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Prediction models are essential for the potential geographic distribution of scorpions, prevention of scorpion stings and diverse applications in conservation biology. There is limited information about habitat suitability and the factors affecting the distribution of Iranian digger scorpions. This study was undertaken to model the distribution of three types of digger scorpion in Iran, Odontobuthus doriae Thorell, Odonthubutus bidentatus Lourenco (Scorpiones: Buthidae) and Scorpio maurus Pocockin (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae), and investigate the factors affecting its distribution using the maximum entropy method. A total of 20 environmental and climate variables were used for modeling and evaluation of the ecological niche. The similarities and differences between the ecological overlap of the digger scorpions were evaluated using comparative environmental niche model (ENM Tools software). The results showed that the main factors for habitat suitability of O. doriae were soil type, mean temperature of the wettest quarter and slope. The variables for S. maurus were soil type, precipitation of the coldest quarter and slope. Annual temperature range, mean temperature of the driest quarter and land use had the greatest influence on the distribution of O. bidentatus. The ecological niches for O. doriae and O. bidentatus overlapped. The niche of these species differed from the niche of S. maurus. This approach could be helpful for the prediction of the potential distribution of three digger scorpion species and this model can be an effective for the promotion of health.

A 44-year-old healthy farmer, was stung by a scorpion on his right hand while preparing soil for planting in the Caatinga area (a large area in the north-east of Brazil characterized by semiarid scrub forest), in the Catarina Municipality countryside, Ceará State, Brazil. According to the reports of carers and family members, the patient initially reported mild pain at the site of the sting, but within a few minutes he developed malaise, pruritus in the body and throat, edema in the nostrils, and a dry mouth which led to looking for water to drink. It rapidlyevolved into sphincter, urinary and fecal release, salivation and a convulsive episode with loss of the senses. He was dead on arrival at Catarina Municipality Hospital emergency department.The necroscopic report indicated suffocation due to glottal edema and acute lung edema as the “cause of death”. The animal which caused the accident was under a rock that the patient was manipulating at the time of the incident, and has been identified by experts as Jaguajir rochae (Borelli, 1910) scorpion species, formerly synonymized Rhopalurus rochae. This is the first report of a fatality due to an allergic reaction to the venom of this species. This leads to the possibility that deaths caused by stings from other scorpion species may be due to anaphylaxis, whose symptoms in some situations may be confused with severe envenomation. KEY WORDS: Jaguajir rochae; scorpionism; anaphylaxis; allergy

As part of an ongoing survey of scorpion diversity in Colima, Mexico, the isolated mountain Cerro Grande, part of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de Manantlán, was investigated. Centruroides possanii sp. nov., the fifth species of the genus from the state, was discovered during fieldwork in the massif and is described in the present paper. Physiographical and climatic features of Cerro Grande may restrict the range of this new species; thus, we hypothesized that it may be a microendemic species that requires priority conservation. The new species is not assigned to any Centruroides species group recognized because some of its morphological features do not fit the current diagnosis of any of these groups, and these different groups are non-monophyletic and consequently ill-diagnosed. The new species is profusely illustrated, particularly the hemispermatophore. A distribution map is presented along with the other two more common species distributed in Colima. Because only indirect data on the potency of its venom is available, the medical importance of this new species described here is yet to be known.

Differences in gender and age and the balance between aggressive behavior and the ability to escape are fundamental in predator–prey interactions, as well as for survival, foraging, and mating success. We investigated the defensive behavior of the scorpion Tityus pusillus and assessed possible differences in their behavior responses associated with sex, age, and diel period, by simulating a predation threat. Predator attacks were simulated by pressing the telsons with forceps, dropping the animals from a height of 25 cm on a plastic tray, restraining the pincers using large rubber-tipped tweezers, or restricting the prosoma. Tityus pusillus (Buthidae) showed five defensive behaviors: thanatosis, fleeing, stinging, standing still, and tail wagging. The scorpions responded with thanatosis or fleeing when their telsons were restricted. The frequency of these responses varied with sex and diel period. Stinging was the primary behavior response to prosoma restriction in both adults and juveniles while standing still was the most frequently observed behavior response to restraining pincers. These results indicate that the plasticity of defensive behavior in T. pusillus in response to predation is influenced by sex, age, diel period, and the body part targeted by the predator.

Changes in land-cover driven by human activities is one of the main causes of disturbances on natural communities but the impact of this factor on scorpions assemblages remains scarcely know. Here we analyzed the scorpion fauna in five tropical forests and their respective neighboring non-natural matrix (planted forests or crops) in Brazil (n = 4) and Mexico (n = 1), aiming to understand how different species of scorpions respond to land-use changes. Scorpions were actively collected with the help of a UV flashlight. A total of 461 individuals were sampled, belonging to nine species and seven genera distributed in three families Buthidae, Bothriuridae and Diplocentridae. Differences in assemblages between environments were found, with higher gamma diversity in undisturbed environments where species showed the highest abundance. A higher species turnover was found in disturbed environments. Based on these results, we suggest a differential sensitive reaction to habitat alterations amongst scorpions species.

Animal venom is composed of a complex mixture of protein-rich chemicals. Synthesis of animal venom incurs a high metabolic cost and is a prolonged process; consequently, animals use their venom cautiously and economically. Some studies have shown that venomous animals modulate the amount and/or type of venom used depending on certain factors, such as prey size or the intensity of predation threat. Here, we investigated how the quantity of venom that is available for use by the scorpion Jaguajir rochae interferes with its choice of prey. We used two types of prey of contrasting size (small 200–300-mg and large 600–700-mg cockroaches). The results showed that the amount of venom influences the feeding behavior of this species. Most scorpions without venom exhibited a low interest when large prey was present, but frequently attacked small prey. The scorpions also showed a distinct pattern in the time between venom extraction and the initiation of hunting behavior. In conclusion, J. rochae is able to perceive differences between small and large prey and make decisions regarding venom usage, supporting the “venom optimization hypothesis” (or “venom metering hypothesis”), by minimizing the venom use due to it being an energetically expensive resource.

non-buthid venoms, for which knowledge is scarce. In this work, we characterized the venom of a Diplocentridae species, Didymocentrus krausi, a small fossorial scorpion that inhabits the Tropical Dry Forest of Central America. D. krausi venom soluble fraction contains proteases with enzymatic activity on gelatin and casein. Mass spectrometry and venomic analysis confirmed the presence of elastase-like, cathepsin-O-like proteases and a neprilysin- like metalloproteinase. We did not detect phospholipase A2, C or D, nor hyaluronidase activity in the venom. By homology-based venom gland transcriptomic analysis, NDBPs, a β-KTx-like peptide, and other putative toxin transcripts were found, which, together with a p-benzoquinone compound present in the venom, could potentially explain its direct hemolytic and cytotoxic effects in several mammalian cell lines. Cytotoxicity of D. krausi venom was higher than the effect of venoms from two buthid scorpion species distributed in Costa Rica, Centruroides edwardsii and Tityus pachyurus. Even though D. krausi venom was not lethal to mice or crickets, when injected in mouse gastrocnemius muscle at high doses it induced pathological effects at 24 h, which include myonecrosis, weak hemorrhage, and inflammatory infiltration. We observed an apparent thrombotic effect in the skin blood vessels, but no in vitro fibrinogenolytic activity was detected. In crickets, D. krausi venom induced toxicity and paralysis in short periods of time Universidad de Costa Rica/[741-B8-133]/UCR/Costa Rica Universidad de Costa Rica/[741-A5-048]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias de la Salud::Instituto Clodomiro Picado (ICP) UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Medicina::Escuela de Medicina UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Básicas::Facultad de Ciencias::Escuela de Biología UCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales (CIPRONA)

Scorpions are an excellent system for understanding biogeographical patterns. Most major scorpion lineages predate modern landforms, making them suitable for testing hypotheses of vicariance and dispersal. The Caribbean islands are endowed with a rich and largely endemic scorpion fauna, the origins of which have not been previously investigated with modern biogeographical methods. Three sets of hypotheses have been proposed to explain present patterns of diversity in the Caribbean: (1) connections via land bridges, (2) vicariance events, and (3) overwater dispersal from continents and among islands. The present study investigates the biogeographical diversification of the New World buthid scorpion subfamily Centruroidinae Kraus, 1955, a clade of seven genera and more than 110 species; infers the ancestral distributions of these scorpions; and tests the relative roles of vicariance and dispersal in the formation of their present distributions. A fossil-calibrated molecular phylogeny was estimated with a Bayesian criterion to infer the dates of diversification events from which ancestral distributions were reconstructed, and the relative likelihood of models of vicariance vs. dispersal, calculated. Although both the timing of diversification and the ancestral distributions were congruent with the GAARlandia land-bridge hypothesis, there was no significant difference between distance-dependent models with or without the land-bridge. Heteroctenus Pocock, 1893, the Caribbean-endemic sister taxon of Centruroides Marx, 1890 provides evidence for a Caribbean ancestor, which subsequently colonized Central America and North America, and eventually re-colonized the Greater Antilles. This ‘reverse colonization’ event of a continent from an island demonstrates the importance of islands as a potential source of biodiversity.

ODONTOBUTHUS DORIAE (THORELL, 1876) (FIGS 1–5, 17A–D, 20C, 21C, 22C, TABLES 1–5) Buthus doriae Thorell, 1876: 107–110; Simon, 1880: 29; Kraepelin, 1891: 57, 58, pl. I, figs 6, 10; Kraepelin, 1899: 27; Birula, 1900a: 10, 11; Pocock, 1900: 16–18, fig. 8B; Kraepelin, 1901: 267; Birula, 1905: 121, 122; Birula, 1910: 119, 120; Kraepelin, 1913: 124, 125; Werner, 1929: 243, 244; Werner, 1936: 204; Whittick, 1955: (unpaginated). Buthus (Buthus) doriae: Birula, 1917: 23, 214; Roewer, 1943: 206. Buthus (Buthus) doriae doriae: Birula, 1917: 239. Odontobuthus doriae: Vachon, 1950: 153, 154; Vachon, 1952: 326; Pringle, 1960: 83, fig. 8; Khalaf, 1963: 59; Vachon, 1966: 213; Habibi, 1971: 44; Kinzelbach, 1985: map I; Farzanpay, 1987: 154, 155; Farzanpay, 1988: 39; Farzanpay, 1990: 7; Sissom, 1990: 92, fig. 3.17J; El-Hennawy, 1992: 102, 128; Kovarik, 1997: 47, 49, fig. 11; Dehghani et al., 1998: 126; Kovarik, 1998: 115; Fet & Lowe, 2000: 187; Kovařík, 2002: 9; Lourenço & Pézier, 2002: 115, 116, 122, figs 1–4; Vignoli & Crucitti, 2005: 6–7; Pirali-Kheirabadi et al., 2009: 1, 3, 9, 13, figs 24–27; Lowe, 2010: 1, 2, 6, 15–17; Karataş et al., 2012: 116; Navidpour et al., 2012: 3, 14, 23, fig. 15; Mirshamsi et al., 2013: 160, 170; Mozaffari et al., 2013: 5414, fig.7; Navidpour et al., 2013: 12, 13, figs 7, 10, 38; Pirali-Kheirabadi et al., 2013: 48; Azghadi et al., 2014: 169–178, fig. 2d–f; Moradi et al., 2014: 8; Moradi et al., 2015: 13; Nazari et al., 2015: 257, 259; Ahmadimarzale et al., 2017: 337–339; Dehghani & Kassiri, 2017: 433– 438; Dehghani et al., 2017: 113–116; Navidpour et al., 2019: 2, 5; Barahoei et al., 2020: 400, 401, figs 19, 20. Odonbuthus doriae: Pérez Minnocci, 1974: 28. Type material: Two syntypes (MCSN), IRAN: Tehran Province: Tehran. Diagnosis: Odontobuthus doriae may be separated from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters. Scorpions of medium to large size, adults 48–72 mm (♂) and 64–84 mm (♀) (Fig. 17A–D). Colour yellow to pale yellow. Median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, distance from anterior carapace margin, 0.32–0.37. Pedipalp chela movable finger long relative to manus (MFL / ML, 1.81–2.25). Median denticle rows of pedipalp chela fixed and movable fingers each comprising 13 or 14 oblique subrows of denticles. Pectinal tooth count, 30–32 (♂) and 21–25 (♀). Ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segments II and III each with three or four pairs of prominent tooth-like processes (Fig. 22C). Metasomal segment IV length to width (L/W), 1.70– 2.00. Ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with four or five prominent lobate processes; anal arch with two large lobes laterally; posteroventral margin of segment V with six reduced lobes. Telson small, narrow, length to width (TL/W), 2.05–2.60 and length to height (TL/H), 2.14–2.71 (Figs 20C, 21C). Distribution: Odontobuthus doriae is endemic to Iran and recorded in 14 provinces: Alborz; Chahar mahal and Bakhtiyari; East Azerbaijan; Esfahan; Hamadan; Ilam; Kermanshah; Lorestan; Qazvin; Qom; Semnan; Tehran; Yazd; Zanjan (Kraepelin, 1899; Pocock, 1900; Vachon, 1966; Habibi, 1971; Farzanpay, 1987, 1990; Kovařík, 1997, 2002; Dehghani et al., 1998, 2017; Lourenço & Pézier, 2002; Vignoli & Crucitti, 2005; Pirali-Kheirabadi et al., 2009, 2013; Lowe, 2010; Karataş et al., 2012; Navidpour et al., 2012, 2019; Mozaffari et al., 2013; Azghadi et al., 2014; Moradi et al., 2014, 2015; Nazari et al., 2015; Ahmadimarzale et al., 2017). Records of O. doriae from Kerman Province (Dehghani et al., 2008: 176; Navidpour et al., 2011: 13) are misidentifications of O. kermanus. Records from Hormozgan Province (Shahi et al., 2008: 211; Fekri et al., 2012: 137; Navidpour et al., 2013: 12) are probably misidentifications of O. baluchicus. Material originating from Fars, Kermanshah, Ilam, Lorestan and Yazd provinces require further investigation. Material from Kermanshah, Ilam and Lorestan provinces, to the east of the Zagros Mountains, may be referable to O. bidentatus; from the north, east, and southwest of Fars, to O. doriae, O. kermanus and O. bidentatus, respectively; and from Yazd, to O. kermanus. Material examined: IRAN: Semnan Province: Mehdishahr, Darjazin, 35°37′N 53°21′E, 4388 m, 5.viii.2018, M. Amiri, night with UV light, two ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Semnan, T. Habibi, one ♂, two ♀♀, one subad. ♂, one subad. ♀ (ZMFUM); Semnan, Desert Research Center, 35°35′N 53°26′E; 1182 m, 1.viii.2004, Mohammadi, two ♀♀ (ZMFUM). Tehran Province: Teheran, Von Brandis, seven ♀♀, one subad. ♀ (ZMB 7500); Teheran, 1903, one ♂, one ♀ (SAM 6511 ex Museo Torino); Tehran, 15 km SE, 30°41′N 51°25′E, 30.v.2011, O. Mirshamsi, two ♂♂, 28 ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Varamin, v.2005, S. Tehrani, one ♀ [AMCC (LP 4350)]; Varamin, Pishva, Ghale boland village; 39°19′N 51°39′E, 27.x.2008, Mohammadi, one ♂ (ZMFUM). Yazd Province: Ardakan, 10 km E, 32°19′N 54°15′E, 1235 m, 11.iv.2004, V. Vignoli & P. Crucitti, VVZC Y165, one ♀ [AMCC (LP 2908)]., Published as part of Barahoei, Hossein, Prendini, Lorenzo, Navidpour, Shahrokh, Tahir, H. Muhammad, Aliabadian, Mansour, Siahsarvie, Roohollah & Mirshamsi, Omid, 2022, Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau, pp. 355-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 377-380, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab030, http://zenodo.org/record/6599965, {"references":["Thorell T. 1876. 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Barahoei, Hossein, Prendini, Lorenzo, Navidpour, Shahrokh, Tahir, H. Muhammad, Aliabadian, Mansour, Siahsarvie, Roohollah, Mirshamsi, Omid (2022): Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195: 355-398, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab030

ODONTOBUTHUS KERMANUS SP. NOV. (FIGS 1–5, 12–14, TABLES 1 –5) Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 98D4CF43-580A-43E0-890D-50C5ED84BFD9 Odontobuthus doriae: Dehghani et al. 2008: 176 (misidentification); Navidpour et al. 2011: 13 (misidentification). Type material: Holotype ♀ (SMF), two ♂♂, four ♀♀, one subad. ♂ paratypes (ZMFUM), IRAN: Kerman Province: Bardsir–Negar–Baft road, 29°58′N 56°42′E, 2238 m, 16.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, sand. Etymology: The specific epithet is an adjective, derived from the Iranian province of Kerman, where the type was collected. Diagnosis: Odontobuthus kermanus may be separated from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters. Scorpions of small to medium size, adults 43–55 mm (♂) and 48–68 mm (♀) (Fig. 12A–D). Colour yellow to yellowish green. Median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, distance from anterior carapace margin, 0.31–0.39. Pedipalp chela movable finger long relative to manus (MFL / ML, 1.91–2.25). Median denticle rows of pedipalp chela fixed and movable fingers each comprising 13 or 14 oblique subrows of denticles. Pectinal tooth count, 28–30 (♂) and 19–21 (♀). Ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segments II and III each with three or four pairs of tooth-like processes (Fig. 13C, D, G, H). Metasomal segment IV length to width (L/W), 1.67– 1.88. Ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with three or four prominent lobate processes; anal arch with two large lobes laterally; posteroventral margin of segment V with six reduced lobes. Telson small, narrow, length to width (TL/W), 2.22–2.50 and length to height (TL/H), 2.26–2.68 (Fig. 1A, B, E, F). Affinities: Odontobuthus kermanus is closely related to O. baluchicus and O. doriae, with which it shares the presence of two prominent lateral lobes on the anal arch of metasomal segment V, and differs from all other species of the genus, which possess three lateral lobes. It differs from O. doriae in possessing four or five pairs of tooth-like processes on the ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segments II and III, and from O. baluchicus in metasomal segment I being equal to or wider than long. Description: Based on holotype ♀ (SMF) (Figs 12A, B, 13A–D, 14A, C, E) and paratype ♂ (ZMFUM 1340) (Figs 12C, D, 13E–H, 14B, D, F). As for O. baluchicus except where noted. Measurements: ♀: BL: 68.5; CL: 8.0; CWP: 9.5; CWA: 5.7; CX: 2.8; CY: 8.0; CHL: 14.8; ML: 5.0; MFL: 9.8; MtIL: 5.0; MtIH: 3.9; MtIW: 5.0; MtIIL: 6.0; MtIIH: 3.6; MtIIW: 4.4; MtIIIL: 6.0; MtIIIH: 3.4; MtIIIW: 4.2; MtIVL: 7.0; MtIVH: 3.3; MtIVW: 3.9; MtVL: 8.3; MtVH: 2.8; MtVW: 3.3; TL: 8.0; TW: 3.2; TH: 3.6. ♂: BL: 54.8; CL: 6.3; CWP: 7.2; CWA: 5.4; CX: 2.2; CY: 6.3; CHL: 11.7; ML: 4.0; MFL: 7.7; MtIL: 3.9; MtIH: 3.0; MtIW: 3.7; MtIIL: 4.5; MtIIH: 2.8; MtIIW: 3.5; MtIIIL: 4.7; MtIIIH: 2.8; MtIIIW: 3.1; MtIVL: 5.6; MtIVH: 2.6; MtIVW: 3.1; MtVL: 6.9; MtVH: 2.2; MtVW: 2.7; TL: 6.7; TW: 2.7; TH: 2.50. Colour: Carapace brownish-green; dark pigmentation around median and lateral ocelli. Mesosoma dark brown dorsally, paler brown ventrally. Pedipalps and legs lighter brown, distal part of femur and proximal part of patella darker especially on legs III and IV. Pectines light yellow to cream. Metasoma brown, segments darker dorsally, segment V darker than preceding segments. Telson vesicle light brown to yellow; aculeus light brown anteriorly, becoming dark brown to black posteriorly. Carapace: Trapezoid, wider than long, CWA/CL, 0.71 (♀) or 0.85 (♂), CWP/ CL, 1.18 (♀) or 1.14 (♂); anterior margin moderately emarginate; median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, CX/CL, 0.35 (♀) or 0.34 (♂), CX/ CY, 0.35 (♀) or 0.34 (♂), distance between median ocelli twice ocular diameter; five pairs of lateral ocelli (Fig. 12A, C); anteromedian and posteromedian sulci deep (♂) or shallow (♀); posterolateral sulci wide, curved; carinae distinct, central lateral and posteromedian carinae completely aligned; anteromedian carinae granular; central median, posteromedian and central lateral carinae granular (♀) or serratocrenulate (♂); intercarinal surfaces of prosoma finely granular. Pedipalps: Pedipalp segments relatively short. Femur 3.5 (♀) or 3.24 (♂) times longer than wide; four complete, granular carinae; retrodorsal, prodorsal and proventral carinae granular (♀) or serratocrenulate (♂); prolateral carinae comprising isolated spiniform granules; intercarinal surfaces smooth (Fig. 14A, B). Patella 2.89 (♀) or 2.91 (♂) times longer than wide; eight complete carinae; prodorsal carinae distinct (♀) or moderate (♂), granular; dorsomedian, retrodorsal, retrolateral, retroventral and ventromedian carinae obsolete to moderate, smooth (Fig. 14C); proventral and prolateral carinae comprising several spiniform granules (♂) (Fig. 14D). Chela 2.96 (♀) or 2.92 (♂) times longer than manus; manus wider than patella; fingers 1.96 (♀) or 1.92 (♂) times longer than manus; median denticle subrows, including proximal subrow (left/ right) of fixed finger, 12/12 and movable finger, 13/13; all subrows except proximal flanked by prolateral and retrolateral accessory denticles; movable finger with six (♂, ♀) or seven ♀) subdistal denticles, two prolateral and four (♂, ♀) or five (♀) retrolateral. Trichobothrium et adjacent to midpoint of denticle subrow 7; est adjacent to distal end of denticle subrow 8 (♂) (Fig. 14F) or midpoint of denticle subrow 9 (♀) (Fig. 14E). Sternum: Type I, triangular; slightly wider than long (♀) or longer than wide (♂); with deep median depression. Genital operculum: Completely divided longitudinally with fine, short bristles (Figs 12B, 13D). Pectines: Distal margin extending to (♀) or beyond (♂) coxa-trochanter joint of leg IV; three marginal and six median lamellae; fulcra present; teeth present along entire posterior margin of pecten, count (left/right), 28/38 (♂) and 20/20 (♀). Mesosoma: Tergites I– VI tricarinate; VII pentacarinate, lateral carinae granular (♀) or serratocrenulate (♂), median carinae incomplete, restricted to anterior half of segment and weakly granular; intercarinal surfaces finely (♀) or coarsely (♂) granular. Sternites III– VI acarinate; VII with four moderate (♀) or obsolete (♂), granular carinae, lateral carinae restricted to anterior half of segment. Metasoma: Metasomal segment I decacarinate; II–IV octocarinate; V pentacarinate; all complete carinae moderately to markedly granular on segments I–III and weakly to moderately granular on IV (♀) or weakly to moderately granular on I–IV (♂). Lateral inframedian carinae incomplete, restricted to posterior half of segment II; vestigial, reduced to few granules posteriorly, on III. Ventrosubmedian carinae on segments II and III each with three pairs of rounded (♀) or rounded to subtriangular (♂) toothlike processes. Anteroventral margins of segments III and IV each with four large, rounded granules. Ventrolateral carinae on segment V markedly dentate with large, rounded lobate processes posteriorly; anal arch with two large lobes laterally and four distinct lobes, sometimes laterally bidentate, posteroventrally (Fig. 13A–H). Telson: Oblong-ovoid, TH/TL, 0.40 (♀) or 0.37 (♂), TW /TL, 0.45 (♀) or ♂ (0.40); wider than (TW / MtVW, 1.09) (♀) (Fig. 14A, B) or similar to (TW /MtVW, 1.00) (♂) (Fig. 14E, F) width of metasomal segment V; dorsal surface flat, ventral surface curved, smooth (♀) or sparsely granular (♂). Distribution: Odontobuthus kermanus is endemic to Iran and recorded in only two provinces: Fars and Kerman. Additional material: IRAN: Fars Province: Neyriz, 20 km E of Qatruyeh, 29°10′N 54°51′E, 1657 m, 16.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loamy sand, one ♂, three ♀♀ (ZMFUM). Kerman Province: Bardsir-Sirjan road, 29°57′N 56°33′E, 2036 m, v.2009, A. Koohpaye, H. Jamalizadeh & A. Ebrahimi, Ke-104, one juv. ♀ [AMCC (LP 11067)]. Sirjan, 60 km SW, 29°09′N 55°18′E, 1724 m, 16.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loamy sand, two ♀♀, two subad. ♂♂ (ZMFUM).

ODONTOBUTHUS BIDENTATUS LOURENÇO & PÉZIER, 2002 (FIGS 1–5, 15A–D, 20A, 21A, 22A, TABLES 1–5) Odontobuthus doriae: Habibi, 1971: 44; Farzanpay, 1987: 154–156; Farzanpay, 1990: 7; Akbari et al., 1997:112; Kovařík, 1997:47, 49, figs 11–13; Pooladgar, 1999: 176. Odontobuthus bidentatus Lourenço & Pézier, 2002: 118–122, figs 1–27; Navidpour et al., 2008a: 3, 5, 13–14, 28, figs 18, 22, 52–55; 2008b: 1, 3, 15, 21, figs 33–36; 2008c: 3, 11–12, 17, figs 21–24; 2008d: 3, 7–8, 14, figs 27–30; Pirali-Kheirabadi et al., 2009: 1, 3, 9–10, 13, fig. 10; Lowe, 2010: 1, 5, 15, 16, 17, figs 31, 32, 43, 44, 45–48, 51–55, 58, 59, 60–63; Navidpour et al., 2011: 3, 13, 22, figs 5, 8, 16, 21–24; Karataş et al., 2012: 116; Navidpour et al., 2012: 3, 14, 23, figs 2, 4, 5, 11, 25, 26; Mirshamsi et al., 2013: 153–160, 168, figs 1–3; Azghadi et al., 2014: 169–170, 172–173, 176–178, figs 1, 2g –i; Kassiri et al., 2015: 101; Ahmadi et al., 2016: 1568; Sharifinia et al., 2017: 243, 245, 246; Nejati et al., 2018: 7141, 7142; Barahoei et al., 2020: 399, 400, figs 18, 20. Type material: Holotype ♂ (MHNG), IRAQ: Khanagin-Dyala, 180 km N of Baghdad, ii.1964, G. Pringle. Diagnosis: Odontobuthus bidentatus may be separated from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters. Scorpions of medium to large size, adults 51–76 mm (♂) and 56–83 mm (♀) (Fig. 15). Colour yellow. Median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, distance from anterior carapace margin, 0.32–0.37. Pedipalp chela movable finger long relative to manus (MFL / ML, 1.93–2.51). Median denticle rows of pedipalp chela fixed and movable fingers each comprising 13 or 14 oblique subrows of denticles. Pectinal tooth count, 33–35 (♂) and 24–29 (♀). Ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segments II and III each with two to three pairs of prominent tooth-like processes (Fig. 22A). Metasomal segment IV length to width (L/W), 1.67–2.09. Ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with three or four prominent lobate processes; anal arch with three prominent lobes laterally; posteroventral margin of metasomal segment V with four reduced lobes. Telson small, narrow, length to width (TL/W), 1.94–2.27 and length to height (TL/H), 2.00–2.43 (Figs 20A, 21A). Table 4. Continued Distribution: Odontobuthus bidentatus has been recorded in Iraq (Lourenço & Pézier, 2002) and five provinces of Iran: Bushehr; Fars; Ilam; Khuzestan; Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad (Habibi, 1971; Farzanpay, 1987, 1990; Akbari et al., 1997; Kovařík, 1997; Pooladgar, 1999; Lourenço & Pézier, 2002; Navidpour et al., 2008a, 2008b, 2008c, 2008 d, 2012; Lowe, 2010; Karataş et al., 2012; Azghadi et al., 2014; Kassiri et al., 2015; Ahmadi et al., 2016; Sharifinia et al., 2017; Nejati et al., 2018). Material examined: IRAN: Bushehr Province: Abdan, 28°09′N 51°39′E, 108 m, 14.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loam, one ♀ (ZMFUM); Bushehr to Dayer road, Jeirani village, 27°51′N 51°46′E, xi.2007, B. Masihipour, H. Bahrani & A. Habibzadeh, Bu-22, one ♀ (AMCC [LP 11083]); Park Jangali-e Ameri, 20 km N of Deylam Port, 30°12′N 50°10′E, 44 m, 15.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, silty soil, one ♂, one ♀ (ZMFUM); Tangestan, Farshanbeh, 28°53′N 51°19′E, 95 m, xi.2007, B. Masihipour, H. Bahrani & A. Habibzadeh, Bu-35.1, 1 ♀ [AMCC (LP 11084)]. Khuzestan Province: Baghmalek, 31°55′N 49°22′E, 185 m, i.2007, M. Kazemi, BA839/1, one ♀ [AMCC (LP 9702)]; Omidiyeh, 30°57′N 49°31′E, 23.iii.2007, H. Barahoei, two ♂♂, ten ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Sardasht, Tal-e Chega Oliya, 30°17′N 50°11′E, 44 m, 15.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, two ♂♂, one ♀, one subad. ♀ (ZMFUM)., Published as part of Barahoei, Hossein, Prendini, Lorenzo, Navidpour, Shahrokh, Tahir, H. Muhammad, Aliabadian, Mansour, Siahsarvie, Roohollah & Mirshamsi, Omid, 2022, Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau, pp. 355-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 369-371, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab030, http://zenodo.org/record/6599965, {"references":["Lourenco WR, Pezier A. 2002. Taxonomic consideration of the genus Odontobuthus Vachon (Scorpiones, Buthidae), with description of a new species. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 109: 115 - 125.","Habibi T. 1971. Liste de scorpions de l'Iran. Bulletin of the Faculty of Science, Teheran University 2: 24 - 31, 42 - 47 [in Farsi and French].","Farzanpay R. 1987. [Knowing scorpions]. Central University Publications No. 312, Biology 4. Tehran: Central University, 231 [in Farsi, with Latin index].","Farzanpay R. 1990. A catalogue of the scorpions occurring in Iran up to January 1986. Archives of the Razi Institute 41: 1 - 12.","Akbari A, Tabatabai M, Hedayat A, Modiroosta H, Alizadeh M, Zare MK. 1997. [Study of the geographical distribution of scorpions in the south of Iran]. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 34: 112 - 115 [in Farsi].","Kovarik F. 1997. Results of the Czech Biological Expedition to Iran. Part 2. Arachnida: Scorpiones, with descriptions of Iranobuthus krali gen. n. et sp. n. and Hottentotta zagrosensis sp. n. (Buthidae). Acta Societatis Zoologicae Bohemicae 61: 39 - 52.","Pooladgar AR. 1999. Study on species frequency in Khuzestan province. Pajouhesh and Sazandegi 40: 175 - 177.","Navidpour S, Kovarik F, Soleglad ME, Fet V. 2008 a. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part I. Khuzestan Province. Euscorpius 65: 1 - 41.","Pirali-Kheirabadi K, Navidpour S, Fet V, Kovarik F, Soleglad ME. 2009. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part V. Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiyari Province. Euscorpius 78: 1 - 23.","Lowe G. 2010. A new species of Odontobuthus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from northern Oman. Euscorpius 96: 1 - 22.","Navidpour S, Ezatkhah M, Kovarik F, Soleglad ME, Fet V. 2011. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Part VII. Kerman Province. Euscorpius 131: 1 - 32.","Karatas A, Moradi-Gharkheloo M, Ucak M. 2012. Contribution to the distribution of the scorpions of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 55: 111 - 120.","Navidpour S, Fet V, Kovarik F, Soleglad ME. 2012. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part VIII. Fars Province. Euscorpius 139: 1 - 29.","Mirshamsi O, Azghadi S, Navidpour S, Aliabadian M, Kovarik F. 2013. Odontobuthus tirgari sp. nov. (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from the eastern region of the Iranian Plateau. Zootaxa 3731: 153 - 170.","Azghadi S, Mirshamsi O, Navidpour S, Aliabadian M. 2014. Scorpions of the genus Odontobuthus Vachon, 1950 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Iran: phylogenetic relationships inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence data. 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Electronic Physician 10: 7138 - 7145.","Barahoei H, Navidpour Sh, Aliabadian M, Siahsarvie R, Mirshamsi O. 2020. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones): annotated checklist, DELTA database and identification key. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 6: 375 - 474.","Navidpour S, Soleglad ME, Fet V, Kovarik F. 2008 b. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part II. Bushehr Province. Euscorpius 67: 1 - 33.","Navidpour S, Fet V, Kovarik F, Soleglad ME. 2008 c. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part III. Ilam Province. Euscorpius 69: 1 - 29.","Navidpour S, Kovarik F, Soleglad ME, Fet V. 2008 d. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part IV. Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad Province. Euscorpius 74: 1 - 24.","Silvestro D, Michalak I. 2012. raxmlGUI: a graphical front-end for RAxML. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution 12: 335 - 337."]}

ODONTOBUTHUS TIRGARI MIRSHAMSI ET AL., 2013 (FIGS 1–5, 19, 20 F, 21F, 22F, TABLES 1 –5) Odontobuthus doriae: Vatani & Khoobdel, 2009: 10 (misidentification); Ramezani et al., 2010: 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, figs 2, 3, 5 (misidentification); Karataş et al., 2012: 116 (misidentification); Motevalli Haghi et al., 2020: 69–72 (misidentification). Odontobuthus tirgari Mirshamsi et al., 2013: 153– 168, figs 1–41; Azghadi et al., 2014: 171; Navidpour & Mirshamsi, 2014: 112; Barahoei et al., 2020: 402, fig. 20. Type material: Holotype ♀ (AMNH), one ♂, one ♀ paratypes (AMNH), IRAN: Razavi Khorasan Province: Gonabad, Borjook village, 1.ix.2012, O. Mirshamsi. Diagnosis: Odontobuthus tirgari may be separated from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters. Scorpions of medium to large size, adults 44–75 mm (♂) and 50–77 mm (♀) (Fig. 19). General coloration yellow to yellowishgreen. Median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, distance from anterior carapace margin, 0.30–0.40. Pedipalp chela movable finger long relative to manus (MFL / ML, 2.20–2.75). Median denticle rows of pedipalp chela fixed and movable fingers each comprising 13 or 14 oblique subrows of denticles. Pectinal tooth count, 28–33 (♂) and 19–24 (♀). Ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segments II and III each with three to five pairs of tooth-like processes (Fig. 20F). Metasomal segment IV length to width (L/W), 1.63–2.33. Ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with three or four prominent lobate processes; anal arch with one small and two large lobes, sometimes presenting as two lobes, laterally; posteroventral margin of segment V with six reduced lobes. Telson small, narrow, length to width (TL/W), 2.22–2.81 and length to height (TL/H), 2.22– 2.71 (Figs 20F, 21F). Distribution: Odontobuthus tirgari is endemic to Iran and recorded in four provinces: North Khorasan; Razavi Khorasan; Sistan and Baluchistan; South Khorasan (Vatani & Khoobdel, 2009; Ramezani et al., 2010; Karataş et al., 2012; Mirshamsi et al., 2013; Azghadi et al., 2014; Mir et al., 2014; Navidpour & Mirshamsi, 2014). Additional material: IRAN: Razavi Khorasan Province: G ona b a d, Gh oz hd Jung l e, 3 4° 2 5′ N 58°44′E, 1035 m, 30.vi.2018, UV light at night, silty soil, H. Barahoei, two ♂♂ (ZMFUM); Gonabad, Kakhk–Ostad road, 34°07′N 58°46′E, 6.viii.2011, O. Mirshamsi, two ♂♂, six subad. ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Gonabad, Kakhk village road, 34°09′N 58°45′E, 1391 m, 15.vii.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loamy sand, two ♂♂, two ♀♀, two subad. ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Gonabad, Marghesh village, 3 km NE of Kakhk, 34°08′N 58°38′E, 15.vii.2011, O. Mirshamsi, two ♂♂, seven ♀♀ (ZMFUM). Sistan and Baluchistan Province: Dasht-e Robat village, 30 km S of Khash, 28°04′N 61°19′E, 1382 m, 13.xi.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loamy sand, one ♂, two ♀♀, one subad. ♀ (ZMFUM); Iranshahr, 30 km E, 27°13′N 61°03′E, 1605 m, 13. 2018; H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loam, two ♂♂, one ♀, one subad. ♀ (ZMFUM); 40 km on Iranshahr–Rask road, 26°58′N 60°53′E, 975 m, 14.xi.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, sand; one ♂, three ♀♀, one subad. ♀ (ZMFUM); Iranshahr, Zimdan village, 26°49′N 60°58′E, 1390 m, 14.xi.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loam, one ♂, one ♀, one subad. ♀ (ZMFUM); Khash, Dehpabid village, 28°25′N 60°54′E, 1643 m, 16.xi.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loamy sand, one ♀, two subad. ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Khash, Karvandar village, 27°43′N 60°45′E, 1045 m, 2.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, one ♂ (ZMFUM); Khash, Karvandar village, 27°51′N 60°45′E, 1230 m, 16.xi.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, sand, three ♂♂, two subad. ♂♂ (ZMFUM); Khash, Nouk Abad, Gowhar Kouh, 28°27′N 60°39′E, 1501 m, 4.iv.2019, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, clay loam, one ♂, one ♀ (ZMFUM); Mehrestan, 5 km E, 27°10′N 61°41′E, 1285 m, 13.xi.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, clay loam, one ♂, four ♀♀, two subad. ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Saravan, 5 km N, 27°25′N 62°17′E, 1206 m, 13.xi.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loam, two ♂♂, two ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Taftan Mountain, surroundings, iii.2018, A. Zamani, one subad. ♀ [AMCC (LP 15795)]; Zabol, Sefidabeh, Palang Kouh, 30°49′N 60°34′E, 1175 m, 3.iv.2019, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, clay loam, two ♂♂ (ZMFUM); Zahedan, Cheshmeh Ziarat, Polki village, 29°31′N 60°29′E, 1714 m, 2.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, sand, one ♂, six ♀♀, three subad. ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Zahedan, Manzel Aab village, 29°18′N 60°47′E, 1605 m, 24.vii.2017, H. Barahoei, UV light at night, clay loam, three ♂♂, one ♀, one subad. ♀ (ZMFUM). South Khorasan Province: Nehbandan, Chah-e Zard village, 31°32′N 60°02′E, 28.vii.2008, O. Mirshamsi, one ♂, one ♀ (ZMFUM); Nehbandan, Sahl Abad, 32°19′N 59°49′E, 1618 m, 14.vii.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, one ♂, two ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Shosf, 31°45 ′N 60°04′E, 1501 m, 14.vii.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, one ♂, two ♀♀ (ZMFUM)., Published as part of Barahoei, Hossein, Prendini, Lorenzo, Navidpour, Shahrokh, Tahir, H. Muhammad, Aliabadian, Mansour, Siahsarvie, Roohollah & Mirshamsi, Omid, 2022, Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau, pp. 355-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on page 392, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab030, http://zenodo.org/record/6599965, {"references":["Vatani H, Khoobdel M. 2009. The scorpions of the Taibad region and the scorpionism situation in military environments. Military Medicine 11: 7 - 11.","Ramezani H, Matlabi M, Rafinejad J, Amiri M. 2010. The ecofaunistics of scorpions in Gonabad. Ofogh-e-Danesh. GMUHS Journal 16: 54 - 62.","Karatas A, Moradi-Gharkheloo M, Ucak M. 2012. Contribution to the distribution of the scorpions of Iran. Zoology in the Middle East 55: 111 - 120.","Motevalli Haghi F, Borna H, Dehghani R, Fazeli- Dinan M, Yazdani-Cherati J, Dehghan O, Sahraei- Rostami F, Nikookar SH. 2020. [Faunistic study of scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in Qaenat County in Iran in 2017]. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal 14: 66 - 74 [in Farsi].","Mirshamsi O, Azghadi S, Navidpour S, Aliabadian M, Kovarik F. 2013. Odontobuthus tirgari sp. nov. (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from the eastern region of the Iranian Plateau. Zootaxa 3731: 153 - 170.","Azghadi S, Mirshamsi O, Navidpour S, Aliabadian M. 2014. Scorpions of the genus Odontobuthus Vachon, 1950 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Iran: phylogenetic relationships inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Zoology in the Middle East 60: 169 - 179.","Navidpour S, Mirshamsi O. 2014. Two new species of the genus Odontobuthus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from southern and eastern Iran. Proceedings of the 28 th European Congress of Arachnology, Torino, Italy, 112.","Barahoei H, Navidpour Sh, Aliabadian M, Siahsarvie R, Mirshamsi O. 2020. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones): annotated checklist, DELTA database and identification key. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 6: 375 - 474.","Mir Z, Mirshamsi O, Ghasemzadeh F. 2014. Scorpionfauna study of the north of Sistan and Baluchistan province. Proceedings of the 18 th National and 6 th International Congress of Biology in Iran, 26 - 29 August 2014, Kharazmi University, 19."]}

ODONTOBUTHUS BALUCHICUS SP. NOV. (FIGS 1–8, TABLES 1 –5) Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: BA97ECB6-A884-4088-922A-FFAD47EA0C84 Odontobuthus doriae: Shahi et al., 2008: 211 (misidentification); Fekri et al., 2012: 137 (misidentification); Navidpour et al., 2013: 12 (misidentification). Type material: Holotype ♀ (SMF), three ♂♂, two ♀♀ paratypes (ZMFUM), IRAN: Sistan and Baluchistan Province: Nikshahr, Chanf, Goank village, 26°38′N 60°27′E, 1199 m, 3.viii.2017, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, sandy soil. Etymology: The specific epithet is an adjective, derived from Baluchistan, the Iranian province where the type locality is located. Diagnosis: Odontobuthus baluchicus may be separated from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters. Scorpions of medium to large size, adults 66–68 mm (♂) and 56–82 mm (♀) (Fig. 6A–D). Colour yellow to brownish-green. Median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, distance from anterior carapace margin, 0.35– 0.39. Pedipalp chela movable finger long relative to manus (MFL / ML, 2.44–2.57). Median denticle rows of pedipalp chela fixed and movable fingers each comprising 13 or 14 oblique subrows of denticles. Pectinal tooth count, 29–31 (♂) and 20–24 (♀). Ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segments II and III each with two to four pairs of prominent tooth-like processes (Fig. 7C, D, G, H). Metasomal segment length to width (L/W), 1.83–2.11. Ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with three or four prominent lobate processes; anal arch with two prominent lobes laterally; posteroventral margin of metasomal segment V with six reduced lobes. Telson small, narrow, length to width (TL/W), 2.22– 2.63 and length to height (TL/H), 2.42–2.63 (Fig. 7A, B, E, F). KEY TO IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPECIES OF ODONTOBUTHUS 1. Metasomal segment V, anal arch with two lobes laterally.............................................................................. 2- Metasomal segment V, anal arch with three lobes laterally........................................................................... 4 2. Metasomal segment II, ventrosubmedian carinae with three pairs of tooth-like processes............ O. doriae - Metasomal segment II, ventrosubmedian carinae with four or five pairs of tooth-like processes............... 3 3. Adult length, 66–68 mm (♂), 56–82 mm (♀); metasomal segment I longer than wide.............. O. baluchicus - Adult length, 43–55 mm (♂), 48–68 mm (♀); metasomal segment I equal to or wider than long.. O. kermanus 4. Colour greenish brown; metasomal segment III, ventrosubmedian carinae with four or five pairs of toothlike processes; segment V, anal arch with two large and one small lobes laterally......................... O. tirgari - Colour light brown to yellow; metasomal segment III, ventrosubmedian carinae with two or three pairs of tooth-like processes; segment V, anal arch with three large lobes laterally.................................................. 55. Colour light brown; pedipalp chela movable finger, median denticle row comprising 13 or 14 subrows; metasomal segment I equal to or wider than long; segments II and III, ventrosubmedian carinae with two pairs of tooth-like processes.............................................................................................................................. 6- Colour yellow; pedipalp chela movable finger, median denticle row comprising 10–12 subrows; metasomal segment I longer than wide; segments II and III, ventrosubmedian carinae with three or more pairs of tooth-like processes........................................................................................................................................... 7 6. Metasomal segment V, anal arch with four reduced lobes posteroventrally.............................. O. bidentatus - Metasomal segment V, anal arch with six reduced lobes posteroventrally.................................. O. tavighiae 7. Metasomal segment V, anal arch with six lobes posteroventrally; adult length O. odonturus - Metasomal segment V, anal arch with two distinct lobes posteroventrally; adult length> 50 mm; does not occur in India or Pakistan................................................................................................................................. 8 8. Pedipalp chela movable finger short relative to chela manus (MFL / ML = 1.40–1.75); pectinal tooth count (♀), 20–25; occurs in the Arabian Peninsula (Oman and United Arab Emirates................. O. brevidigitus - Pedipalp chela movable finger long relative to chela manus (MFL / ML = 2.00–2.30); pectinal tooth count (♀), 18–20; occurs in Iran......................................................................................................... O. chabaharensis Affinities: Odontobuthus baluchicus is closely related to O. doriae, with which it shares the presence of two prominent lateral lobes on the anal arch of metasomal segment V, and differs from all other species of the genus, which possess three lateral lobes. It differs from O. doriae in its coloration, longer than wide metasomal segment I and three pairs of prominent tooth-like processes on the ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segment II, and from O. kermanus in its larger body size and longer than wide metasomal segment I. Description: Based on holotype ♀ (SMF) (Figs 6A, B, 7A–D, 8A, C, E) and paratype ♂ (ZMFUM 1302) (Figs 6C, D, 7E–H, 8B, D, F). Measurements: ♀: BL: 71.0; CL: 8.0; CWP: 9.3; CWA: 5.6; CX: 3.2; CY: 8.1; CHL: 15.4; ML: 4.3; MFL: 11.1; MtIL: 5.5; MtIH: 4.1; MtIW: 5.4; MtIIL: 6.0; MtIIH: 3.9; MtIIW: 4.7; MtIIIL: 6.2; MtIIIH: 3.8; MtIIIW: 4.2; MtIVL: 7.2; MtIVH: 3.6; MtIVW: 4.1; MtVL: 8.5; MtVH: 3.3; MtVW: 3.4; TL: 8.1; TW: 3.5; TH: 3.2. ♂: BL: 67.8; CL: 7.2; CWP: 7.6; CWA: 4.7; CX: 2.7; CY: 7.0; CHL: 14.7; ML: 4.2; MFL: 10.5; MtIL: 5.8; MtIH: 5.2; MtIW: 4.3; MtIIL: 6.5; MtIIH: 3.8; MtIIW: 4.6; MtIIIL: 6.7; MtIIIH: 3.5; MtIIIW: 4.0; MtIVL: 7.8; MtIVH: 3.2; MtIVW: 3.8; MtVL: 9.0; MtVH: 3.0; MtVW: 3.0; TL: 7.3; TW: 3.0; TH: 3.0. Colour: Carapace and mesosoma brownish-green, slightly paler ventrally; dark pigmentation around median and lateral ocelli. Pedipalps and legs lighter, distal part of femur and proximal part of patella darker especially on legs III and IV. Pectines light yellow to cream. Metasoma brown to yellow, segments darker dorsally, segment V darker than preceding segments. Telson vesicle yellowish-brown; aculeus brown anteriorly, becoming dark brown to black posteriorly. Chelicerae: Fi x e d f i n g e r ventral surface with two basal denticles. Movable finger prolateral and retrolateral distal denticles equal in size. Carapace: Trapezoid, wider than long, CWA/CL, 0.70 (♀) or 0.65 (♂), CWP/CL, 1.16 (♀) or 1.05 (♂); anterior margin moderately emarginate; median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, CX/CL, 0.40 (♀) or 0.37 (♂), CX/ CY, 0.39 (♀) or 0.38 (♂), distance between median ocelli twice ocular diameter; five pairs of lateral ocelli (Fig. 6A, C); anteromedian and posteromedian sulci deep (♂) or shallow (♀); posterolateral sulci w i d e, c u r v e d; c a r i n a e d i s t i n c t, c e n t r a l l a t e r a l and posteromedian carinae completely aligned; anteromedian carinae granular; central median, posteromedian and central lateral carinae granular (♀) or serratocrenulate (♂); intercarinal surfaces of prosoma finely granular. Pedipalps: Pedipalp segments relatively long. Femur 3.8 (♀) or 3.9 (♂) times longer than wide; four complete, granular carinae; retrodorsal, prodorsal and proventral carinae granular (♀) or serratocrenulate (♂); prolateral carinae comprising isolated spiniform granules; intercarinal surfaces smooth (Fig. 8A, B). Patella 2.96 (♀) or 3.5 (♂) times longer than wide; eight complete carinae; prodorsal carinae distinct, granular; dorsomedian, retrodorsal, retrolateral, retroventral and ventromedian carinae obsolete to moderate, smooth (Fig. 8C); proventral and prolateral carinae comprising several spiniform granules (♂) (Fig. 8D). Chela 3.6 (♀) or 3.5 (♂) times longer than manus; manus narrower (♀) or wider (♂) than patella; fingers 2.6 (♀) or 2.5 (♂) times longer than manus; median denticle subrows, including proximal subrow (left/right) of fixed finger, 13/13 and movable finger, 14/14; all subrows except proximal flanked by prolateral and retrolateral accessory denticles; movable finger with five (♂) or six (♀) subdistal denticles, two prolateral and three (♂) or four (♀) retrolateral. Orthobothriotaxic type A-β, with following segment totals: femur, 11 (five dorsal, four internal, two external) (Fig. 8A, B), patella, 13 (five dorsal, one internal, seven external) (Fig. 8C, D) and chela, 15 (eight manus, seven fixed finger) (Fig. 8E, F), totalling 39 trichobothria per pedipalp; trichobothria esb (fixed finger), Esb, Eb 3 (manus), d 2 (patella) and d 2 (femur) petite; trichobothrium et adjacent to proximal (♀) or distal (♂) end of median denticle subrow 7; est adjacent to midpoint (♀) or distal end (♂) of subrow 9 (Fig. 8E, F). Legs: Legs III and IV each with tibial spurs; I–IV each with bifurcate prolateral pedal spurs; telotarsi, ventral surfaces with two rows of fine setae. Sternum: Type I, triangular; slightly wider than long (♀) or longer than wide (♂); with deep median depression. Genital operculum: Completely divided longitudinally with fine, short bristles (Fig. 6B, D). Pectines: Distal margin extending to (♀) or beyond (♂) coxa-trochanter joint of leg IV; three marginal and eight (♀) or nine (♂) median lamellae; fulcra present; teeth present along entire posterior margin of pecten, count (left/right), 29/30 (♂) and 21/21 (♀). Mesosoma: Tergites I – VI tricarinate; VII pentacarinate, lateral carinae granular (♀) or serratocrenulate (♂), median carinae incomplete, restricted to anterior half of segment and weakly granular; intercarinal surfaces finely (♀) or coarsely (♂) granular. Sternites III– VI acarinate; VII with four moderate, granular carinae, lateral carinae restricted to anterior half of segment. Metasoma: Metasomal segment I decacarinate; II – IV octocarinate; V pentacarinate; all complete carinae moderately to markedly granular on segments I–III and weakly to moderately granular on IV (♀) or weakly to moderately granular on I–IV (♂). Lateral inframedian carinae incomplete, restricted to posterior half of segment II; vestigial, reduced to few granules posteriorly, on III. Ventrosubmedian carinae on segments II and III each with four pairs of rounded (♀) or subtriangular (♂) toothlike processes. Anteroventral margins of segment III with six large, rounded granules, IV with four (♂) to six (♀) large, rounded granules. Ventrolateral carinae on segment V markedly dentate with large, rounded (♀) or subtriangular (♂) lobate processes posteriorly; anal arch with two large (♀) or one small and two large (♂) lobes laterally and six distinct lobes posteroventrally (Fig. 7A–H). Telson: Oblong-ovoid, TH/TL, 0.39 (♀) or 0.41 (♂), TW /TL, 0.43 (♀) or 0.41 (♂); slightly wider than (TW /MtVW, 1.02) (♀) (Fig. 7A, B) or similar to (TW /MtVW, 1.00) (♂) (Fig. 7E, F) width of metasomal segment V; dorsal surface flat, ventral surface curved, smooth (♀) or sparsely granular (♂). Distribution: Odontobuthus baluchicus is endemic to Iran and recorded in only two provinces: Hormozgan; Sistan and Baluchistan. The distributions of O. baluchicus, in south-eastern Iran, and O. kermanus, in central Iran, are allopatric. Additional material: IRAN: Hormozgan Province: Jask–Beshagard road, 25°50′N 57°50′E, 149 m, 6.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, four ♀♀ (ZMFUM). Sistan and Baluchistan Province: Nikshahr, Konari village, 26°20′N 60°06′E, 660 m, 3.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, sandy soil, two ♀♀, one subad. ♀ (ZMFUM).

ODONTOBUTHUS TAVIGHIAE NAVIDPOUR ET AL., 2013 (FIGS 1–5, 18, 20E, 21E, 22E, TABLES 1–5) Odontobuthus odonturus: Nejati et al., 2014: 19–220 (misidentification). Odontobuthus tavighiae Navidpour et al., 2013: 3, 13, 14, 21, figs 3, 10, 13–23; Azghadi et al., 2014: 169, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, figs 1, 2j–l; Barahoei et al., 2020: 402, fig. 20. Type material: Holotype ♂ (FKCP), paratype ♀ (RRLS), IRAN: Hormozgan Province: Lengeh Port, 27°08′06”N 55°49′17.5′′, 12 m, v.2009, Masihipour, Hayader & Habibzadeh. Diagnosis: Odontobuthus tavighiae can be separated from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters. Scorpions of medium to large size, adults 52–67 mm (♂) and 45–79 mm (♀) (Fig. 18). Colour yellow. Median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, distance from anterior carapace margin, 0.34–0.38. Pedipalp chela movable finger long relative to manus (MFL / ML, 1.69–2.06). Median denticle rows of pedipalp chela fixed and movable fingers each comprising 13 or 14 oblique subrows of denticles. Pectinal tooth count, 30–34 (♂) and 22–27 (♀). Ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segments II and III each with two pairs of tooth-like processes (Fig. 22E). Metasomal segment IV length to width (L/W), 1.60–1.95. Ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with three or four prominent lobate processes; anal arch with three large lobes laterally; posteroventral margin of segment V with six reduced lobes. Telson small, narrow, length to width (TL/W), 1.89–2.28 and length to height (TL/H), 1.96– 2.35 (Figs 20E, 21E). Distribution: Odontobuthus tavighiae is endemic to Iran and recorded from only two provinces: Fars; Hormozgan (Navidpour et al., 2013; Azghadi et al., 2014; Navidpour & Mirshamsi, 2014). Material examined: IRAN: Fars Province: Mohr, 27°31′N 52°54′E, 445 m, 13.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, clay loam, one ♂, three ♀♀ (ZMFUM). Hormozgan Province: Hameyran, 27°01′N 53°43′E, 224 m, 12.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loam, one ♂, three ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Lavar-e Khasht village, 10 km N, Hameyran–Parsian road, 27°09′N 53°26′E, 519m, 13.iv.2018; H.Barahoei,daytime excavation, two ♀♀ (ZMFUM); Parsian, Behdeh village, 27°04′N 53°29′E, 11.xii.2007, 1 ♂ (ZMFUM); Parsian, SE of Bando village, 27°19′N 52°52′E, 11.xii.2007, one ♀ (ZMFUM); Parsian, Chahvaz, 27°05′N 53°28′E, 231 m, 12.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loam, six ♂♂, two ♀♀, two subad. ♂♂ (ZMFUM); Parsian, Pishab village, 27°10′N 53°07′E, 106 m, 13.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, loam, one ♂, two ♀♀ (ZMFUM)., Published as part of Barahoei, Hossein, Prendini, Lorenzo, Navidpour, Shahrokh, Tahir, H. Muhammad, Aliabadian, Mansour, Siahsarvie, Roohollah & Mirshamsi, Omid, 2022, Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau, pp. 355-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 391-392, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab030, http://zenodo.org/record/6599965, {"references":["Nejati J, Mozafari E, Saghafipour A, Kiyani M. 2014. Scorpion fauna and epidemiological aspects of scorpionism in southeastern Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 4: S 217 - S 221.","Navidpour S, Soleglad ME, Fet V, Kovarik F. 2013. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part IX. Hormozgan Province, with a description of Odontobuthus tavighiae sp. n. (Buthidae). Euscorpius 170: 1 - 29.","Azghadi S, Mirshamsi O, Navidpour S, Aliabadian M. 2014. Scorpions of the genus Odontobuthus Vachon, 1950 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Iran: phylogenetic relationships inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Zoology in the Middle East 60: 169 - 179.","Barahoei H, Navidpour Sh, Aliabadian M, Siahsarvie R, Mirshamsi O. 2020. Scorpions of Iran (Arachnida: Scorpiones): annotated checklist, DELTA database and identification key. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 6: 375 - 474.","Navidpour S, Mirshamsi O. 2014. Two new species of the genus Odontobuthus (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from southern and eastern Iran. Proceedings of the 28 th European Congress of Arachnology, Torino, Italy, 112."]}

ODONTOBUTHUS ODONTURUS (POCOCK, 1897) (FIGS 1, 3–5, 16C–E, 20D, 21D, 22D, TABLES 1, 4, 5) Buthus odonturus Pocock, 1897: 104; Kraepelin, 1899: 27; Birula, 1900b: 357, 358; Birula, 1905: 122; Kraepelin, 1913: 124, 125; Werner, 1936: 204. Buthus doriae odonturus: Pocock, 1900: 16–18, fig. 8B; Takashima, 1945: 75., Published as part of Barahoei, Hossein, Prendini, Lorenzo, Navidpour, Shahrokh, Tahir, H. Muhammad, Aliabadian, Mansour, Siahsarvie, Roohollah & Mirshamsi, Omid, 2022, Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau, pp. 355-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on page 388, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab030, http://zenodo.org/record/6599965, {"references":["Pocock RI. 1897. Descriptions of some new species of scorpions from India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 11: 102 - 117.","Kraepelin K. 1899. Scorpiones und Pedipalpi. In: Dahl F, ed. Das Tierreich, 8 (Arachnoidea). Berlin: Herausgegeben von der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft. R. Friedlander und Sohn Verlag, 1 - 265.","Birula AA. 1900 b. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Scorpionenfauna Ost-Persiens. (1. Beitrag). Bulletin de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg 12: 355 - 375.","Birula AA. 1905. Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Scorpionenfauna Persiens. (3. Beitrag). Bulletin de l'Academie Imperiale des Sciences de St. - Petersbourg 23: 119 - 148.","Werner F. 1936. Reptilien und Gliedertiere aus Persien. Festschrift zum 60, Geburtstage von Professor Dr. Embrik Strand 2: 193 - 204.","Pocock RI. 1900. Arachnida. In: Blandford WT, ed. Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. London: Taylor and Francis, 279.","Takashima H. 1945. [Scorpions of eastern Asia]. Acta Arachnologica 9: 68 - 106 [in Japanese]."]}

ODONTOBUTHUS BREVIDIGITUS LOWE, 2010 (FIGS 1, 3–5, 16A, B, 20B, 21B, 22B, TABLES 1, 4, 5) Odontobuthus brevidigitus Lowe, 2010: 2–15, figs 1–30, 37–38, 49–57, 60–65; Mirshamsi et al., 2013: 153, 169; Azghadi et al., 2014: 169, 175, 178. Type material: Holotype ♂ (NHMB), OMAN: Batinah Plain, c. 4 km E of Seeb, 23°41.39′N 58°06.93′E, 0 m, 22.x.1993, G. Lowe & A. S. Gardner. Diagnosis: Odontobuthus brevidigitus may be separated from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters. Scorpions of medium size, adults 50–65 mm (Fig. 16A, B). Colour golden yellow. Median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, distance from anterior carapace margin, 0.34. Pedipalp chela movable finger short relative to manus (MFL / ML, 1.40–1.75). Median denticle rows of pedipalp chela fixed and movable fingers each comprising 10–12 oblique subrows of denticles. Pectinal tooth count, 29–36 (♂) and 20–25 (♀). Ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segments II and III each with two or three pairs of prominent tooth-like processes (Fig. 22B). Metasomal segment IV length to width (L/W), 1.67–1.96. Ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with several prominent spiniform processes; anal arch with three lateral lobes; posteroventral margin of metasomal segment V with two large lobes. Telson small, narrow, length to width (TL/W), 1.86–2.40 and length to height (TL/H), 2.09– 2.40) (Figs 20B, 21B). Distribution: Odontobuthus brevidigitus is endemic to the Arabian Peninsula and has only been recorded from Oman and the United Arab Emirates (Lowe, 2010). Material examined: OMAN: Al Dakhiliyah Governate: Bahla Public Picnic Site, c. 3.5 km SW Bahla, 22°56′N 57°16′E, 533 m, 19–20.v.2017, L. Prendini & M. Roppo, arid savanna on alluvial floodplain near rocky hills, many large and smaller Acacia trees and spiny bushes on compact greyish alluvial silt, powdery with crust, somewhat degraded, specimens very common, mostly excavated during daytime from burrows, c. 30–50 cm deep in open ground and near bushes, others collected with UV light detection on warm, still, moonless night, many doorkeeping at burrow entrances, few collected sitting on ground surface, eight ♂♂, seven ♀♀ (AMNH), one juv. ♀ [AMCC (LP 14256)]. Al Wusta Governate: Wadi Rawnab, 18°49′N 56°24′E, 111 m, 15.v.2019, M. Stockmann, daytime excavation, one ♂ (ZMFUM). Muscat Governate: Bimma, 22°58′N 59°10′E, 7 m, iii.2017, M. Seiter & A. Ullrich, one juv. ♀ [AMCC (LP 15780)]., Published as part of Barahoei, Hossein, Prendini, Lorenzo, Navidpour, Shahrokh, Tahir, H. Muhammad, Aliabadian, Mansour, Siahsarvie, Roohollah & Mirshamsi, Omid, 2022, Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau, pp. 355-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 371-372, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab030, http://zenodo.org/record/6599965, {"references":["Lowe G. 2010. A new species of Odontobuthus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from northern Oman. Euscorpius 96: 1 - 22.","Mirshamsi O, Azghadi S, Navidpour S, Aliabadian M, Kovarik F. 2013. Odontobuthus tirgari sp. nov. (Scorpiones, Buthidae) from the eastern region of the Iranian Plateau. Zootaxa 3731: 153 - 170.","Azghadi S, Mirshamsi O, Navidpour S, Aliabadian M. 2014. Scorpions of the genus Odontobuthus Vachon, 1950 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Iran: phylogenetic relationships inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Zoology in the Middle East 60: 169 - 179."]}

ODONTOBUTHUS CHABAHARENSIS SP. NOV. (FIGS 1–5, 9–11, TABLES 1 –5) Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act: 9D7EDE35-D7A4-4212-98C1- 62875DE1B881 Type material: Holotype ♀ (SMF), one ♂, two ♀♀ paratypes (ZMFUM), IRAN: Sistan and Baluchistan Province: Chabahar, Parak-e Sheykhan village, 25°30′N 60°35′E, 19 m, 13.vi.2019, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, silty clay. Etymology: The specific epithet is an adjective derived from Chabahar, the type locality. Diagnosis: Odontobuthus chabaharensis may be separated from other species of the genus by the following combination of characters. Scorpions of small to medium size, adults 36 mm (♂) and 53–63 mm (♀) (Fig. 9A–D). Colour golden yellow. Median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, distance from anterior carapace margin, 0.33–0.36. Pedipalp chela movable finger long relative to manus (MFL/ ML, 2.00–2.30). Median denticle rows of pedipalp chela fixed and movable fingers each comprising 12 oblique subrows of denticles. Pectinal tooth count, 31 (♂) and 18–20 (♀). Ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segments II and III each with two or three pairs of large spiniform processes (Fig. 10C, D, G, H). Metasomal segment IV length to width (L/W), 1.82– 1.93. Ventrolateral carinae of metasomal segment V with two or three prominent lobate processes; anal arch with three prominent spiniform lobes laterally; posteroventral margin of segment V with two prominent lobes. Telson small, wide, length to width (TL/W), 2.26–2.50 and length to height (TL/H), 2.26– 2.57 (Fig. 10A, B, E, F). 0.1160.1590.1450.1390.1380.1240.1340.1370.130.139 – Affinities: Odontobuthus chabaharensis is closely related to O. odonturus, with which it shares the presence of three prominent lateral lobes on the anal arch of metasomal segment V. It differs from all other species of the genus, except O. brevidigitus, in the presence of two large conical lobes on the posteroventral margin of metasomal segment V, and from O.brevidigitus in possessing longer pedipalp chela fingers, e.g. the movable finger length to manus length (MFL/ML) is 2.00– 2.30 in O. chabaharensis compared with 1.40–1.75 in O. brevidigitus, and a lower pectinal tooth count in the female, 18–20 in O. chabaharensis compared with 20–25 in O. brevidigitus. Description: Based on holotype ♀ (SMF) (Figs 9A, B, 10A–D, 11A, C, E) and paratype ♂ (ZMFUM 1324) (Figs 9C, D, 10E–H, 11B, D, F). As for O. baluchicus except where noted. Measurements: ♀: BL: 62.1; CL: 7.6; CWP: 8.8; CWA: 5.2; CX: 2.5; CY: 7.2; CHL: 13.5; ML: 4.5; MFL: 9.0; MtIL: 4.6; MtIH: 3.7; MtIW: 4.2; MtIIL: 5.2; MtIIH: 3.5; MtIIW: 3.9; MtIIIL: 5.6; MtIIIH: 3.3; MtIIIW: 3.6; MtIVL: 6.6; MtIVH: 3.2; MtIVW: 3.5; MtVL: 8; MtVH: 2.8; MtVW: 3.3; TL: 8.5; TW: 3.4; TH: 3.3. ♂: BL: 35.8; CL: 4.5; CWP: 5.0; CWA: 3.4; CX: 1.6; CY: 4.4; CHL: 8.6; ML: 2.6; MFL: 6.0; MtIL: 2.7; MtIH: 2.2; MtIW: 2.5; MtIIL: 3.0; MtIIH: 2.0; MtIIW: 2.3; MtIIIL: 3.2; MtIIIH: 1.9; MtIIIW: 2.1; MtIVL: 4.0; MtIVH: 1.8; MtIVW: 2.1; MtVL: 4.9; MtVH: 1.5; MtVW: 1.8; TL: 4.5; TW: 1.9; TH: 1.9. Colour: Carapace and mesosoma light brown, slightly paler ventrally; dark pigmentation around median and lateral ocelli. Legs lighter. Pectines light yellow to cream. Metasoma yellowish-brown. Telson vesicle yellow to yellowishbrown; aculeus light brown anteriorly, becoming dark brown to black posteriorly. Carapace: Trapezoid, wider than long, CWA/CL, 0.68 (♀) or 0.75 (♂), CWP/CL, 1.15 (♀) or 1.11 (♂); anterior margin moderately emarginate; median ocular tubercle situated in anterior half of carapace, CX/CL, 0.32 (♀) or 0.35 (♂), CX/ CY, 0.34 (♀) or 0.36 (♂), distance between median ocelli twice ocular diameter; five pairs of lateral ocelli (Fig. 9A, C); anteromedian and posteromedian sulci shallow; posterolateral sulci wide, curved; carinae distinct, central lateral and posteromedian carinae completely aligned; anteromedian carinae granular; central median, posteromedian and central lateral carinae granular (♀) or serratocrenulate (♂); intercarinal surfaces of prosoma finely granular. Pedipalps: Pedipalp segments relatively short. Femur 3.1 (♀) or 3.4 (♂) times longer than wide; four complete, granular carinae; retrodorsal, prodorsal and proventral carinae granular (♀) or serratocrenulate (♂); prolateral carinae comprising isolated spiniform granules; intercarinal surfaces smooth (Fig. 11A, B). Patella 2.53 (♀) or 3.06 (♂) times longer than wide; eight complete carinae; prodorsal carinae distinct (♀) or moderate (♂), granular; dorsomedian, retrodorsal, retrolateral, retroventral and ventromedian carinae obsolete to moderate, smooth (Fig. 11C, D); proventral and prolateral carinae comprising several spiniform granules (♂) (Fig. 11C, D). Chela 3.0 (♀) or 3.3 (♂) times longer than manus; manus as wide as (♂) or wider than (♀) patella; fingers 2 (♀) or 3.3 (♂) times longer than manus; median denticle subrows, including proximal subrow (left/ right) of fixed finger, 11/11 and movable finger, 12/12; all subrows except proximal flanked by prolateral and retrolateral accessory denticles; movable finger with five (♂) or six (♀) subdistal denticles, one (♀) or two (♂) prolateral and four retrolateral. Trichobothrium et adjacent to midpoint of denticle subrow 7; est adjacent to midpoint (♂) (Fig. 11F) or proximal end (♀) (Fig. 11E) of denticle subrow 9. Sternum: Type I, triangular; longer than wide; with deep median depression. Genital operculum: Completely divided longitudinally with fine, short bristles (Fig. 9B, D). Pectines: Distal margin extending to (♀) or beyond (♂) coxa-trochanter joint of leg IV; three marginal and seven median lamellae; fulcra present; teeth present along entire posterior margin of pecten, count (left/ right), 31/31 (♂) and 19/19 (♀). Mesosoma: Tergites I – VI tricarinate; VII pentacarinate, lateral carinae granular (♀) or serratocrenulate (♂), median carinae incomplete, restricted to anterior half of segment and weakly granular; intercarinal surfaces finely granular (♀) or smooth (♂). Sternites III– VI acarinate; VII with four moderate (♀) or obsolete (♂), granular carinae, lateral carinae complete (♂) or restricted to anterior half of segment (♀). Metasoma: Metasomal segment I decacarinate; II–IV octocarinate; V pentacarinate; all complete carinae moderately to markedly granular on segments I–III and weakly to moderately granular on IV (♀) or weakly to moderately granular on I–IV (♂). Lateral inframedian carinae almost complete (♀) or incomplete, restricted to posterior two-thirds (♂), on segment II, incomplete, restricted to posterior half (♀) or vestigial, reduced to few granules posteriorly (♂) on III. Ventrosubmedian carinae on segments II and III each with three pairs of prominent conical, tooth-like processes. Anteroventral margins of segments III and IV each with six large, conical granules. Ventrolateral carinae on segment V dentate with (♂) or without (♀) large, subtriangular lobate processes posteriorly; anal arch with three large, conical lobes laterally and two large, conical lobes posteroventrally (Fig. 10A–H). Telson: Oblong-ovoid, TH/TL, 0.38 (♀) or 0.42 (♂), TW / TL, 0.40 (♀) or 0.42 (♂); wider than metasomal segment V, TW /MtVW, 1.03 (♀) or 1.05 (♂) (Fig. 10A, B, E, F); dorsal surface flat, ventral surface curved, smooth (♀) or sparsely granular (♂). Distribution: Odontobuthus chabaharensis is endemic to Iran and recorded only from Sistan and Baluchistan Province. Additional material: IRAN: Sistan and Baluchistan Province: Parak-e Hootan road, 20 km NW of Chabahar, 25°28′N 60°33′E, 1 m, 3.iv.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, silty clay, one ♀, one juv. (ZMFUM); Chabahar, N of Parak-e Sheykhan village, 25°30′N 60°35′E, 19 m, 16.xi.2018, H. Barahoei, daytime excavation, silty clay, one ♀ (ZMFUM); Mekran, vii.1913, Kei, one ♂ (ZMH)., Published as part of Barahoei, Hossein, Prendini, Lorenzo, Navidpour, Shahrokh, Tahir, H. Muhammad, Aliabadian, Mansour, Siahsarvie, Roohollah & Mirshamsi, Omid, 2022, Integrative systematics of the tooth-tailed scorpions, Odontobuthus (Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species from the Iranian Plateau, pp. 355-398 in Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 195 on pages 372-377, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab030, http://zenodo.org/record/6599965, {"references":["Azghadi S, Mirshamsi O, Navidpour S, Aliabadian M. 2014. Scorpions of the genus Odontobuthus Vachon, 1950 (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Iran: phylogenetic relationships inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Zoology in the Middle East 60: 169 - 179."]}

Lourenço, Wilson R. (2021): Some additional comments on theAnanteridae or 'Ananteris group' and description of a new species of Ananteris Thorell from Central Brazil (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Zootaxa 4984 (1): 347-356, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.25

Ananteris martensi sp. n. Figs 2 ���7,9,11���12,15 Type material. BRAZIL: Goi��s : Holotype male, Pir��nopolis, 15��51���09.2��� S, 48��54���05.6��� W, 840 m, humid gallery forest (Figs 16���17), Marcelo Lovato leg. 14.10.2018 (MNRJ). Name. The specific name honours Dr J. Martens (Mainz) for his significant contribution to the study of arachnids; name in the genitive case. Diagnosis. Species of moderate size when compared with the average size of the other species of the genus. Male 24.1 mm in total length. General coloration dark brown over body and appendages; pedipalps and legs with conspicuous yellow surfaces; chelicerae yellow with a variegated pigmentation covering only the anterior and lateral edges. Pedipalps moderately long and slender; fixed and movable fingers of pedipalps with 6-6 rows of granules; the first row on fixed finger represented by only 2-3 granules; male pectines with respectively 17-17 teeth. Carapace, tergites and metasomal segments strongly granulated; telson weakly granulated, almost smooth, with a few granules on the ventral carina; slender and elongated. Trichobothrial pattern of the type A-Beta, orthobothriotaxic with femur trichobothrium e 1 in a proximal position in relation to d 5 ; patella trichobothria esb 1,2 not at the same level, with esb 2 in a proximal position. Description. Male (holotype). Coloration: The general coloration is dark-brown marked with yellow spots; lateral pleura only slightly pigmented. Prosoma: carapace dark brown with some yellow spots on its entire surface; eyes surrounded by black pigment. Mesosoma dark brown with conspicuous confluent yellow spots. Metasomal segments I to V reddish yellow; all segments marked with diffused brown spots; spots less intensely marked on segments IV and V. Vesicle reddish yellow without darker zones; base of the aculeus reddish-yellow with a red tip. Venter yellow; sternites V���VII with diffused brownish spots laterally, more conspicuous on VII; anterior zone of coxapophysis marked with brown spots. Chelicerae yellow with reticular dark brown spots on the anterior and lateral edges only; yellow with dark spots; teeth reddish. Pedipalps dark brown with yellow spots; chela with yellow fingers. Legs brownish with conspicuous yellow spots. Morphology: Carapace with an intense granulation; anterior margin not emarginated, with a minute central convexity. Anterior median superciliary and posterior median carinae weak. All furrows moderate to weak. Median ocular tubercle distinctly anterior to the centre of the carapace; median eyes large and separated by approximately one ocular diameter. Three pairs of lateral eyes. Sternum subpentagonal. Mesosoma: tergites with an intense granulation. Median carina moderate in all tergites. Tergite VII pentacarinate. Venter: genital operculum divided longitudinally, each plate more or less semi-oval in shape. Pectines: pectinal tooth count 17- 17 in male; basal middle lamellae of the pectines not dilated; fulcra absent. Sternites almost smooth; spiracles weakly elongate; setation weak; sternite VII with moderately marked carinae and some granulations. Metasomal segment I with 10 carinae, strongly crenulate. Segments II to IV with 8 carinae, strongly crenulate. Intercarinal spaces moderately to strongly granular. Segment V slightly rounded with 5 carinae. Telson strongly elongated and slender, almost smooth; ventral carina moderately marked with some granules; aculeus long and moderately curved; subaculear tooth strong and spinoid. Cheliceral dentition characteristic of the family Buthidae (Vachon 1963); fixed finger with two strong basal teeth; movable finger with two well marked basal teeth; ventral aspect of both finger and manus with dense, long setae. Pedipalps: femur pentacarinate; patella and chela with moderate to weak carinae; internal face of patella with 5-6 minute spinoid granules; all faces moderately to weakly granular. Fixed and movable fingers with 6-6 almost linear rows of granules; the first row on fixed finger represented by only 2-3 granules; two small external and one internal accessory granule present at the base of each row; three conspicuous granules in the extremity of the fingers; Trichobothriotaxy; orthobothriotaxy A-��-beta (Vachon 1974, 1975); femur trichobothrium e 1 in a proximal position in relation to d 5 ; patella trichobothria esb 1,2 not at the same level, with esb 2 in a proximal position. Legs: tarsus with very numerous fine median setae ventrally. Tibial spurs strongly developed on legs III and IV. Comparative morphometric values (Ananteris balzanii from Urucum, Brazil / holotype male of Ananteris martensi n. sp.) Total length including the telson, 20.1/24.1. Carapace: length 2.3/2.6; anterior width 1.5/1.7; posterior width 2.3/2.6. Mesosoma length: 5.1/6.4. Metasomal segments. I: length 1.3/1.5, width 1.3/1.5; II: length 1.4/1.7, width 1.2/1.4; III: length 1.6/1.9, width 1.2/1.4; IV: length 2.1/2.5, width 1.2/1.4; V: length, 3.3/4.0, width 1.1/1.3, depth 1.2/1.3. Telson length 3.0/3.5; vesicle: width 0.6/0.8, depth 0.6/0.6. Pedipalp: femur length 2.0/2.4, width 0.6/0.8; patella length 2.4/2.9, width 0.8/1.0; chela length 3.2/3.9, width 0.5/0.6, depth 0.4/0.5. Movable finger length 2.3/2.8. Relationships. A. martensi n. sp. can be associated with A. balzanii Thorell, described from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, but also present in the state of Goi��s (see Louren��o, 2020), and also to Ananteris mariaterezae (Louren��o 1982) only known from its type locality, a dry-forest in the Bananal Island, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from the other two by a number of features: (i) a different pattern of pigmentation; spots more intensely marked on the ventral aspect of the pedipalps; telson and metasomal segment V much less spotted; anterior zone of coxapophysis spotted; reticular dark brown spots on chelicerae covering only the anterior and lateral edges (Fig. 15); the pigmentation pattern of chelicerae being a key character in the identification of Ananteris species (Louren��o, 1982), (ii) male telson slender and longer than that in A. balzanii, (iii) carapace and tergites more intensely granular than in A. balzanii, (iv) the position of some trichobothria is distinct; femur trichobothrium e 1 in a proximal position in relation to d 5 ; patella trichobothria esb 1,2 not at the same level, with esb 2 in a proximal position (Figs 2���8). Ecological notes. The central region of Brazil is covered mainly by open vegetation formations, namely the Cerrados formations (Eiten 1978). These open formations are not however uniform and can be divided in a number of natural physiognomies, from pure grassland called ���Campo-Limpo���, through several densities and heights of savanna in a more strict sense, with shrubs called ���Campo-Sujo��� or with low trees called ���Campo-Cerrado���; closed scrubs with tree-and-scrub woodlands in which the trees do not form a continuous canopy, ���cerrado strict sense���, and finally arboreal woodlands with closed tree canopy, called ���Cerrad��o��� (Eiten 1982). The different Ananteris species described from this region can however be located in precise gradients of the Cerrados, as for example under termite mounds of Silvestritermes euamignathus (Silvestri), for A. balzanii or in dry forest formations and under stones for A. mariaterezae in the Bananal Island (Louren��o 1981, 1982). The new species described here was found in a Humid Gallery Forest formation which generally borders small streams in the lower portions of the cerrado���s relief, nearby gradients of Campo-Limpo (Figs 16���17)., Published as part of Louren��o, Wilson R., 2021, Some additional comments on theAnanteridae or ' Ananteris group' and description of a new species of Ananteris Thorell from Central Brazil (Scorpiones: Buthidae), pp. 347-356 in Zootaxa 4984 (1) on pages 348-353, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4984.1.25, http://zenodo.org/record/4927844, {"references":["Vachon, M. (1963) De l'utilite, en systematique, d'une nomenclature des dents des cheliceres chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series 2, 35 (2), 161 - 166.","Vachon, M. (1974) Etude des caracteres utilises pour classer les familles et les genres de Scorpions (Arachnides). 1. La trichobothriotaxie en arachnologie. Sigles trichobothriaux et types de trichobothriotaxie chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series 3, 140 (104), 857 - 958.","Vachon M. (1975) Sur l'utilisation de la trichobothriotaxie du bras des pedipalpes des Scorpions (Arachnides) dans le classement des genres de la famille des Buthidae Simon. Comptes Rendus des seances de l'Academie des Sciences, (D), 281, 1597 - 1599.","Lourenco, W. R. (2020) A propos de la localite d'origine d' Ananteris balzanii Thorell, 1891, espece type du genre Ananteris Thorell, 1891 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Revista Iberica de Aracnologia, 36, 185 - 187.","Lourenco, W. R. (1982) Revision du genre Ananteris Thorell, 1891 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) et description de six especes nouvelles. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Series 4, 4 (A 1 / 2), 119 - 151.","Eiten, G. (1978) Delimitation of the Cerrado concept. Vegetatio, 36 (3), 169 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 02342599","Eiten, G. (1982) Brazilian \" Savannas \". In: Huntley, B. J. & Walker, B. H. (Eds.), Ecological Studies. Vol. 42. Ecology of Tropical Savannas. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 25 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 68786 - 0 _ 3","Lourenco, W. R. (1981) Sur l'ecologie du scorpion Buthidae: Tityus trivittatus fasciolatus Pessoa, 1935. Vie et Milieu, 31 (1), 71 - 76."]}

Ananteris martensi sp. n. Figs 2 –7,9,11–12,15 Type material. BRAZIL: Goiás : Holotype male, Pirénopolis, 15°51’09.2” S, 48°54’05.6” W, 840 m, humid gallery forest (Figs 16–17), Marcelo Lovato leg. 14.10.2018 (MNRJ). Name. The specific name honours Dr J. Martens (Mainz) for his significant contribution to the study of arachnids; name in the genitive case. Diagnosis. Species of moderate size when compared with the average size of the other species of the genus. Male 24.1 mm in total length. General coloration dark brown over body and appendages; pedipalps and legs with conspicuous yellow surfaces; chelicerae yellow with a variegated pigmentation covering only the anterior and lateral edges. Pedipalps moderately long and slender; fixed and movable fingers of pedipalps with 6-6 rows of granules; the first row on fixed finger represented by only 2-3 granules; male pectines with respectively 17-17 teeth. Carapace, tergites and metasomal segments strongly granulated; telson weakly granulated, almost smooth, with a few granules on the ventral carina; slender and elongated. Trichobothrial pattern of the type A-Beta, orthobothriotaxic with femur trichobothrium e 1 in a proximal position in relation to d 5 ; patella trichobothria esb 1,2 not at the same level, with esb 2 in a proximal position. Description. Male (holotype). Coloration: The general coloration is dark-brown marked with yellow spots; lateral pleura only slightly pigmented. Prosoma: carapace dark brown with some yellow spots on its entire surface; eyes surrounded by black pigment. Mesosoma dark brown with conspicuous confluent yellow spots. Metasomal segments I to V reddish yellow; all segments marked with diffused brown spots; spots less intensely marked on segments IV and V. Vesicle reddish yellow without darker zones; base of the aculeus reddish-yellow with a red tip. Venter yellow; sternites V–VII with diffused brownish spots laterally, more conspicuous on VII; anterior zone of coxapophysis marked with brown spots. Chelicerae yellow with reticular dark brown spots on the anterior and lateral edges only; yellow with dark spots; teeth reddish. Pedipalps dark brown with yellow spots; chela with yellow fingers. Legs brownish with conspicuous yellow spots. Morphology: Carapace with an intense granulation; anterior margin not emarginated, with a minute central convexity. Anterior median superciliary and posterior median carinae weak. All furrows moderate to weak. Median ocular tubercle distinctly anterior to the centre of the carapace; median eyes large and separated by approximately one ocular diameter. Three pairs of lateral eyes. Sternum subpentagonal. Mesosoma: tergites with an intense granulation. Median carina moderate in all tergites. Tergite VII pentacarinate. Venter: genital operculum divided longitudinally, each plate more or less semi-oval in shape. Pectines: pectinal tooth count 17- 17 in male; basal middle lamellae of the pectines not dilated; fulcra absent. Sternites almost smooth; spiracles weakly elongate; setation weak; sternite VII with moderately marked carinae and some granulations. Metasomal segment I with 10 carinae, strongly crenulate. Segments II to IV with 8 carinae, strongly crenulate. Intercarinal spaces moderately to strongly granular. Segment V slightly rounded with 5 carinae. Telson strongly elongated and slender, almost smooth; ventral carina moderately marked with some granules; aculeus long and moderately curved; subaculear tooth strong and spinoid. Cheliceral dentition characteristic of the family Buthidae (Vachon 1963); fixed finger with two strong basal teeth; movable finger with two well marked basal teeth; ventral aspect of both finger and manus with dense, long setae. Pedipalps: femur pentacarinate; patella and chela with moderate to weak carinae; internal face of patella with 5-6 minute spinoid granules; all faces moderately to weakly granular. Fixed and movable fingers with 6-6 almost linear rows of granules; the first row on fixed finger represented by only 2-3 granules; two small external and one internal accessory granule present at the base of each row; three conspicuous granules in the extremity of the fingers; Trichobothriotaxy; orthobothriotaxy A-β-beta (Vachon 1974, 1975); femur trichobothrium e 1 in a proximal position in relation to d 5 ; patella trichobothria esb 1,2 not at the same level, with esb 2 in a proximal position. Legs: tarsus with very numerous fine median setae ventrally. Tibial spurs strongly developed on legs III and IV. Comparative morphometric values (Ananteris balzanii from Urucum, Brazil / holotype male of Ananteris martensi n. sp.) Total length including the telson, 20.1/24.1. Carapace: length 2.3/2.6; anterior width 1.5/1.7; posterior width 2.3/2.6. Mesosoma length: 5.1/6.4. Metasomal segments. I: length 1.3/1.5, width 1.3/1.5; II: length 1.4/1.7, width 1.2/1.4; III: length 1.6/1.9, width 1.2/1.4; IV: length 2.1/2.5, width 1.2/1.4; V: length, 3.3/4.0, width 1.1/1.3, depth 1.2/1.3. Telson length 3.0/3.5; vesicle: width 0.6/0.8, depth 0.6/0.6. Pedipalp: femur length 2.0/2.4, width 0.6/0.8; patella length 2.4/2.9, width 0.8/1.0; chela length 3.2/3.9, width 0.5/0.6, depth 0.4/0.5. Movable finger length 2.3/2.8. Relationships. A. martensi n. sp. can be associated with A. balzanii Thorell, described from the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, but also present in the state of Goiás (see Lourenço, 2020), and also to Ananteris mariaterezae (Lourenço 1982) only known from its type locality, a dry-forest in the Bananal Island, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from the other two by a number of features: (i) a different pattern of pigmentation; spots more intensely marked on the ventral aspect of the pedipalps; telson and metasomal segment V much less spotted; anterior zone of coxapophysis spotted; reticular dark brown spots on chelicerae covering only the anterior and lateral edges (Fig. 15); the pigmentation pattern of chelicerae being a key character in the identification of Ananteris species (Lourenço, 1982), (ii) male telson slender and longer than that in A. balzanii, (iii) carapace and tergites more intensely granular than in A. balzanii, (iv) the position of some trichobothria is distinct; femur trichobothrium e 1 in a proximal position in relation to d 5 ; patella trichobothria esb 1,2 not at the same level, with esb 2 in a proximal position (Figs 2–8). Ecological notes. The central region of Brazil is covered mainly by open vegetation formations, namely the Cerrados formations (Eiten 1978). These open formations are not however uniform and can be divided in a number of natural physiognomies, from pure grassland called ‘Campo-Limpo’, through several densities and heights of savanna in a more strict sense, with shrubs called ‘Campo-Sujo’ or with low trees called ‘Campo-Cerrado’; closed scrubs with tree-and-scrub woodlands in which the trees do not form a continuous canopy, ‘cerrado strict sense’, and finally arboreal woodlands with closed tree canopy, called ‘Cerradão’ (Eiten 1982). The different Ananteris species described from this region can however be located in precise gradients of the Cerrados, as for example under termite mounds of Silvestritermes euamignathus (Silvestri), for A. balzanii or in dry forest formations and under stones for A. mariaterezae in the Bananal Island (Lourenço 1981, 1982). The new species described here was found in a Humid Gallery Forest formation which generally borders small streams in the lower portions of the cerrado’s relief, nearby gradients of Campo-Limpo (Figs 16–17).

Some additional comments are proposed on the historical aspects of the subfamily Ananterinae (sensu Pocock 1900). The worldwide pattern of distribution of the elements associated with this subfamily is briefly discussed. The biogeographic patterns presented by extant and fossil elements of this subfamily confirm not only the characteristics of a group presenting a typical Gondwanian distribution, but may also correspond to older Pangaean patterns. One unexpected new species is described for the genus Ananteris Thorell from the State of Goiás in Central Brazil, Ananteris martensi sp. n., suggesting that the diversity levels of the Cerrados formations are most certainly higher than what is normally admitted.

A checklist of the scorpion fauna of Saudi Arabia was reviewed and scrutinized published scorpion records considering new taxonomic findings and geographical distribution data. A new checklist to the scorpion fauna of Saudi Arabia is presented. The listed species consisting of 26 species belong to 15 genera and the four families Buthidae (12 genera, 21 species), Diplocentridae (one genus, one species), Hemiscorpiidae (one genus, one species), and Scorpionidae (one genus, three species). The list is dominated by members of the family Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837 (85.3% of total species) and the genus Compsobuthus is the most species-rich taxon. In addition, a total of 10 dubious records were removed from the list and listed separately pending validations by specimens collected in the country. A dichotomic identification key to the Saudi Arabia scorpion species has been provided.

Buthacus tadmorensis (Simon, 1892), stat. rev. Figures 10, 15, 16C, D, 19C, D, 21H, 22E, 23B

Cain, Shlomo, Gefen, Eran, Prendini, Lorenzo (2021): Systematic Revision Of The Sand Scorpions, Genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 (Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837) Of The Levant, With Redescription Of Buthacus Arenicola (Simon, 1885) From Algeria And Tunisia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (450): 1-137, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.450.1.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-museum-of-natural-history/volume-450/issue-1/0003-0090.450.1.1/Systematic-Revision-of-the-Sand-Scorpions-Genus-Buthacus-Birula-1908/10.1206/0003-0090.450.1.1.full

Buthacus amitaii, sp. nov. Figures 1A, 2A, B, 7, 15, 17E, F, 20C, D, 21A

Key to the Species of Buthacus Occurring in the Levant 1. Metasomal segments IV, V and telson, intercarinal surfaces granular and matte (figs. 27A–C, 29C, E, G)........................................2 – Metasomal segments IV, V and telson, intercarinal surfaces smooth and glabrous (figs. 27D, 28, 29A, B, D, F, H).................................4 2. Pectinal tooth count>22 (♂, ♀; fig. 19C–F); metasomal segments, dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae, and telson, ventral surface densely setose (figs. 23B, C, 25B, C, 29E, G); legs I and II, telotarsal ungues equal in length (fig. 22E, G)......................................3 – Pectinal tooth count ≤22 (♂, 18–22; ♀, 12–14; fig. 19A, B); metasomal segments, dorsosubmedian and dorsolateral carinae, and telson, ventral surface sparsely setose (figs. 23A, 25A, 29C); legs I and II, telotarsal ungues unequal in length (fig. 22C) ……………...................... B. arava, sp. nov. 3. Metasomal segments II and III, ventrosubmedian and ventrolateral carinae, and V, ventrolateral carinae well developed, posterior processes greatly enlarged, lobate (figs. 25B, 27B)................ B. tadmorensis, stat. rev. – Metasomal segments II and III, ventrosubmedian and ventrolateral carinae, and V, ventrolateral carinae weakly developed, posterior processes slightly enlarged, spiniform (figs. 25C, 27C).......... B. yotvatensis, stat. rev. 4. Pedipalp chela of adult ♂ narrow (fig. 44A, B), manus width:chela length, 19.4% (17.1%– 21.3%), resembling chela of adult ♀ (fig. 44C, D), 17% (15.6%–19.6%); chela movable finger, retrolateral accessory denticles usually absent (fig. 21E, F); metasomal segment V ventrolateral carinae, posterior spiniform granules uniformly small (fig. 26A)..... ....................................... B. levyi, sp. nov. – Pedipalp chela of adult ♂ broad (figs. 32A, B, 41A, B, 47A, B), manus width:chela length, 27.1% (25.1%–28.9%) in B. amitaii, sp. nov., 24.2% in B. leptochelys, and 26.3% (22.3%–29.5%) in B. nitzani, stat. nov., unlike chela of adult ♀ (figs. 32C, D, 41C, D, 47C, D), 19.3% (18–20.8), 16.7% (15.9%– 17.3%), 19.9% (18%–24.1%), respectively; chela movable finger, retrolateral accessory denticles usually present (fig. 21A, D, G); metasomal segment V ventrolateral carinae, posterior spiniform granules variable, some large (fig. 26B–D)..................................5 5. Total length> 59 mm; pedipalp chela of adult ♂ long (fig. 41A, B), e.g., manus length:movable finger length, 70.7%; pectinal tooth count>35 (32–39) in ♂,>27 (27–31) in ♀.............................. B. leptochelys – Total length B. amitaii, sp. nov., and 84.4% (76.8%–92.4%) in B. nitzani, stat. nov.; pectinal tooth count ≤35 (26–35) in ♂, ≤27 (20–27) in ♀ (fig. 20A–D)………………..6 6. Metasomal segments II and III, ventrosubmedian and ventrolateral carinae well developed, posterior granules slightly enlarged, spiniform; segment V ventrolateral carinae, posterior granules enlarged, lobate (figs. 28D, 26D).............................................................. B. amitaii, sp. nov. – Metasomal segments II and III, ventrosubmedian and ventrolateral carinae weakly developed, posterior granules similar to preceding granules; segment V ventrolateral carinae, posterior granules slightly enlarged, spiniform (figs. 28C, 26C)........................................... B. nitzani, stat. nov., Published as part of Cain, Shlomo, Gefen, Eran & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2021, Systematic Revision Of The Sand Scorpions, Genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 (Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837) Of The Levant, With Redescription Of Buthacus Arenicola (Simon, 1885) From Algeria And Tunisia, pp. 1-137 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (450) on pages 24-25, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.450.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5413465

Buthacus levyi, sp. nov. Figures 1F, 2E, F, 9, 15, 18A, B, 20E, F, 21E, F, Published as part of Cain, Shlomo, Gefen, Eran & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2021, Systematic Revision Of The Sand Scorpions, Genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 (Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837) Of The Levant, With Redescription Of Buthacus Arenicola (Simon, 1885) From Algeria And Tunisia, pp. 1-137 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (450) on page 80, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.450.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5413465

Buthacus arenicola (Simon, 1885) Figures 1B, 8, 15, 18C, 20G, 21C, 22A, 23D, Published as part of Cain, Shlomo, Gefen, Eran & Prendini, Lorenzo, 2021, Systematic Revision Of The Sand Scorpions, Genus Buthacus Birula, 1908 (Buthidae C. L. Koch, 1837) Of The Levant, With Redescription Of Buthacus Arenicola (Simon, 1885) From Algeria And Tunisia, pp. 1-137 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2021 (450) on page 45, DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090.450.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5413465

Shahi M, Jaberhashemi SA, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Akbari M, Rafinejad J. 2021. Faunistic study on scorpions and their health impact in Bashagard County, Hormozgan Province, Southern Iran. Nusantara Bioscience 13: 85-90. Scorpion sting is a major public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries, endangering thousands of lives annually. About 2300 scorpion sting cases including several deaths are reported from Hormozgan Province annually. This study aimed to determine the fauna of scorpions and epidemiological aspects of scorpion sting in one of the high-risk areas in this province. Scorpions were collected by diurnal searching and night catch using UV light during 2015-2016. Clinical and demographic data of scorpion sting were obtained from Hormozgan Health Center using the checklist of the Center for Disease Control (CDC) archive during the study period. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software. A total of 382 scorpions comprising of 9 species belonging to Buthidae (76%) and Hemiscorpiidae (24%) families were collected and identified as Mesobuthus phillipsi, Androctonus crassicauda, Hottentotta sistanensis, Compsobuthus persicus, Hemiscorpius acanthocercus, Orthochirus farzanpayi, H. acanthocercus, and Odontobuthos sp. The most abundant species in the study area was M. phillipsi. During 2015-2016, a total of 1221 scorpion sting cases including four deaths were recorded in Bashagard County, while most of the cases occurring during summer. The climate of the eastern regions of Hormozgan Province provides a suitable habitat for one of the deadliest genera of scorpions, i.e. Hemiscorpius. This genus is the main cause of death due to scorpion sting in these regions. It is thus necessary to design appropriate programs for the prevention and treatment of scorpion sting, including health education programs for both community members and healthcare personnel.