, 3, 6, and 10 ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ [0.05 to 0.4 ${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$]. Data have been obtained for pion polar angles between 100\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 180\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} c.m. over a wide range of azimuthal angles. The results are compared with the dispersion theories of Adler and Zagury.

Electrons have been scattered inelastically from an alcohol-water target containing protons polarized normal to the scattering plane. Scattered-electron energies corresponding to the excitation of the 1236-, 1512-, and 1688-MeV nucleon resonances were observed at four-momentum transfers between 0.2 and 0.7 ${(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$. A search was made for changes in the intensity of the scattered electrons as the target polarization was reversed. None was seen.

We have measured elastic electron-proton scattering cross sections in the range of four-momentum transfers from 7 ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$[0.27 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$] to 150 ${\mathrm{F}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ [5.84 ${(\mathrm{G}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{V}/\mathit{c})}^{2}$] and at scattered electron angles of between 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 34\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} in the laboratory. The estimated errors in the cross sections range from \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.1% at the lowest momentum transfer to \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}9.6% at the highest. Both the scattered electron and the recoil proton were detected, resulting in an overdetermination of the kinematics. When the constraint of a coincident proton is removed, there is no significant change in the estimated cross sections.

A polarisation analyser for protons with energies in the region 15–30 MeV and having an analysing power greater than 50% at 20 MeV is described. The analyser employs helium gas at a pressure of 30 atmospheres and utilises the high polarisation that results from elastic scattering at angles of 60° and 120°. Details of the analyser construction and of its calibration with 20, 25 and 30 MeV protons are given and the results are compared with a Monte Carlo calculation of the analysing power.

SUMMARY Treatment of female rats with adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) increased the RNA content of the adrenal glands progressively during a period of 3 days, the DNA content increased only after prolonged administration. By contrast, ACTH caused a decrease in the uptake of [32P]orthophosphate into the total RNA of the gland and into most of the RNA fractions of the subcellular components. A method of analysis for RNA and DNA based on the Schmidt-Thannhauser procedure has been evolved which eliminates extraction of nucleic acid by lipid solvents.

Branding is prevalent within the hotel industry. Yet most branding constructs were developed in western cultural context. This study attempts to address the relationship between branding and culture. The study outlines the elements that are critical in designing hotel brand experience through a series of in-depth personal interviews with the hotel managers. The results reveal how a great brand experience could be built on the concept national culture values as proposed by Hofstede. A work-in-progress importance of national culture values in hotel branding is offered. This is an initial step towards a framework of culturally relevant hotel branding.

Low-cost PIN silicon photodiodes with an active area of 1 cm2 or more have become readily available in recent years. Devices fabricated on 300 mu m, high-resistivity silicon can have a junction capacitance of the order of 50 pF. Used with very low noise preamplifiers they can replace photomultipliers in some applications. The noise performance of two commonly available photodiodes connected to a low-noise, hybrid preamplifier, developed for a large CERN experiment, has been investigated by using the devices as direct x-ray detectors. The energy resolution which is dominated by the system noise varies from 10% at 60 keV to 4% at 120 keV, equivalent to a noise charge at the preamplifier input of approximately 680 e- RMS.

Searches for unstable neutral and charged heavy leptons, N and L+-, and for excited states of neutral and charged leptons, nu*, e*, mu*, and tau*, have been performed in e+e- collisions using data collected by the OPAL detector at LEP. The data analysed correspond to an integrated luminosity of about 58pb-1 at a centre-of-mass energy of 183GeV, and about 10pb-1 each at 161GeV and 172GeV. No evidence for new particles was found. Lower limits on the masses of unstable heavy and excited leptons are derived. From the analysis of charged-current, neutral-current, and photonic decays of singly produced excited leptons, upper limits are determined for the ratio of the coupling to the compositeness scale, f/Lambda, for masses up to the kinematic limit. For excited leptons, the limits are established independently of the relative values of the coupling constants f and f'. Searches for unstable neutral and charged heavy leptons, N and L+-, and for excited states of neutral and charged leptons, nu*, e*, mu*, and tau*, have been performed in e+e- collisions using data collected by the OPAL detector at LEP. The data analysed correspond to an integrated luminosity of about 58pb-1 at a centre-of-mass energy of 183GeV, and about 10pb-1 each at 161GeV and 172GeV. No evidence for new particles was found. Lower limits on the masses of unstable heavy and excited leptons are derived. From the analysis of charged-current, neutral-current, and photonic decays of singly produced excited leptons, upper limits are determined for the ratio of the coupling to the compositeness scale, f/Lambda, for masses up to the kinematic limit. For excited leptons, the limits are established independently of the relative values of the coupling constants f and f'.

Electrons f rom the external beam of the Cambridge Electron Accelerator were allowed to s t r ike a liquid-hydrogen target and the unscattered beam was stopped in a Faraday cup. A thin secondary emission monitor was placed just before the Faraday cup and served a s an additional monitor of the beam intensity. Scattered electrons were detected in a magnetic spectrometer and recoil protons were detected in a tr iple scintillation-counter te lescope protected from low -energy charged pa r t icles by a sweeping magnet [see Fig. (I)] . The spectrometer had a momentum acceptance of 15 % and could focus particles with momenta up to 5 BeV/c. The maximum solid angle subtended was 1.8 m s r and the momentum r e s olution was approximately 1.7 4"L (full width at half -maximum).

THE small lymphocyte of the human peripheral blood stream appears to be a highly repressed cell with limited cytoplasm, a slow rate of RNA and protein synthesis, and restricted ability to undergo cell division. Transplantation of the cell into tissue culture medium containing phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) initiates a rapid sequence of anabolic changes involving an early acceleration of RNA (ref. 1), phospholipid (unpublished results of G. C. Mueller and D. Fisher) and protein synthesis1. Initiation of DNA synthesis2 and cell division3 follows. We report here our finding that this conversion is strongly dependent on a cell-associated factor which is released into the medium during the initial hours of cultivation. We also present evidence for the existence of a protein in human serum which will substitute for the cell-released factor.

The depolarization parameter for 50-Mev proton-proton scattering was measured to determine the /sup 3/P/sub 3/ phase shift to considerably high accuracy. The depolarization parameter is highly sensitive to this /sup 3/P/sub 0/ phase shift. Using the well-defined geometry of the scattering system and information on cross sections and polarization in protonhelium scattering at energies below 30 Mev, a Monte Carlo calculation of /sup 3/P/sub 0/ yielded the value of --0.476 surface proces 0.020 and a depolarization parameter of --0.249 surface proces 0.075. (C.E.S.)

The antibody response to diphtheria toxoid by cultured tonsil cells was suppressed by herpes simplex virus during its inductive stage. Since only T lymphocytes readily supported virus replication, this immunosuppression may be attributed to a selective effect of the virus on this population of cells.

Interferon β produced by a cell line (MRC-5) of human embryonic lung fibroblasts adsorbs to Blue Sepharose CL-6B and may be dissociated at neutral pH using a buffer containing poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and sodium chloride. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) of M r 2500 or of M r 25 000 is equally efficient on a w/w basis. The effect of substituting volatile ammonium salts for the sodium chloride has been investivated. The benefits of the use of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) compared with the use of the commonly-used dissociating agent, 1,2-ethanediol, are discussed. It is concluded that interferon preparations eluted by poly(vinylpyrrolidone) from Blue Sepharose may be suitable for clinical use with minimal additional processing or formulation.

Measurement of cell numbers during growth on glass beads is difficult because of the problem of taking a representative sample of the beads aseptically. Growth is therefore estimated by indirect means, predominantly the rate of glucose utilisation. The relationship between rates of glucose utilisation and cell growth is discussed.

A search for the minimal standard model Higgs boson has been performed with data from e+e− collisions in the OPAL detector at LEP. The analysis is based on 825 nb−1 of data taken at centre-of-mass energies between 88.3 and 95.0 GeV. The search concentrated on the reactions e + e − →(e + e − or μ + μ − or v v )H 0 ,H 0 →( q q or τ + τ − ) , for Higgs masses above 3 GeV/c2. No Higgs boson candidates have been observed. The present study excludes the existence of a standard model H0 with mass in the range 3.0⩽mH⩽19.3 GeV/c2 at the 95% confidence level.

We have searched for Z 0 decays into acoplanar pairs of leptons or jets. The data were recorded with the OPAL detector during an energy scan around the Z 0 peak and correspond to about 17000 produced Z 0, s. We have determined model independent limits on branching ratios for the Z 0 to decay into pairs of heavy particles with subsequent decays leading to the above topologies. In the context of supersymmetric models, mass bounds close to the kinematic limit were obtained for the scalar leptons, ẽ, gm, gt, and for the chargino, X ± .

Conventional methods have failed to show that rheumatoid arthritis and connective tissue diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and polyarteritis are caused by viruses. The reasons for still pursuing this possibility are threefold. Firstly, the clinical features of those diseases are entirely compatible with persistent virus infections; secondly, proven virus infections have not uncommonly provoked disorders closely resembling these diseases; and thirdly, many mechanisms have been discovered by which virus can persist in mammalian cells without the production of complete readily detectable virus particles.

We report on a search for new quarks in hadronic Z° decays. From the event shape analysis of a data sample containing 2185 multihadronic annihilation events, we observe no evidence for the top or b' quarks. We derive limits for the top and b' quark masses under the assumption of various possible standard model and non-standard model decay schemes. Our search is sensitive to quark masses larger than 23 GeV/c2; it yields the following lower limits at a 95% confidence level: 44.5 GeV/c2 for the top quark mass and 45.2 GeV/c2 for the b′ quark mass.

The criteria for selecting and establishing a animal model for arthritis were described. Rats are the most frequently used animals. Adjuvant and Myocobacterium induced arthritis provide a model of chronic joint inflammation, although significant differences exist when compared with human disease. A better model of arthritis in rats and mice can be induced by the injection of one strain of Mycoplasma arthritidis. An even better model is presented by rabbits first immunized against a protein such as heterologous fibrin or albumin, and then challenged by the same protein injected directly into a joint. This results in a localized chronic arthritis pathologically similar to that of man. Arithritis can also be induced in rabbits by the injection of polymers such as chitinor or Concanavalin A into the joint. Although there is no lack of arthritis animal models, there is no animal model which gives a true replication of rheumatoid arthritis.