Search

Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) is the first pathogenic retrovirus discovered in human. Although HTLV-1-induced diseases are well characterized and linked to the encoded Tax-1 protein, there is currently no strategy to target Tax-1 functions with small molecules. Here, we report a comprehensive interaction map between Tax-1 and human PDZ domain-containing proteins (hPDZome), and we show that Tax-1 interacts with one-third of them. This includes proteins involved in cell cycle, cell-cell junction and cytoskeleton organization, as well as in membrane complexes assembly. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, we have determined the structural basis of the interaction between the C-terminal PDZ binding motif (PBM) of Tax-1, and the PDZ domains of DLG1 and syntenin-1. Finally, we have used molecular modeling and mammalian cell-based assays to demonstrate that Tax-1/PDZ-domain interactions are amenable to small-molecule inhibition. Thus, our work provides a framework for the design of targeted therapies for HTLV-1-induced diseases. HighlightsO_LIcomprehensive interactome map of HTLV-1 Tax / human PDZ proteins C_LIO_LIbasis of Tax-1 PBM binding to human DLG1 and syntenin-1 PDZ domains". C_LIO_LIsignificance of inhibiting Tax-1 functions C_LIO_LIof the Tax-1 / PDZ interface C_LI Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=105 SRC="FIGDIR/small/457680v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (26K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6ba754org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1b68124org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@d873c6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@98f7ae_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

In this scientific advisory report, which offers guidance to public health policy-makers, the Superior Health Council of Belgium provides recommendations on psychosocial care during the COVID-19 pandemic for children and young people.

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are the standard of care for non-resectable non-small-cell lung cancer and are under investigation for resectable disease. Some authors have reported difficulties during lung surgery following ICI treatment. This retrospective study investigated the perioperative outcomes of lung resection in patients with preoperative ICI. Methods: Patients with major lung resection after receiving ICIs were included as cases and were compared to patients who received preoperative chemotherapy without ICI. Surgical, clinical, and imaging data were collected. Results: A total of 25 patients were included in the ICI group, and 34 were included in the control group. The ICI patients received five (2–18) infusions of ICI (80% with pembrolizumab). Indications for surgery varied widely across groups (p &lt, 0.01). Major pathological response was achieved in 44% of ICI patients and 23.5% of the control group (p = 0.049). Surgery reports showed a higher rate of tissue fibrosis/inflammation in the ICI group (p &lt, 0.01), mostly in centrally located tumours (7/13, 53.8% vs. 3/11, 27.3% of distal tumours, p = 0.24), with no difference in operating time (p = 0.81) nor more conversions (p = 0.46) or perioperative complications (p = 0.94). There was no 90-day mortality. Disease-free survival was higher in the ICI group (HR = 0.30 (0.13–0.71), p = 0.02). Conclusions: This study further supports the safety and feasibility of lung resection in patients following preoperative treatment with ICI.

We report on fully quantum electronic-nuclear dynamics following sudden ionization from the neutral in the three lowest electronic states of the CH4+ and CD4+ cations. There is a strong Jahn-Teller effect in the Franck-Condon region and we employ two nuclear degrees of freedom that span the internal coordinates involved in the Jahn-Teller coupling. The initial state results from tunneling ionization by a strong IR field which coherently pumps the three lowest states of the cation, D0, D1 and D2. The quantum dynamical simulations show that a strong isotope effect occurs when the ionization accesses significantly the D2 state of the cation in the Franck-Condon region. The computed isotope effect is larger than expected on the basis of the effective mass ratio. The strong effect is due to fast oscillations of the electronic coherences between the D2 and the D1 and D0 electronic states and their modulation by the non adiabatic couplings before a significant onset of nuclear motion. The magnitude of the effect is similar to the one that we previously reported for a sudden photoionization process. A strong isotope effect has been observed in high harmonic spectroscopy studies of the very short time dynamics Jahn-Teller structural rearrangement of the methane cation upon sudden ionization.

Le livre Récits d’anciens métallos (Vierzon, 1996) consiste en la réédition commentée de trois entretiens réalisés par Laurent Aucher avec des ouvriers de la métallurgie vierzonnaise dans les années 1990, à l’occasion de son travail de DEA qu’il poursuivit en doctorat. Le cœur de l’ouvrage (chapitres 2 à 4, pages 35 à 102) se compose ainsi de la restitution de leurs propos. Ceux-ci ont été retravaillés dans une veine plus littéraire par la co-auteure Danielle Champion, selon des principes qu’...

Covid-19 has had a big impact on many aspects of our life, including mental health. Since the start of the pandemic, a whole body of Belgian research has been performed on the relation between covid-19 and mental health (care). The mental health & covid-19 working group of the superior health council lists these studies in order to provide advice to policy makers and the general public. The first advisory report focused on international literature on contagious outbreaks, since not many studies on covid-19 and, especially, not many Belgian studies were published yet. This advice can be found here: https://www.health.belgium.be/en/report-9589-mental-health-and-covid-19 As part of the work performed in the first advisory report, the Policy Coordination Working group has asked the Superior Health Council to list all Belgian studies investigating the relation between covid-19 and mental health and/or mental health care and to provide regular updates. The superior Health Council, therefore, started the project of the Belgian mental health data repository. This repository will consist of ongoing studies, preliminary results, accepted and published articles with a Belgian population. For each study, an overview will be given of the authors (including contact details), level of evidence and a short description of the study. The Belgian Mental Health Data Repository will allow for other researchers, policy makers, health care providers and the general public to have a better idea of and easier access to the mental health studies in Belgium. Additionally, more in-depth analyses across studies can be facilitated leading to better insights into the impact of covid-19 on mental health. An update of the living document will be published weekly. Below the Seventh version of the living document can be found.

International audience; NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-3 (OCO-3) was designed to support the quantification and monitoring of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. Its Snapshot Area Map (SAM) and target mode measurements provide an innovative dataset for carbon studies on sub-city scales. Unlike any other current space-based instrument, OCO-3 has the ability to scan large contiguous areas of emission hot spots like cities, power plants, and volcanoes. These measurements result in dense, fine-scale spatial maps of column averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (X CO 2). For the first time, we present and analyze X CO 2 distributions over the Los Angeles megacity (LA) derived from OCO-3 SAM and target mode observations. Urban X CO 2 enhancements range from 0 − 6 ppm (median enhancements ≃ 2 ppm) relative to a clean background and show excellent agreement with nearby ground-based TCCON measurements of X CO 2. OCO-3's dense observations reveal intra-urban variations of X CO 2 over the city that have never been observed from space before. The spatial variations are mainly driven by the complex fossil fuel emission patterns and meteorological conditions in the LA Basin and are in good agreement with those from co-located TROPOMI measurements of co-emitted NO 2. Differences between measured and simulated X CO 2 enhancements from two models (WRF-Chem and X-STILT) are typically below 1 ppm with larger differences for some sub regions. Both models capture the observed intra-urban X CO 2 gradients. Further, OCO-3's multi-swath measurements capture about three times as much of the city emissions compared to single-swath overpasses. OCO-3's frequent target and SAM mode observations will pave the way to constrain urban emissions at finer, sub-city scales.

Covid-19 has had a big impact on many aspects of our life, including mental health. Since the start of the pandemic, a whole body of Belgian research has been performed on the relation between covid-19 and mental health (care). The mental health & covid-19 working group of the superior health council lists these studies in order to provide advice to policy makers and the general public. The first advisory report focused on international literature on contagious outbreaks, since not many studies on covid-19 and, especially, not many Belgian studies were published yet. This advice can be found here: https://www.health.belgium.be/en/report-9589-mental-health-and-covid-19 As part of the work performed in the first advisory report, the Policy Coordination Working group has asked the Superior Health Council to list all Belgian studies investigating the relation between covid-19 and mental health and/or mental health care and to provide regular updates. The superior Health Council, therefore, started the project of the Belgian mental health data repository. This repository will consist of ongoing studies, preliminary results, accepted and published articles with a Belgian population. For each study, an overview will be given of the authors (including contact details), level of evidence and a short description of the study. The Belgian Mental Health Data Repository will allow for other researchers, policy makers, health care providers and the general public to have a better idea of and easier access to the mental health studies in Belgium. Additionally, more in-depth analyses across studies can be facilitated leading to better insights into the impact of covid-19 on mental health. An update of the living document will be published weekly. Below the Sixth version (update 5) of the living document can be found.

Resume Objectif Cet article presente la version francophone du questionnaire d’inspiration phenomenologique Identity and Eating Disorders (IDEA) (Stanghellini et al., 2012). La litterature d’inspiration phenomenologique met en evidence que les personnes souffrant d’anorexie mentale presentent des perturbations au niveau de l’incarnation et de l’intersubjectivite. Cette recherche evalue les experiences corporelles subjectives de participantes anorexiques grâce au concept du corps-pour-autrui propose par J.-P. Sartre (1943). Hypothese Les patientes anorexiques se definissent davantage a travers le regard des autres et tendent a moins ressentir leur corps de maniere sensorielle. Methode Soixante-sept patientes anorexiques et 246 participantes controles ont repondu a la version francophone, traduite par nos soins, du questionnaire IDentity and EAting disorders. Des tests non parametriques de Mann-Whitney pour echantillons independants ont ete effectues. Conclusion Les resultats statistiques confirment l’hypothese de recherche : les patientes anorexiques obtiennent des scores au questionnaire significativement superieurs a ceux des participantes controles. Ces resultats confirment des difficultes au niveau de l’incarnation et de l’intersubjectivite chez les sujets anorexiques et annoncent des perspectives de recherche importantes.

In the spring of 2016, France saw a major social movement, with strikes and demonstrations, and a new form of protest, the Nuit Debout. Following the Occupy Wall Street and Los Indignados models, open air assemblies started in Paris on March 31 and then spread throughout France and abroad. The dataset presented here provides the exhaustive list of Nuit Debout gatherings that took place in France in April 2016 and an estimation of their audience. The data was gathered by a small multidisciplinary team (geographers, historian and sociologist) who consulted three main sources: a wiki created by the Nuit Debout movement, Facebook pages and groups created by local assemblies, and the regional press. Combining these sources made it possible to identify 1300 assemblies that took place in 215 different locations. The dataset available online is provided with an R script that generates a dynamic map of the Nuit Debout diffusion.

We investigated the links between peritraumatic distress in children and in their parents following a potentially traumatic event, focusing specifically on the role that parents and family functioning can play in the development and maintenance of post-traumatic disorders in children. To this end, we examined a population of 41 children (aged 8 and above), and their parents, who had been admitted to the emergency room of a pediatric hospital due to an accident. The design included a two-step assessment: immediate reactions (in the hours following the event) and delayed reactions (5–8 weeks after the event). We used six questionnaires to assess reactions. The results indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between the intensity of the peri-traumatic distress of the parents and the level of post-traumatic symptoms observed later (5 to 8 weeks after the event) in the questionnaires administered to the children. Regarding educational practices, differences appear to be linked to maternal education practice and to the severity of child's symptomatology. Finally, a link has been established between changes within the family dynamic after a potentially traumatic event and the severity of child's posttraumatic symptoms. This study showed the extent to which the parents’ initial reactions can be decisive in the outcome for a child who has experienced a potentially traumatic event. The study highlights the importance of assessing parental responses as well as paying attention to the children when they arrive in a pediatric emergency room. The results are relevant for prevention and treatment of PTSD in children, as the integration of this parental dimension early on in the process may lead to improved identification of which young patients are at risk of developing post-traumatic symptomatology.

Covid-19 has had a big impact on many aspects of our life, including mental health. Since the start of the pandemic, a whole body of Belgian research has been performed on the relation between covid-19 and mental health (care). The mental health & covid-19 working group of the superior health council lists these studies in order to provide advice to policy makers and the general public. The first advisory report focused on international literature on contagious outbreaks, since not many studies on covid-19 and, especially, not many Belgian studies were published yet. This advice can be found here: https://www.health.belgium.be/en/report-9589-mental-health-and-covid-19 As part of the work performed in the first advisory report, the Policy Coordination Working group has asked the Superior Health Council to list all Belgian studies investigating the relation between covid-19 and mental health and/or mental health care and to provide regular updates. The superior Health Council, therefore, started the project of the Belgian mental health data repository. This repository will consist of ongoing studies, preliminary results, accepted and published articles with a Belgian population. For each study, an overview will be given of the authors (including contact details), level of evidence and a short description of the study. The Belgian Mental Health Data Repository will allow for other researchers, policy makers, health care providers and the general public to have a better idea of and easier access to the mental health studies in Belgium. Additionally, more in-depth analyses across studies can be facilitated leading to better insights into the impact of covid-19 on mental health. An update of the living document will be published weekly. Below the fourth update of the living document can be found.

Cet article traite d’une question simple : quels sont aujourd’hui en France les enseignements dispenses dans les licences de sociologie ? Pour y repondre, il s’appuie sur une cartographie des cursus, a partir d’une base de donnees ad hoc s’appuyant sur les ECTS (European Credit Teaching System). Les partis pris lies a la constitution de celle-ci sont explicites dans une premiere partie : comment identifier le plus exhaustivement possible les licences de sociologie existantes aujourd’hui en France ? Comment constituer une nomenclature permettant de classer les ECTS ? Cette demarche permet d’etablir plusieurs resultats, et en particulier des ordres de grandeurs des differents enseignements. Au moment de la recolte des donnees (2017), les licences de sociologies francaises s’articulent ainsi autour de trois grands blocs principaux : un tronc commun d’enseignement fondamental de la sociologie et de ses differents champs thematiques (environ 70 ECTS), couple a une forte ouverture disciplinaire (45 ECTS), et de cours methodologiques et « professionalisants » (60 ECTS). L’omnipresence de ces derniers est remarquable, actant l’orientation finalement tres « pratique » de ces cursus et la rupture avec la philosophie, ce qui renvoie conjointement a la dimension dorenavant tres empirique de la discipline et a l’injonction institutionnelle de « professionnaliser » les cursus universitaires. Cette articulation entre blocs varie entre les differentes licences, selon qu’elles mettent l’accent sur la theorie et la post-modernite, les inegalites sociales, les savoirs pratiques et professionalisants, ou tres interdisciplinaires. Par rapport aux cursus de sciences economiques ou aux licences de science politique, celles-ci se singularisent par une plus forte ouverture disciplinaire et a contrario une place moindre aux enseignements de methode. La sociologie et l’economie se rapprochent plus, meme si entre les deux la premiere se distingue par une ouverture interdisciplinaire superieure et une dimension technique et statistique beaucoup moins developpee, meme si les enseignements quantitatifs sont largement representes.

Cet article traite d’une question simple : quels sont aujourd’hui en France les enseignements dispensés dans les licences de sociologie ? Pour y répondre, il s’appuie sur une cartographie des cursus, à partir d’une base de données ad hoc s’appuyant sur les ECTS (European Credit Teaching System). Les partis pris liés à la constitution de celle-ci sont explicités dans une première partie : comment identifier le plus exhaustivement possible les licences de sociologie existantes aujourd’hui en France ? Comment constituer une nomenclature permettant de classer les ECTS ? Cette démarche permet d’établir plusieurs résultats, et en particulier des ordres de grandeurs des différents enseignements. Au moment de la récolte des données (2017), les licences de sociologies françaises s’articulent ainsi autour de trois grands blocs principaux : un tronc commun d’enseignement fondamental de la sociologie et de ses différents champs thématiques (environ 70 ECTS), couplé à une forte ouverture disciplinaire (45 ECTS), et de cours méthodologiques et « professionalisants » (60 ECTS). L’omniprésence de ces derniers est remarquable, actant l’orientation finalement très « pratique » de ces cursus et la rupture avec la philosophie, ce qui renvoie conjointement à la dimension dorénavant très empirique de la discipline et à l’injonction institutionnelle de « professionnaliser » les cursus universitaires. Cette articulation entre blocs varie entre les différentes licences, selon qu’elles mettent l’accent sur la théorie et la post-modernité, les inégalités sociales, les savoirs pratiques et professionalisants, ou très interdisciplinaires. Par rapport aux cursus de sciences économiques ou aux licences de science politique, celles-ci se singularisent par une plus forte ouverture disciplinaire et a contrario une place moindre aux enseignements de méthode. La sociologie et l’économie se rapprochent plus, même si entre les deux la première se distingue par une ouverture interdisciplinaire supérieure et une dimension technique et statistique beaucoup moins développée, même si les enseignements quantitatifs sont largement représentés. This article deals with a simple question: what are the courses offered in sociology licenses in France today? To do so, it relies on a course map, from an ad hoc database based on ECTS (European Credit Teaching System). Methodological choices are explained in the first part: how to identify as exhaustively as possible the licenses in sociology existing today in France? How to constitute a nomenclature allowing to classify the ECTS? This approach leads to several results and gives the orders of magnitude of the different courses. At the time of data collection (2017), the licenses in French sociology are structured around three main blocks: a common core of fundamental teaching of sociology and its different thematic fields (around 70 ECTS), coupled wich a strong disciplinary openness (45 ECTS), and methodological and "professionalizing" courses (60 ECTS). The omnipresence of the latter is remarkable, confirming the ultimately very "practical" orientation of these curricula and the distance with philosophy. This shows the very empirical dimension of the discipline and the institutional injunction to "professionalize" University courses. This articulation between blocks varies between the different licenses, depending on whether they focus on theory and post-modernity, social inequalities, practical and professional knowledge, or openness to other disciplines. Compared to economics courses or political science licenses, these latter stand out for their greater disciplinary openness and, conversely, a lesser place in method teaching. Sociology and economics are closer, even if between the two the first is distinguished by a higher interdisciplinary openness and a much less developed technical and statistical dimension, even if quantitative lessons are widely represented.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful technique for cross-sectioning imaging. However, the lateral resolution may be degraded by optical aberrations originating from the sample or the setup. We present an extensive quantitative study of the impact of aberrations in time-domain en-face full-field OCT (FFOCT). Using an adaptive optics loop integrated in an FFOCT setup, a deformable mirror is used to introduce low-order calibrated aberrations. The experimental analysis of both the line spread functions (SF) and the complex object images has allowed us to measure the loss in contrast and the impact on lateral spatial resolution. We demonstrate that the frequency content of FFOCT image spectra in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and cutoff frequency is degraded by aberrations but remains much higher than in conventional incoherent images. Line SF profiles in conventional imaging display widening, whereas in FFOCT they display oscillations, leading to the possible perception of preserved resolution. Nevertheless, for complex objects, the aberration image blurring is strong due to the convolution process by the point SF, resulting in a significant filtering of the image spatial spectrum.

The OCO-3 instrument was launched on May 4, 2019 from Kennedy Space Center to the International Space Station. Since August 2019, the instrument has taken measurements of reflected sunlight in three near-infrared bands from which column averaged dry-air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2) are derived. The instrument was specifically designed to measure anthropogenic emissions and its snapshot area map (SAM) and target (TG) observational modes allow to scan large contiguous areas (up to 80×80 km2) on a single overpass over emission hotspots like cities, power plants, or volcanoes. These measurements result in fine-scale spatial maps of XCO2 unlike what can be done with any other current space-based instrument. Here, we present and analyze XCO2 distributions over the Los Angeles (LA) megacity derived from multiple OCO-3 TG and SAM mode observations using the vEarly data product. We find that urban XCO2 values are elevated by 2-6 ppm relative to a clean background. The dense, high resolution OCO-3 observations reveal fine-scale, intra-urban variations of XCO2 over the LA megacity that have not been observed from space before. We further analyze the intra-urban characteristics and compare the XCO2 enhancements observed by OCO-3 with simulated values from two models that can resolve XCO2 variations across the city: an Eulerian (WRF-Chem) and a Lagrangian approach (X-STILT). We show that the observed variations are mainly driven by the complex and highly variable meteorological condition in the LA Basin. Median XCO2 differences between model and observation are typically below 1.3 ppm over the entirety of the LA megacity with slightly larger differences for some sub regions. Further, we find that OCO-3’s multi-swath measurements capture about three times as much of the city emissions compared to single-swath overpasses. In the future, these observations will help to better constrain urban emissions at finer spatiotemporal scales.

International audience; Objectives: In early pregnancies, miscarriages and inconclusive ultrasound scans considering location and viability are very common. In several previous studies, serum progesterone levels predicted viability of pregnancy and, in recent ones, failed Pregnancies of Unknown Location (PUL), completion of miscarriage and complications. Corpus luteum, secreting progesterone in early pregnancy, was less studied. Some publications showed correlations between corpus luteum aspects and diagnosis of miscarriage but it was not evaluated for other outcomes in early pregnancy, such as failed PUL, completion of miscarriage or complications. We aimed to assess if Doppler examination of corpus luteum could also predict all these outcomes: failed PUL, diagnosis and completion of miscarriages and complications.Study design: A single operator prospectively described and/or collected pictures of Doppler signal in the wall of the corpus luteum at most consultations in our early pregnancy unit and established a three-level score. All suspected or confirmed non-viable pregnancies with this score or/and serum progesterone levels were registered retrospectively. With logistic regressions, AIC/BIC, likelihood ratios, ROC curves, Mann-Whitney and Fisher exact tests, we evaluated the ability of the score, alone, to predict failed PUL, diagnosis and completion of miscarriages and the complications, and, combined, to improve previously published predictions.Results: From 277 included pregnancies, 186 (67.1 %) miscarried. Of these, 159/186 (85.5 %) fully evacuated without surgery: 114/186 (61.3 %) within 20 days after the first diagnosis and 45/186 (24.2 %) after more than 20 days. Twenty-seven patients (14.5 %) underwent surgical evacuation, including ten complications, five haemorrhages and five suspected infections. Logistic regression correlated strongly the corpus luteum score with failed PUL (p < 0.0001) and miscarriages (p < 0.0001). Moreover, rates of complications and swift non-surgical completions of miscarriage were respectively 0 % and 92 % with scores of 0, versus 6 % and 44 % with scores of 1, versus 16 % and 0 % with scores of 2. Combined with serum progesterone levels, this score improved most predictions. Adding parity or history of miscarriage in predictive models even increased these performances.Conclusions: Corpus luteum score, alone, can predict failed PUL, diagnosis and completion of miscarriages and their complications. Combining this score with other factors (mainly serum progesterone levels) improves most predictions.

The Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission with the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard has been measuring solar radiation backscattered by the Earth's atmosphere and its surface since its launch on 13 October 2017. Methane (CH4) and carbon monoxide (CO) data with a spatial resolution (initially 7 x 7 km2, upgraded to 5.5 x 7 km2 on 6th of August 2019) have been retrieved from shortwave infrared (SWIR) and near-infrared (NIR) measurements since the end of November 2017 and made available to the experts for early validation and quality checks before the official product release. In this paper, we present for the first time the S5P CH4 and CO validation results (covering a period from November 2017 to September 2020) using global Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) and Infrared Working Group of the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC-IRWG) network data, accounting for a priori alignment and smoothing uncertainties in the validation, and testing the sensitivity of validation results towards the application of advanced co-location criteria.We found that the required bias (systematic error) of 1.5 % and random error of 1 % for the S5P standard and bias-corrected methane data are met for measurements over land surfaces with pixels having quality assurance (QA) value > 0.5. The systematic difference between the S5P standard XCH4 and TCCON data is on average −0.69 ± 0.73 %. The systematic difference changes to a value of −0.25 ± 0.57 % for the S5P bias-corrected XCH4 data. We found a correlation of above 0.6 for most stations, which is mostly dominated by the seasonal cycle. The contributions of smoothing uncertainty at the individual stations are estimated and found to be dependent on the location. The highest contribution of the smoothing uncertainty is observed for mid-latitude TCCON stations and high latitude stations for NDACC. A seasonal dependency of the relative bias is seen. We observe a high bias during the springtime measurements at high SZA and a decreasing bias with increasing SZA for the rest of the year.We found that the required bias (systematic error) of 15 % and random error of < 10 % for the S5P carbon monoxide data are met in general for measurements over all surfaces with pixels having quality assurance value of > 0.5. There are a few stations where this is not the case, mostly due to co-location mismatches and the limited availability of co-located data. We compared the S5P XCO data with respect to standard TCCON XCO and unscaled TCCON XCO (without application of the empirical scaling factor) data sets. The systematic difference between the S5P XCO and the TCCON data is on average 9.14 ± 3.33 % (standard TCCON XCO data) and 2.36 ± 3.22 % (unscaled TCCON XCO data). We found that the systematic difference between the S5P CO column and NDACC CO column data (excluding two stations that were obvious outliers) is on average 6.44 ± 3.79 %. We found a correlation of above 0.9 for most TCCON and NDACC stations indicating that the temporal variations in CO column captured by the ground-based instruments are reproduced very similarly by the S5P CO column. The contribution of smoothing uncertainty at the individual stations is estimated and found to be significant. They are found to be dependent on the location with large changes seen for stations located in the Southern Hemisphere as compared to the Northern Hemisphere and at highly polluted stations. A cone co-location criterion, which gives a better match between the ground-based instrument's line-of-sight and satellite pixels, seems to give better results for high latitude stations and stations located close to emission sources. The validation results for the clear-sky and cloud cases of S5P pixels are comparable to the validation results including all pixels with quality assurance value of > 0.5. We observe that the relative bias increases with increasing SZA. We estimated this increase is about 10 % over the complete range of measurement SZAs.The study shows the high quality of S5P CH4 and CO data by validating the products against reference global TCCON and NDACC stations covering a wide range of latitudinal bands, atmospheric conditions, and surface conditions.

We report measurements of atmospheric C3H8 from analysis of ground-based, solar absorption spectra from the JPL MkIV interferometer. Using the strong Q-branch absorption feature at 2967 cm−1, we can measure C3H8 in locations where its abundance is enhanced by proximity to sources (e.g., large natural gas fields, mega-cities). A case study of MkIV C3H8 measurements from Ft. Sumner, New Mexico, show large variations that are strongly correlated with ethane (C2H6) amounts and with back-trajectories from SE New Mexico and West Texas, where the Permian Basin oil and natural gas field is located. Measurements from JPL, California, also show large C3H8 enhancements on certain days, but more correlated with CO than C2H6. From MKIV solar occultation measurements from balloon, C3H8 was not detected at any altitude in any flight.

We report measurements of atmospheric C3H8 from analysis of ground-based solar absorption spectra from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) MkIV interferometer. Using the strong Q-branch absorption feature at 2967 cm−1, we can measure C3H8 in locations where its abundance is enhanced by proximity to sources (e.g., large natural gas fields, megacities). A case study of MkIV C3H8 measurements from Fort Sumner, New Mexico, shows that amounts are strongly correlated with ethane (C2H6) and with back-trajectories from SE New Mexico and western Texas, where the Permian Basin oil and natural gas field is located. Measurements from JPL, California, also show large C3H8 enhancements on certain days but more correlated with CO than C2H6. From high-altitude balloon-borne MkIV solar occultation measurements, C3H8 was not detected at any altitude (5–40 km) in any of the 25 flights.