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The on-orbit single-event upset (SEU) rate of nanodevices is closely related to the orbital parameters. In this paper, the on-orbit SEU rate (OOSR) induced by a heavy ion (HI), high-energy proton (HEP) and low-energy proton (LEP) for a 65 nm SRAM device is calculated by using the software SPACE RADIATION under different orbits based on the experimental data. The results indicate that the OOSR induced by the HI, HEP and LEP varies with the orbital parameters. In particular, the orbital height, inclination and shieling thickness are the key parameters that affect the contribution of the LEP to the total OOSR. Our results provide guidance for the selection of nanodevices on different orbits.

BackgroundEarly identification of frailty is crucial to prevent or reverse the syndrome but faces challenges due to frailty’s insidious onset. Monitoring behaviroal changes in real life may offer opportunities for early identifying frailty. Home-based technologies for assessing frailty have shown potentials. However, they are still in early stage of development with many types of technologies and behavioural and physical signs associated with frailty underexamined. This study presented a sensor-based system that used heterogeneous sensors and cloud technologies to monitor behavioural and physical signs of frailty from home settings. We aimed to validate the concurrent validity of the sensor system.MethodsThe sensor system consisted of motion, door, distance and mat sensors, a smart speaker, and a smart weight scale. The selection of these sensors was based on behavioural and physical signs found significantly associated with frailty. These signs included room-level physical activity, life space, sedentary behaviour, stair climbing, self-report exhaustion, and weight. Older adults’ voices were included in the system design. The sensor system prototype was tested in a simulated home lab environment with nine young, healthy participants. Cohen’s kappa and Bland-Altman Plot statistical methods evaluated the agreements between the sensor and ground truth measurements.ResultsExcellent concurrent validity was achieved for the smart speaker (100% agreement), the motion sensor (a kappa value of k=0.938), the door sensor (87.5% agreement, 100% if excluding outliers), the mat sensor (mean difference of -0.286, 95% limits of agreement) and the distance sensor (mean difference of 0.526, 95% limits of agreement). The smart weight scale and traditional weight scale had a significant difference in weight measurements. However, bivariate correlation showed a strong, positive correlation between the two measurements (r=0.942, n=24, p

In this study, "core-shell" gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been functionalised using a simple one-pot approach to form fucose-based glycoconjugate AuNPs (Fuc-AuNPs) and galactose-based glycoconjugate AuNPs (Gal-AuNPs), respectively. Owing to the selective carbohydrate-based recognition of the key virulence factors of P. aeruginosa, LecB (fucose-specific lectin)/LecA (galactose-specific lectin), Fuc-AuNPs and Gal-AuNPs-based imaging and therapeutic strategies were evaluated towards P. aeruginosa. Both Fuc-AuNPs and Gal-AuNPs were non-covalently loaded with the fluorophore dicyanomethylene 4H-pyran (DCM) to afford two highly selective fluorescence imaging agents for the visualisation of P. aeruginosa. The loading of Fuc-AuNPs and Gal-AuNPs with the known antibiotic Ceftazidime (CAZ) exhibited an enhanced therapeutic effect, illustrating the significance of this targeted drug delivery strategy. Exploiting the phototherapeutic properties of AuNPs, photoirradiation (600 nm) of Fuc-AuNP@CAZ/Gal-AuNP@CAZ provided both photothermal and photodynamic therapeutic (PTT/PDT) effects, which facilitated the release of CAZ. Fuc-AuNP@CAZ and Gal-AuNP@CAZ were shown to be effective photo/chemotherapeutics resulting in almost complete eradication of P. aeruginosa biofilms formed on clinically relevant surfaces (glass slides and steel surface).

Emerging evidence suggests that the coupling relating the structural connectivity (SC) of the brain to its functional connectivity (FC) exhibits remarkable changes during development, normal aging, and diseases. Although altered structural-functional connectivity couplings (SC-FC couplings) have been previously reported in schizophrenia patients, the alterations in SC-FC couplings of different illness stages of schizophrenia (SZ) remain largely unknown. In this study, we collected structural and resting-state functional MRI data from 73 normal controls (NCs), 61 first-episode (FeSZ) and 78 chronic (CSZ) schizophrenia patients. Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) scores were assessed for all patients. Structural and functional brain networks were constructed using gray matter volume (GMV) and resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) time series measurements. At the connectivity level, the CSZ patients showed significantly increased SC-FC coupling strength compared with the FeSZ patients. At the node strength level, significant decreased SC-FC coupling strength was observed in the FeSZ patients compared to that of the NCs, and the coupling strength was positively correlated with negative PANSS scores. These results demonstrated divergent alterations of SC-FC couplings in FeSZ and CSZ patients. Our findings provide new insight into the neuropathological mechanisms underlying the developmental course of SZ.

Dementia drastically impacts the quality of life (QOL) of both people living with dementia (PLwD) and their family caregivers. As dementia progresses and care needs escalate, the likelihood of institutionalization is increased, which is counter to the wishes of the majority of older adults and their family members. Dementia care apps can provide critical support and have the potential to improve the QOL of both PLwD and their family caregivers and reduce perceived caregivers’ burden. However, there is a lack of understanding of the needs of both PLwD and their family caregivers related to dementia care apps. There is also a gap in understanding the privacy concerns in relation to the apps among older adults with dementia and their caregivers. As such, the main aims of this systematic review are to understand the landscape of dementia mobile apps targeting PLwD and their caregivers with respect to the features of the apps, usability testing, and the privacy and security aspects of the app from the perspective of both app developers/researchers and the end users (PLwD and family caregivers who provide care of PLwD). Extensive databases, including ACM Digital Library, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Compendex, Embase, Inspec, Ovid MEDLINE(R) Daily, Proquest Dissertations and These Global, PsycINFO, and Scopus, have been searched. All searches are from the inception of the databases. All peer-reviewed studies and articles written in the English language are included. Two reviewers will independently screen and select the studies with the involvement of a third reviewer for disagreements. Data will be abstracted using a custom data extraction form that is made based on the research questions. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklists will be used to assess the study quality. As the first review of its kind, the findings from this review will provide valuable insights related to the needs of the dementia care apps for both PLwD and their family caregivers. The review will be relevant to health providers who are interested in using technologies to promote the independence of PLwD and reduce the stress experienced from caregivers of PLwD. The review will also serve as a guide to app developers and researchers to design usable and acceptable apps. In addition, the review will provide critical knowledge of the privacy and security features of the app to reveal the valid concerns from the end users and thus help with the uptake and adoption of the dementia care apps.

The aim of this study was to identify the changes of hematologic and immunological parameters in COVID-19 patients. We collected and analyzed the data of 117 patients who were laboratory confirmed as SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cases were divided into regular group, severe group and critically ill group according to the sixth edition scheme for COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment of China. The laboratory tests included blood routine, cellular and humoral immunity indices, biochemical detections and inflammatory biomarker. Compared with regular patients, severe and critically ill patients had significantly lower lymphocyte count (p

A phytochemical study of 80% ethanol extract from the aerial parts of

SUMMARYProtein isoforms generated by alternative splicing contribute to proteome diversity. Due to the lack of effective techniques, isoform-specific functions, expression, localization, and signaling mechanisms of endogenous proteinsin vivoare unknown for most genes. Here we report a genetic method, termedisoTarget, for blocking the expression of a targeted isoform without affecting the other isoforms and for conditional tagging the targeted isoform for multi-level analyses in select cells. ApplyingisoTargetto two mutually exclusive isoforms ofDrosophilaDscam, Dscam[TM1] and [TM2], we found that endogenous Dscam[TM1] is localized in dendrites while Dscam[TM2] is in both dendrites and axons. We demonstrate that the difference in subcellular localization between Dscam[TM1] and [TM2], rather than any difference in biochemical properties, leads to the two isoforms’ differential contributions to dendrite and axon development. Moreover, withisoTarget, we discovered that the subcellular enrichment of functional partners results in a DLK/Wallenda-Dscam[TM2]-Dock signaling cascade specifically in axons.isoTargetis an effective technique for studying how alternative splicing enhances proteome complexity.

The swelling behavior of expansive clays is widely investigated in the literature, while fewer studies were focused on their collapse behavior under high-stress level during wetting. This paper investigates the development of one-dimensional volumetric strain (e) (1) with time during soaking and (2) with gravimetric water content (w) during wetting over a wide range of initial densities (ρd) and vertical stress (σv) levels, for an expansive clay collected from Nanyang, China. It was found that (1) specimens with high ρd tend to swell during wetting or soaking under low σv. Swelling gradually transfers to collapse with increasing σv and decreasing ρd. The amount of swelling or collapse is sensitive to the σv and ρd; (2) collapse and swelling e–log(t) relationships during soaking are similar and have three distinct stages. They are well described by a unique model; (3) the speed of the volumetric change during soaking is only sensitive to the σv and ρd when the ρd is higher than a threshold value (1.5 Mg/m3 for the investigated clay); (4) during soaking, relationships between the final e, ρd, and log(σv) are linear and continuous from swelling to collapse and are described using a linear equation; and (5) the collapse and swelling e–w relationships during wetting have similar nonlinear characteristics. A simple model was proposed to predict all measured swelling and collapse e–w relationships under various σv and ρd levels using only one set of parameters. Experimental data and models presented in this study contribute to better understanding and predicting the volumetric behavior of expansive clays for the long-term stability and serviceability evaluation of geotechnical structures.

Background Scrub typhus is an acute febrile illness, which was caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi and transmitted through the bite of chiggers. The diagnosis of scrub typhus could be missed diagnosis due to the absence of the pathognomonic eschar. Case presentation A 76-year-old man was hospitalized with fever and kidney injury and was diagnosed of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome first. However, the situation of the illness deteriorated into refractory septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction rapidly,although the treatment of anti-sepsis was used in 3rd-5th day. Orientia tsutsugamushi was determined to be the causative pathogen by Next-generation sequencing of his plasma sample in 6th day. Then, the patient was treated with doxycycline and azithromycin and recovered quickly. Conclusions Next-generation sequencing was a new diagnostic technology and could identify scrub typhus in accurately and fast without the pathognomonic eschar.

To investigate the clinicopathological features, immunophenotype and treatment of primary testicular diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).We retrospectively analyzed the pathomorphological characteristics and immunohistochemical markers of 23 cases of primary testicular DLBCL as well as their clinicopathological features with a review of the relevant literature. The patients were aged 48－76 (mean 61.4) years, 82.6% over 50 years, and all clinically presented with painless progressive unilateral testicular swelling, 9 cases in the left and the other 14 in the right testis.Histologically, the lymphomas were composed of large atypical cells with prominent karyokinesis and diffusely infiltrated the testicular parenchyma. The neoplastic cells were positive for B-cell markers. Five of the patients were followed up for 2 to 32 months, of whom 4 survived and 1 died at 9 months.Primary testicular DLBCL is a rare tumor with an invasive biological behavior, mostly found in elderly males and easily misdiagnosed or missed in diagnosis. Histopathology plays a key role and immunohistochemical markers are of high value in the definite diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the tumor.

In order to reduce fuel cell material cost and promote its application, it is urgent to develop non-noble metal materials to replace platinum as the cathode catalysts in fuel cells. The cobalt sulfide and nitrogen co-doped carbon (S-Co-N/C) materials with metal-organic frameworks as precursors have shown good oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity. Benefiting from the protection of catalytic active sites by sulfur atoms, the stability and alcohol-tolerance of the S-Co-N/C catalyst can be significantly improved. In order to fully understand the effect of the sulfurization process on the properties of the material, zeolite imidazole frameworks (ZIF)-8, and ZIF-67 are used as precursors to prepare a novel material of S-Co-N/C by using a sulfurization-pyrolysis method. Another S-Co-N/C material by using a pyrolysis- sulfurization method is prepared for comparison. The effects of the sulfurization process in the preparation on the morphology, chemical structure, specific surface area, and ORR catalytic activity of the final material are investigated. The experimental results show that the surface of the S-Co-N/C material tends to be rough due to the sulfurization reaction of the metal elements. The porosity of the material is reduced to some extent due to the remaining Zn elements in the final product. Interestingly, some carbon nanotubes are found to be generated on the surface of the S-Co-N/C material because of the synergistic effect of Zn and Co on the carbon material during the pyrolysis process, which is beneficial to accelerate the adsorption of oxygen on the S-Co-N/C surface and the electron transportation during the oxygen reduction reaction. In addition, the generated CoS during the sulfurization process can further protect the Co elements from agglomeration, which can effectively increase the ORR catalytic active sites in the final material. The S-Co-N/C material prepared by the sulfurization-pyrolysis method performs a superior ORR catalytic activity to the one synthesized by the pyrolysis-sulfurization method.

Nowadays, integrated joint modules are increasingly adopted in manipulators for their advantages of high integration, miniaturization and high repeatability positioning accuracy. The problem of generally low absolute positioning accuracy (namely angle measurement accuracy) must be solved before they can be introduced into the self-driven articulated arm coordinate measuring machine which is under study in our laboratory. In this study, the sources of joint module&rsquo, s angle error were analyzed and the error model based on harmonic analysis was established. Two integrated joint modules were calibrated on the self-designed calibration platform and the model parameters were deduced, respectively. The angle error was then compensated in the experiments and the results demonstrated that the angle error of the joint modules was reduced by 82.03% on average. The established angle error model can be effectively applied into the self-driven articulated arm coordinated measuring machine.

As a result of rapid urbanization and urban sprawl, natural ecosystems are shrinking or are fragmented, affecting people’s health and quality of life. Modern people prefer to live in large cities rather than rural areas because of greater convenience and more comfortable living conditions. As a consequence, people are suffering from many psycho-physiological health problems and have a longing for natural environments to escape the concrete jungle. Forest therapy has emerged as a preventive and alternative therapy to cope with stress and enhance people’s health and wellbeing as a result of spending time in a green and healthy environment. Here, we review the activities related to forest therapy in China and discuss the commonalities and differences between the forest therapy types. Furthermore, we summarize the current achievements of forest therapy in basic research and the development of the forest therapy industry. We also describe the challenges that forest therapy has been facing. Finally, we provide suggestions for further development in research and industry.

Cu/Al bimetallic composites were fabricated by compound casting where aluminum melts were cast on Ni-coated Cu substrates. Effects of the melt-to-solid volume ratio (VR) and the pouring temperature on interfacial microstructures and mechanical properties of Cu/Al bimetals were investigated systematically. Results show that a continuous and compact interface can be formed when the pouring temperature exceeds 953 K (680 °C). When the VR or pouring temperature increases, the solidification time of α(Al) increases, resulting in an increase in the dissolution content of Cu substrate. The transition zone consists of α(Al) + Al2Cu eutectic layer and intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layer, and the IMCs are identified as Al2Cu, AlCu, and Al4Cu9. Ni coating participates in the formation of AlCuNi phase between the Al2Cu layer and AlCu layer when the pouring temperature is 973 K (700 °C). The presence/absence of Ni-containing phase has a close relationship with the dissolution of the Cu substrate. Shear-strength tests show that shear fracture mainly occurs at the hard brittle IMCs layer, and the highest shear strength of 36.01 MPa is obtained for the samples fabricated at 993 K + VR 49.24 (720 °C + VR 49.24).

In this paper, we empirically investigate the impact of informal institutions on local public investment in rural China. We find that lineage groups have a significant effect on local public investment (per capita investment in irrigation, schools, roads, etc.): One clan is good for local public goods investment, while two or more clans in a village have a negative effect. The effect is increasing with the coverage of the largest clan. The evidence on religious groups is mixed.

To analyze the height, weight and BMI of children and adolescents aged 6-17 in different sex, age and area in Henan Province from 2010 to2013.Based on the monitoring of nutrition and health status of Chinese residents conducted in 9 urban and rural monitoring points in Henan Province from October 2010 to December 2013, 3221 aged 6-17 children and adolescents were selected by multi-stage stratification and population proportional random sampling method, including 1660 male students and 1561 female students; 420 in large cities, 628 in small and medium-sized cities, 1460 in rural areas, and 713 in poor rural areas. Family members basic information questionnaires were used to collect basic information, measured height, weight to obtain data, after weighted to analyze the height, weight, body mass index(BMI), stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity.In 2010-2013, the development of children and adolescents aged 6-17 in Henan Province were in line with the general principles. The height and weight development of urban students were generally better than those of rural students. The difference between urban and rural areas had been narrowed in BMI. The overall malnutrition rate in the province was 6. 89%. A total of 89 children and adolescents had stunting with a stunting rate of 2. 76%. In addition to stunting, there were 59 moderate-serve wasting(1. 83%) and 74 mild wasting(2. 30%). The malnutrition of rural students was more serious than that of cities. The overweight and obesity rates of children and adolescents in big cities, small and mediumsized cities, ordinary rural areas and poor rural areas were 10. 0%, 9. 69%, 5. 47%, 4. 56%, and 9. 02%, 9. 34%, 3. 40% and 4. 10%, respectively. The overweight and obese were more serious in urban than rural areas. Especially the obesity was epidemic in low-age primary school students.In view of the double burden coexists in stunting, wasting, overweight and obesity of children and adolescents in Henan Province, and meanwhile, the feature that malnutrition in rural students more serious, overweight and obese in urban students more critical, scientific and effective preventive measures should be carried out in time to ensure the healthy growth of children and adolescents, especially more attention on lower grade children in primary school.

The relationship between the as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of the Al-12Si-3.5Cu-2Ni-0.8Mg alloys produced by permanent mold casting (PMC) and high pressure die casting (HPDC) is investigated. The alloys in both PMC and HPDC consist of Al, Si, Al 5 Cu 2 Mg 8 Si 6 , Al 3 CuNi, and Al 7 Cu 4 Ni phase. However, the microstructure of the HPDC alloy is significantly refined. Compared to the PMC alloy, the ultimate tensile strength of the HPDC alloy is significantly increased from 244 MPa to 310 MPa, while the elongation shows a reverse trend at room temperature. At low stress and temperature range, slight variations of stress exponent and activation energy indicate that the minimum creep rate is controlled by the grain boundary creep. Then the minimum creep rate is higher for the specimen with the smaller grain size, where grain boundary creep is the dominant creep mechanism. At high stress region, the stress exponent for the PMC alloy and HPDC alloy is 5.18 and 3.07, respectively. The different stress exponents and activation energies measured at high stress and high temperature range indicates that the creep mechanism varies with the casting technologies.

The 6T SRAM cell with fast access speed and silicon–oxide–nitride–oxide–Silicon (SONOS) cell with nonvolatility in a 130-nm commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) nonvolatile SRAM (NVSRAM) is exposed to heavy ion irradiation under different test conditions. In 6T SRAM mode, the influence of linear energy transfer (LET), supply voltage, ambient temperature, and periphery circuits on single-event effects (SEE) is studied and analyzed. The anomaly of multiple upsets proportion with increasing the LET value may be ascribed to the difference of ion track structure. The observed nonmonotonic relationship between the upset cross section and supply voltage can be explained by a competing mechanism of critical charge and collected charge in a sensitive node. In SONOS nonvolatile mode, the upset threshold of 60.9 MeV/(mg/cm2) and two types of errors are observed. The recoverable upset error may be caused by ion-induced discharge of nonvolatile cell and the hard error that can be annealed to vanish in room temperature probably results from the ion-induced charge trapping in oxide. The above results show that the 6T SRAM cell in this NVSRAM is vulnerable to SEE, whereas the SONOS nonvolatile cell is quite resistant. Based on the prediction of space upset rate, the potential applications and issues of this COTS NVSRAM and deep sub-micrometer SONOS process in space component are discussed.

Despite the intense concentration on lithium-based batteries, safety, ease of construction and cost continue to drive the search for alternatives that do not suffer from such restrictions. We present here preliminary work on the development of thin film Mg2+ conducting electrolytes as the key starting point for the development of all-solid-state Mg batteries. Initial studies explored compositions in the Mg0.5CexZr2-x(PO4)3 (x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) system first as pellets and with somewhat optimized compositions (with x = 0.2) as thin films. Introduction of Ce allows sintering to full density at temperatures where Ce free films do not densify completely. The work reported here relies on the synthesis of nanopowders (NPs) using liquid-feed flame spray pyrolysis that offers the potential to reduce processing conditions, to control final average grain sizes (AGSs) and provide single-phase materials with good to excellent mechanical properties. The pellets and then thin (≤50 μm) films produced here show conductivities of up to 3 × 10−3 mS cm-1 at ≈ 300 °C, which if extrapolated (using an Ea of ≈30) to 400 °C would be close to 10−2 mS cm−1 in keeping with the best reported values in the literature. The thin films reported here offer nearly full densities beyond what is currently achievable by any other method. The ionic area specific resistance (IASR) values for these thin films were found to be 1400 Ω cm2 at 300 °C and are estimated to drop to 110 Ω cm2 at 400 °C, significantly lower than values for pellets reported elsewhere.

Agitation and aggression are among the most challenging symptoms of dementia. Agitated persons with dementia can harm themselves, their caregivers, or other patients in a care facility. Automatic detection of agitation would be useful to alert caregivers so that appropriate interventions can be performed. The building blocks in the automatic detection of agitation and aggression are appropriate sensing platforms and generalized predictive models. In this article, we perform a systematic review of studies that use different types of sensors to detect agitation and aggression in persons with dementia. We conclude that actigraphy shows some evidence of correlation with incidences of agitation and aggression; however, multimodal sensing has not been fully evaluated for this purpose. Based on this systematic review, we provide guidelines and recommendations for future research directions in this field.

Using the heavy ions provided by the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou (HIRFL), the annealing of heavy-ion induced floating gate (FG) errors in 34 nm and 25 nm NAND Flash memories has been studied. The single event upset (SEU) cross section of FG and the evolution of the errors after irradiation depending on the ion linear energy transfer (LET) values, data pattern and feature size of the device are presented. Different rates of annealing for different ion LET and different pattern are observed in 34 nm and 25 nm memories. The variation of the percentage of different error patterns in 34 nm and 25 nm memories with annealing time shows that the annealing of FG errors induced by heavy-ion in memories will mainly take place in the cells directly hit under low LET ion exposure and other cells affected by heavy ions when the ion LET is higher. The influence of Multiple Cell Upsets (MCUs) on the annealing of FG errors is analyzed. MCUs with high error multiplicity which account for the majority of the errors can induce a large percentage of annealed errors.

In this paper, we empirically study the impact of gender identity on the wife's labor supply in China where a high female employment rate and a large population that has a traditional gender identity coexist. We find that the wife's gender identity affects her labor force participation for all cohorts, and the wife's gender identity affects earnings only for rural cohorts. The impact of gender identity varies among generational, regional, and educational cohorts. Husbands still guide their wives, i.e., a husband's gender identity affects his wife's labor force participation and earnings.

The Al-8Ce-3Y high pressure die-casting alloy was investigated through characterization and first-principles simulation. The alloy shows excellent comprehensive mechanical properties among Al-Ce system alloys. Also it owns a tensile strength of 87 MPa at 350 °C after 200 h holding, which is much superior than Mahle piston Al alloys. Mechanical improvement is attributed to formation submicron Al4(Ce,Y) fiber with Y addition uniformly distributed. Al4(Ce,Y) phase is stable considering formation energy and mixing enthalpy. This study provides superior mechanical performance of Al-Ce alloy to alleviate the low strength at both room and high temperatures.

Cu/Al bimetal was fabricated successfully by compound casting at different cooling rates in the range from 0.8 K/s to 1.83 K/s (0.8 °C/s to 1.83 °C/s). Interfacial cooling curve, microstructure evolution, bonding strength, and interfacial formation mechanism of Cu/Al bimetal were investigated simultaneously. Results show that the transition zone consists of the intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and the remelting zone. The IMCs are identified as Al4Cu9, AlCu, and Al2Cu, types of which are not affected by the cooling rate. The cooling rate primarily influences the thickness of IMCs, the microstructure of the remelting zone, and the morphology of the remelting zone/Al interface. The Cu/Al bimetal produced at the cooling rate of 1.02 K/s (1.02 °C/s) has relatively higher bonding strength than those at the cooling rates of 0.8 K/s and 1.83 K/s (0.8 °C/s and 1.83 °C/s). Shear fracture primarily occurs on the hard brittle IMCs rather than on the remelting zone. Based on the cooling curve and diffusion analysis, a new bonding mechanism of Cu/Al bimetal is proposed.

Introduction Maintaining an active lifestyle and participating in social activities are key components of healthy ageing. These components rely on the individuals’ ability to remain mobile out of home. The global positioning system (GPS) is increasingly used to assess outdoor mobility of older adults. However, there is a gap in establishing a framework that recognizes the differences between mobility patterns of cognitively intact older adults and older adults with dementia (OAwD). We propose a set of GPS-derived metrics to identify these differences, which can be used to evaluate changes in mobility patterns of OAwD over time. Methods We analyzed the mobility profiles of 15 older adults from the greater Toronto area using GPS technology. Participants were aged between 65 and 90 years (M=74.9, SD=7.05) and were either cognitively healthy (n = 8) or diagnosed with dementia (n = 7). First, we created GPS-based features representing different dimensions of outdoor mobility. These features include (1) the typical distance covered by individuals, (2) randomness of the travel patterns, (3) the spatial variation of the GPS locations, (4) the number of distinct stops visited per day, (5) the number of daily trips away from home, (6) the score of three levels of outdoor life-space, and (7) the maximum distance travelled from home. Then, we used Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) with Random Forest (RF) to select the most important mobility features with respect to cognitive status. Results A total of 55,580 GPS points were collected by the 15 unique participants over a period of 4 to 8 weeks. The RFE method indicated that features (1), (2), (3), and (5) had the strongest association with cognitive status. Our results suggested that OAwD displayed more predictability (i.e. smaller randomness) in travel patterns compared to the controls (OAwD: M=4.82, SD=0.57 vs. CTL:M=5.62, SD=0.71). Furthermore, the OAwD made fewer daily out-of-home trips compared to the controls (OAwD: M=1.06, SD=0.79 vs. CTL: M=1.65, SD=0.45), and covered smaller distances compared to the controls (OAwD: M=12.27, SD=11.73 km vs. CTL: M=15.78, SD=24.31 km). Conclusions The proposed set of GPS-based features identified the differences between mobility patterns of cognitively intact older adults and OAwD. Funding Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging