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Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 is an indigenous inhabitant of the olive ( Olea europaea L.) rhizosphere/root endosphere and an effective biocontrol agent against Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by the soil-borne fungus Verticillium dahliae. This study aimed to evaluate the potential involvement of selected phenotypes of strain PICF7 in root colonization ability and VWO biocontrol. Therefore, a random transposon-insertion mutant bank of P. simiae PICF7 was screened for the loss of phenotypes likely involved in rhizosphere/soil persistence (copper resistance), root colonization (biofilm formation) and plant growth promotion (phytase activity). Transposon insertions in genes putatively coding for the transcriptional regulator CusR or the chemotaxis protein CheV were found to affect copper resistance, whereas an insertion in fleQ gene putatively encoding a flagellar regulatory protein hampered the ability to form a biofilm. However, these mutants displayed the same antagonistic effect against V. dahliae as the parental strain. Remarkably, two mutants impaired in biofilm formation were never found inside olive roots, whereas their ability to colonize the root exterior and to control VWO remained unaffected. Endophytic colonization of olive roots was unaltered in mutants impaired in copper resistance and phytase production. Results demonstrated that the phenotypes studied were irrelevant for VWO biocontrol.

COVID-19 infection produces multiple clinical manifestations, among which headache has been frequently observed. We report the case of a 30-year-old patient with COVID-19 infection 2 months ago who consults at pain specialist for headache of moderate intensity, throbbing, with a sensation of hyperalgesia, burning and heat, a sensation of currents, in the parietal and occipital region bilateral, persistent, that does not improve with usual analgesics. After ruling out space-occupying lesions, neurovascular and rheumatological alterations; with a single significant history of viral infection, chronic craniofacial atypical headache was considered as a sequel to COVID-19. We invite the scientific community to continue etiological research in this area after the increasing appearance of post-COVID syndrome with extrapulmonary manifestations, such as neurological complications., La infección por COVID-19 produce múltiples manifestaciones clínicas, dentro de las cuales se ha observado con frecuencia la cefalea. Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 30 años con infección por COVID-19 hace 2 meses quien consulta a especialista de dolor por cefalea de intensidad moderada, pulsátil, con sensación de hiperalgesia, ardor y calor, corrientazos, en región parietal y occipital bilaterales, persistente que no mejora con analgésicos habituales. Tras descartarse lesiones ocupantes de espacio, alteraciones neurovasculares y reumatológicas; con antecedente de importancia infección viral se consideró cefalea atípica crónica cráneo–facial, como secuela del COVID-19. Se invita a la comunidad científica a continuar la investigación etiológica en esta área tras la creciente aparición de síndrome post COVID con manifestaciones extrapulmonares, como lo son las complicaciones neurológicas.

In their natural environment, plants live in close interaction with complex populations of microorganisms, including rhizobacteria species commonly referred to as ‘Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria’ (PGPR). A growing body of evidence demonstrates the importance of sugar transport in plant pathogen resistance and in plant-microorganism mutualistic symbioses. Using an in vitro experimental system, including the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana, two PGPR strains (Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 and Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN) and a non-PGPR strain (Escherichia coli), we conducted a comprehensive set of phenotypic and gene expression analyses to explore the role and regulation of sugar transporter genes in plant-PGPR interactions. In physical contact with the seedling roots, or solely via the emission of bacterial volatile compounds, the two PGPR strains tested improved the growth and development of the Arabidopsis seedlings and altered the expression of several plant sugar transporter genes. Our results also revealed both conserved and strain-specific transcriptional regulation mechanisms.

[Background] Olive orchards are threatened by a wide range of pathogens. Of these, Verticillium dahliae has been in the spotlight for its high incidence, the difficulty to control it and the few cultivars that has increased tolerance to the pathogen. Disease resistance not only depends on detection of pathogen invasion and induction of responses by the plant, but also on barriers to avoid the invasion and active resistance mechanisms constitutively expressed in the absence of the pathogen. In a previous work we found that two healthy non-infected plants from cultivars that differ in V. dahliae resistance such as ‘Frantoio’ (resistant) and ‘Picual’ (susceptible) had a different root morphology and gene expression pattern. In this work, we have addressed the issue of basal differences in the roots between Resistant and Susceptible cultivars., [Results] The gene expression pattern of roots from 29 olive cultivars with different degree of resistance/susceptibility to V. dahliae was analyzed by RNA-Seq. However, only the Highly Resistant and Extremely Susceptible cultivars showed significant differences in gene expression among various groups of cultivars. A set of 421 genes showing an inverse differential expression level between the Highly Resistant to Extremely Susceptible cultivars was found and analyzed. The main differences involved higher expression of a series of transcription factors and genes involved in processes of molecules importation to nucleus, plant defense genes and lower expression of root growth and development genes in Highly Resistant cultivars, while a reverse pattern in Moderately Susceptible and more pronounced in Extremely Susceptible cultivars were observed., [Conclusion] According to the different gene expression patterns, it seems that the roots of the Extremely Susceptible cultivars focus more on growth and development, while some other functions, such as defense against pathogens, have a higher expression level in roots of Highly Resistant cultivars. Therefore, it seems that there are constitutive differences in the roots between Resistant and Susceptible cultivars, and that susceptible roots seem to provide a more suitable environment for the pathogen than the resistant ones.

El hierro (Fe) es un micronutriente esencial para las plantas. En suelos calizos se encuentra en su forma oxidada (Fe 3+), presentando baja solubilidad y disponibilidad para las plantas. Bajo deficiencia de Fe, las plantas dicotiledóneas inducen diversas respuestas fisiológicas y morfológicas en sus raíces para facilitar así su captación y paliar los efectos que produce su deficiencia. Existen evidencias de que determinados microorganismos rizosféricos, como los que provocan la Respuesta Sistémica Inducida (ISR), pueden facilitar la nutrición férrica de las plantas. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido, por una parte, estudiar el efecto de la cepa no patogénica de Fusarium oxysporum (FO12), posiblemente inductora de ISR, sobre el crecimiento y clorosis de plantas de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.), y sobre la colonización de raíces de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.). Por otra parte, estudiar el efecto de determinadas levaduras (Debaryomyces hansenii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae y Hansenula polymorpha) sobre diversas respuestas a la deficiencia de Fe en plantas de pepino. Los experimentos con tomate se han desarrollado en suelo calizo y los de pepino en cultivo hidropónico. Los resultados obtenidos con FO12 han mostrado su capacidad para colonizar endofiticamente las raíces de pepino y su efecto promotor del crecimiento, la concentración de clorofila y de Fe (en hojas) en plantas de tomate. Las diferentes levaduras utilizadas han causado inducción de la capacidad reductora de Fe 3+, de la acidificación de la rizosfera, y de la proliferación de pelos radicales en la zona subapical de las raíces de pepino. Estos resultados sugieren que, tanto FO12 como las diferentes levaduras utilizadas, tienen potencial como biofertilizantes de Fe.

Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO), caused by the soil-borne pathogen Verticillium dahliae, is considered one of the most important diseases affecting this tree crop. One of the best VWO management measures is the use of tolerant cultivars. Remarkably, no information is available about olive functional traits and their potential relationship with tolerance to V. dahliae. Twenty-five selected functional traits (for leaf, stem, root and whole plant) were evaluated in six olive varieties differing in their VWO tolerance level to identify possible links between this phenotype and functional traits’ variation. High intervarietal diversity was found among cultivars and several functional traits were related with VWO tolerance. Tolerant varieties showed higher leaf area, dry matter content (leaf, stem and plant) and mass fraction for stems, but lower for leaves. Significant differences were also detected for root functional traits, tolerant cultivars displaying larger fine root diameter and lignin content but smaller specific length and area of thick and fine roots. Correlations were found among functional traits both within varieties and between levels of tolerance/susceptibility to VWO. Associations were observed between biomass allocation, dry matter content and VWO tolerance. The most relevant difference between tolerant and susceptible cultivars was related to root system architecture.

This study aimed to disentangle the structure, composition, and co-occurrence relation-ships of the banana (cv. Dwarf Cavendish) root endophytome comparing two phenological plant stages: mother plants and suckers. Moreover, a collection of culturable root endophytes (>1000) was also generated from Canary Islands. In vitro antagonism assays against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) races STR4 and TR4 enabled the identification and characterization of potential biocontrol agents (BCA). Eventually, three of them were selected and evaluated against Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) together with the well-known BCA Pseudomonas simiae PICF7 under controlled conditions. Culturable and non-culturable (high-throughput sequencing) approaches provided concordant information and showed low microbial diversity within the banana root en-dosphere. Pseudomonas appeared as the dominant genus and seemed to play an important role in the banana root endophytic microbiome according to co-occurrence networks. Fungal communities were dominated by the genera Ophioceras, Cyphellophora, Plecosphaerella, and Fusarium. Overall, significant differences were found between mother plants and suckers, suggesting that the phe-nological stage determines the recruitment and organization of the endophytic microbiome. While selected native banana endophytes showed clear antagonism against Foc strains, their biocontrol performance against FWB did not improve the outcome observed for a non-indigenous reference BCA (strain PICF7).

The connection between olive genetic responses to environmental and agro-climatic conditions and the composition, structure and functioning of host-associated, belowground microbiota has never been studied under the holobiont conceptual framework. Two groups of cultivars growing under the same environmental, pedological and agronomic conditions, and showing highest (AH) and lowest (AL) Actinophytocola relative abundances, were earlier identified. We aimed now to: i) compare the root transcriptome profiles of these two groups harboring significantly different relative abundances in the above-mentioned bacterial genus; ii) examine their rhizosphere and root-endosphere microbiota co-occurrence networks; and iii) connect the root host transcriptome pattern to the composition of the root microbial communities by correlation and co-occurrence network analyses. Significant differences in olive gene expression were found between the two groups. Co-occurrence networks of the root endosphere microbiota were clearly different as well. Pearson's correlation analysis enabled a first portray of the interaction occurring between the root host transcriptome and the endophytic community. To further identify keystone operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and genes, subsequent co-occurrence network analysis showed significant interactions between 32 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 19 OTUs. Overall, negative correlation was detected between all upregulated genes in the AH group and all OTUs except of Actinophytocola. While two groups of olive cultivars grown under the same conditions showed significantly different microbial profiles, the most remarkable finding was to unveil a strong correlation between these profiles and the differential gene expression pattern of each group. In conclusion, this study shows a holistic view of the plant-microbiome communication.

Reseña de la obra 'Las respuestas del Derecho a las crisis de salud pública' (2020) de Elena Atienza Macías y Juan Francisco Rodríguez Ayuso (dirs.).

La generalización del corso, de la esclavitud y de las conversiones al Islam hace que la literatura en la Edad Moderna experimente un renovado interés por los temas de moros y turcos, moda que también afectará a las relaciones de sucesos, que buscan informar, entretener y conmover a su público creando así una literatura popular y propagandística en el Estado Moderno. Esta literatura favorecerá el proceso de confesionalización en torno a un ideal político-religioso en el enfrentamiento entre la Monarquía Hispánica y sus enemigos musulmanes. En las relaciones de sucesos de la época se nos presentan todo tipo de conversiones, sin embargo, el objeto de este trabajo son las relaciones que versan sobre conversiones de personajes femeninos, puesto que la imagen de la mujer en las relaciones de sucesos ha sido poco estudiada. Las obras seleccionadas son once relaciones de sucesos, cuyas fechas de edición abarcan desde 1584 a 1761, aunque se desconoce el año de edición de dos de ellas. El corpus analizado se ha dividido en dos bloques diferenciados por el motivo de la conversión: el amor o un milagro

[Resumen] Introducción: el ejercicio físico en la etapa infantil y adolescente es fundamental para un correcto desarrollo físico en los más jóvenes. Dicha actividad ha provocado, en los últimos años, un incremento significativo de las lesiones en los niños. La lesión deportiva se ha definido como como todo accidente o disfunción física acaecido durante la práctica deportiva, o como consecuencia directa de ella. Objetivos: el objetivo principal de la propuesta de investigación es determinar la prevalencia y el tipo de lesiones deportivas en la extremidad inferior en jugadores de 10 a 18 años que practiquen fútbol federado en la comarca de “As Mariñas”. También se pretende valorar las variables asociadas a la presencia de lesión con el fin de conocer el perfil de riesgo de jugador predisponente a sufrir patologías en el miembro inferior. Metodología y análisis: se llevará a cabo un estudio descriptivo observacional transversal. Se desarrollará desde enero de 2021 hasta abril de 2022 en la comarca de “As Mariñas”, con un número total de 134 jugadores de fútbol. Se contabilizará la presencia de lesión deportiva como variable principal y demás variables clínicas, sociodemográficas y deportivas. Se utilizarán análisis bivariantes y multivariantes para determinar las variables asociadas con la presencia de lesión deportiva en los jugadores. Ética y difusión: este estudio será sometido a valoración del Comité de Ética de Investigación de Galicia y sus resultados serán difundidos en revistas nacionales e internacionales, y en jornadas y congresos científicos., [Resumo] Introducción: o exercicio físico na etapa infantil e adolescente é fundamental para un correcto desenvolvemento físico nos máis novos. Dita actividade provocou, nos últimos anos, un incremento significativo das lesións nos nenos. A lesión deportiva definiuse como todo accidente ou disfunción física ocurrida durante a práctica deportiva, ou como consecuencia directa dela. Obxectivo: o obxectivo principal da proposta de investigación é determinar a prevalencia e o tipo de lesións deportivas na extremidade inferior en xogadores de 10 a 18 anos que practiquen fútbol federado na comarca de “As Mariñas”. Tamén se pretenden valorar as variables asociadas á presencia de lesión co fin de coñecer o perfil de risco do xogador predispoñente a sufrir patoloxías no membro inferior, debido ás consecuencias que pode conlevar nun futuro. Metodoloxía e análisis: levarase a cabo un estudo descriptivo observacional transversal. Desenvolverase dende Xaneiro de 2021 ata Abril de 2022 na comarca de “As Mariñas”, cun número total de 134 xogadores. Contabilizarase a presenza de lesión deportiva como variable principal e demais variables clínicas, sociodemográficas e deportivas. Utilizaranse análisis bivariantes e multivariantes pra determinar as variables asociadas coa presenza de lesión deportiva nos xogadores. Ética e difusión: este estudo será sometido a valoración do Comité de Ética de Investigación de Galicia e os seus resultados serán difundidos en revistas nacionais e internacionais, e en xornadas e congresos científicos., [Abstract] Introduction: Physical exercise during childhood and adolescence is essential for the proper physical development of younger generations. However, physical activity may increase injuries among children. Sports injury is defined as any accident or physical dysfunction that occurs during sports practice, or as a direct consequence of it. Objective: the main objective of this protocol is to determine the prevalence and type of lower limb sports injuries among players aged 10 to 18 years who practice federated football in the region of "As Mariñas". Additionally, associations between injuries and sociodemographic factors will be explored in order to draw a risk profile of the player susceptible to suffer lower limb sports injuries. Methodology and analysis: a cross-sectional observational descriptive study will be carried out. It will take place from January 2021 to April 2022 in the "As Mariñas" region, and it will include a total sample of 134 young football players. The main variable of study will be the presence of lower limb sports injury. Additional clinical, sociodemographic and sports variables will be recorded. Bivariate and multivariate analyzes will be used to determine the variables associated with the presence of sports injury in football players. Ethics and dissemination: this study will be submitted to the Galician Research Ethics Committee for evaluation and its results will be disseminated in national and international journals, and in scientific conferences and meetings.

Plants and their associated microbial communities are continuously interacting. The consequences of this complex, multi-actor dialogue are of utmost relevance for the health and development of the plant holobiont. The plant-associated microbiota is a natural source of microorganisms with plant growth-promoting abilities, including biological control agents (BCA). Plant roots are the main entrance for soilborne phytopathogens, which are also components of the belowground plant-associated microbiota. Successful root colonization by BCA is thus key for effective biocontrol against these pathogens. Colonization and biocontrol are complex processes influenced by many (a)biotic factors. Upon colonization of the target niche, effective biocontrol is then the result of diverse modes of action that BCA may display, thereby eliminating pathogens’ propagules, reducing their number, or alleviating their deleterious effects. These mechanisms are not mutually exclusive and can operate either individually or in combination, varying in time and space. Inconsistencies usually observed in biocontrol effectiveness is a consequence of numerous (a)biotic and environmental factors affecting BCA performance. A more comprehensive knowledge of colonization processes and biocontrol modes of action of BCA, and that of the diverse factors influencing them, is now possible with the support of the currently-available -omics approaches. They will definitively offer a more holistic perspective that will help to overcome the lack of success sometimes observed when implementing biocontrol measures, particularly at the field scale.

It is well-known that different plant species, and even plant varieties, promote different assemblages of the microbial communities associated with them. Here, we investigate how microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) undergo changes within the influence of woody plants (two olive cultivars, one tolerant and another susceptible to the soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae, plus wild Holm oak) grown in the same soil but with different management (agricultural versus native). By the use of metabarcoding sequencing we determined that the native Holm oak trees rhizosphere bacterial communities were different from its bulk soil, with differences in some genera like Gp4, Gp6 and Solirubrobacter. Moreover, the agricultural management used in the olive orchard led to belowground microbiota differences with respect to the natural conditions both in bulk soils and rhizospheres. Indeed, Gemmatimonas and Fusarium were more abundant in olive orchard soils. However, agricultural management removed the differences in the microbial communities between the two olive cultivars, and these differences were minor respect to the olive bulk soil. According to our results, and at least under the agronomical conditions here examined, the composition and structure of the rhizospheric microbial communities do not seem to play a major role in olive tolerance to V. dahliae.

Verticillium (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) wilt is one of the most devastating diseases affecting olive (Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea) cultivation. Its effective control strongly relies on integrated management strategies. Olive cultivation systems are experiencing important changes (e.g., high-density orchards, etc.) aiming at improving productivity. The impact of these changes on soil biology and the incidence/severity of olive pests and diseases has not yet been sufficiently evaluated. A comprehensive understanding of the biology of the pathogen and its populations, the epidemiological factors contributing to exacerbating the disease, the underlying mechanisms of tolerance/resistance, and the involvement of the olive-associated microbiota in the tree’s health is needed. This knowledge will be instrumental to developing more effective control measures to confront the disease in regions where the pathogen is present, or to exclude it from V. dahliae-free areas. This review compiles the most recent advances achieved to understand the olive–V. dahliae interaction as well as measures to control the disease. Aspects such as the molecular basis of the host–pathogen interaction, the identification of new biocontrol agents, the implementation of “-omics” approaches to unravel the basis of disease tolerance, and the utilization of remote sensing technology for the early detection of pathogen attacks are highlighted.

[Background] Verticillium wilt of olive (VWO) is caused by the soilborne fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. One of the best VWO management measures is the use of tolerant/resistant olive cultivars. Knowledge on the olive-associated microbiome and its potential relationship with tolerance to biotic constraints is almost null. The aims of this work are (1) to describe the structure, functionality, and co-occurrence interactions of the belowground (root endosphere and rhizosphere) microbial communities of two olive cultivars qualified as tolerant (Frantoio) and susceptible (Picual) to VWO, and (2) to assess whether these communities contribute to their differential disease susceptibility level., [Results] Minor differences in alpha and beta diversities of root-associated microbiota were detected between olive cultivars regardless of whether they were inoculated or not with the defoliating pathotype of V. dahliae. Nevertheless, significant differences were found in taxonomic composition of non-inoculated plants’ communities, “Frantoio” showing a higher abundance of beneficial genera in contrast to “Picual” that exhibited major abundance of potential deleterious genera. Upon inoculation with V. dahliae, significant changes at taxonomic level were found mostly in Picual plants. Relevant topological alterations were observed in microbial communities’ co-occurrence interactions after inoculation, both at structural and functional level, and in the positive/negative edges ratio. In the root endosphere, Frantoio communities switched to highly connected and low modularized networks, while Picual communities showed a sharply different behavior. In the rhizosphere, V. dahliae only irrupted in the microbial networks of Picual plants., [Conclusions] The belowground microbial communities of the two olive cultivars are very similar and pathogen introduction did not provoke significant alterations in their structure and functionality. However, notable differences were found in their networks in response to the inoculation. This phenomenon was more evident in the root endosphere communities. Thus, a correlation between modifications in the microbial networks of this microhabitat and susceptibility/tolerance to a soilborne pathogen was found. Moreover, V. dahliae irruption in the Picual microbial networks suggests a stronger impact on the belowground microbial communities of this cultivar upon inoculation. Our results suggest that changes in the co-occurrence interactions may explain, at least partially, the differential VWO susceptibility of the tested olive cultivars.