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A linear relationship was shown to exist between the total area of the trifoliate soybean leaf and the product of length and width (widest point) of the terminal leaflet. The equation, area (cm2) = 0.018 × LW (mm), accurately estimated leaf area for 7 soybean varieties grown in the field; however, varieties reacted differently when grown in the greenhouse. A high degree of correlation existed between area determined by linear measurements of the terminal leaflet and area determined using an electronic area integrator. This nondestructive technique can be used in the field to determine percent defoliation caused by soybean insect pests.

Girdling of the main stem by the 3-cornered alfalfa hopper, Spissistilus festinus (Say), predisposed seedling soybeans to infection by Sclerotium rolfsii Saccardo, the causal agent of sclerotial blight. Growth stage V-1 was more susceptible to infection than stage V-3. The most important factor was the presence of a high inoculum level in the soil. Direct transmission by the insect was of little importance, and even simulated girdling damage resulted in infection of seedling plants.

Solenopsis invicta Buren colonies were shown to significantly alter chemical properties of soils. Ant mounds in clay and loam soils contained significantly greater concentrations of phosphorus than adjacent nonmound areas. Mounds had increased p H and decreased organic matter. Potassium was concentrated in mounds on loam soil but not on clay. Grass growing on mounds contained significantly higher concentrations of protein, carotene, and phosphorus as compared to that growing in nonmound areas.

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The Children's Hospital Honeylands is taking care of some 250 mentally, physically and socially handicapped 0 to 12 years old children and their families. It provides overnight hospital accommodation for thirty, and day care facilities for up to fifty children. Services provided are specific therapy, playgroups, education and regular home-visiting for the preschool children, and residential relief for the families. There are 6000 day and 6000 night attendances a year. The support service has evolved from the children's ward of a District Hospital, located in a city of 100,000 and serving a district of 300,000. Expressed parental needs have been the source of evolutionary change. A ten-year experience has shown that early and active involvement of the parents in the therapy and planning for their child keeps the demand for permanent residential placements of handicapped children very low. There are one quarter the number of mentally handicapped children in permanent residential care in the ExeterEast Devon Health District, compared to the national average. Whether Honeylands represents a model within the National Health Service for the family orientated care of handicapped children is at present under evaluation.

At least 40 species of stink bugs have been found to occur worldwide on soybean; however, damage has actually been documented for only a few of these. There is at least one important stink bug species in every major soybean producing region of the world. Because of the breadth of the subject and diversity of species involved, this chapter must be restricted somewhat in its scope. Many species have similar life cycles, damage potential, habits, and seasonal occurrence; therefore, it was necessary to select a “case-in-point” species. The southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), was chosen because of its extremely broad host range, geographical distribution, and abundance on soybean. If notable exceptions occur for other species, these will also be discussed.

The soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae), is the most abundant of the plusiine caterpillars attacking soybean over much of North and South America and all of Central America. It is limited in its distribution to the western hemisphere. While it ranges throughout much of the United States from New York to California (Fig. 7-1), economic infestations of this pest on soybean seldom occur north of Texas, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina.

The author informs through statistical statements about the ten years use of cryosurgery in the maxillofacial region and discusses and analyses the cryotherapy of selected groups of affection. Affections of any superficial, but of minor depth-effect--for instance leukoplakias--may generally be treated cryosurgical with much success. Good results are obtainable also with soft neoplasms, as hemangiomas, where distinct functional and aesthetic advantages are emphasized.

The combined measles, mumps and rubella live vaccine nowadays available is very well tolerated and confers lifelong immunity. A complete immunization coverage among toddlers, schoolchildren and adolescents should nearly eliminate these three childhood diseases in a given population. The cost/benefit ratio of the immunization is for all three diseases rewarding in Switzerland. Reactions expected to the combined vaccine are mild and complications negligible in comparison to the diseases prevented. Starting in 1987 a nationwide campaign will begin in Switzerland; the aim is to vaccinate next to toddlers all so far non-vaccinated 6-7 years old and 14-15 years old schoolchildren respectively for a period of 8 years.

On the basis of the Federal Health Department's "Swiss Vaccination Scheme" of 1976, some up to data additions and alterations are proposed mainly with regard to combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccination during the second year of life together with the first tetanus, diphtheria and poliomyelitis booster. Oral vaccination against poliomyelitis is not contraindicated during pregnancy. Among the inoculations not considered in the official vaccination scheme, regular influenza vaccination is only indicated for certain chronically ill people. Whether this is also true of the pneumococcal vaccine newly licensed in Switzerland remains uncertain. The (likewise new) meningococcal vaccine is only effective against type A and C and not against the type B meningococci prevalent in Switzerland. In view of its safety, only HDC vaccine produced with human tissue cultures should be used for anti-rabies vaccination. For counselling prior to travel abroad, a simple vaccination scheme is provided and the importance of other prophylactic measures is emphasized.

This review discusses the indications for the routine immunizations covered by the Swiss "Immunization Schedule 1981" (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, BCG), as well as the indications for special immunizations (hepatitis B, influenza, pneumococci, rabies, tickencephalitis) and for the immunisations for travellers (cholera, yellow fever, meningococci, typhoid fever). Vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella should be given to girls and boys at the age of 18 (to 24) months as a combined injection. In view of the low prevalence of tuberculosis BCG vaccination is justifiable only at school leaving age, if at all. The indications for influenza and pneumococcal vaccines are still limited, the value of a general vaccination of all over 65 year old individuals is not proven for either vaccine. A nationwide vaccination campaign against hepatitis B was started early this year with a newly licensed vaccine for all population groups at risk. Only HDC-vaccines should be used for immunisation against rabies. The newly licensed, highly protective oral attenuated live typhoid vaccine will probably replace the parenteral typhoid vaccine.

Atrial flutter developed in an 80-year-old woman after 10 days of treatment with maprotiline at therapeutic concentrations. This cardiac irregularity is extremely rare with the conventional antidepressants. Evidence is reviewed to suggest that the likely mechanism was reuptake blockade of noradrenergic amines stimulating reentrant excitation within the atria.

Some vegetable extract have haemagglutinating activity and are able to transform lymphocytes in culture. The comparative activities of lectin from Pisum sativum and other lectins already used (phytohaere shown. This lectin can be isolated in a highly purified form which is described. Purification of the human blood lymphocytes is obtained through nylon columns and measurement of transformation and proliferation by means of 3 H thymidine incorporation. Normal lymphocyte stimulation can be obtained within a range of concentrations of stimulants can be obtained within a range of concentrations of stimulants and the curves with PHA or lectin from Pisum show a peak of blastogenic activity. The activity of lectin from Pisum sativum was studied in this way on blood cultures of 8 chronic lymphocytic leukaemias and 5 immunodeficient patients. It appeared that lectin from Pisum and PHA have the same activity. The response of human peripheral lymphocytes to various mitogenic agents in vitro does not point out the proliferative abnormal cell and may not be used to detect different populations of human lymphocytes.

Insects as a group occupy a middle ground in the biosphere between bacteria and viruses at one extreme, amphibians and mammals at the other. The size and gen eral nature of insects present special problems to the student of entomology. For example, many commercially available instruments are geared to measure in grams, while the forces commonly encountered in studying insects are in the mil ligram range. Therefore, techniques developed in the study of insects or in those fields concerned with the control of insect pests are often unique. Methods for measuring things are common to all sciences. Advances sometimes depend more on how something was done than on what was measured; indeed a given field often progresses from one technique to another as new methods are discovered, developed, and modified. Just as often, some of these techniques fmd their way into the classroom when the problems involved have been suffici ently ironed out to permit students to master the manipulations in a few labo ratory periods. Many specialized techniques are confined to one specific research laboratory. Although methods may be considered commonplace where they are used, in another context even the simplest procedures may save considerable time. It is the purpose of this series (1) to report new developments in methodology, (2) to reveal sources of groups who have dealt with and solved particular entomological problems, and (3) to describe experiments which might be applicable for use in biology laboratory courses."

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