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This chapter is an excerpt from the Global Health Little Book Series, Volume 1, on Design & COVID-19 (ISBN: 978-1-86220-392-1). It is the output of a Conversation Session conducted during the Design Research Society (DRS) 2020 Conference, hosted by members of the Global Health Special Interest Group (SIG), and entitled "COVID-19: Reframing the Role of Design." "This Little Book tells you about how the design research community is tackling Covid-19 across different parts of the world. It explores how and why design is uniquely positioned to contribute to the global pandemic relief effort. The first volume in this series, the Little Book presents the Global Health Special Interest Group and what it stands for. It then presents, through eight case studies, different ways in which design research is addressing some of the challenges posed by Covid-19 to our individual lifestyles and society."

1. One of the main challenges faced by ecologists today is to understand and predict how species interactions will respond to the current environmental change. It is likely that these changes will have a stronger effect on phylogenetic lineages that depend on intimate and specialised ecological interactions, such as most herbivorous insects. 2. In this review, we highlight the aspects that we consider are fundamental for understanding how species interactions change over time. We start by reviewing terminology and conclude that commonly used terms have undesired connotations with regard to what we know about how hosts are acquired and lost over time. 3. Based on that, we suggest host repertoire as a better term to describe the use of multiple hosts than the host range or diet breadth, both of which fail to capture that host use is often non-contiguous and tend to emphasise the total number of hosts, while ignoring host identity. 4. Another important issue that we highlight is the differentiation between fundamental and realised host repertoires, where the latter is the set of hosts that are actually used in nature, whereas the first includes all hosts that can potentially be used by the species. We show that the characterisation of the fundamental host repertoire is key to understanding how insect-plant interactions will respond to the ecological opportunities instigated by environmental change.

The study of herbivorous insects underpins much of the theory that concerns the evolution of species interactions. In particular, Pieridae butterflies and their host plants have served as a model system for studying evolutionary arms races. To learn more about the coevolution of these two clades, we reconstructed ancestral ecological networks using stochastic mappings that were generated by a phylogenetic model of host-repertoire evolution. We then measured if, when, and how two ecologically important structural features of the ancestral networks (modularity and nestedness) evolved over time. Our study shows that as pierids gained new hosts and formed new modules, a subset of them retained or recolonised the ancestral host(s), preserving connectivity to the original modules. Together, host-range expansions and recolonisations promoted a phase transition in network structure. Our results demonstrate the power of combining network analysis with Bayesian inference of host-repertoire evolution to understand changes in complex species interactions over time.

This paper presents a case study conducted at ASMARE (Paper, Cardboard and Reusable Material Collectors Association), in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. ASMARE is a “scavengers” association that screens recyclable waste to sell it to recycling companies. The purpose of this study is to analyse the potential of the current practices of one sector of this organization, the Carpentry Factory, for sustainability. The Carpentry Factory enables workers to design and manufacture products from reused and recycled materials. This research demonstrated that fostering creative, design- and art-related capabilities can improve the results in terms of profitability and sustainability, adding value to the organization activities and outcomes, hence to the work of ASMARE members.

The aim of the study reported in this paper is to develop an understanding of official public health communication design on Covid-19 globally. As a new disease, the rapid rise in the sheer volume of new scientific information about Covid-19 surpasses human processing capabilities, impacting the public and policy makers, creating an ‘infodemic crisis’. Following a two-stage message/language framing and visual design analysis of crowdsourced official Covid-19 Public Health material we present findings from 46 countries, across five continents, and more in-depth analysis of 32 material from 17 countries. This is the first of its kind paper offering an analysis of the global situation on Covid-19 public health communication design; and six draft recommendations on how to effectively plan communication and frame messages that are compelling and actionable to the local audiences considering their social, cultural and economic circumstances.

COVID-19 threats have been impacting disadvantaged communities even harder. This paper looks into challenge areas and community responses to those in Brazilian informal settlements during the COVID-19 pandemic. These were identified through online roundtables with community members and representatives of NGOs in five Brazilian informal settlements. Our findings show how community members unconsciously design, deploying community-led (or diffuse) design capabilities to tackle COVID-19 challenges. These capabilities have been critical to coping with the immediate effects of the pandemic in communities. However, they are limited to short-term and reactive strategies. We argue that these natural problem-solving skills can be enhanced through a transition from diffuse to co-design capabilities to further harness community creativity towards better futures; extending community-led design capabilities into challenges and opportunity areas in a more strategic way for communities. This research contributes to filling the gap in design studies on how and to which extent communities unconsciously design.

Aim: Creating behavioral changes with regards to antimicrobial use will safeguard both existing and future treatments but calls for a radical overhaul of traditional antimicrobial resistance (AMR) research. Changing behavior requires engaging with people at a local level to understand their specific experiences and challenges. The Community Engagement (CE) method represents a potential solution that is being utilized by several AMR research groups. If we can synthesize learnings from these interventions, then we can develop a collective understanding of their scope tackle AMR across contexts. Methods: This presentation describes a synthesis of existing knowledge and experience. It is the work of a GCRF Challenge Cluster funded in 2020 to develop community-led solutions to AMR across the One Health context. We present a macro-level synthesis of group discussions and learnings embedded in recent literature. Results: CE interventions focus on human health impacts, and the demand-side drivers of AMR. Most strategies favour a mixed method approach generating research data, and community-owned, co-produced outputs. This can facilitate the development of locally specific and meaningful solutions to AMR. However, the specificity of mixed method approaches also present challenges for scaling, sustaining, and evaluating CE activities within the AMR sphere. Conclusions: CE can facilitate two-way knowledge exchange between research teams and communities which helps contextualise local AMR challenges, and supports the development of meaningful solutions. However, this does not yet extend to the broader One Health dimensions of AMR. We will discuss gaps in the AMR landscape which could benefit from CE interventions and suggest the barriers responsible for the lack of uptake so far.

The aim of the study reported in this paper is to develop an understanding of official public health communication design on Covid-19 globally. As a new disease, the rapid rise in the sheer volume of new scientific information about Covid-19 surpasses human processing capabilities, impacting the public and policy makers, creating an ‘infodemic crisis’. Following a two-stage message/language framing and visual design analysis of crowdsourced official Covid-19 Public Health material we present findings from 46 countries, across five continents, and more in-depth analysis of 32 material from 17 countries. This is the first of its kind paper offering an analysis of the global situation on Covid-19 public health communication design; and six draft recommendations on how to effectively plan communication and frame messages that are compelling and actionable to the local audiences considering their social, cultural and economic circumstances.

Reason for addendum: During the preparation of the original manuscript, a scientific work that dealt precisely with Polychaeta as environmental indicators in Patagonia was not considered. This being the first and only work regarding this subject, it was reasonable and necessary to incorporate this information., Razón de la adenda: En la elaboración del manuscrito original no se tuvo en cuenta un trabajo científico que trata precisamente de los poliquetos como indicadores ambientales en la Patagonia. Siendo este el primer y único trabajo sobre el tema, era justo y necesario incluir esta información.

Polychaetes (Annelida) are in intimate contact with the sediment where they live and the supernatant water. Environmental stress generates rapid responses in these organisms that are reflected in individuals and their populations, so they are used as biological indicators of disturbance and environmental quality. Polychaetes have been widely used in environmental monitoring and bioassays and many ecotoxicological studies are carried out with polychaetes. In almost all benthic habitats, these organisms play a very important role in the organization and structure of benthic communities and trophic webs. They are a fundamental item in invertebrates feeding and for migratory birds and fishes. Polychaetes are also economically important for the pharmaceutical industry, as concentrated food for cultured marine species (fish and crustaceans), in the medical field and in bioengineering, as well as to recreational (aquarium, bait) and of course for human consumption. Several of the existing environmental impact and quality indices are based on the tolerance/sensitivity characteristics of benthic organisms, and many of them are polychaetes. There are a few revision works of these organisms as indicators, but they are written in English. This work shows an upgrade referring to Latin America including an extensive literature review., Los poliquetos (Annelida) son organismos en íntimo contacto con el sedimento donde viven y el agua sobrenadante. El estrés ambiental genera rápidas respuestas en estos organismos que se refleja en los individuos y sus poblaciones, por lo que se utilizan como indicadores biológicos de disturbios y de calidad ambiental. Los poliquetos han sido ampliamente utilizados en monitoreo ambiental y en bioensayos, y muchos estudios ecotoxicológicos se realizan con poliquetos. En casi todos los hábitats bentónicos estos organismos juegan un papel muy importante en la organización y estructura de las comunidades bentónicas y redes tróficas. Son un ítem fundamental en la alimentación de otros invertebrados y de aves migratorias y peces. Los poliquetos también tienen importancia económica para la industria farmacéutica, y de alimentos concentrados para especies marinas de cultivo (peces y crustáceos), en el campo médico y en la bioingeniería, además de la recreativa (acuarofilia, carnada) y por supuesto para el consumo humano. Varios de los índices de impacto ambiental y calidad ambiental existentes se basan en las características de tolerancia/sensibilidad de los organismos bentónicos, y muchos de ellos son poliquetos. Existen unos pocos trabajos de revisión de estos organismos como indicadores, pero todos en idioma inglés. Este trabajo muestra una actualización de los datos referidos a Latinoamérica y el Caribe, e incluye una amplia revisión bibliográfica.

Background: Few studies have addressed the clinical parameters' predictive power related to caries lesion associated with their progression. This study assessed the predictive validity and proposed simplified models to predict short-term caries progression using clinical parameters related to caries lesion activity status. Methods: The occlusal surfaces of primary molars, presenting no frank cavitation, were examined according to the following clinical predictors: colour, luster, cavitation, texture, and clinical depth. After one year, children were re-evaluated using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System to assess caries lesion progression. Progression was set as the outcome to be predicted. Univariate multilevel Poisson models were fitted to test each of the independent variables (clinical features) as predictors of short-term caries progression. The multimodel inference was made based on the Akaike Information Criteria and C statistic. Afterwards, plausible interactions among some of the variables were tested in the models to evaluate the benefit of combining these variables when assessing caries lesions. Results: 205 children (750 surfaces) presented no frank cavitations at the baseline. After one year, 147 children were reassessed (70%). Finally, 128 children (733 surfaces) presented complete baseline data and had included primary teeth to be reassessed. Approximately 9% of the reassessed surfaces showed caries progression. Among the univariate models created with each one of these variables, the model containing the surface integrity as a predictor had the lowest AIC (364.5). Univariate predictive models tended to present better goodness-of-fit (AICs < 388) and discrimination (C:0.959–0.966) than those combining parameters (AIC:365–393, C:0.958–0.961). When only non-cavitated surfaces were considered, roughness compounded the model that better predicted the lesions' progression (AIC = 217.7, C:0.91). Conclusions: Univariate model fitte

Objective: To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the performance of different methods for detecting carious lesions in permanent and primary teeth, considering all types of tooth surface. Methods: Two reviewers searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus and other sources up to November 2020 to identify published and nonpublished studies in English. We focused on three caries detection methods: visual inspection (VI), radiographic (RX) and fluorescence-based (LF). We included studies investigating at least one of these methods which (a) assessed the accuracy of the method in detecting caries lesions; (b) considered occlusal, proximal or free smooth surfaces in primary or permanent teeth; (c) used a reference standard other than one of the three methods; and (d) reported data on sample size and accuracy. Multilevel analyses, meta-regressions and comparisons of bivariate summary receiver operating characteristics curves were undertaken. Results: Two hundred and forty manuscripts from 14 129 articles initially identified met the inclusion criteria. VI was better than RX on occlusal surfaces at all caries lesion thresholds and proximal surfaces of permanent teeth only at all lesion thresholds in laboratory setting. LF was slightly better than VI for advanced lesions on occlusal surfaces of permanent teeth in the clinical setting and for all lesions on proximal surfaces of permanent teeth in the laboratory setting. Still, LF was worse than VI for advanced occlusal lesions in permanent teeth in the laboratory setting. Although LF showed slightly better performance than VI with advanced lesions, the latter had significantly higher specificity than other methods in all settings. Conclusion: Visual caries detection alone is adequate for most patients in daily clinical practice regardless of tooth type or surface.