Author: "Bernard Thorens" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

313 results on '"Bernard Thorens"'

201. Glucagon-like peptide-1 protects beta-cells against apoptosis by increasing the activity of an IGF-2/IGF-1 receptor autocrine loop

Author: Jiang-Yan Yang, Bernard Thorens, Marion Cornu, Christian Widmann, Carine Poussin, and Evrim Jaccard
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Programmed cell death, endocrine system, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Receptor expression, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Apoptosis, Biology, Receptor, IGF Type 2, Receptor, IGF Type 1, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Internal medicine, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Insulin Secretion, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, Insulin, Receptor, Autocrine signalling, 030304 developmental biology, Mice, Knockout, 0303 health sciences, Cell biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Insulin receptor, Endocrinology, Gene Expression Regulation, Islet Studies, Insulin-like growth factor 2, Interleukin-21 receptor, biology.protein, Original Article
Abstract: OBJECTIVE The gluco-incretin hormones glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) protect β-cells against cytokine-induced apoptosis. Their action is initiated by binding to specific receptors that activate the cAMP signaling pathway, but the downstream events are not fully elucidated. Here we searched for mechanisms that may underlie this protective effect. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We performed comparative transcriptomic analysis of islets from control and GipR−/−;Glp-1-R−/− mice, which have increased sensitivity to cytokine-induced apoptosis. We found that IGF-1 receptor expression was markedly reduced in the mutant islets. Because the IGF-1 receptor signaling pathway is known for its antiapoptotic effect, we explored the relationship between gluco-incretin action, IGF-1 receptor expression and signaling, and apoptosis. RESULTS We found that GLP-1 robustly stimulated IGF-1 receptor expression and Akt phosphorylation and that increased Akt phosphorylation was dependent on IGF-1 but not insulin receptor expression. We demonstrated that GLP-1–induced Akt phosphorylation required active secretion, indicating the presence of an autocrine activation mechanism; we showed that activation of IGF-1 receptor signaling was dependent on the secretion of IGF-2. We demonstrated, both in MIN6 cell line and primary β-cells, that reducing IGF-1 receptor or IGF-2 expression or neutralizing secreted IGF-2 suppressed GLP-1–induced protection against apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS An IGF-2/IGF-1 receptor autocrine loop operates in β-cells. GLP-1 increases its activity by augmenting IGF-1 receptor expression and by stimulating secretion; this mechanism is required for GLP-1–induced protection against apoptosis. These findings may lead to novel ways of preventing β-cell loss in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
Published: 2009

202. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and its receptor (GIPR): cellular localization, lesion-affected expression, and impaired regenerative axonal growth

Author: Bernard Thorens, Frank Bosse, Hans Werner Müller, Marcia Gasis, and Bettina Alexandra Buhren
Subjects: Male, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Sensory Receptor Cells, Growth Cones, Schwann cell, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Biology, Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Paracrine signalling, Mice, Internal medicine, Ganglia, Spinal, medicine, Animals, RNA, Messenger, Rats, Wistar, Autocrine signalling, Receptor, Cellular localization, Mice, Knockout, Cell Membrane, Nerve injury, Immunohistochemistry, Sciatic Nerve, Nerve Regeneration, Rats, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Gene Expression Regulation, Spinal Cord, Sciatic nerve, Schwann Cells, medicine.symptom, Signal transduction, Sciatic Neuropathy, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists
Abstract: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) was initially described to be rapidly regulated by endocrine cells in response to nutrient ingestion, with stimulatory effects on insulin synthesis and release. Previously, we demonstrated a significant up-regulation of GIP mRNA in the rat subiculum after fornix injury. To gain more insight into the lesion-induced expression of GIP and its receptor (GIPR), expression profiles of the mRNAs were studied after rat sciatic nerve crush injury in 1) affected lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG), 2) spinal cord segments, and 3) proximal and distal nerve fragments by means of quantitative RT-PCR. Our results clearly identified lesion-induced as well as tissue type-specific mRNA regulation of GIP and its receptor. Furthermore, comprehensive immunohistochemical stainings not only confirmed and exceeded the previous observation of neuronal GIP expression but also revealed corresponding GIPR expression, implying putative modulatory functions of GIP/GIPR signaling in adult neurons. In complement, we also observed expression of GIP and its receptor in myelinating Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes. Polarized localization of GIPR in the abaxonal Schwann cell membranes, plasma membrane-associated GIPR expression of satellite cells, and ependymal GIPR expression strongly suggests complex cell type-specific functions of GIP and GIPR in the adult nervous system that are presumably mediated by autocrine and paracrine interactions, respectively. Notably, in vivo analyses with GIPR-deficient mice suggest a critical role of GIP/GIPR signal transduction in promoting spontaneous recovery after nerve crush, insofar as traumatic injury of GIPR-deficient mouse sciatic nerve revealed impaired axonal regeneration compared with wild-type mice. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Published: 2009

203. Glucose sensing and the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes

Author: Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Blood Glucose, medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Medicine (miscellaneous), Glucagon, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Adipocyte, Internal medicine, medicine, Glucose homeostasis, Animals, Insulin, Obesity, Pancreas, Nutrition and Dietetics, Glycogen, Adiponectin, Chemistry, Appetite Regulation, Fatty Acids, Brain, Lipid metabolism, Rats, Portal System, Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Homeostasis
Abstract: The control of body weight and of blood glucose concentrations depends on the exquisite coordination of the function of several organs and tissues, in particular the liver, muscle and fat. These organs and tissues have major roles in the use and storage of nutrients in the form of glycogen or triglycerides and in the release of glucose or free fatty acids into the blood, in periods of metabolic needs. These mechanisms are tightly regulated by hormonal and nervous signals, which are generated by specialized cells that detect variations in blood glucose or lipid concentrations. The hormones insulin and glucagon not only regulate glycemic levels through their action on these organs and the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system, which are activated by glucose or lipid sensors, but also modulate pancreatic hormone secretion and liver, muscle and fat glucose and lipid metabolism. Other signaling molecules, such as the adipocyte hormones leptin and adiponectin, have circulating plasma concentrations that reflect the level of fat stored in adipocytes. These signals are integrated at the level of the hypothalamus by the melanocortin pathway, which produces orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides to control feeding behavior, energy expenditure and glucose homeostasis. Work from several laboratories, including ours, has explored the physiological role of glucose as a signal that regulates these homeostatic processes and has tested the hypothesis that the mechanism of glucose sensing that controls insulin secretion by the pancreatic beta-cells is also used by other cell types. I discuss here evidence for these mechanisms, how they integrate signals from other nutrients such as lipids and how their deregulation may initiate metabolic diseases.
Published: 2008

204. PVHL is a regulator of glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells

Author: Jens Zehetner, Juris Galvanovskis, Frances M. Ashcroft, Pia Ballschmieter, Katrin Eckhardt, Stephan C. Collins, Philipp A. Gerber, Patrik Rorsman, Bernard Thorens, Kenju Shimomura, Carsten Friedrich Danzer, and Wilhelm Krek
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunoblotting, Carbohydrate metabolism, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Mice, Internal medicine, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Insulin Secretion, Genetics, medicine, Glucose homeostasis, Animals, Insulin, Glycolysis, Secretion, Fluorometry, Cells, Cultured, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Glucose tolerance test, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, Metabolism, Glucose Tolerance Test, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit, Immunohistochemistry, Mice, Mutant Strains, Electrophysiology, Insulin receptor, Endocrinology, Von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor Protein, biology.protein, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Developmental Biology, Research Paper
Abstract: Insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells is stimulated by glucose metabolism. However, the relative importance of metabolizing glucose via mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation versus glycolysis for insulin secretion remains unclear. von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor protein, pVHL, negatively regulates hypoxia-inducible factor HIF1α, a transcription factor implicated in promoting a glycolytic form of metabolism. Here we report a central role for the pVHL–HIF1α pathway in the control of β-cell glucose utilization, insulin secretion, and glucose homeostasis. Conditional inactivation of Vhlh in β cells promoted a diversion of glucose away from mitochondria into lactate production, causing cells to produce high levels of glycolytically derived ATP and to secrete elevated levels of insulin at low glucose concentrations. Vhlh-deficient mice exhibited diminished glucose-stimulated changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, electrical activity, and insulin secretion, which culminate in impaired systemic glucose tolerance. Importantly, combined deletion of Vhlh and Hif1α rescued these phenotypes, implying that they are the result of HIF1α activation. Together, these results identify pVHL and HIF1α as key regulators of insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. They further suggest that changes in the metabolic strategy of glucose metabolism in β cells have profound effects on whole-body glucose homeostasis.
Published: 2008

205. Molecular Biology of Gluco-Incretin Function

Author: Bernard Thorens and Sonia Klinger
Subjects: Agonist, endocrine system, medicine.drug_class, Incretin, Enteroendocrine cell, Biology, Glucagon, Cell biology, medicine, Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor, Beta cell, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, Function (biology), Hormone
Abstract: The gluco-incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are secreted by intestinal endocrine cells and have been studied for many years because of their important effect to potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In contrast to GIP, GLP-1 retains its insulinotropic effect in type 2 diabetic patients and a long-acting agonist of this peptide is now used for the treatment of this disease. Both peptides, however, have also long-term beneficial effect on the preservation or augmentation of the pancreatic beta-cell functional mass by stimulating beta-cell differentiation from precursors, proliferation of mature beta cells, and their protection against apoptosis. Although several studies have investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms, much remains to be learned about the mode of action of these hormones on beta cells. Here we review the current knowledge on gluco-incretin biology with a specific perspective on their beta-cell action. We also discuss the role that GLP-1 has on beta cells through indirect mechanisms, in particular through the regulation of the hepatoportal vein glucose sensors. This serves as a reminder that betacell function needs to be also studied in an integrated physiological approach where the complexity of their functional regulation can be appreciated.
Published: 2008

206. Increasing GLP-1-induced beta-cell proliferation by silencing the negative regulators of signaling cAMP response element modulator-alpha and DUSP14

Author: Marie-Bernard Debril, Carine Poussin, Philippe A. Halban, Wanda Dolci, Bernard Thorens, and Sonia Klinger
Subjects: MAPK/ERK pathway, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, RGS Proteins/genetics/metabolism, Dual-Specificity Phosphatases/genetics/metabolism, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Regulator, Biology, CREB, Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator/genetics/metabolism, Cell Line, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/pharmacology, Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator, Cell Proliferation/drug effects, Mice, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, ddc:576.5, Gene Silencing, Protein kinase A, RGS2, Cells, Cultured, Cell Proliferation, Insulin-Secreting Cells/cytology/drug effects, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Peptides/pharmacology, Gene knockdown, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Venoms/pharmacology, Venoms, Kinase, Gene Expression Profiling, Cell biology, Glucose, Endocrinology, biology.protein, Dual-Specificity Phosphatases, Exenatide, Glucose/metabolism/pharmacology, Signal transduction, Peptides, RGS Proteins
Abstract: OBJECTIVE—Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a growth and differentiation factor for mature β-cells and their precursors. However, the overall effect of GLP-1 on increasing β-cell mass in both in vivo and in vitro conditions is relatively small, and augmenting this effect would be beneficial for the treatment or prevention of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Here, we searched for cellular mechanisms that may limit the proliferative effect of GLP-1 and tested whether blocking them could increase β-cell proliferation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We examined GLP-1–regulated genes in βTC-Tet cells by cDNA microarrays. To assess the effect of some of these gene on cell proliferation, we reduced their expression using small heterogenous RNA in β-cell lines and primary mouse islets and measured [3H]thymidine or 5′-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation. RESULTS—We identified four negative regulators of intracellular signaling that were rapidly and strongly activated by GLP-1: the regulator of G-protein–signaling RGS2; the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) antagonists cAMP response element modulator (CREM)-α and ICERI; and the dual specificity phosphatase DUSP14, a negative regulator of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. We show that knockdown of CREMα or DUSP14 or expression of a dominant-negative form of DUSP14 increased β-cell line proliferation and enhanced the GLP-1–induced proliferation of primary β-cells. CONCLUSIONS—Together, our data show that 1) the cAMP/protein kinase A/CREB and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways can additively control β-cell proliferation, 2) β-cells have evolved several mechanisms limiting GLP-1–induced cellular proliferation, and 3) blocking these mechanisms increases the positive effect of GLP-1 on β-cell mass.
Published: 2008

207. Different transcriptional control of metabolism and extracellular matrix in visceral and subcutaneous fat of obese and rimonabant treated mice

Author: David Tarussio, Bernard Thorens, Anne-Marie Galzin, Diana Hall, Kaori Minehira, and Carine Poussin
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Leptin, Transcription, Genetic, Adipose tissue, lcsh:Medicine, Lipoproteins, VLDL, Cell Biology/Cell Signaling, Diabetes and Endocrinology/Obesity, Mice, Rimonabant, Piperidines, Gene expression, Adipocytes, Insulin, lcsh:Science, Regulation of gene expression, Multidisciplinary, Genetics and Genomics/Functional Genomics, Genetics and Genomics/Physiogenomics, Extracellular Matrix, Adipogenesis, Genetics and Genomics/Gene Discovery, Abdominal Fat, Animals, Body Weight, Dietary Fats, Gene Expression Regulation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity, Pyrazoles, Receptors, Cannabinoid, Subcutaneous Fat, medicine.drug, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Cell Biology/Developmental Molecular Mechanisms, Steroid biosynthesis, Biology, Internal medicine, medicine, Diabetes and Endocrinology/Type 2 Diabetes, Cannabinoid Receptor Antagonists, Cell Biology/Gene Expression, Physiology/Endocrinology, lcsh:R, Endocrinology, Cannabinoid receptor antagonist, lcsh:Q
Abstract: Background: The visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SCAT) adipose tissues play different roles in physiology and obesity. The molecular mechanisms underlying their expansion in obesity and following body weight reduction are poorly defined. Methodology: C57Bl/6 mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 6 months developed low, medium, or high body weight as compared to normal chow fed mice. Mice from each groups were then treated with the cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist rimonabant or vehicle for 24 days to normalize their body weight. Transcriptomic data for visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues from each group of mice were obtained and analyzed to identify: i) genes regulated by HFD irrespective of body weight, ii) genes whose expression correlated with body weight, iii) the biological processes activated in each tissue using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), iv) the transcriptional programs affected by rimonabant. Principal Findings: In VAT, ‘‘metabolic’’ genes encoding enzymes for lipid and steroid biosynthesis and glucose catabolism were down-regulated irrespective of body weight whereas ‘‘structure’’ genes controlling cell architecture and tissue remodeling had expression levels correlated with body weight. In SCAT, the identified ‘‘metabolic’’ and ‘‘structure’’ genes were mostly different from those identified in VAT and were regulated irrespective of body weight. GSEA indicated active adipogenesis in both tissues but a more prominent involvement of tissue stroma in VAT than in SCAT. Rimonabant treatment normalized most gene expression but further reduced oxidative phosphorylation gene expression in SCAT but not in VAT. Conclusion: VAT and SCAT show strikingly different gene expression programs in response to high fat diet and rimonabant treatment. Our results may lead to identification of therapeutic targets acting on specific fat depots to control obesity.
Published: 2008

208. Restricted expression of the erythroid/brain glucose transporter isoform to perivenous hepatocytes in rats. Modulation by glucose

Author: Harvey F. Lodish, M Tal, D L Schneider, and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Gene isoform, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, media_common.quotation_subject, Blotting, Western, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Gene Expression, Biology, Cell membrane, Internal medicine, Gene expression, medicine, Animals, Tissue Distribution, RNA, Messenger, Tissue distribution, Internalization, media_common, Messenger RNA, Cell Membrane, Glucose transporter, Rats, Inbred Strains, General Medicine, Blotting, Northern, Molecular biology, Rats, Glucose, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Liver, Starvation, Hepatocyte, Research Article
Abstract: The "erythroid/brain" glucose transporter (GT) isoform is expressed only in a subset of hepatocytes, those forming the first row around the terminal hepatic venules, while the "liver" GT is expressed in all hepatocytes. After 3 d of starvation, a three- to fourfold elevation of expression of the erythroid/brain GT mRNA and protein is detected in the liver as a whole; this correlates with the expression of this GT in more hepatocytes, those forming the first three to four rows around the hepatic venules. Starvation-dependent expression of the erythroid/brain GT on the plasma membrane of these additional hepatocytes is lost within 3 h of glucose refeeding; however, by immunoblotting we show that the protein is still present. Its loss from the surface is possibly explained by internalization.
Published: 1990

209. Differential Regulation of Two Glucose Transporters in Rat Liver by Fasting and Refeeding and by Diabetes and Insulin Treatment

Author: Barbara B. Kahn, Harvey F. Lodish, Jeffrey S. Flier, and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Biology, Streptozocin, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Reference Values, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Gene expression, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, RNA, Messenger, Erythroid Precursor Cells, Messenger RNA, Insulin, Glucose transporter, Brain, Rats, Inbred Strains, Transporter, Fasting, Metabolism, medicine.disease, Animal Feed, Rats, Endocrinology, Liver, Rat liver
Abstract: Two species of glucose transporter (GT) are present in the liver: the erythroid/brain GT and the newly characterized liver GT. No information is available regarding the functional role of these two species or whether their expression is regulated concordantly in states in which hepatic glucose uptake or output are markedly altered. In this study, we analyzed the effect of fasting and refeeding and streptozocin-induced diabetes and subsequent insulin treatment on the expression of the erythroid/brain and liver GT polypeptides and their mRNAs in rat liver. The erythroid/brain GT mRNA in livers of control rats corresponded to 1–3% of the amount of liver GT mRNA. After a 4-day fast, its level increased ∼3-fold and represented 8–10% of the liver GT mRNA, whereas the corresponding protein increased 4-fold. In livers from diabetic rats, levels of the erythroid/brain GT mRNA increased up to 2.4-fold and gradually returned to normal with chronic insulin treatment. Levels of the corresponding protein were minimally altered. Levels of immunoreactive liver GTs were not significantly changed by 2 days of fasting, 7 or 14 days of diabetes, or subsequent insulin treatment for 3, 5, or 7 days but increased up to 75% with refeeding for 3–48 h. Liver GT mRNA levels minimally decreased in diabetic or insulin-treated rats, decreased 45% after a 2-day fast, and increased up to 5-fold on refeeding for 24 h. These results indicate that 1) the liver GT is the main transporter species in the liver, 2) its expression is not affected by the altered metabolic states studied, with the exception of a slight elevation with refeeding, and 3) erythroid/brain GT expression in liver is increased by fasting. Because regulation of the erythroid/brain GT in liver is unlike its regulation in adipocytes under the same metabolic conditions, this indicates that the control of its expression is tissue specific. Furthermore, the two species of GTs in the liver are differentially regulated, and posttranscriptional events play a major role in determining their level of expression.
Published: 1990

210. The high Km glucose transporter of islets of Langerhans is functionally similar to the low affinity transporter of liver and has an identical primary sequence

Author: Joseph L. Milburn, H F Lodish, John H. Johnson, Bernard Thorens, and Christopher B. Newgard
Subjects: geography, geography.geographical_feature_category, Facilitated diffusion, Glucose transporter, Biological activity, Transporter, Cell Biology, Biology, Islet, Biochemistry, Michaelis–Menten kinetics, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Cytochalasin, Molecular Biology, Cytochalasin B
Abstract: The liver has been shown to contain a facilitated diffusion glucose transporter with high Km for glucose that is structurally distinct from the low Km glucose transporters found in most other tissues. We find that 3-O-methyl glucose is greater than 90% equilibrated across dispersed islet cells within 60 s, consistent with a facilitated diffusion transport mechanism. L-Glucose uptake was minimal throughout the time course, indicating stereospecificity. Measurement of glucose transport over a range of 3-O-methyl glucose concentrations from 0.05 to 60 mM revealed the presence of a component of glucose transport with an apparent Km of 17 mM, a value essentially identical to that previously reported for liver. Interestingly, a second component of glucose transport was also observed with an apparent Km of 1.4 mM, as has been reported for other tissues such as erythrocytes that are known to contain the "HepG2" or "erythroid/brain" type glucose transporter. Further evidence for the existence of two transport components is provided by the observation that a low concentration of cytochalasin B (0.4 microM) completely inhibits the low Km transport activity but has no effect on the high Km transporter. The kinetic similarity of high Km glucose transport in liver and islets is readily understood in light of our structural analysis. Sequence analysis of cDNA clones indicates that the liver and islet glucose transporters have identical sequences and, thus, are the products of the same gene.
Published: 1990

211. Molecular Physiology of Glucose Transporters

Author: Harvey F. Lodish, Maureen J. Charron, and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Models, Molecular, Gene isoform, medicine.medical_specialty, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Protein Conformation, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Glucose uptake, Molecular Sequence Data, Adipose tissue, Carbohydrate metabolism, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Glucose homeostasis, Amino Acid Sequence, Cloning, Molecular, Advanced and Specialized Nursing, business.industry, Insulin, Cell Membrane, Glucose transporter, Transporter, Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Organ Specificity, business
Abstract: Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding the human erythrocyte facilitated-diffusion glucose transporter (GT) has elucidated its structure and has permitted a careful study of its tissue distribution and of its involvement in processes such as insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by adipose cells or transformation-induced increase in glucose metabolism. An important outcome of these studies was the discovery that additional isoforms of this transporter were expressed in a tissue-specific manner; these comprise a family of structurally and functionally related molecules. Their tissue distribution, differences in kinetic properties, and differential regulation by ambient glucose and insulin levels suggest that they play specific roles in the control of glucose homeostasis. Herein, we will discuss the structure of three members of the GT family: erythroid/brain GT, liver GT, and adipose cell/muscle GT. In the light of their tissuespecific expression, kinetic parameters, and susceptibility to insulin action, we discuss their possible specific functions.
Published: 1990

212. Development and preclinical assessment of a bioartificial pancreas

Author: Bernard, Thorens
Subjects: Pancreas, Artificial, Interferon-gamma, Mice, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Bioartificial Organs, Tissue Engineering, Mice, Inbred NOD, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Animals, Clone Cells, Genes, bcl-2, Interleukin-1, Signal Transduction
Abstract: Transplantation of insulin secreting cells is regarded as a possible treatment for type 1 diabetes. One major difficulty in this approach is, however, that the transplanted cells are exposed to the patient's inflammatory and autoimmune environment, which originally destroyed their own beta-cells. Therefore, even if a good source of insulin-secreting cells can be identified for transplantation therapy, these cells need to be protected against these destructive influences. The aim of this project was to evaluate, using a clonal mouse beta-cell line, whether genetic engineering of protective genes could be a viable option to allow these cells to survive when transplanted into autoimmune diabetic mice. We demonstrated that transfer of the Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic gene and of several genes specifically interfering with cytokines intracellular signalling pathways, greatly improved resistance of the cells to inflammatory stresses in vitro. We further showed that these modifications did not interfere with the capacity of these cells to correct hyperglycaemia for several months in syngeneic or allogeneic streptozocin-diabetic mice. However, these cells were not protected against autoimmune destruction when transplanted into type 1 diabetic NOD mice. This suggests that in addition to inflammatory attacks by cytokines, autoimmunity very efficiently kills the transplanted cells, indicating that multiple protective mechanisms are required for efficient transplantation of insulin-secreting cells to treat type 1 diabetes.
Published: 2007

213. Glucose Transporters

Author: Bernard Thorens
Published: 2007

214. Expression of the gene encoding the high-Km glucose transporter 2 by the early postimplantation mouse embryo is essential for neural tube defects associated with diabetic embryopathy

Author: R. Li, Mary R. Loeken, and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Male, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Embryonic Development, Deoxyglucose, Diabetes mellitus genetics, Mice, Pregnancy, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Internal Medicine, medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Animals, Neural Tube Defects, RNA, Messenger, Crosses, Genetic, Glucose Transporter Type 2, biology, Neural tube defect, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Embryogenesis, Glucose transporter, Neural tube, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Embryo, Biological Transport, medicine.disease, Kinetics, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, biology.protein, GLUT2, Female
Abstract: Excess glucose transport to embryos during diabetic pregnancy causes congenital malformations. The early postimplantation embryo expresses the gene encoding the high-Km GLUT2 (also known as SLC2A2) glucose transporter. The hypothesis tested here is that high-Km glucose transport by GLUT2 causes malformations resulting from maternal hyperglycaemia during diabetic pregnancy.Glut2 mRNA was assayed by RT-PCR. The Km of embryo glucose transport was determined by measuring 0.5-20 mmol/l 2-deoxy[3H]glucose transport. To test whether the GLUT2 transporter is required for neural tube defects resulting from maternal hyperglycaemia, Glut2+/- mice were crossed and transient hyperglycaemia was induced by glucose injection on day 7.5 of pregnancy. Embryos were recovered on day 10.5, and the incidence of neural tube defects in wild-type, Glut2+/- and Glut2-/- embryos was scored.Early postimplantation embryos expressed Glut2, and expression was unaffected by maternal diabetes. Moreover, glucose transport by these embryos showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics of 16.19 mmol/l, consistent with transport mediated by GLUT2. In pregnancies made hyperglycaemic on day 7.5, neural tube defects were significantly increased in wild-type embryos, but Glut2+/- embryos were partially protected from neural tube defects, and Glut2-/- embryos were completely protected from these defects. The frequency of occurrence of wild-type, Glut2+/- and Glut2-/- embryos suggests that the presence of Glut2 alleles confers a survival advantage in embryos before day 10.5.High-Km glucose transport by the GLUT2 glucose transporter during organogenesis is responsible for the embryopathic effects of maternal diabetes.
Published: 2006

215. A toggle for type 2 diabetes?

Author: Bernard Thorens
Subjects: endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system diseases, Biological Transport, Active, Mice, Transgenic, Type 2 diabetes, N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases, Mice, Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Insulin Secretion, medicine, Animals, Humans, Insulin, chemistry.chemical_classification, Glucose Transporter Type 2, business.industry, Glucose transporter, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Dietary Fats, Diet, carbohydrates (lipids), Endocrinology, Enzyme, Glucose, chemistry, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, business, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists
Abstract: An enzyme that modifies the glucose transporter GLUT-2 protects mice against diabetes and is suppressed by a high-fat diet.
Published: 2006

216. [Gluco-incretin hormones in insulin secretion]

Author: Bernard, Thorens
Subjects: Islets of Langerhans, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Insulin Secretion, Animals, Humans, Insulin, Glucagon
Abstract: Nutrient ingestion triggers a complex hormonal response aimed at stimulating glucose utilization in liver, muscle and adipose tissue to minimize the raise in blood glucose levels. Insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells plays a major role in this response. Although the beta cell secretary response is mainly controlled by blood glucose levels, gut hormones secreted in response to food intake have an important role in potentiating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These gluco-incretin hormones are GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (gluco-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). Their action on pancreatic beta cells depends on binding to specific G-coupled receptors linked to activation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway. In addition to their effect on insulin secretion both hormones also stimulate insulin production at the transcriptional and translational level and positively regulate beta cell mass. Because the glucose-dependent insulinotropic action of GLP-1 is preserved in type 2 diabetic patients, this peptide is now developed as a novel therapeutic drug for this disease.
Published: 2006

217. Evidence from glut2-null mice that glucose is a critical physiological regulator of feeding

Author: David Tarussio, Nell Marty, Michel Dallaporta, Marc Foretz, Bernard Thorens, Isabelle Bady, Jöel Gyger, and Martine Emery
Subjects: Leptin, medicine.medical_specialty, Pro-Opiomelanocortin, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Peptide Hormones, Hypothalamus, Neuropeptide, Mice, Orexigenic, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, Insulin, RNA, Messenger, DNA Primers, Glucose Transporter Type 2, Mice, Knockout, biology, Base Sequence, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Neuropeptides, Glucose transporter, Feeding Behavior, Ghrelin, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Endocrinology, alpha-MSH, biology.protein, GLUT2, Melanocortin, medicine.drug
Abstract: A role for glucose in the control of feeding has been proposed, but its precise physiological importance is unknown. Here, we evaluated feeding behavior in glut2-null mice, which express a transgenic glucose transporter in their β-cells to rescue insulin secretion (ripglut1;glut2−/− mice). We showed that in the absence of GLUT2, daily food intake was increased and feeding initiation and termination following a fasting period were abnormal. This was accompanied by suppressed regulation of hypothalamic orexigenic and anorexigenic neuropeptides expression during the fast-to-refed transition. In these conditions, however, there was normal regulation of the circulating levels of insulin, leptin, or glucose but a loss of regulation of plasma ghrelin concentrations. To evaluate whether the abnormal feeding behavior was due to suppressed glucose sensing, we evaluated feeding in response to intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular glucose or 2-deoxy-d-glucose injections. We showed that in GLUT2-null mice, feeding was no longer inhibited by glucose or activated by 2-deoxy-d-glucose injections and the regulation of hypothalamic neuropeptide expression by intracerebroventricular glucose administration was lost. Together, these data demonstrate that absence of GLUT2 suppresssed the function of central glucose sensors, which control feeding probably by regulating the hypothalamic melanocortin pathway. Futhermore, inactivation of these glucose sensors causes overeating.
Published: 2006

218. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-alpha-Null Mice Have Increased White Adipose Tissue Glucose Utilization, GLUT4, and Fat Mass: Role in Liver and Brain

Author: Matthieu Bringart, Béatrice Desvergne, Sandrine Gremlich, Jennifer Rieusset, Walter Wahli, Marc Uldry, Estelle Martinez, Rémy Burcelin, Aurélie Waget, Bernard Thorens, Masaya Hosokawa, Marc Foretz, Nathalie M. Delzenne, Claude Knauf, Patrice D. Cani, Josiane Seydoux, and Sander Kersten
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Adipose tissue, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, White adipose tissue, chemistry.chemical_compound, Voeding, Metabolisme en Genomica, Mice, Endocrinology, Adipocyte, Adipocytes, Glucose homeostasis, chemistry.chemical_classification, Mice, Knockout, Glucose Transporter Type 4, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Brain, Fasting, food-intake, Metabolism and Genomics, inhibition, ppar-alpha, Adipose Tissue, Liver, Metabolisme en Genomica, Body Composition, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics, Female, Peroxisome Proliferators, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, medicine.medical_specialty, Hypothalamus, gamma activation, Biology, Carbohydrate metabolism, differential expression, Voeding, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, insulin sensitivity, PPAR alpha, RNA, Messenger, Nutrition, VLAG, Cell Size, Neuropeptides, nutritional and metabolic diseases, gene-expression, Mice, Inbred C57BL, rats, Glucose, Pyrimidines, chemistry, biology.protein, Hepatocytes, hyperglycemia, diet, GLUT4
Abstract: Activation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha increases lipid catabolism and lowers the concentration of circulating lipid, but its role in the control of glucose metabolism is not as clearly established. Here we compared PPARalpha knockout mice with wild type and confirmed that the former developed hypoglycemia during fasting. This was associated with only a slight increase in insulin sensitivity but a dramatic increase in whole-body and adipose tissue glucose use rates in the fasting state. The white sc and visceral fat depots were larger due to an increase in the size and number of adipocytes, and their level of GLUT4 expression was higher and no longer regulated by the fed-to-fast transition. To evaluate whether these adipocyte deregulations were secondary to the absence of PPARalpha from liver, we reexpresssed this transcription factor in the liver of knockout mice using recombinant adenoviruses. Whereas more than 90% of the hepatocytes were infected and PPARalpha expression was restored to normal levels, the whole-body glucose use rate remained elevated. Next, to evaluate whether brain PPARalpha could affect glucose homeostasis, we activated brain PPARalpha in wild-type mice by infusing WY14643 into the lateral ventricle and showed that whole-body glucose use was reduced. Hence, our data show that PPARalpha is involved in the regulation of glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, fat accumulation, and adipose tissue glucose use by a mechanism that does not require PPARalpha expression in the liver. By contrast, activation of PPARalpha in the brain stimulates peripheral glucose use. This suggests that the alteration in adipocyte glucose metabolism in the knockout mice may result from the absence of PPARalpha in the brain.
Published: 2006

219. Short-Term Overexpression of a Constitutively Active Form of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in the Liver Leads to Mild Hypoglycemia and Fatty Liver

Author: Axel Kahn, Yannick Saintillan, Sophie Vaulont, Benoit Viollet, Fabrizio Andreelli, Nicolas Ancellin, Marc Foretz, Bernard Thorens, Pascal Grondin, Institut Cochin (IC UM3 (UMR 8104 / U1016)), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP), Institut Fédératif de Recherche Alfred Jost (IFRAJ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5), Université de Lausanne (UNIL), Génétique et pathologie moléculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Paris Descartes - Paris 5 (UPD5)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [APHP]
Subjects: Blood Glucose, MESH: Hypoglycemia, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mice, Obese, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases, MESH: Base Sequence, MESH: Multienzyme Complexes, MESH: Recombinant Proteins, MESH: Hepatocytes, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, AMP-activated protein kinase, MESH: Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Glycolysis, MESH: Animals, MESH: AMP-Activated Protein Kinases, Cloning, Molecular, MESH: Mice, Obese, MESH: Fatty Liver, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, MESH: Kinetics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Fatty Acids, Fatty liver, [SDV.MHEP.EM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Endocrinology and metabolism, Recombinant Proteins, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], 3. Good health, MESH: Fatty Acids, Liver, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Lipogenesis, Ketone bodies, MESH: DNA Primers, medicine.medical_specialty, MESH: Enzyme Activation, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Biology, Transfection, MESH: Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases, 03 medical and health sciences, Multienzyme Complexes, MESH: Mice, Inbred C57BL, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, MESH: Cloning, Molecular, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], Protein kinase A, MESH: Mice, DNA Primers, 030304 developmental biology, Base Sequence, MESH: Transfection, Fatty acid, AMPK, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, medicine.disease, Hypoglycemia, Enzyme Activation, Fatty Liver, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Kinetics, Endocrinology, chemistry, Hepatocytes, biology.protein, MESH: Blood Glucose, MESH: Liver
Abstract: International audience; AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a major therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes. We investigated the effect of a short-term overexpression of AMPK specifically in the liver by adenovirus-mediated transfer of a gene encoding a constitutively active form of AMPKalpha2 (AMPKalpha2-CA). Hepatic AMPKalpha2-CA expression significantly decreased blood glucose levels and gluconeogenic gene expression. Hepatic expression of AMPKalpha2-CA in streptozotocin-induced and ob/ob diabetic mice abolished hyperglycemia and decreased gluconeogenic gene expression. In normal mouse liver, AMPKalpha2-CA considerably decreased the refeeding-induced transcriptional activation of genes encoding proteins involved in glycolysis and lipogenesis and their upstream regulators, SREBP-1 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1) and ChREBP (carbohydrate response element-binding protein). This resulted in decreases in hepatic glycogen synthesis and circulating lipid levels. Surprisingly, despite the inhibition of hepatic lipogenesis, expression of AMPKalpha2-CA led to fatty liver due to the accumulation of lipids released from adipose tissue. The relative scarcity of glucose due to AMPKalpha2-CA expression led to an increase in hepatic fatty acid oxidation and ketone bodies production as an alternative source of energy for peripheral tissues. Thus, short-term AMPK activation in the liver reduces blood glucose levels and results in a switch from glucose to fatty acid utilization to supply energy needs.
Published: 2005

220. Physiology of GLP-1--lessons from glucoincretin receptor knockout mice

Author: Bernard Thorens
Subjects: endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Clinical Biochemistry, Biology, Biochemistry, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor, Thyroid hormone receptor beta, Estrogen-related receptor alpha, Eating, Islets of Langerhans, Mice, Endocrinology, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Heart Rate, Internal medicine, medicine, Receptors, Glucagon, Glucose homeostasis, Animals, Learning, Protein Precursors, Receptor, Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, Mice, Knockout, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Biochemistry (medical), Body Weight, General Medicine, Glucagon, Peptide Fragments, Liver, Hormone receptor, Interleukin-21 receptor
Abstract: GLP-1 has both peripheral and central actions, as this hormone is secreted by gut endocrine cells and brainstem neurons projecting into the hypothalamus and other brain regions. GLP-1 has multiple regulatory functions participating in the control of glucose homeostasis, beta-cell proliferation and differentiation, food intake, heart rate and even learning. GLP-1 action depends on binding to a specific G-coupled receptor linked to activation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway. Analysis of mice with inactivation of the GLP-1 receptor gene has provided evidence that absence of GLP-1 action in the mouse, despite this hormone potent physiological effects when administered in vivo, only leads to mild abnormalities in glucose homeostasis without any change in body weight. However, a critical role for this hormone and its receptor was demonstrated in the function of the hepatoportal vein glucose sensor, in contrast to that of the pancreatic beta-cells, although absence of both GLP-1 and GIP receptors leads to a more severe phenotype characterized by a beta-cell-autonomous defect in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Together, the studies of these glucoincretin receptor knockout mice provide evidence that these hormones are part of complex regulatory systems where multiple redundant signals are involved.
Published: 2005

221. Signal transduction and desensitization of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor

Author: Christian Widmann and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Physiology, Sensitivity and Specificity, Glucagon, Desensitization (telecommunications), Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Homologous desensitization, Cyclic AMP, Receptors, Glucagon, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Animals, Humans, Phosphorylation, Protein Precursors, Receptor, Pancreatic hormone, Chemistry, Glucagon-like peptide-1, Peptide Fragments, Biochemistry, Gastrointestinal hormone, Mutation, Insulinoma, Signal transduction, Gene Deletion, Signal Transduction
Published: 1996

222. Immunocytochemical localization of the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the adult rat brain. II. Electron microscopic study

Author: Corinne Leloup, Bernard Thorens, Luc Pénicaud, Monique Quignon, Michel Arluison, Neurobiologie des signaux intercellulaires (NSI), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre des Sciences du Goût (CSG), Etablissement National d'Enseignement Supérieur Agronomique de Dijon (ENESAD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Métabolisme Plasticité et Mitochondrie [lié à l'ex IFR 31] (LMPM), IFR 31 Louis Bugnard (IFR 31), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurobiologie, plasticité tissulaire et métabolisme énergétique (NPTME), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] (CSGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Neurobiologie des signaux intercellulaires ( NSI ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation [Dijon] ( CSGA ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Métabolisme, plasticité et mitochondrie, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -IFR31-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Neurobiologie, plasticité tissulaire et métabolisme énergétique ( NPTME ), and Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS )
Subjects: Male, endocrine system, Dendritic spine, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, [ SDV.AEN ] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, Dendritic Spines, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, ultrastructural level, oligodendrocytes, Biology, nerve terminals, blood vessels, 03 medical and health sciences, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, glucose-sensitive neurones, medicine, Animals, Neurotransmitter, dendritic shafts, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Glucose Transporter Type 2, 0303 health sciences, astrocytes, Brain, Immunohistochemistry, Oligodendrocyte, Rats, Oligodendroglia, medicine.anatomical_structure, chemistry, Forebrain, biology.protein, GLUT2, Nucleus, Neuroscience, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Immunostaining, Astrocyte
Abstract: International audience; Following a former immunohistochemical study in the rat brain [Arluison, M., Quignon, M., Nguyen, P., Thorens, B., Leloup, C., Pénicaud, L. Distribution and anatomical localization of the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the adult rat brain. I. Immunohistochemical study. J. Chem. Neuroanat., in press], we have analyzed the ultrastructural localization of GLUT2 in representative and/or critical areas of the forebrain and hindbrain. In agreement with previous results, we observe few oligodendrocyte and astrocyte cell bodies discretely labeled for GLUT2 in large myelinated fibre bundles and most brain areas examined, whereas the reactive glial processes are more numerous and often localized in the vicinity of nerve terminals and/or dendrites or dendritic spines forming synaptic contacts. Only some of them appear closely bound to unlabeled nerve cell bodies and dendrites. Furthermore, the nerve cell bodies prominently immunostained for GLUT2 are scarce in the brain nuclei examined, whereas the labeled dendrites and dendritic spines are relatively numerous and frequently engaged in synaptic junctions. In conformity with the observation of GLUT2-immunoreactive rings at the periphery of numerous nerve cell bodies in various brain areas (see previous paper), we report here that some neuronal perikarya of the dorsal endopiriform nucleus/perirhinal cortex exhibit some patches of immunostaining just below the plasma membrane. However, the presence of many GLUT2-immunoreactive nerve terminals and/or astrocyte processes, some of them being occasionally attached to nerve cell bodies and dendrites, could also explain the pericellular labeling observed. The results here reported support the idea that GLUT2 may be expressed by some cerebral neurones possibly involved in glucose sensing, as previously discussed. However, it is also possible that this transporter participate in the regulation of neurotransmitter release and, perhaps, in the release of glucose by glial cells.
Published: 2004

223. Partial gene deletion of endothelial nitric oxide synthase predisposes to exaggerated high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance and arterial hypertension

Author: Pascal Nicod, Stéphane Cook, Rémy Burcelin, Peter Vollenweider, Christophe Perrin, Barbara Ménard, Sébastien Thalmann, Urs Scherrer, Bernard Thorens, Claudio Sartori, Olivier Hugli, and Marc Egli
Subjects: Blood Glucose, medicine.medical_specialty, Normal diet, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III, Metabolic Clearance Rate, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II, Mice, Insulin resistance, Enos, Heart Rate, Internal medicine, Hyperinsulinism, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Sequence Deletion, Mice, Knockout, biology, Insulin, Glucose clamp technique, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Dietary Fats, Nitric oxide synthase, Disease Models, Animal, Blood pressure, Endocrinology, Hypertension, biology.protein, Glucose Clamp Technique, Insulin Resistance, Nitric Oxide Synthase
Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) plays a major role in the regulation of cardiovascular and metabolic homeostasis, as evidenced by insulin resistance and arterial hypertension in endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) null mice. Extrapolation of these findings to humans is difficult, however, because eNOS gene deficiency has not been reported. eNOS gene polymorphism and impaired NO synthesis, however, have been reported in several cardiovascular disease states and could predispose to insulin resistance. High-fat diet induces insulin resistance and arterial hypertension in normal mice. To test whether partial eNOS deficiency facilitates the development of insulin resistance and arterial hypertension during metabolic stress, we examined effects of an 8-week high-fat diet on insulin sensitivity (euglycemic clamp) and arterial pressure in eNOS+/− mice. When fed a normal diet, these mice had normal insulin sensitivity and were normotensive. When fed a high-fat diet, however, eNOS+/− mice developed exaggerated arterial hypertension and had fasting hyperinsulinemia and a 35% lower insulin-stimulated glucose utilization than control mice. The partial deletion of the eNOS gene does not alter insulin sensitivity or blood pressure in mice. When challenged with nutritional stress, however, partial eNOS deficiency facilitates the development of insulin resistance and arterial hypertension, providing further evidence for the importance of this gene in linking metabolic and cardiovascular disease.
Published: 2004

224. Gut-derived signaling molecules and vagal afferents in the control of glucose and energy homeostasis

Author: Philip Just Larsen and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Cell signaling, Medicine (miscellaneous), Neuropeptide, Blood–brain barrier, Energy homeostasis, Eating, Digestive System Physiological Phenomena, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Afferent Pathways, Nutrition and Dietetics, biology, Appetite Regulation, Neuropeptides, Vagus Nerve, Feeding Behavior, Vagus nerve, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Glucose, biology.protein, Ghrelin, Energy Metabolism, Neuroscience, Digestive System, GLUT4, Hormone, Signal Transduction
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The control of glucose and energy homeostasis, including feeding behaviour, is tightly regulated by gut-derived peptidic and nonpeptidic endocrine mediators, autonomic nervous signals, as well as nutrients such as glucose. We will review recent findings on the role of the gastrointestinal tract innervation and of portal vein glucose sensors; we will review selected data on the action of gastrointestinally released hormones. RECENT FINDINGS: The involvement of mechanosensory vagal afferents in postprandial meal termination has been clarified using mouse models with selective impairments of genes required for development of mechanosensory fibres. These activate central glucogen-like peptide-1/glucogen-like peptide-2 containing ascending pathways linking the visceroceptive brainstem neurons to hypothalamic nuclei. Mucosal terminals comprise the chemosensory vagal afferents responsive to postprandially released gastrointestinal hormones. The mechanism by which the hepatoportal glucose sensor stimulates glucose utilization by muscles was demonstrated, using genetically modified mice, to be insulin-independent but to require GLUT4 and AMP-kinase. This sensor is a key site of glucogen-like peptide-1 action and plays a critical role in triggering first phase insulin secretion. PeptideYY and ghrelin target intracerebral receptors as they are bidirectionally transported across the blood brain barrier. The anorectic functions of peripherally released peptideYY may however be mediated both via vagal afferents and intracerebral Y2 receptors in the brainstem and arcuate nucleus. SUMMARY: These recent findings demonstrate that the use of improved anatomical and physiological techniques and animal models with targeted gene modifications lead to an improved understanding of the complex role of gastrointestinal signals in the control of energy homeostasis.
Published: 2004

225. Mechanisms of glucose sensing and multiplicity of glucose sensors

Author: Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Glucose Transporter Type 2, medicine.medical_specialty, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Insulin, medicine.medical_treatment, Glucose sensing, General Medicine, Biology, Endocrine secretion, Islets of Langerhans, Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Internal medicine, Insulin Secretion, medicine, Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Glucose sensors, Multiplicity (chemistry), Pancreatic hormone
Published: 2004

226. The Hepatoportal Glucose Sensor

Author: Bernard Thorens
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Internal medicine, medicine
Published: 2004

227. 40(th) EASD Annual Meeting of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes : Munich, Germany, 5-9 September 2004

Author: S. Artigas, A V Dreval, Mark I. McCarthy, C Watson, Peter H. Bennett, M Quint, Y Ikeda, E Alpert, F Schiele, H Sekihara, Erik Gylfe, P Lowe, J Kuhlmann, Alain Golay, V Longo, Shahidul Alam Khan Akm., L G Mantovani, M Zawodniak-Szalapska, G Winkler, T Harrity, L Virág, U Johne, Kuo S-W., Linda C Tapsell, J Rodriguez, Michel Komajda, K Kankova, Carole A. Cull, M Sporna, E Estilles, U Ribel, M C Spruce, E Buzzigoli, T Prazak, J K McLaughlin, M K Lingohr, M Lim, F Calara, A Siebenhofer, G Meregalli, Roberto Anichini, A D Baron, R Kurashvili, P C Butler, G I Fantus, T. E. De Gooyer, Park Y-M., R. Walther, S Heinrich, Agnieszka Zawiejska, S Mukherjee, Nikolaos Papanas, G Wong, Ian D. Caterson, David M. Maahs, Shuichi Kaneko, Alexandra E. Butler, Francisco Javier Ampudia-Blasco, O N Kong, Attali J-R., C A Hedman, K Oshinyemi, Nicolle Müller, I C Cranston, N Okumus, M V Vlaiculescu, Balasubramanian Ravikumar, W W Cheatham, K Mukasa, K B Biswas, Annunziata Lapolla, Phil McEwan, G Mader, Gilles Chassot, Dragi Anevski, Werner A. Scherbaum, M Donath, C Hesselmann, R A Gandhi, David E. Moller, Ezio Bonifacio, C Garcia, V Ifandi, P Hornnes, Nieuwenhoven Fav., C Puech, S Pérez-Del-Pulgar, Kim S-R., G Hines, C Rubio Terrés, Michael Gaster, N. Hosszufalusi, A Scholze, Andrew A. Young, Stavros Liatis, F Hariri, S Tan, Paul Valensi, Allan E. Karlsen, J Kim, E. Moberg, J Kaiser, L Berman, G Nelson, A Altkrüger, P Kothare, D B Cook, S Doran, G. van Dijk, Shahnaz Shahinfar, Kim C-S., P Stahl, M Manousaki, S Sigrist, S K Lim, M. P. Stern, A Guberti, C Rezzani, J McKenney, Karl Thomaseth, Sofia Carlsson, M Julia, R Brillante, I Rubesova, T Darkow, E Matsumoto, Wendy M. Macfarlane, M Di Martino, G Bardini, Rossella Menghini, D Duhot, E Farcasiu, Annalisa Natalicchio, I Lindner, J Buvat, Christian L. Brand, Harry Dorchy, Iwona Pietrzak, Z T Luo, P Home, M Ekelund, Jesper Gromada, Kristine Færch, F Piarulli, H Kim, R Mentel, Zsuzsanna K. Zsengellér, Dullaart Rpf., Anton Luger, Thomas A. Pearson, V Manicardi, P Rösen, Feng Y-M., R Morganti, Lars Hansen, Demuth H-U., Haruo Kasai, A Shostak, Rudi Steffensen, G Taylor, Markolf Hanefeld, C Santini, E Hamaguchi, Roberto Miccoli, F Storms, M Cooper, Y Lee, Allison E. Aiello, P Smith, T Suehiro, K Treece, M Waluś, Timothy A Welborn, Simone Baltrusch, E Kontela, S Chai, J Crean, H Yokoyama, Johan G. Eriksson, Rafael Hernández Hernández, J Rodríguez-Saldaña, M P Tornero, G Formoso, D. Lovell, E Bingham, A Mylonakis, M Manteghetti, D Fedele, Antonio Martín-Duce, Ralph A. DeFronzo, D Salcedo, Kurt Højlund, Antonio Petrone, Sheu Whh., C Gutierrez, Flavia Pricci, S Kurita, Z G Abbas, M M Benedetti, Philippe A. Halban, Daniel J. Cox, O Ljungkvist, Justine Davies, J Palsgaard, Lars Sjöström, E Bosi, L Janin-Manificat, W. F. Kelly, M. Fernandez, E Colak, O V Mulyarchik, B Kronshage, F Lang, M Erfurth, Takashi Kadowaki, N Jendrike, U Walter, J Wishart, Y. Neye, D Kim, N Furuhashi, M Barsotti, D Florow, L Ke, L Borgquist, N C Jackson, Ffolliott M. Fisher, V Baskar, K Yoshioka, Bryan A. Wolf, G Chabrier, R Skoumal, Livio Luzi, H Kose, I Pharisien, B. Klein, H Winiarska, M C Johnson, L Griffiths, Nonna Kravchun, C Combe, Baptist Gallwitz, J Zdychova, L Skorda, Jorma Ilonen, W Gao, I N Steen, A Terrinoni, P D Ambery, W Kern, C M Kusminski, Cho M-H., Paolo Pozzilli, Louise G. Grunnet, E Schönle, David R Matthews, Robert W. Taylor, Y Cohen, Kim H-S., M P Eccles, N B Tutuncu, D McDowell, Richard M. Bergenstal, K Takamatsu, T Steiner, Jaan Palgi, Valdemar Grill, N Niculescu, G Federici, S Lehto, P. M. McKeigue, M Barone, Michael E. Trautmann, S Smirnov, J Mannion, M Eto, C Rousseau, M Conti, C S Ernest, Antonio Ceriello, D H Schweitzer, Jung E-D., Andreas Festa, Avijit Lahiri, A Shepelkevich, A Murro, A Kollmann, Jonathan R.S. Arch, R Landgraf, Son H-Y., I Engelsberger, E Agardh, S Rodríguez-Mulero, P J Kraml, K Lee, D. F. Du Toit, E Kim, G Fadini, Williams Ajk., Philip Home, M B Antcieferov, C Perlemoine, D Perrea, Song X-L., D Ruggieri, Krister Bokvist, Heidi Sørensen, Bilbao, G Yoshino, J P Taylor, Shen H-M., S M Furier, R Urquhart, J Wohlgelernter, Jianping Weng, T. Baba, Q Hong, C Silva, Castaigne J-P., M Felaco, X X Zhang, M Jaroň, Milla Rosengård-Bärlund, J G Papp, Toshio Miyata, Lervang H-H., Park M-K., I Kinalska, A Long, Oomen Phn., N Kogawa, Ippolita Patrizia Patera, S. Karadeniz, Dinesh Selvarajah, D S Chung, A Wensaas, Richard Imrich, M Recasens, J Ruxer, O Buchea, E Wilpart, S P Stepanenko, Le Ttd., H Ohgawara, Mariaconsuelo Valentini, A Mondok, M Peltonen, Marianne O. Larsen, K Chatzianagnostou, Agneta Ståhle, A L Ferrari, L Bordier, F Maingrette, A Matsuda, G Vukomanovic, Jakob D. Wikstrom, T Yamakita, E Gorostiaga, J Jin, B Gopalan, Heinz Drexel, S Hewitt, Rury R. Holman, C Dieterle, T L Ruchti, N Asatiani, M Sidira, A Iezzi, A J Sommerfield, D Châtenet, M L Olsen, R Bergemann, C Koehler, T L Kuraeva, B Balas, Christian Berne, E Santos-Mazo, G Smith, A Siejka, R Kožnarová, A Mattina, S Sheikh, A Adomeit, M Rasmussen, J. Fagerudd, N Busciantella Ricci, Nuria Vilarrasa, E Hammar, T L Thoms, L Aydın, Ron G. Rosenfeld, A Nikolajuk, R Gos, C L Morgan, H L Yu, D Dheelchand, S Ramrath, N Boudriga, Jerome I. Rotter, C Jahannault, W M Weston, Folke Lindgärde, M Hertlova, D Knight, A Monroy-Mayorga, E Pardini, A Chamson-Reig, B Franke, Janie McCluskey, Joseph Bryan, C Nikolopoulou, Christie M. Ballantyne, Fausto Santeusanio, L Pegoraro, M Lee, A Klimenko, S Jaiveer, K. Pettersson-Fernholm, Michael A. Nauck, A Ekbom-Schnell, G Deferrari, Riccardo Schiaffini, S. Pampanelli, Khan Aka., David Hopkins, Maija Wessman, M Kamarinos, Noh J-H., O Ebisui, K McCarroll, Jeppe Sturis, Peter Nowotny, N Gorbenko, Åke Sjöholm, David G. Maggs, A E Halseth, B Cresci, A A Ortiz-Gress, A Korakovouni, O Matejkova, C E Mogensen, C J Lin, Ramon Gomis, H Seaman, C Granier, Yang C-H., F Assah, O Sanchez, Fausto Machicao, Peter G. Morris, Alberto Ortiz, A Giardinelli, D Bracaglia, A Gonzalo, S Pavlatos, Andreas Lechner, F Canovic, L Sjolind, Allan Vaag, Birgitte Bruun Nielsen, David A. Ziegler, Vito Lampasona, R Gershoni-Baruch, A. Dei Cas, H Renz, E Mena, Matthew Waltham, Kim D-M., H Levanen, D D Mick, Valentina Alexandrovna Peterkova, E Meskhishvili, Sarah Nutland, R Bustani, John R. Lindsay, M Christoforidou, A Abicht, E Harno, K Cyganek, A Fitchet, S Neelotpol, P Nikishin, P Serradas, J Hinrichsen, M Halvorson, M Chovatia, B Voet, Jinny Willis, E Parretti, M Haslbeck, M Wellard, L Teng, Julio Wainstein, J S Fischer, K. Lalic, D Roggenland, I Gich, R Anwar, Maurizio Cassader, D Serota, X J Li, R J Schotzinger, Vilmundur Gudnason, Björn Zethelius, S A Wootton, W Andrzejewski, R Rezsohazy, R Gao, T Klimentova, T Mazurek, I Bruckner, C Dohrmann, R E James, G daSilva Xavier, Kim S-Y., A Dorca, Stuart J. Pocock, Terri J. Allen, I Giovos, P B Parab, N H Andersen, P Fotinakis, Miriam Cnop, H Lee, Norbert Tennagels, Omorodola I. Abatan, F Ailett, I. Lager, D Manzella, H Hut, Larry A. Distiller, G Lip, Lim S-K., Rong Zhang, T Tsuno, Steen Knudsen, M. Bajardi, Manuel Benito, Dai Sugimoto, Melvin J. Prince, D W Dunstan, D Rankins, K A Majali, G Ozansoy, Isabella Russo, S Uçak, G Annuzzi, R Talar-Wojnarowska, K Lange, S Neugebauer-Baba, Campbell H. Thompson, Eric Renard, P. D. Mountjoy, Z Morrison, Elizabeth A. Davis, Franco Cavallo, C Corvaja, R Antuña, Craig John Currie, H Linnebjerg, He Y-L., A J Palmer, Mariola R. Chacón, H Malinska, M. Jones, R Lichnovská, K Mandes, Paolo Tessari, T Mokhort, A Laina, H. L. Y. Chan, I Schmidt, R Banks, Richard G. IJzerman, L Ksinantova, G Setti, H Vaudry, A Gallo, V Spallone, Chen J-W., Thomas Danne, A Chong, M Hallschmid, S Aczel, S Hulme, N Islam, M Hosoi, P M Ternan, P Di Bartolo, N Bishara, T Shibasaki, Martin A. Osterhoff, Im S-S., M Jecht, T Hamaguchi, S Mattera, K Ways, Elizabeth Northam, U Rajala, Reinhard W. Holl, L Yang, S Panaiotopoulos, K Horvath, R Kluge, Thora B. Bodvarsdottir, Y Dong, Irene Alemanno, C McDougall, Reimar W. Thomsen, M Campbell, W Rabl, John Öhrvik, Yuichiro Yamada, Paola Ungaro, W Benzer, Mike Sampson, Roberto Trevisan, R G Radu, Aas A-M., P E Lobo, Ricardo Scott, S M Son, Josephine M. Forbes, T A Hillier, K L Wyne, Louis L. Nguyen, J Farmer, M H Tan, Kwon H-S., J Yang, L Sandvik, Franco Folli, A K Jenum, M Nguyen, W Pratipanawatr, A L Frederiksen, Rebecca Smith, Lee H-J., A Schäfer, C Manuelli, G S Denver, T Vukovich, B Maceira, K Matsumoto, K. Chokkalingam, Nurcan Üçeyler, P Modi, Timothy M. Morgan, S Mertens, B M Singh, Michaela Riedl, K Iso, C Cucurullo, G. F. Bottazzo, M Calvani, K Hur, J Wetzels, Kazuhiro Takahashi, Y Aso, H Stammer, M G Masding, Fitsum Guebre-Egziabher, J L González-Sánchez, L Armstrong, Alberto Maran, Peter G.F. Swift, S S Popovic, J Starczynski, E Vitacolonna, Luigi Laviola, R W Gelling, Marina Cardellini, D Barilla, Rosa de Diego Martínez, W H Landschulz, Anne Mette Rosenfalck, R K Wong, Kevin E. Schneider, K Peros, Giuseppe Nanni, F Zhang, I Rákóczi, T Iburi, M Nakhjavani, X Q Zhang, S Tournis, Per Lav Madsen, Graham A. Hitman, A. Tura, K Laubner, N D Kostic, Lawrence M. Dolan, R. Sinha Roy, J A Wagner, J. Tuomilehto, J Hauptman, M Abdel-Ghany, D Lacombe, Toralph Ruge, Johannes A Maassen, Triantafyllos Didangelos, K Sasaki, I Argüelles, Klaus Levin, C Popow, Emanuel Christ, R Chetty, L Baillet-Blanco, Jo-Ann Salmon, T Mine, James L. Trevaskis, I Franke, J Gorski, E A Andrianova, A Dayan, A Caballero, Aleksandra Gilis-Januszewska, M Yasujima, Z Kasalová, C.D.A. Stehouwer, F. K. Gorus, G A Nichols, A Glowania, David P. Strachan, P Fredlund, N. F. da Silva, P Reboldi, M Sausbier, K H Groenier, G Stuccio, N Guttman, K R Ahmed, A D Ristic, T Kapellen, J Coutcher, Aldo V. Greco, Oswald Wagner, A Zagayko, Maria Alevizaki, B B Zhang, W F Ferris, Jenny Fredriksson, Lois Jovanovic, J Hänninen, R De Giglio, Kazuo Yagui, O Potterat, P Hamliton, R E Scranton, B Mankovsky, A Stylianou, B Fellström, Abdel-Wahab Yha., M Kitagawa, Katherine L. Baldock, F R Johnson, F Baigts, S D'Addato, F J Sanz, A Mistry, S D Wise, T Pratipanawatr, U R Fölsch, James R.C. Parkinson, Claudia Sommer, C Park, F E Griffiths, M L Martí, R Demirtunc, S Taniguchi, J Lundkvist, T Siegmund, Juan Sztajzel, C Dienesch, F Baumgartner, L Scalone, T M Mckolanis, K Otake, Ullrik Pedersen-Bjergaard, T M Vriesendorp, Michael B. Wheeler, Henry Schmitt, Peter Hovind, S Lange, Stephane Roze, L. Van Gaal, B Klaproth, Anthony E. Civitarese, D Eckland, A Dagar, D F Hopkins, Kari Stefansson, C Gonzalez-Yanes, B Meyboom-de Jong, D. J. Betteridge, K Buhling, M Crepaldi, Ana M. Wägner, L Renna, L Volpe, R McBride, V Corbo, E O Brennesvik, R P Hayes, R Abdollahnia, G Viviani, C F Liew, Francisco Pérez-Bravo, Jeffrey Baron, Brian M. Frier, H H Samira, D Szentendrei, K. J. Schjoedt, W K Waldhäusl, D Gniuli, D Zou, G Tschank, V Urbančič, A L Nolan, Albertini J-P., J Malcomson, M Larbig, C Cheyssac, K Aurich, C M Kesson, S Heller, Maija E. Miettinen, R F Luco, Adrian J. Cameron, Luigi Mattiello, Z. Metelko, X E Zhang, M Parramón, I. G. Obrosova, J Fruchart, M Ilic, Björn Eliasson, Gilles Chatellier, M A Martín, D M Kendall, Holger Luthman, V F Varillas, D Maccubbin, Jang S-A., Amalia Gastaldelli, E Salzsieder, P. de Mol, A Yoshida, H D Lindner, D Gostiljac, M Just, Pan C-Y., J M Fujitaki, G Eiermann, K Bergenheim, A D Frick, A Agacdiken, K Varytimiadis, K Cseh, D A Jackson, S Calderari, Dena G. Hernandez, H M Liebich, K Min, F. de Zegher, Bernd Kulzer, K Han, Ulrich A. Müller, D Marrero, H Hatakeyama, René Koopman, Doo H-K., Petr Wohl, P. Sharp, P Forder, Thor Aspelund, N Meneveau, R M Schmülling, R Aubert, Thom Sam., H Youshikawa, M Ankelo, D Bowden, I Kelly, Frédéric Fumeron, M Sartini, Robert S. Sherwin, L Varadhan, A Criscimanna, John Betteridge, V Jelic, M Bartnik, N Lemke, B Ursø, A Bertoldo, A M Owona, H Okochi, L Pérez-Tamajó, S L Monfre, Daniel Brandhorst, K T Legg, Andries J. Smit, Veronica Sancho, Masashi Hirai, C Klein, Paul J. Thornalley, A Chaidaroglou, K Miura, B Zinman, O M Dvoynishnikova, J Plank, Jan Bolinder, C Lush, B Rubi, R Pozzilli, M Bashir, S A Shtandel, F Mosca, A Naskalska, Josef Vcelak, U Sausbier, P Cavaiani, T U Baehring, Michele Solimena, P Formisano, M Rastaldi, Bernard Thorens, J Ruzzin, E Arbit, M. Hori, Torkel B. Brismar, E Soltes Rak, A Filo, P Heinke, Matthew P. Coghlan, M Masotti, I Perevozskaya, K Ahn, I Moules, K Van Dyck, I Goldstein, Z Mathe, G Z Zhao, S Fajardo, J Taylor, S Chrul, J C Pareja, D Hadjidakis, A J Scheen, N Siddiqua, D C Cavan, R Grella, Krabbe S, H J Rochlitz, A E Hinkkanen, W Wilpshaar, Richard Stevens, M Dreyer, S Hara, X Wang, Melania Manco, D Gillen, Magalie A. Ravier, Olli Simell, John C. Lawrence, Kohnert K-D., Agardh C-D., A Berghold, L Kristensen, Grant Sfa., N Gursoy, Leif Groop, N Freemantle, Anja Schweizer, L Pala, Legros J-J., C. Di Pietro, N. Yamamoto, J Magyar, B Nikolovski, H Ikeda, D Lee, Bruce A. Buckingham, A O Wollitzer, I Kennedy, C Ernest, Neville H. McClenaghan, S Tanaka, Asimina Mitrakou, T Heinze, W Kerner, Moeenaldeen Al-Sayed, Charles Thivolet, L Klaff, A Miconi, Cristina Valeri, J. O. Christensen, K. Ekberg, A Jardine, T Endo, X Zhang, D F Child, A Kienitz, D K Seidel, H. Tada, Sylvie Abouna, Cyrus Cooper, Catherine R Chittleborough, Roberta Assaloni, S Corbi, A K Bose, K Ozawa, C Ahn, K A Deans, G Jackowski, Martin Gibson, Patrick McElduff, O A Mojiminiyi, Manuel Serrano-Ríos, O Dupuy, A L Davydov, Iwar Klimes, Sten-Anders Ivarsson, N Ichino, R Matsutomo, E R Smith, A Stefanovska, B Dehmel, K Koniavitou, E Agascioglu, M Hatazaki, J. M. Gibson, T Yada, P Ribaux, M Rupnik, K Fridell, G Scutaru, L Chugunova, Henrietta Mulnier, A Kendereski, H Lehnert, C Billi, M Sobczak, Francisco M-Mj., L K Archibald, S Sukumvanich, David B. Dunger, I. Benke, G Yillar, N Stingemore, J. M. Boavida, Y Shi, Jimmy D. Bell, L Bozzetto, Andrew J. Ahmann, E Jebens, J Keiding, Elena Henkel, Mark Fineman, J F McRae, Carol Forsblom, S Martemucci, Lourdes Ibáñez, P G Prieto, L Ringholm Nielsen, S Pratas, B von Stritzky, Julio Rosenstock, Lee K-W., J Stocks, L J Strow, I Samarguliani, L Wennekes, R Cheung, Abhishek Nag, Roberto Gambino, Y Suleymanoglu, E Murphy, T T Durck, M F Peyrot, Y Unno, Alexander Mayorov, Eleuterio Ferrannini, D. C. Rao, D Neely, H Karunajeewa, J Palmisano, Julia B. Lewis, M Ravid, G Pons, E Junca, P Vexiau, S Sailesh, D K Miloslavskiy, O N Bondarenko, U Smith, S Torri, Constantine Tsigos, Cesario Bianchi, Mattia Locatelli, D Jaquet, Virpi Lindi, M Moroi, M E Tushuizen, P Pelicci, R Scognamiglio, Pal Pacher, S M Thyssen, A Péterfalvi, Y Ho, S Guntram, L Romics, T Nakagami, Clive S. Cockram, Irina Kowalska, K Brodbeck, Gojka Roglic, J. Dörig, Lise Tarnow, Therese Tillin, A López-Alba, Martin Krššák, Moses Elisaf, S Hata, D P Snoeck, D Schmoll, O V Udovichenko, A Scaramuzza, J Paul, John H. Fuller, Nicholas Katsilambros, Michele Muggeo, Pia Ekbom, Piero Marchetti, V Melki, C Bailleau, H Stavrianos, A D'Errico, Geremia B. Bolli, Amabile Maier, Kelter A-R., Anders Green, Q J Morélis, Steffen Thiel, C Watkins, R C Cheung, A Clark, Elvira Fioriti, N Ari, Nam J-Y., Y Cottin, L G Krinelke, H Al Mohammedi, Simon C. Fleming, C Jones, Z Kerényi, Ahn Y-H., Meile M-J., P Nánási, M Graner, V Canonico, Gangnerau M-N., Hugh R. Taylor, Giovanni Sartore, A. Dejgaard, Carol Kelley, S. Ali, Stéphane Dalle, Jeffrey S. Gonzalez, Elena Šeböková, Alexander Beck, Ingo B. Leibiger, M Rosu, C Pencea, Werner Waldhäusl, Kaltenbacher M-C., R Butzer, S Thore, Adam G. Tabak, Angelo Avogaro, E Standi, Boris Kovatchev, O Bradescu, Patrizia Dentelli, A Fujita, C Verri, R Chlup, Prasad Ydm., S V Hörsten, van der Merwe M-T., D Hilliard, W Klein, D Worthley, M Udvardy, Berit R. Jensen, A D'Avanzo, J Monaghan, K P Yeo, Guivarch P-H., B Bauduceau, D Weghuber, P Tatti, J Ybarra, S Gwozdziewiczová, E Gasparini, B Saltin, Charlotte Granhall, Howard Leventhal, R Marin, M Tumiati, Cicero Afg., L Csémy, B Berger, S Mikros, D Dall'Asta, M Shahmanesh, Y G Vasiljev, F Potthoff, H S Randeva, G De Berardis, J O Logan, K Warncke, P Uitterlinden, E Rehring, K Gilmore, K Shankhdhar, V V Bojko, M Vahatalo, E A Korolyova, D Wiemann, P G Lankisch, D Hendrie, F Galtier, M Rybarczyk, Gisela Dahlquist, N N Rudovich, G Stein, A Liebl, F Tan, A Westerlund, S Gronemann, I Franklin, Jonathan A. Prince, Peter Arner, E Skliros, T. Sparre, M Vigas, Maddalena Trombetta, L. Bjerre Knudsen, A C Sima, I Dubroca, Alastair Gray, I Weets, R Ferraresi, Schauer Ujw., E. Leinonen, S Corazza, Jonathan Levy, P K Prakash, R Guzder, S. Barnhill, John Blangero, J Herreros, G. de Vries, Cheng Ptw., A Macías-Batista, K. Capito, R Thomas, G Thomas, G Boemi, Lotte Pietraszek, Pierre Fontaine, I Holme, J Smedegaard, C A Harrop, U Helwig, B Levy, A P Gribben, Hiroto Furuta, P Beckett, S Giannini, Ruth L. Coleman, Eva Fernqvist-Forbes, N Cugnardey, A Dumas, Jane Pinaire, S E Hofer, D Shimono, Erik H. Serné, Alain D. Baron, C Battista, M Tanen, M Klementova, V Adams, J Komorowski, Antonio Nicolucci, E. C. Burns, H Sydall, M G Fanara, M G Giovannitti, N Okabayashi, Magdalena Szurkowska, I A Eroshkin, M. I. J. Uusitupa, D Ma, C C Dieguez, J Sutcliffe-Goulden, A V Gaddi, Michał Arabski, Serge Halimi, Wendy C. Burns, S Seclén, H Sugano, A Vinterby, K Backx, L F Diaconu, Fernando Gomez-Peralta, O'Harte Fpm., G Lepeniotis, D Laune, H Kvasničková, N H Wallén, G Boner, G Cieślik, Robert Hermann, Paul Q. Thomas, Y Kumon, Maria Maiello, M Atkins, Kenneth A. Earle, Guowang Xu, H Y Bae, I Reynisdottir, D Perez, D E Cannon, P Fabietti, I Geronooz, J Østergaard, K J Jeitler, S Skourtis, A Zambanini, A Saemann, K Kuboki, Helen L. Lutgers, A C Thai, Arne Melander, D Pinkowski, S G Straub, S A Wolfe-Coote, A Totora, Hayley Dickinson, A Lindenmair, A Ginis, I Faturos, F Van Eylen, C Huard, F Fu, N Wang, B M Rasmussen, Angela Napoli, L Granato, Markus M. Lerch, M. Frandsen, A Lyras, Lawrence S. Phillips, J Mabley, R Goldschmeding, B K Kilhovd, W Liu, Greg Poffenberger, P Cipriano, Anna Maria Charlotte K Lindqvist, A Matsuzawa, J Wang, T Yu, M S Pepper, Lena M. Thorn, Y Sakamoto, Blanche Schwappach, Anna L. Gloyn, P Dupraz, A. M. Schmidt, M Psallas, V Tsirimbis, Carl D. Langefeld, D Sass, H E Scholtz, M. Cailleau, Lauren Julia Brown, K Phillips, M. Iezzi, C Jayawarna, Eleni Anastasiou, R Lobmann, R Lundershausen, H Fujiwara, H R Nan, I C Smith, I A Karpova, A Navazio, S Kang, T. Hansen, T Watanabe, Gang Hu, Malik Rja., T Kennedy-Martin, Ulla M Smidt, J.M. Dekker, A A Fisher, H Liu, R E Pratley, B Sun, C Fledelius, J F Raposo, R Langham, Ahn S-Y., B R Waterhouse, Shaoping Deng, W Ricart, S V Melnichenko, Henrike Sell, M. Tomalino, N Takeda, Paola Massucco, A Harlan, W Henrich, C D Byrne, R Junik, Khalid Hussain, D Pop Gorceva, Torben Hansen, C Ritterath, K Ogawa, D V Phan, Bradley S Metcalf, Robb E. Moses, Juan P. Frias, Hitoshi Ishii, C Brisard, P Wolkow, H H Maurer, Ingo Rustenbeck, Juris J. Meier, Octavian Savu, S D Lin, V B Bregovski, A Fox, S Cicala, M. Koenen, L Vignati, O de Divitiis, Constantin Ionescu-Tirgoviste, Kilian Rittig, J Song, Riccardo Candido, F Cohen-Boulakia, U Shankhdhar, P Jahan, Antonio Tiengo, E Liepinsh, C Álvarez, Sigurd Lenzen, James E. Foley, A. del Arco, M A Maitan, U Mollenhauer, M A Na, A Beha, B Aicher, Gabriele Meyer, E Sommariva, J Åman, B Gmeinhart, Theede A-M., Bjorn Bolinder, Giulio Ceolotto, S Sbrana, F Biarnes, Damini Dey, Barbara Thorand, H H Klein, Juliana C.N. Chan, L Piconi, S Gudbjornsdottir, E Bobbioni-Harsch, Joanna Polanska, Cristian Serafinceanu, S Gambardella, Olivier Huber, J D Brunzell, T Nagasawa, Loretta Vileikyte, A Szocs, H Löwel, Z Lin, Anders Juul, H Tsuneki, L Sauriol, G Siebert, Marit E. Jørgensen, K Matthies, Brian D. Green, P Jurowski, Z Gao, M Furuya, Silvia Manfrini, Efthymios Motakis, E Souvatzoglou, Qian Y-Z., Byun S-H., T Nguyen, M R Anwar, Geltrude Mingrone, B. Idzior-Walus, Mamas A. Mamas, G Scholl-Schilling, C Bittner, A E Raptis, L Laghi, Murray Stewart, M Orel, Janet M. Bryson, Chris P Gale, Åke Lernmark, A B Escorza-Domínguez, C Fuentes, A S Einarsdottir, M O Akinsola, P Maisonneuve, K S Leong, B Missler, Simona Frontoni, Con Tsalamandris, Flavio Francini, D Rouiller, B.E. de Galan, Girolama Alessandra Marfia, M Fioravanti, A E Weber, M Nargis, P Nowacki, Y Chen, B Larsen, Ruth E. Gimeno, A Wojciechowska Luźniak, R Meisterfeld, Limei Liu, A Ohashi, T Pieber, Bin Yao, G A Herman, M Pallini, R E Honkanen, H Nyblom, R Humbrecht, Takashi Tsuboi, Pinar Topsever, Monika Kellerer, J Woods, Steen Stender, C Kapitza, Sherwyn Schwartz, M Taskiran, N Hashimoto, A Jabin Gustafsson, K C Silva, I Nitz, S Dzienis-Straczkowska, H Elouil, L Sommese, Patricia A. McKinney, S Ogawa, E Carr, I Porchay, Robyn G Langham, Bruno Vergès, K H Usadel, S Sivakumaran, H M Hearnshaw, José Luis Santos, R Ishibashi, F Huq, Lebrethon M-C., Z Leshchenko, Elisabetta Torlone, A Saltiki, A Plaschke, Wolfgang Koenig, D. D'Avola, C L McTernan, Haruhiko Osawa, G Cazzetta, S J Lee, S Al Jebely, Hoogma Rpl., A Shimizu, Tack Cjj., Itamar Raz, Adrian Vella, P. B. M. de Andrade, Aguiar Lgk., Wolfgang E. Schmidt, T Wolthers, W. Gatling, T S Purewal, Philipp E. Scherer, E Heller, Stephan Gielen, Jo S-R., Monica Vedovato, L Nosek, R Ryder, G Giassakis, A Cretti, A Wajngot, T Waldhör, S Zoric, H C Lee, L Pulkkinen, L Lacey, I Tomescu, R S Patarrao, X C Liu, Lauge Schäffer, Jarkko Ustinov, Anders Thorell, K Kangawa, P J Wood, T Yeoh, Jo Satoh, G Psaras, Volker Burkart, Karin Schindler, Dario Pitocco, M Kolopp, Gabriela Roman, E Renström, M Goldberg, M Beregszaszi, S Senkel, M F Meyer, María Luisa Villanueva-Peñacarrillo, Elena Beltramo, J E Snaar, A Hayward, C Abreu-Padí, S E Vielwerth, R Krones, C C Stanciu, M Izquierdo, I Elbing, R Astorga, V I Bouloukos, P Zabielski, S Precerutti, Kang S-Y., K L Pratt, Joost H-G., Matthew L. Iorio, Naomi S. Levitt, Yutaka Seino, Peter A. Gottlieb, I Ehrén, Y Matsuyama, Jean Claude Mbanya, S Parveen, R Purvis, A Cappadona, V V Afanasyeva, K Löbner, S Del Guerra, V Valle, Victor A. Gault, M Tan, M M Budge, I Ioannidis, M Ishizawa, Castelli, D Nowak, János Rigó, Claudia Bleck, E Degli Esposti, C Tortul, M Klebach, E Schvarcz, L Pauline, D Krusova, J Csillag, Park K-G., Kaichi Kida, P Bialasiewicz, S Seeliger, B A Williams, P Mistry, T Nicer, N Ahmed, H Ohashi, Peter Achenbach, van Hessen Paw., Jesús Cancelas, E Cizmarova, D Takahashi, K Tanaka, A M Rojo Llobet, Q Chen, A J Garber, P Halban, B Brunmair, A Barthel, M R Katdare, Dominique Laude, M E Pavkov, C Leach, C M Breschi, S Okada, B Balent, Ornella Massa, Ravi K. Garg, van Loon Ljc., K Obuobie, W Moll, L Varanese, V Smejkalova, B Royer, M Roth, M Belfiglio, Chae M-K., I Kimura, Casper G. Schalkwijk, Hans-Jürgen Hedrich, Heinsbroek Acm., Jared Rutter, Ken Williams, K O Lee, A N Symeonidis, J B Brown, M Pfeuffer, W. C. Knowler, A N Barsukov, A Woods, T W Kim, Khalid Bak., Andrea Mari, David J. Pettitt, Y Tomioka, J Hochman, Mireia Mora Porta, K Pagava, Krzysztof C. Lewandowski, J Taton, T Yasaka, M Tyrberg, M Sargin, P Szenthe, R Sicree, C Abreu-Padín, Magdalena Lundgren, J Radziuk, Eili Tranheim Kase, W L Goudzwaard, Yanbing Li, E Ramos, H Monastiriotis, J Cur, S Pu, Lakka H-M., Park J-S., Fabrizio Barbetti, S. Ciani, Pavel Flachs, N C Correia, Angela A. Rivellese, F Ebara, Nicolas Musi, H van Ahlen, Helen M. Colhoun, Anna Czech, Steen B. Pedersen, N Jost, N Da Silva, J Nóvoa, Y Onuma, Anna Körner, D Michael, M Straczkowski, I. Truyen, R. Schmid, Søren Paaske Johnsen, H Koenig, B. Miranda-Palma, E Wasén, F Pervin, P Cavallo-Perin, M Niessen, E P Shavrikova, P Tarkun, M Vavlukis, H Gang, O Sánchez-Vilar, C Dalla Man, S. M. Haffner, R Eggertsen, L Pucci, F T Fiedorek, E I Mainas, H Holdass, Peter R. Shepherd, A Banu, R Lichiardopol, Lee M-K., N Zaytseva, B Gumbiner, Strotmann H-J., L Y Baranova, A Kissebah, A Pezzatini, I Kharroubi, N A Thornberry, A J Buckley, B Pontiggia, T Chen, M Ikebukuro, J Leach, C Frost, J Han, H Hashizume, G Poulsen, H Eckert, Paul Zimmet, Lee J-H., Peter E. Heding, S A Ross, Nils J. Færgeman, Giuseppe Penno, T Varbanova, H S Shon, Z Canturk, S Akahane, Noel G. Morgan, A Sener, Seronde M-E., P K Thaware, W Insull, S Forst, K E White, Christoffer Hedetoft, M R Holland, K Okamoto, F Yamagata, Markus Lassila, N Tanaka, Kristian Midthjell, R Isoaho, D A Legemate, M Motzkau, Y H Kang, A P Nescheret, J Boiko, Hemmo A. Drexhage, Gagik R Galstyan, Naim Shehadeh, Henning Beck-Nielsen, T I Justesen, O Kalter-Leibovici, T Vahlberg, M Mozdzan, G Siegert, V Dumenil, Katsumi Eguchi, J A Vazquez, Sally Hollis, H Haberland, A Souvatzoglou, M L Gavete, K. S. Nair, Katharine R. Owen, C Garcia-Rodenas, Gerald I. Shulman, Peters, H A Parkes, Y S Kim, Mats Rönnback, Isabelle Leclerc, Marie-Hélène Giroix, I D Caterson, S G Rønn, L Scionti, Silvia Pinach, Hans Christian Reinecker, Kathryn Noyes, P McTernan, C Y Tan, N. Lalic, Richard D. Carr, M. Toman, D Papazoglou, Domenico Bosco, G Lübben, F. Costanza, Tania Maffucci, Jonas Nygren, Ole Lander Svendsen, Kristin Taylor, Ugo Boggi, A Kayserilioglu, Gudmar Thorleifsson, G J Dunseath, B. Balkau, T Zieher, M Schwarts, A. R. Cobitz, P de Pablos, I Recas, Carlos Lorenzo, Pamela J. Shaw, Y Cho, C Münscher, Anna Maestroni, Milan Zdravkovic, Gerstl E-M., L L Xiu, Yoshitaka Kajimoto, A Deb, F Osaki, G Kirilov, B Staffler, Běla Bendlová, M Rebelatto, Frank Reimann, B Ø Christoffersen, S Durant, Fruchart J-C., Ravinder J. Singh, V Connolly, Q Zhang, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer, Francesco Andreozzi, N Talai Rad, V Loyková, Trampisch H-J., Stefano Menini, F. Rodríguez de Fonseca, W Hanif, H J Böhles, S Fotiadis, Philippe André, T Kubiak, T Friede, J Murin, Erwin Schleicher, Adam Garrow, M Takahashi, P Valensi, S Pappas, E Lim, D N Staroverova, C Tadgell, C Dessapt, Brittany A. Rasmussen, L Cheung, L E Porter, R Ishihara, J Ravisy, T Inukai, Christine Winzer, E M Özer, Nish Chaturvedi, Ana Chico, Ville-Petteri Mäkinen, N Bellili, Howlader, Jansson P-A., A Martella, Jan Frystyk, T Kakko, K Hershon, S Hoashi, B Nag, C Chabrolle, B Leatherdale, J. Lu, Stephen Colagiuri, C Brendel, Michael Roden, Peter Clausen, A L Macdonald, R A DeFronzo, F A VanNieuwenhoven, Sirkka Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Jonas J-C., Hobbs Fdr., H Uchino, S Del Prato, E Polakowska, L Shankhdhar, Hedrich H-J., S Rodriguez-Cuenca, A Schwarzmaier-D'Assie, K Fukuda, Robert H. Eckel, A. Hilding, A Rutscher, D Kerr, Junhua Li, C. Köhler, A Banaszak, Peter Lönnroth, P Wulff, M A Gruzov, Fariba Shojaee-Moradie, S Matsumoto, J P New, N Barthes, M G Leyck Dieken, Mian Li, O Ivanova, G Papalia, K A Nilsson, Parving H-H., P Merz, M. A. Schweitzer, A Morris, P. Andersen, O Tschritter, M Fitch, V Fejfarova, Elisabeth Bernroider, E C Kiawi, M de Kerdanet, Claus B. Juhl, C Taxvig, Kerstin Berntorp, Birgitte Andersen, C Coscelli, C Ktori, Norio Abiru, R Mössner, Hiroko Hirooka, Jens J. Holst, Q Dan, H F Gu, C Gimpelewicz, A Oeckinghaus, B DelBuono, J Kuroda, P Kastner, Clemens Fürnsinn, H Usui, R Mosqueda-Garcia, P De Meyts, K Yamagami, M Tóth, V Leite, H Alberti, M Meneses, Gregory Collier, E G Starostina, C Delaporte, Agostino Consoli, François Alhenc-Gelas, S Tonstad, G Schuler, J Juszczyk, G Hoefle, M Wilken, Mark A. Yorek, Volker Lodwig, G Edwards, E Catellani, Ewa Wender-Ozegowska, Kurt Hoffmann, I Markova, Steven J. Hunter, A Venkataraman, Bente Klarlund Pedersen, A Kengne, Ken K. Ong, L A Calo, M Huckova, Y Morikawa, Pierina Richiusa, D Giuffrida, Sonia Brichard, Giuseppe Paolisso, Andrew T. Hattersley, M Vankova, Jon G. Mabley, G Salvidio, M Montolio, X Yang, Barbara N. Campaigne, Ralph R. Turner, Andrew J.M. Boulton, P Johnston, S Berchtold, Roger Corder, D Ledwig, M. Di Mauro, Houweling, J H Bowker, J Hilsted, Shin D-W., B Kiran, E Esteve, A J Cameron, S Spera, Kathrin Maedler, S Tsujii, J. H. DeVries, S Cailleaux, M Walter, A Florén, R Lehtonen, Davis Tme., N Patsourakos, J. Marco, G Lepore, L Morcillo, J Burén, Paul Smits, Juraj Koska, Chung J-H., Katherine S. Elliott, Bong Soo Cha, Christian Weyer, F Montorsi, L G Søndergaard, H Horie, M Herten, N Aghamohamadzadeh, L A Scrocchi, A Oyarzún, Rutten Geh., K Yamada, M Zivkovic, R S Beifort, Lee I-K., S D Bouman, H Böhles, Dwight E. Matthews, Orville G. Kolterman, Bidda Rolin, I Shymanskyy, P Thomakos, John Strand, A Virkamäki, C M Clark, Y Tokumasa, Odusanya Pot., Joel F. Habener, Abel López-Bermejo, Anders Tengholm, D Argon, Lajoix A-D., N Aki, L Kessler, N Takahashi, A Zmysłowska, Kåre I. Birkeland, D Soon, Lars Køber, M Vaňková, Lee W-C., F Payeras-Más, C Lau, E Ramos Lopez, L Lukic, A Suehiro, Stephan J-A., I Estalella, Jørgen Jensen, Liaqat Ali, V S Dimitrijevic Sreckovic, V P Maximova, G Salietti, M Ding, Yuksel Altuntas, Chung K-D., F Kaufman, Ludwig Wagner, C Calvi, D X Gram, David G. Bruce, K Sprenger, M Schweers, D Kush, D B Panagiotakos, J. M. Currie, Luis Castaño, Dag E. Undlien, D. Haspel, A Suzuki, J Cederholm, S Garcia, L Cynober, P O'Hare, A Tsur, Christine Zimmermann, M Faimalie, V V Poltorak, S Alba, Axel Haupt, J Varga, Tetsuya Yamada, M Shoji, R H Lloyd-Mostyn, Péter Pusztai, Doney Asf., M N Gangnerau, I Shimizu, Henrik Ortsäter, F Liska, Mandeep Bajaj, H Sarui, Michal Andel, S Chiheb, Diane Barker, A. van Tol, Brigitte Reusens, I Anafaroglu, Giel Nijpels, F Bongardt, K Taxildaris, M. Orsini Federici, V A Horton, K Ota, A McCall, M Vladica, Anita M. Hennige, Karsten Müssig, A Philotheou, I Chronopoulos, N A Perrin, B Janand-Delenne, Søren S Lund, S Duarte, R Bernardi, R Holman, Safia Costes, Hubert Kolb, G J Schlömer, Rainer Lehmann, Lusson J-R., J K Malone, X I Nkomo, Lars Melholt Rasmussen, E G Chittilapilly, J Satrústegui, A M Abbatecola, M Cristini, U Hanson, María Teresa Martínez-Larrad, Frida Renström, Luigi Uccioli, A Hennige, T Akhobadze, U Raval, D J McCarty, Didac Mauricio, S Horiuchi, V V Nosikov, B Wierusz-Wysocka, K Xiang, H L Fehm, Elaine Gutierrez, S Salman, E Siekierka-Kleiser, P Martul, N Kajaia, A W Herling, Tony R. Merriman, Kirsten J. Ward, René Gross, S K Althouse, S Woodhead, Emmanuel Cosson, T Rönnemaa, T M Filiz, Jerzy Loba, S Sha, Klas Malmberg, Carlo Pesce, Jung D-S., I Majdrakova, Thomas Forst, M Schütt, Hierl F-X., A M Efanov, I Verschraegen, H B Jensen-Holm, D Deckhut, Frida Leonetti, N Selzle, G Cassetti, Jose L Mesa, G Morrison, Christian-Heinz Anderwald, C Kliebe-Frisch, J H Moffitt, P Lahm, Hiroshi Ishiguro, E. Borgo, A Keech, L Quagliaro, Thomas O. Ola, Henquin J-C., W J Sluiter, F Leprêtre, Kalliopi Kotsa, Peter Karl Jacobsen, E Sanchez-Largo, E Gaia, Daniel R. Witte, Sidsel Graff-Iversen, G Seebohm, E Cacès, R G Khalifah, W Wilson, Avan Aihie Sayer, C Raffaitin, J Gumprecht, T Lehmann, E Migliaccio, R Urrutia, E Shelestova, A V Chervonsky, Stefan Mustafa, Y Hisano, Erik A. Richter, J Miettinen, K M Gottesdiener, Gangyi Yang, D Chevenne, A Girach, P Samuelsson, Taskinen M-R., D Ciociaro, D Aydemir, Yang S-B., P De, Dongliang Zhuang, Nathan R. Hill, B V Hansen, Hideki Katagiri, M Saryusz-Wolska, G Y Gandhi, Nicholas Witt, D Berzi, B J Mejía-Pedraza, D G Burrin, R Mather, V Ashkenazi-Katalan, Y Yamasaki, G B Jensen, Emma L. Edghill, Y Wang, I J Deary, M Langenfeld, J L James, K Yozai, T Appleton, Jamal A-M., A. Di Benedetto, Yutaka Nakaya, Elin Rebecka Carlsson, Y Park, T Carpenter, Attila Bokor, Patrick Harriott, S Ait El Mkadem, B Lormeau, A Ceylan-Isık, Stefania Bandinelli, Isabel Valverde, N Brevnova, Pietro Passera, F Escrivá, J El-Din, G Ertl, Tringham, S Wakabayashi, J Soler-Soler, T Tenenbaum, Kurt Widhalm, S Yoshizumi, M Masin, L Tsibina, S Shutler, Kirsten Ohm Kyvik, Nigel J. Crowther, M C O'Neill, A N Pehlivanidis, A Kürklü, P Bouter, Savontaus M-L., Sharp Gwg., Kivelä S-L., A Krasner, E Carrasco, Ravi V. Shah, A Skytthe, P Roca, B O Boehm, Felicia Ranta, Ulrich Werner, A Shearer, D Hosaka, P Papadimitriou, C Dimosthenopoulos, L Farkas, K Short, S Futakuchi, Z Garamvölgyi, C Hohberg, B Heckmann, M S Fineman, H Akahori, Yasuhiko Iwamoto, K Hashimoto, Zhihui Zhong, S Shubeska Stratrova, G M Cvijovic, C Neumann-Haefelin, Amna Khamis, J D Betteridge, P Fratino, Itxaso Rica, L Tsutskiridze, S Nakajima, S N Koval, Paolo Brunetti, J Buithieu, A K Rasmussen, John P. New, V W Rahlfs, S Pellitero, Claude Bouchard, P D van Poelje, A Ghio, S Barcelo-Batllori, B Götz, Fernando Djs., Antonio E. Pontiroli, P Lim, M Eckhard, Norbert Stefan, L Alviggi, G A Thomson, S Bergmann, E De Amici, Elisa Pagnin, C Gatsiou, Markku Laakso, M. Massi Benedetti, Szabo, E R Trimble, H Konya, T Örn, G Valsamakis, J Zhang, S Mcintyre, H Yu, C Huang, Ken’ya Sakamoto, David A. Savage, Martin Whyte, S Vakkalanka, G C Webb, R. Reitano, D James, D Bradshaw, K G Parhofer, Napoleone Ferrara, P Boucek, Henry J. Dargie, V Artikis, R A Flett, Giovanni Anfossi, I S Simeonov, D J Drucker, A Chamson, Phillips Diw., Charlotte Malis, Bernd Schultes, M. I. Hawa, Shanta J. Persaud, S Geloneze, J Sponarova, S. Lahdenperä, Y Komatsu, B Capaldo, Wojciech Młynarski, D Brasacchio, G Allochis, H Takeda, W Doering, J Grimshaw, Ichiro Niki, D Degiannis, C Köder, Carla Iacobini, Norbert Hermanns, Voss, A Grimaldi, R. Wassmuth, L Bernardi, A. Crinò, T S Temelkova-Kurktschiev, C Nita, Michail Antsiferov, A Balini, Yoo H-J., Giovanna Oddi, A C Bossi, D. S. Harry, Á Vatay, Peter R. Flatt, M Fukumoto, Sebastio Perrini, Halfoun Vlc., R Helal, Donald C. Simonson, B L Shine, E Maltezos, J Ryskjær, H Bessho, Yoichiro Kamatani, M Veitenhansl, M Farnier, N Hole, M Abbasi, Cha B-Y., Gall M-A., M Bogatean, Amitha Gopinath, M Vettore, O Seda, V J Willey, Carl Johan Östgren, R M Parhimovich, Rennings Ajm., B G Kravitz, D Lipkin, Andrea Galgani, A Nakajima, Alvin C. Powers, J E Paiker, E Souhami, Per Hildebrandt, Charlotte Kragelund, C Lindloh, M Sasaki, Torben F. Ørntoft, Nilima Biswas, G Giani, J Lazarus, H U Janka, H Li, F Reeß, S Athanaselis, S Sankar, Carlos Hernández, A Tone, R Capani, E Biermann, C. N. Hales, Petersen Jla., M Federici, Torben Jørgensen, P Kurtzhals, Michael N. Weedon, Eva Lind Rasmussen, Rupert Beale, B Leiting, Per K. Christensen, R J Young, M J Wooddell, Guy P. Nason, Jean-François Martin, J A Ruggles, C De Natale, Renu A. Kowluru, Alexandra Schneider, M E Cerf, S Galande, V. Miselli, Romano Regazzi, I Gkioulmpasanis, D Voinovich, Susanne Ullrich, Zhao P-L., R Rabasa, W G Towers, D Cerrato, G A Nuttall, Halimi J-M., Marco Falasca, Antonio Zorzano, D Bottino, C J Mullany, Michael Alvarsson, Matthias Nauck, E Pankowska, S Bulgurlu, U Hoss, Eiji Kawasaki, Davide Lauro, Ha Kbn., Beauvieux M-C., Enzo Bonora, J Lane, H Mahtab, N. Klöting, D L Winter, Freyse E-J., G. Biemer-Daub, Cecilia Invitti, J Dabrowski, Laurence Ladrière, Catherine Born, A Hiukka, Y Inoue, M Cimmino, Y K Kim, Jeanette Kuhl, J Peiker, J Szánthó, B. Zierhut, P Blazicek, M Calbacho, L Marenah, M Zbinden, Y Nakasone, David R. Owens, P Ross, T Vilsbøll, A Šmahelová, E Boldrini, S Santos-Palacios, T Krarup, J Bonnet, Dorte Vistisen, R A Ritzel, Tsuguhito Ota, L Guja, B Chappuis, Nils Billestrup, A Grilli, Polly J. Bingley, Sabine Fischer, Kenneth Robertson, P M Bell, R Coll, Y Uchigata, A Glebocka, L Rizzo, Swangjit Suraamornkul, Egberts E-H., E Zapanti, K Oi, Hideichi Makino, N. Visalli, Häkkinen A-M., Uwe Voelker, Ian Lawrence, Marju Orho-Melander, Mary-Elizabeth Patti, K Herrmann, B Hultberg, Hoekstra Jbl., Nael Shaat, Hannele Yki-Järvinen, E Canbek, E Madarász, A Marsocci, N A Foxwell, P Sorichetti, Eva Aguilera, A Bronisz, J LaSalle, M Freeman, M S Kipnes, K Ažman-Juvan, Stefan R. Bornstein, Y Kainou, Francesca Porcellati, Bart Keymeulen, Y Takemura, Joanne Rasschaert, L Juurinen, M Broch, Paddison Cam., Jens Faber, M Sanges, R Swift, S D Luzio, T Kuchmerovska, J. De Schepper, Sabina Baumgartner-Parzer, C. Herder, Peter Rossing, C L Frost, K Kaku, Zhiguang Zhou, Thomas C. Wascher, Song B-R., S Bai, M Vázquez, B. Van der Auwera, A Pavanini, Luisa Gilardini, K S Sunnerhagen, Claes B. Wollheim, S Shinn, Christian Dina, Yoichiro Iwakura, L Thomas, K C Lasseter, J Crook, V Kraft, C. J. Bailey, E Estimes, A Jiménez, Georgeanna J. Klingensmith, G Menzinger, C Rinsch, Anna Jonsson, Masakazu Kobayashi, A Goertz, K Papatheodorou, J. Lopes de Faria, C Karasu-Yilmaz, C H Hobbs, J Behjati, R Buckingham, A Patruno, A Heinrich, L. Kalbe, A Oglesby, Y Fujita, O Zacharopoulou, P Di Fulvio, G Poggi, J Jowett, W Isley, Susumu Suzuki, M Zamaklar, A M Carter, S. Efendic, Claude Knauf, Stephen B. Williams, Wu H-S., S de Kreutzenberg, Susanne Schwenke, A Coppelli, S Maxeiner, E Stridde, M Zurawska, J. H. Fuller, P Di Tomo, D Pisarczyk-Wiza, J Dudenhausen, Robert G. Nelson, Catherine Pihoker, M F Bullano, Tuomo Rankinen, J Wada, R A Greiner, L A Tchugunova, T Okada, M Bosevski, G Dentan, S Bruce, H Rittmeier, I Peovska, B Augendre-Ferrante, Zsolt Bosnyak, H van Wasen, Peter Almgren, Lut Overbergh, Bernard R. Landau, D Schumann, Frédérique Diraison, B Dietrich, Q Zhou, Alan D. Cherrington, Ottavio Giampietro, Margaret M Band, G Brandrup-Wogsen, R Eher, N Kim, Merlin C. Thomas, V Anand, K Szosland, B Gustafson, Aina S. Lihn, Mamputu J-C., Dosch H-M., G Paragh, Robert E. Ratner, C D Kim, A Heckel, Adrian J. Bone, V G Athyros, Léopold Fezeu, M A Denke, N Karlovich, M Morgutti, N Villela, Mathias D. Brendel, Peter Krippeit-Drews, Akira Matsutani, Gyula Tamás, Ole Schmitz, Chae S-H., J T Willerson, L Galuska, A Vanoli, G Habib, Giuseppe Remuzzi, R. R. Rizza, R. Sillard, S Longhitano, Hongliang Li, Y I Karachenzev, J Denne, M Grenningloh, J Hayes, B J Goldstein, S Erdmann, A Midtgaard, D F Giannakopoulou, Dick de Zeeuw, A. Holstein, J Brązert, M Zmudzinska, R E Davis, Felipe F. Casanueva, F Huet, Stephanie A. Amiel, Y Miyake, N Hiroi, Eberhard Standl, G Sebag, Caroline Kistorp, R Jaziri, Rita Basu, M Mertl-Roetzer, Flavia Franconi, U. Di Mario, M Brammer, U Langel, Meghan L. Marré, F Garcia, G H Thoresen, Ingrid Kockum, H Gin, L Sedova, Susanne Rudberg, Martin Prázný, Diana Rubin, I Kyrou, T. J. Wilkin, A D Kriketos, E M Egido, K. Sugimoto, Janssen Pgh., E Aktas, E Rylander, M Ramazashvili, Hans-Ulrich Häring, Mackay Djg., J Skupien, Yoshihisa Nakatani, I Karádi, Jurg Ott, H Makki, A J Ló, T B Bödvarsdóttir, Timo A. Lakka, J Nerup, Anders Rasmussen Rinnov, F Assimacopoulos-Jeannet, G Beretta Anguissola, F U Rodriguez, A Garcia-España, B Neve, P Curtis, M Boldrin, E Csongradi, M E Hossain, Jürgen Kasper, Concetta Suraci, Lex M. Bouter, Z Skrivanek, H Bischoff, H Yamazaki, Nicola Jackson, Irene M Stratton, D Vogelsang, E Baranyi, Andrei I. Oprescu, X Yan, L A Resnik, A Wajman, M J Sheetz, R T Ribeiro, K Oono, Angelika Thon, A H Boss, K U Wittrup-Jensen, Nanne Kleefstra, E. Ferrari, Thomas Strack, Häring H-U., R Chow, Gabriele Perriello, R Z Timar, R Giannarelli, Y Saito, Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen, Peter Bergsten, D Raunig, A Rovira, Gunnar Sigurdsson, Z Melczer, L Gu, R Elli, C Chan, F N Wang, Carmine G. Fanelli, Thomas Illig, M Szabó, K Holtz-Neiderer, R Kominato, Nieves González, M Pfohl, D. P. Bataille, R Peter, Robert J. Heine, E Bacillo, S J Creely, D Bruttomesso, D Karagianni, I O Shymanskyy, Lüddeke H-J., D P Kurktschiev, H J Kim, K Nanjo, B R Lee, Valeriya Lyssenko, Y Hasegawa, P Langer, C Gemma, Martin E. Fernandez-Zapico, Dale S. Edgerton, C Romano, Sotirios A. Raptis, S Ishida, S Frantz, U Ott, D Simmons, Philippe Morel, P M George, E Müller, F Saleh, M. Grabert, John A. Todd, V Golozoubova, M Sikter, Carla Giordano, P K Awah, M Colding-Jorgensen, O Schoeffski, T Suda, A V Kulikovskaya, T. Lauritzen, Y Fujii, Philip G. McTernan, G V Donchenko, D P Hancock, G Renier, G Maclaine, Nita G. Forouhi, O Kolterman, S Nag, Bengt Vessby, J Genescà, D Moruzzo, P Dittrich, Aristidis Veves, M Sacco, Christopher Shaw, F Agrò, F Oana, I I Dedov, P Sergeev, A Sotiropoulos, L Moretti, Paolo Pinton, Nigel P. Jones, K Takemoto, Mary A. Cotter, Mauro Castellarin, N Roper, Peter Gæde, E Cerasi, T Hoffmann, D Gabellini, Ramzi A. Ajjan, Y Yu, Huh K-B., G I Kuntchevich, Kenichi Shikata, U Puch, Hirofumi Misu, P García, J Shen, S M Katzman, Marco Castagneto, H H Hundborg, E Kaszas, Choi M-H., R Battiato, H Shi, Y Oh, Adela Penesova, C Xipnitos, Julie C. Price, T Imamura, A M Tonkin, C Tang, A A Barros-Filho, N Chartrel, A Findlow, Z V Caparevic, Jukka Westerbacka, T Ishii, A R Vlad, O V Tuzova, M Y Gorshunska, Knut Borch-Johnsen, P Pizzocri, Bernt Lindahl, T M Wallace, H C Deng, Mikael Knip, M Shimodahira, Renato Lauro, F Zelaya, Giovanni Pacini, I Franzetti, E Karagiannis, L Wood, Wendy A. Davis, Karen J. Mcneil, M Scott, Mariella Sorcini, G Lasfargues, Philippe Froguel, Kjersti S. Rønningen, R Chotmongkol, G Zasadzinska, R Iakoubov, E Kiwanuka, M Arribas, M Schuler, K Pyörälä, H. de la Calle, Maciej Wideł, V Lowe, Ilaria Dicembrini, D H Beran, R Morikawa, K Satani, G Scarselli, Lea Bruhn Nielsen, Ahn Y-M., Aveni Haynes, Leslie Rdg., Basem M. Abdallah, K V Allen, Max Bulsara, Masataka Kusunoki, D L Duhamel, F Cipollone, Lee S-J., È Palik, A I Gladkich, T Sato, Yogish C. Kudva, L Gardete-Correia, Yoshinori Hinokio, Martin Rossmeisl, Lorena Amadio, G Gates, K Wittrup-Jensen, A Pfützner, E Tourel, V Moya-Suri, Y Imai, U Zeymer, A I Santos, J Mueller, M Lombardi, K Luz, Olga Kotova, Angela Scipioni, Bernard Portha, Reinhard G. Bretzel, Risa Ozaki, I A Katz, L Dakovska, Sampath Narayanan, T P Levchenko, M Lazarova, J Stock, D D Kim, J J Vendrell, Heikki O. Tikkanen, Ostenson C-G., Ronan Roussel, Hideaki Nakagawa, Gabriel I. Uwaifo, Paul D. Griffiths, Klaus Moeschel, Lee B-W., I Rojas, K. Staiger, Brendan T. Kinsley, J Gebel, Alessandra Bertolotto, Anthony Zagar, Domenico Accili, Richard H. Jones, A Mayorov, J M Morrell, S Soedamah-Mathu, R Obrenovic, T C Cavakcanti, J Łopatyński, Ottavia Porzio, A Barbera, R Piechatzek, Ewa Małecka-Panas, M M Mocanu, David W. Dunstan, A Y Tokmakova, Sei Hyun Baik, A De Bellis, D Kallend, D Melloul, C Rosak, S G Paule, Vicki Thallas, A Schrodter, P Roesen, G M Steil, Sabine E. Hofer, P Juretschke, D Zozulinska, Slavisa Ninkovic, V Pauvaday, D A Darko, Kim J-I., David R. Tomlinson, Fach E-M., A Papaefstathiou, L Gürtler, N Wiernsperger, J Simcox, L M Dickson, S Fujii, J Schwarz, Lars S. Rasmussen, M Trautmann, M Uzan, A Sato, Hans Günther Wahl, Tore Julsrud Berg, Kar Keung Cheng, C J Emery, M Lipsett, U Belz, Majlinda Lako, E M Gould, Rikke Due-Andersen, J N Mbanya, C Fiore, Takao Nakamura, Shield Jph., B Nadal, Lene Simonsen, Barry M. Brenner, D Fedak, J Chen, Laura E. Parton, Gao H-Y., John B. Buse, B Vialettes, M Y Guo, T Evers, Melanie J. Davies, Joan Soler, D Schmiegelt, Bárbara Angel, Hoe, B Parker, G Giovannitti, Ross Lawrenson, O Rigal, J Raastam, D S Kim, Björn Olde, Berggren P-O., Calum Sutherland, F Vittone, A Gauthey, A. M. Wagner, Paul Czernichow, Arturo Rosso, A Peter, J Hřebíček, V Martínek, B Jardin, A Fiorito, M V Trigo, S Bassan, N R Busciantella, C Turpini, G Seghieri, R Gelisio, K Nakanishi, D Pittasch, A Kamaratos, Irminger J-C., Monika Cahova, Y. Miyazaki, D V Coppini, Avierinos J-F., Erifili Hatziagelaki, S Schmauss, Richard G. Feltbower, Giancarlo Viberti, P G Steg, S Paulin, S M Marcovina, C. Marzari, Keld Fosgerau, S A Constantin, Adam Kretowski, K Yoshiuchi, K Cypryk, Geloneze, Jason L. Eriksen, Luis Garcia, L A Lavery, A Paroli, C A Ellery, M Morales de Teresa, Martin Ridderstråle, Riccardo C. Bonadonna, Solomon Tesfaye, N Gebeloglu, S Odenbach, A Baumgarten, Frank Schaper, K Dimitriou, F Costantino, O Basat, C A Mathis, V Lassmann-Vague, Kim D-J., J E Pessin, Shi Y-F., Michael Ristow, Kerstin Brismar, V Padilla, M Paganelli, Katinka Stoffels, A Caselli, R Cioni, G Nosso, C Conde, J Foley, M Tsuchiya, I Naumenkova, J M Pou, D Holmes, Richard J MacIsaac, M J Davies, G Jenkins, F Lavalle-Gonzalez, Daphne Owens, E Gibson, Richard E. Gilbert, Foster Avm., Sieradzki J, M W Davis, S Lahiry, James Mason, S Di Silvestre, Ken Walder, B Sporleder, B P Nixon, S Murao, Claus Thamer, V Kren, M A Buyukbese, B Burwinkel, M L Bigelow, C Bellin, P Mayr, J C Beer, Kim K-S., Willy Malaisse, A Ojeda, M Macugowska, A Varró, E Hammer, A R Baker, Alan W. Stitt, Rayaz A. Malik, H A Keizer, A Poscia, V Suri, K Kusterer, Allan D. Struthers, Martin J. Hessner, L A Anderson, Nigel Irwin, J S Christiansen, H V Schaff, D Hancock, L Nielsen, J J Mukherjee, M Essenpreis, C R Stephenson, D Betoulle, T Shibata, L Blonde, S O'Neil, T Hrachovinova, B Mirkiewicz-Sieradzka, G M Valorani, S Jahan, P Luzniak, Stephanie Halford, B Young, E Zabala, P Jousilahti, Hubert Vidal, P Kowey, G Hawthorne, A Zalewski, D Cokkinos, J Maroni, S Drewelow, Y Gao, Maria Paula Macedo, Wendy Dean, Janusz Blasiak, Delporte M-Ll., J Doupis, S Marcu, G Su, D Christakidis, Sabine Sewing, P Pánczél, H Matsumoto, K Rickenbach, A Calì, Giuseppe Derosa, A Linke, H Piperidou, Y Miura, B Kocher, D Nelson, Jo Y-Y., Päivi J. Miettinen, D Leontsini, M Prasek, A R Jones-Leone, H Ahn, R Alemzadeh, Yoshitomo Oka, Anna Solini, Fernanda Ortis, Neville Owen, Simona Cernea, Maciej Pawłowski, Sherry Martin, J L Selam, T Tulokas, K Lammi, Rolland J-F., Stephen Thomas, R.T. de Jongh, C Diehm, S Altimir, E. Manzato, W Szymczak, Michael Khan, S Lally, S Aycheh, I Stengele, Kim S-I., Zbigniew Szybiński, Carol Bower, Koichi Kato, I Evangelista, Eveline Eschwège, S Fujimoto, J Born, Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis, O Schnell, Y Zhang, C Jørgensen, Lorenzo Piemonti, P Pithova, M Shirai, B. Kilhovd, M Dzabic, A.D. Hughes, Denis Raccah, P Berto, K Nizheradze, Tiinamaija Tuomi, Thomas Nyström, J A Shu, J Ostman, E Cicconetti, Helen E. Thomas, Margareta Svensson, P Vautrin, Andreas Fritsche, Lawrence Rosenberg, K Stoschitzky, M Yamakoshi, B Pandey, Kazuaki Nagashima, N Pound, W Srikusalanukul, D D Sandeman, L Wu, M C Stapperfend, P Saxena, SE Jones, C Colombo, C Caccioppoli, A K Keenan, P Piatkiewicz, H Frobøse, H-Erich Wichmann, J Marquez, C A Maloney, F Stasini, Elena Matteucci, J Arezzo, M Dalfrà, Maria Aisporna, M Nastoll, M Germán, M Riddle, Munehide Matsuhisa, Alessandro Sartorio, Henrik Toft Sørensen, Lars Rydén, I Panagiotou, M Fisher, J P Yeo, M C Riddle, K Anthony, Patrizia Ippolita Patera, T Bobkiewicz-Kozłowska, A Gasiorowska, M Artwohl, Kim K-W., Lutz Heinemann, P V Voss, A Tsuchida, N Ueda, Huriya Beyan, Joachim Rosenbauer, M Sultana, N I Gorbenko, B B Rønn, J Bělobrádková, Michael Haap, J Després, K Cooper, C Tzioras, J Goodwin, J A Myers, Eriksson A-K., M Sahilli, H Sasaki, D Grassetti, S Nencioni, Suzuki J-Y., F Wang, Erica L. Fletcher, H Chen, P Augstein, W J Valentine, Burkhard Göke, Damien Jolley, K Raun, A Seftel, K Okumura, N Follak, A Risse, M Stolinski, Vineet M. Arora, L Vaur, Steven Patterson, T. Heise, Rossi Mce., L. Quarré, D Dorigo, K P Bouter, H Serghides, M. Matsuda, Astrup Av, R Cramb, S Chipchase, Andrzej Lewiński, R Wadwa, C Friedrich, S Giordanetti, Joan Vendrell, Souvik Das, D McGechie, E Locatelli, E Sossidou, D Li, Meinardi, G Thalhammer, Jay S. Skyler, C J Muller, Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen, Susan M. Ring, Richard R. Rubin, S Pramming, Attila Brehm, D Klomp, C Plachot, E Santeusanio, F Roquet, A Naassan, B Pini, Patricia B. Carroll, Maura Pettiti, David S. Rowlands, Jandeleit-Dahm Kam., Timothy M. Frayling, A. K. Sjølie, A. de la Peña, M Franciosi, P A Torjesen, Jonathan C. Levy, S Caruso, B M Sreckovic, S Kim, L Arnaldi, H. B. Holt, M. Parkkonen, Francesco Dotta, M Diamant, H Hilden, A Manginas, N Tsokos, Davis, Barbara Leibiger, M Vaxillaire, V Deschamps, S Hernandez Campos, M Benchimol, Meftun Ahmed, S J Murdoch, Z V Zabarovskaya, Christine Waterman, T Werner, L Brunerova, D Coca-Robinot, D Pejkovic, Jesper Lau, Andreas Melidonis, R A Afonso, V Bronte, W Kotowa, C Broca, Orian S. Shirihai, Stehouwer Cda., Y Nishi, S Wanyonyi, R Fabregate, P A Khanam, S Nepal, Aimin Xu, Jan S. Ulbrecht, S M Ilic, H Hattori, A Panadero Moya, Pietro Castellino, Chiara Guglielmi, Masaru Sakurai, C Barrett, T Trüb, Christine Darwin, S Gross, Carmine Gazzaruso, J Coulaud, L Carbillon, Choi N-H., Anna C. Calkin, U Besenfelder, W Horn, K P Zak, S Nordman, L Zajdenverg, Y Sunaga, G A Spinas, P M Whitty, Kentaro Ohtoshi, Daniela Gasperikova, T Rinaldi, M R Nangle, Vincenzo Positano, C Lasseur, Paul Marsden, M Cinteza, Jeannet Lauenborg, M Párrizas, B Arslan, D Oakley, N S Mason, F Lauster, A B Lowenfels, A H van den Meiracker, M De Smet, P Politakis, Martin Tfj., M Watanabe, Gianna Toffolo, M Kimura, Sudhesh Kumar, A Petrov, G A Raciti, A. M. Umpleby, T Pervin, Maciej T. Małecki, E Tuomilehto-Wolf, Elisabeth R. Mathiesen, R Bonfante, R Gerona, L F Zang, T Sundsten, Mogens Kruhøffer, Johanne Tremblay, Naoto Katakami, L E Foster, Jorge Ferrer, D M Yellon, G Macdonell, T Appl, Levendal R-A., Arany Ejr., B Glisic, R Lestrade, M Dolci, F Pellegrini, K B Rooney, T Ishikawa, H Mayaudon, G Freckmann, V Asnaghi, N Rajkovic, Markus Tiedge, J Marniemi, Jian Peng, D Treacher, P. Z. Zimmet, V Jewhurst, H S Chaudhury, Magnus Møller, E Mathiesen, S Triscornia, Michael Stumvoll, Dirk Wedekind, T Todo, N Schifino, Jacek Kasznicki, C McHorney, Am Sironi, V Patel, N A Abdella, K Ohno, Karin Jandeleit-Dahm, Rafn Benediktsson, K Sztefko, D Yin, Michael R. Christie, J Hill, Simi Ahmed, A Behar, Borys J-M., Don Johns, David G. Armstrong, B Hare, B Szepietowska, S Frojdo, B Meyer, H Hanaire-Broutin, R Reich, A T Ali, A A Dreval, A J Stears, Y Sui, V Mattoo, Wilding Jph., F Azizi, M A Heise, Dana Dabelea, Afshan Siddiq, A. P. Lambert, L Steen, Giuseppe Pugliese, Steen Andersen, F Salman, G Parnaud, Hahn J-U., R A Silvestre, B Idzior-Waluś, B Guy-Grand, Linda D. Voss, Peter G. Jones, E Konoue, G Mello, Vigdis Aas, Yoshifumi Suzuki, Allan Flyvbjerg, L Mogylnytska, J B Hansen, Finn Gustafsson, Jürgen Schrezenmeir, S Kondo, A Ruggiero, I Tarkun, Jan Kopecky, A Umehara, K J Wiefels, D Ogawa, M Austen, F Bataller, John Wahren, Birger Thorsteinsson, G. H. Tomkin, I Pogliaghi, Ahn C-W., M Ishizaki, I Peiró-Martinez, Webb D-L., Ketan Dhatariya, Akihisa Imagawa, Roberto Lupi, P Petit, F Fehse, Jason D. Cooper, Pfeiffer Afh., V Cunsolo, E E Agardh, R Nieuwland, F Ekram, Jensen Rbb., Jens Bülow, HU Häring, Quynh Ntt., D Kawamori, M Herná Alarcó, M Kolpe, Gianfranco Parati, N Labastie, U Mager, D Krenova, M Aragona, Wolffenbuttel Bhr., Pierre Maechler, B P Kovatchev, L Mordhorst, C Coghi, L Wassef, G Füst, Z M Lu, Ewan R. Pearson, D De Cesare, S V McLennan, K Mikoudi, Ali Naji, O Apostolou, A Roussin, J I San Pedro, L N Scherbacheva, A Baroni, McNamara Mrj., M Perez-Maraver, A P Shepelkevich, M Ehren, Alex Harper, C Merezak, M Morrissey, Leena Kinnunen, H Goto, P Maincent, Oluf Pedersen, R. R. Lyu, G Rizzo, V V Bogomolov, N Krasova, G M McGuire, Tina Parkner, A Timi, Johann Bauersachs, S Foussas, S A Schreiber, T Monauni, Schwarz Peh., Allenberg, J D Lee, S Dewan, Y G Zheng, D Carroll, E Sarti, C Wollheim, Anna Kaminski, C Menneila, P Bucher, Xu Jyu., Vincent Rigalleau, A Schöpfer, Hans Jörnvall, A Ben Drief, X Jeunemaitre, E Schuster, Chan Slf., S Bilgic, J Coverly, K Szafraniec, Stalenhoef Afh., H Bergert, David I. W. Phillips, J Maksimovic Pavlovic, Sergio E. Starkstein, E Chaim, T Lehmann-Lintz, P Salacone, Tim Armstrong, Ingrid Klöting, C M Frampton, Franco Cavalot, A.K.Azad Khan, H Rose, Marta Letizia Hribal, Jette Kolding Kristensen, H Gröbe, M Nishi, A Vanderplas, Howlett Hsc., L E Bowen, R Malik, A Wu, Charles C. Richardson, Y Li, P G McNally, Yoon K-H., A Baleydier, M J Murphy, P. M. Nilsson, U Lindblad, Sten Madsbad, T Bíró, Riitta Veijola, Charlotte Glümer, Assunta Pandolfi, Lydia Aguilar-Bryan, M Namba, C Franzen, S Lopatriello, David Russel Jones, S. Cellek, T Derezinski, Ronald P. Stolk, B Yermen, Marina Trento, Christine Feinle-Bisset, T S Futers, Ahn S-K., D Yue, R Nakamura, Shin Tsunekawa, Ortwin Naujok, Marina Vladimirovna Shestakova, Matthew Wintle, M P Guarino, Giovanni Camussi, B Persson, M Brahimi, Raffaella Buzzetti, H Hendrickx, H Schuster, Anthony J. Brookes, N K Hoa, A Ianni Palarchio, T Marte, N H Redemann, M Pufal, Roya Babaei-Jadidi, C Glüimer, Susanne J. Szabo, G Zuodar, Laura Calvillo, M Homering, K Stegner, L Min, Y Haider, S Evangelista, N Soydan, Y Yerushalmy, Z Karimi Anderesi, A Bernjak, Laine A-P., A E Udovichenko, Eva Corpeleijn, A Rieger, Tahseen A Chowdhury, D Schmid, Krystyna Matyka, O V Ivanova, G Ciampittiello, P Vague, I Schmoelzer, Groop P-H., J Weidenhammer, Luis Arnes, A Khoruzhenko, Jelena Skibova, W Jefferson, M Catala, J K Wilson, G Dunseath, A D Tselepis, S. Leotta, A. Sämann, R A Gerber, T Busila, P E Fraser, William J. Jeffcoate, J Pariès, K Huoponen, Anne Jörns, G Shanmugam, A Tsiavou, S Yoshida, Kim M-J., Annapaula Giulietti, S Paillasson, K Tsuchiya, Divyen K Shah, P Saar, S S Juarez, Stefanie Maxion-Bergemann, J Briody, V Schmitz, C M Pena, J Fernádez-Real, S Naruse, M Kalis, A P Klimenko, X H Chen, H.H. Lervang, G Bock, Mirja Tiikkainen, J Potockova, N Pekcanli, George Dragicevic, Timothy M. Rose, David C. Goff, H Komori, V Vasseur-Delannoy, S Hanley, P Hajos, C W Ahn, Matsuoka T-A., J Burns, Petar M. Seferovic, Yuki Kita, K Lyons, K Kohri, Eleftheria Zeggini, Y Ding, G Belcher, Steven V. Edelman, N Dinççaǧ, Christopher J. Rhodes, Manders Rjf., S Giveon, Dario Iafusco, L Li, M C Ribaudo, Kang S-K., Laurie J. Goodyear, L Martinez, C Vermigli, H Dabire, R Raymond, J de Haan, Christopher J. Groves, Å Norberg, H Jahr, M Gloster, Christopher D. Byrne, R Nagase, M Gorska, S Jinagouda, Marcin Baranowski, J M Bruun, L F Fan, Marco Bugliani, Ferdinando Nicoletti, S Born, T Milicic, C Haug, A Imbroinise, Rafael Carmena, G Gedulin, Benoit R. Gauthier, M Ptak, Schweitzer M-A., A Kayserilioǧlu, Rory J. McCrimmon, Ludmila Kazdova, D Pittrow, M Unal, L G Hunsicker, B Komsuoglu, E V Titovich, N L Petrova, M F Saad, T Lindström, D Koev, G Pigas, Pamela Phillips, Timo Otonkoski, S Kanhasura, Ignacio Conget, L Forga, B Rokeya, K Naraine, M Kuroda, F W Hanna, N Hancu, O E Voronko, A Urrutia, E Krusinova, K Stenlof, G. Philippou, W E Brady, Shlomo Sasson, I Cuccuru, S Welte, Md. Shahidul Islam, P Burian, S Creely, B Reinsen, Seema Garg, R Froguel, S Mathi, Myriam Nenquin, R S Crow, L Wogensen, J Brumberg, M Saito, E Hak, C Caravaggi, B Veldman, R E Gregg, A Swaminathan, S Allgauer, F Whitehouse, J Saban-Ruiz, S Rössner, A B Lewandowska, Toshinari Takamura, Elaine M. Dennison, Eugenia Carvalho, Rafael Simó, F Gigli, Chiasson J-L., H Weiss, E Jaeckel, T Krarup Hansen, F Bonnet, J Wu, L A Atramentova, F Murray, Flemming Pociot, A Arne, C. Valadas, F Boomsma, Marketa Sjögren, C Richart, Stefan Schreiber, M M Musri, M Dworacka, E Zakja, Peter Båvenholm, R Gelfand, Steven W. J. Lamberts, Temel Yilmaz, F Péan, K Rave, M Hirata, C Helbig, Y Kido, M Sumarac-Dumanovic, Emma Bingham, N Saadat, L Strindberg, R G Brodows, J Rihl, N C Unwin, Peter Watt, P. Van Rooy, Alexander V. Chibalin, M Michelini, Chantal Mathieu, Samy Hadjadj, W M Sallas, E Schroeder, E Woźniakiewicz, U Golbach, Jeong I-K., M Nam, M Thompson, E Berrone, Leena Ryysy, S Matsuno, G R Fulcher, Jan Schulze, Rachele Berria, Abdol-Reza Esteghamati, Claire Pentecost, D Begic, D Bailbé, J Seo, A Caduff, M Hompesch, E Nishimura, Soroku Yagihashi, Przemysława Jarosz-Chobot, A L Harte, M. E. Trujillo, Dreyfus J-F., G Golor, O Serri, George A. Werther, S Pahler, M Traversa, A. Jotic, I Seljeflot, Renata Krupa, K Irjala, M P Manns, V Sasseville, M R Yun, I Tauveron, Moira Harrison, C Müller-Brandes, Jan Škrha, L Javashvili, C Giusti, Jørgen Rungby, R M Segura, Oh Y-S., P Cavallo Perin, A Piazza, Fumihiko Sakakibara, F Caricato, K Manolopoulos, H. Aladdin, Elena Delgado, C Negut, R Hougaard, H Feldmeier, Francesca Cannata, B Mylari, C Kloos, Xia Li, A Turco, P Thieblot, J Lee, K Koczwara, Gan Huang, I M Briaud, L. Williams, J Ibáñez, Wing-Yee So, Joachim Størling, Kamadjeu Rkk., Sarah J. Bailey, J M González-Posada, M Brändie, M Adiseshiah, N Boschetti, K Tsukiyama, R Iwasa, Naoko Tajima, K K Seah, K Gorbenko, B Saha, Bettina Fischer, M Boronat, Y Kaneko, P K Jaiveer, T Østergård, S Pye, J Rosada, M Fazia, S Duran, Jonas Lindström, Muller Lma., Lee H-C., B Wilke, U Wohlrab, Y López, Philip Hougaard, H B Mortensen, G Riccardi, I Dedov, S Mauri, P G Matthews, D Holt, C Schöfl, N D Hancu, P Tong, Frank Döring, Michael Edmonds, Krystyna Wyka, R Citarrella, M J Mohler, Fabio Vistoli, J Gabaldon, T Gambling, T Barnera, Patrick Gilon, F Hadj Brahim, T M Kuchmerovska, Joachim Spranger, G Collier, Małgorzata Szelachowska, V Hwa, J Herwig, Asish K. Saha, Antje Wienbergen, P Merkouris, V R Driver, G Pellegrini, C Tusek, D Kuhl, J Salvador-Rodríguez, A Rivero, Af Björkesten C-G., L P Aiello, Ángela M. Valverde, A. Sola-Gazagnes, M Lenz, N Duffy, T. Charniauskaya, H Vavrinkova, B B Dokken, N García-Hernandez, M. C. Matteoli, W Neuhuber, B Gutt, Haiyan Wang, C De Tullio, Nikolaos Tentolouris, Susan E. Ozanne, A El-Ouaghlidi, R A Blacken, P K Marsden, S Saragoni, E Fernández, P Thams, Yukio Tanizawa, Cora Weigert, A Bajo-Martinez, A Icks, Yu Liu, Jan Erik Henriksen, J Lupón, C Chrysohoou, C Y Pan, M Enslen, Carsten F. Gotfredsen, S Paxian, C Sert, B Lescrauwaet, Nikolaos Karachalias, Harald Staiger, Soon Dkw., S Mandica, Arild C. Rustan, T Kokko, Luigi Gnudi, L Mantione, Y Mitchel, K Takebayashi, K Lindström, A Akhter, I Calota, Z A Leshchenko, R Henry, E Hagström-Toft, J A Sloniger, C Gredal, Palmer Cna., C Remade, Marion Marchand, S Liew, F Oriente, R Roesen, Ekaterine Bakhtadze, J Bodalski, Věra Lánská, U Baicchi, Terezie Pelikanova, Aniko Varadi, Trudy J. Smith, R Vettermann, Daniel Pipeleers, Becker Rha., S Speier, Saeger H-D., A Tedeschi, Peter J. Grant, W A Scherbaum, R Scardapane, C Arntz, L J Kerr-Bayles, V Poltorack, Sol E-R., G Deniz, Kasper Rossing, Scott J. Jacober, D Lucchesi, Kees J. Gorter, Shin J-S., F Bifari, Ravi Retnakaran, P C Tsiotra, Anna Möllsten, K Mironczuk, A Erdei, Gerry Melino, S G Kauschke, E Stenninger, A Morsanutto, Carmen Fajardo, A. Khan, M S Rasmussen, A Villena, C Ilic, G Gruden, S Uhles, M I Freed, I K Temple, Marco Giorgio, Z Radikova, M Lou, Theodora Temelkova-Kurktschiev, Sorin Ioacara, Patrick A. Ott, Christine Longuet, E Baldassari, Ian Chapman, Cristian Guja, S Seber, K Lundin, Juretschke H-P., A Kanatsuka, Schumicki D-M., Boris Mankovsky, E Liva, Johan Wadén, G Steil, P Chauveau, K Schafer, V Borzì, A S Andersen, D P Mikhailidis, L Groop, Hans J. Arnqvist, M Salvadorini, H. J. Bodansky, Johnny Ludvigsson, A De Paoli, A de Prado, P Olesen, P Syrovatka, V V Klimontov, E Rodriguez, Arthur S. Leon, Alberti Gkm., A Opel, S Kokkoris, S B Hong, Philippe Courtois, L Haque, Maria Sörhede Winzell, M C Beauvois, A Szypowska, D Yu, M Gutniak, D Petzinna, B Isomaa, K S Prickett, Maria Felice Brizzi, Pavel Hamet, P J Hammond, K. F. Michelmore, Yumie Takeshita, N Hariharan, Corrado M. Cilio, G Pogatsa, W G Jerome, E Bartley, K Schlembacher, G Blohmó, Guy A. Rutter, Kyung Mook Choi, S. C Tamer, Felix K. Assah, K A Jandeleit-Dahm, M Chan, H Darius, Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski, A Papazisi, M Amaya, A Knopff, M Tadayyon, I J Kim, W Russ, T Myrnäs, M. Tryon, S Poonsatha, Noel Cameron, Kim M-H., Alejandra Tomas, F Homo-Dekarche, G. Di Cianni, M Stotzka, C Solimine, Mikhail Borisovich Antsiferov, H Naserke, M Bianchi-Biscay, J I Lara, Moon C-K., Alain Ktorza, Alison N. Jeffery, V Lilla, Eun Seok Kang, Hanley Ajg., J Widder, R Ratner, C Goretti, P J Weston, J Perkins, V Rasmussen, M Evans, T M Gibson, A Jaffe, S I Chisalita, C Owman, L Hiltunen, E Kakishita, C M Mack, H C Potter, M Femerling, M Desai, M Soinio, K Yang, Patricia L. Brubaker, M Meyer, V Dy, J Berden, R Komers, Milos Adamec, R Petzoldt, Alan G. Robinson, R Stevens, A Doi, A Leunda, Eduard Montanya, Alessandra K Cardozo, N Kraenkel, Claudio Cobelli, U A Mueller, S Yamashiro, B R Gedulin, G Francisco, J Dennenmoser, Lesch K-P., Martin G. Bischof, M Ichita, C Fernandes, Jochen Hampe, S Kern, D Kelly, E Zeender, P Perna, J D Best, A C Calkin, Vivian Fonseca, J Prestle, D G Parkes, Satish K. Garg, T Burrell, B M Fischer, D Kruger, J S Skinner, Lin T-M., Jozef Ukropec, Maria Jeziorska, K Arii, David D. D’Alessio, M B Gomes, L Quandt, I Fragaki, M C Brindisi, A Gladkih, E Kitsou, S Di Cola, T Iwasaki, Peter Diem, T Lakka, V V Popova, G Lee, Hannah J. Welters, K Bonomo, Gavin Kelsey, Y Yerushalmi, A. H. Barnett, H. von Boehmer, K Blomberg, B Haag, M C Preiti, V Sanchez-Margalet, Fowelin Jhr., Y Bernard, M Chalkiadaki, E Grandi, R M Gow, V Schippmann, E. A. M. Gale, R Schiel, R Iwai, O Olari, A Braun, D Koziarska, Bernhard Ludvik, Lee H-W., W P Battisti, N Oliver, M Pankop, H Vertigan, M Pibernik-Okanovic, D Gianneli, J Oh, R Giorgino, M Ballmann, Olle Korsgren, M Pantaleoni, S Zavarella, Göran Sundkvist, Hans Stenlund, Harleah G. Buck, David J. Glass, Morrissey, I Uchimura, M Pugniere, R E Warren, M Mikkola, Baradez M-O., M Weck, C Häuser, D Šrámková, D Voelkel, R Prager, Y L He, M Cornes, O K Vikulova, E Evdemon, Peter R. Cavanagh, Allen Taylor, M Balabolkin, G Schreier, E Stern, J Lips, V Serban, G Sparacino, Roser Casamitjana, Aine McKillop, I Groza, E Bernal, Kathleen M Gillespie, T Ledet, A Garzaniti, F Hawkins, K M Tushaus, C Renaudin, Christina Maier, A Dormi, A Ubertalli, Inge Tetens, M Ostojic, E Pierre-Justin, A Bhushan, E Ur, L I Jeltova, Tilo Moede, E Tibiriça, Zoran Gucev, Knoch K-P., G Pizzolanti, A M Şengül, T P Degenhardt, Cristina Lencioni, M Fitchet, E Santini, E Devangelio, C Panaite, Y I Karachentsev, S B Solerte, Christos Manes, M Lipka, C H Teng, P Mrak, G Fegan, R C Milton, M Negrean, Astrid Plamboeck, L Patti, M Houk, Ritva Kauppinen-Mäkelin, Christoph F Ebenbichler, O Sysoyeva, Frantisek Saudek, H Wysocki, Robert A. Rizza, J Altirriba, Bjørn Richelsen, L. Lam, Rémy Burcelin, A Antsaklis, G Galimberti, R. de Vries, A Lewin, Marcia A. Testa, Lee B-C., M Krauth, A Fonollosa, Marco Cappa, L Rieger, Edoardo Mannucci, André Herchuelz, H Corominola, I Gangat, G Rábago, S Dalla Noce, L Kunselman, J Diehl, M Nattrass, M Kaiser, R Kawamori, E Istoc, Á Pintér, D G Maggs, T Aoki, Csaba Szabó, B Oguzhan, Roberto Ferrari, D M Schumann, Yang Y-W., Hideaki Kaneto, Q Chai, E Blase, Katarzyna Wozniak, D Quijada, George Dailey, U Stier, M Skowronski, Thierry Berney, Adria Giacca, M Askenas, C Tikellis, T Zima, M Lufuma, P T Sawicki, M Dundua, Y Kitahara, M Winter, Janet Lutale, David E. Kelley, Alicia Acitores, Erion, Matthias Möhlig, S Dalal, Birgit Rami, Monster Tbm., Michael Horowitz, L A Leiter, Neil B. Ruderman, David R. Hadden, Mark Walker, I Garai, Michel Polak, A Somogyi, C G Walker, Claes-Göran Östenson, Ou H-C., Thomas Haak, G Kouri, W Pusch, J Fabrin, Robyn J. Tapp, E Zander, B Todorova, Peter Damm, Mine Yilmaz, Michel Pinget, Aila Rissanen, K Leppert, Darren J. Kelly, R B Zaid, A Bohbot, U Fennenkötter, Margot Umpleby, H Rodriguez-Rosas, R. Edwards, J Boavida, S Micheletti, E Bouskela, J Kreuder, N Mizutani, Pardo Icg., R Haberl, S Georgia, D Choi, Monika Lechleitner, R Guerrero, C G Bala, S Y Kim, R Oates, C Miele, E Witthaus, T Sakai, Albert Lecube, Anne Sofie Astrup, Teppo A-M., Margareta Norberg, G Dakovska, I Spanopoulos, P. Djordjevic, Nikolai Petrovsky, J M Fernández-Real, NanWei Tnw., Bilo Hjg., D L Lawlor, E J Henriksen, Anette-Gabriele Ziegler, A McDougall, L Wong, M G Choi, Connie S Karschimkus, M Zaramella, M Gallo, I. G. Lawrence, Viswanathan Mohan, L Valera, H V Silveira, C Pitsavos, Kasper Hermansen, Cloos Pac., K F Hanssen, Samuel W. Cushman, Juergen Eckel, R E Hamman, N Scheffler, C Lengyel, D Bakri, M Fukuda, P Rossetti, A Heerschap, Barbara A. Fielding, Choi Y-H., M Massi-Benedetti, Mykola Khalangot, F. Campi, W A Al Dahi, G Hu, Q Dang, J Ruzickova, A Lifshitz, L M Scheek, A Penfornis, S.C. Campbell, T S Filters, A T Shearer, A Morosanu, M Yngen, K Dezaki, C Damgé, Robert B. Wallace, Neil Portwood, M Henricsson, M Yazawa, J Yantha, G Tepohl, Christopher S. Wendel, Oliveira Jep., R Tracy, M Schindler, M Nabli, H Hosoda, Linda Boselli, B Kunselman, Mentink Cja., L Waselle, P Šamalíková, J Kirchheiner, S Sejil, D Beebe, James D. Otvos, J. J. Holst, J. B. Lopes de Faria, Marian Rewers, Kenneth Cusi, Geng Y-J., F Esfahanian, Francesco Giorgino, D. Freedenberg, R De Caterina, J Seufert, M N Kerstens, W Sturm, M Fujiyama, Konstantinos Makrilakis, A Novials, Lars Berglund, P Strange, W Shim, Clive J. Petry, Michelle M Jack, A E Panteleon, S Wiltshire, G Radulian, C Leperlier, N Téllez, O Sekine, M Karlén, Noël C. Barengo, Qing Qiao, Christian Benedict, C H Saely, M Yoneda, C Gonzalez-Villalpando, Sara Giunti, W Roth, S Wein, E Com, Martin J. Stevens, Giovanni Ghirlanda, Darin Acosta, J Hokanson, M Hauschild, L. A. Powell, Vondra K, Haering H-U., F Afifiyan, K Bendtzen, D M Todd, Marc Y. Donath, Arleta Rewers, Francesco Prisco, R Maeda, A B Kanstrup, M Prats, Y Toledano, Timothy W. Jones, Simon C. Potter, Per Løgstrup Poulsen, M Ligueros-Saylan, Mark L. Evans, Jarl S Torgerson, G Zerbini, L A Ivanova, E Ohmura, C. Kupich, K. Yasuda, J Leprince, A Alaveras, R Ruetter, Kevin C.R. Baynes, Harald Sourij, Y Aramaki, du Prel J-B., Józef Drzewoski, van den Ouweland Jmw., Jochen Seissler, Iain D. Wilkinson, Irina A. Bondar, Y R Yu, S Miclea, S Galatius, T. Havrdova, L Montoya, M Zeller, G C Jones, R B Amazonas, T K Guseva, A Davidescu, Stavros Bousboulas, A. Sandbaek, C Ito, H Taniguchi, M L Simoons, Lars Weinehall, H. Boeing, M A Tambascia, R Grempler, C Speed, A M Mkrtum'yan, A A Darekar, K Hu, Firth Rgr., I Östlund, S Kawazu, P Chitson, B Perry, Joel Dunn, D G Rouiller, K Wagner, Oleg Dyachok, Algis J. Vingrys, S Habu, Mariella Trovati, H Sobajima, Pierre Lecomte, Kim T-H., D Virsaladze, M Oprean, F Pullen, A Rußmann, G J Bruining, Martina Düfer, Wen Xu, Min Y-K., Norman E Cameron, Gianfranco Pagano, K Harley, M Su, J P Le Berre, Sian Ellard, S Howard, D Russell-Jones, Z Li, S Carpenter, E L Thomas, W Tang, Lee M-S., N Ubrich, M. M. McMahon, G Vassilikos, N Brossa, M S Joergensen, S Smith, A Vania, Y Laurent, S Basir, A Freudenthaler, Sally M. Marshall, D Niedermayer, V I Pankiv, J Mentel, S Pruna, J M Pou Torelló, Y Ito, G Chrysos, Werner Kramer, Hironori Yamasaki, L Bowman, F Palumbo, P Ruth, G Lankas, Z H Liao, D Park, W Otter, C Montrone, Sevasti Zervou, Jennifer L. Wilkinson-Berka, Bo Feldt-Rasmussen, I Banu, Paolo Sbraccia, Bani Mukhopadhyay, Mark E. Cooper, M Kidron, Pål R. Njølstad, A M Jonsdottir, M R Burge, G Valpiani, Yutaka Oiso, David J. Hill, T Koch, J Park, A J Plaschke, M P Pye, A Totonelli, S Caronna, B Cremonesi, C Müller, K Tarhzaoui, Valentina Marchetti, M Rodier, Moshe Hod, C N Dang, Trevor A. Howlett, S J Thomas, C Penny, A. de Leiva, Gerald Vervoort, Ghislaine Fontés, Agnieszka Szadkowska, I Al-Zakwani, A Manari, M Eigenthaler, A. Björklund, K Nabe, Mohammad Abdur Rashid, Philips J-C., K Rebrin, Stefan Müller, Claus Thorn Ekstrøm, A A Papageorgiou, L Franco, Paul Hjemdahl, Martine Laville, Flemming S Nielsen, A I Vinik, P Perelli Cippo, Mikael Lehtihet, M Zairis, H Takahashi, M Pietryga, M Kameyama, Jens Knudsen, W W Lautt, Z Rušavý, G Milic, E Pedersen, U Krause, B Balletshofer, J Reviriego, A Scatena, H C Chen, V Gottschall, Alberto Piaggesi, J Gebbie, Maurizio Galderisi, K Nikkiä, A Blayo, D S Fosmark, DL Eizirik, K Busch, Francesco Beguinot, F Capani, A Carrillo, L Nährlich, Thomas Høi-Hansen, Bernard Charbonnel, Edith Schober, Ananda Basu, Deborah J. Smyth, Gerd Plewe, S Vahsen, Claire Levy-Marchal, B S Hansen, V Holtman, S Roche, C Whiteside, A E Fowler, K Helleberg, M Gerl, G Jerums, L Menditto, G Dell'Antonio, A Miles, E Kahan, M Kaibara, V A Serhiyenko, Cees J. Tack, M Shamkhalova, T Linn, R. Koznarova, O Oliyarnyk, Regine Bergholdt, Margaret C. Cam, Matthew Knuiman, U Guiducci, Joanne E. Curran, V Qvisth, F Horkay, Brun J-M., J Jurado, Markku Saraheimo, S Kaltenbach, D D Yin, E Mukai, M Schlosser, Kilbane, K Kølendorf, Hsu Y-J., Steen Gammeltoft, M S Mizel, U Müller, J Bothner, H C Schønheyder, M Ho, I B Bauche, A Etemadi, R F Urdaneta, A Kocijančič, Kim K-R., P E Carey, Olov Rolandsson, S Bochnig, Takahisa Hirose, Baldomero González, Banga J-D., S Vol, R P Hill, F Velazquez, Kathryn Mitchell, S Bott, Z Ma, Richard E Gilbert, D. Mills, A K Gosby, Alison M. Thomas, D Alexander, W Tanaka, Klaus Badenhoop, N D Thuan, B Otto, Gisela Drews, Rui Duarte, S Cantaro, Boulton Ajm., Hélène Hanaire, A Gorski, L Prieto-Sanchez, M Shestakova, Xiaoning Fan, M Higa, J Gurushankar, T Kunitou, D D Trifunovic-Zamaklar, J Nourooz-Zadeh, T F Ørntoft, G Doronzo, P Levéen, B Geloneze, C Fotino, D W Quinn, A Wojciechowska-Luźniak, G Mazzilli, Kook Hwan Kim, M Kaplar, L Dzneladze, Gregory J. Cooney, M Stahlhut, Frances L. Game, E J Bastyr, R Hiles, S. Mariz, T R Pieber, Howlett Hcs., J H Wilmore, Cha B-S., J M Brown, C Laue, Fiona M. Gribble, Susan E. Manley, D L Linemeyer, S G Ashwell, R Sabbah, Hisamitsu Ishihara, N Tronko, M Pohl, H Tindali, Lam Ksl., K Vollmer, I Nagaev, F. Gras, M Corfini, D Lyngsø, A M Sanigorski, Aldo Galluzzo, Alessandro Roberto Dodesini, E Shishko, H Moustgaard, S Piquer, O Tenberken, Ingrid Mühlhauser, A Sturk, Dianne L. Wingate, C Albala, Marie Degerblad, A Kubaszek, Gary W. Cline, J F Markman, J Louw, Y A Redkin, J E Shaw, Gaetano M. De Ferrari, R M Budzinski, I A Snegurakaya, P Kühnen, D Mustapic, Bo Ahrén, C Laflor, Eva Fisher, A Semplicini, C Pandolfo, Myriam Khaldi, K Mattila, Stella Pelengaris, Olga Kordonouri, M Nagao, P I Mansell, K Rduch, R Fahey, R Filipczak, M Suetsugu, J C Vitoria, J Baumert, J Stewart, R S Bonser, Jean Tichet, Christer Andersson, A Şengül, McCuaig, Zorenc Ahg., Xiuqing Guo, H Jordan, K Bieback, Daniela Dietze-Schroeder, J Shin, S Ohga, J Lademann, K C Turner, I V Shutichina, M. Shamkhalova, K Rowley, Rosario Rizzuto, Saraheimo, G. da Silva Xavier, Doss W. Neal, K Akram, H Virtamo, E Dios, K Begum, A Pfuetzner, Tsvetalina Tankova, S Katayama, Christoph Otto, Philip J. Barter, K Zitouni, R Madonna, S Söderberg, S Diaz-Troya, Leszek Czupryniak, S Dietz, P Luźniak, K S Nair, Mark A. Myers, L L Want, S Shaikh, Wolfgang Rathmann, E Wozniakiewicz, L Jönsson, Pernille Poulsen, D F Orr, A B Hauber, F Kelly, Carlo Maria Rotella, J V Costa, Elaine Vieira, E Grodzinsky, Lilianna Majkowska, E Draeger, S Näf, Philip Clarke, S Akter, A Bagust, A Vassibosis, E Lourida, P Chase, G Mardarowicz, Carlo Ricci, A Ugalde-Canitrot, A Wutte, R Streicher, P Ebeling, Taishan Zheng, Marcus Korn, K Summers, Lennarth Nyström, Y Kaburagi, T Furuta, S Freeman, D Skoutas, A A Serhiyenko, K Tryfinopoulou, I. P. Gray, Peter Bjerregaard, R H Elder, M Hosokawa, Marcela Brissova, Kent D. Taylor, R. Da Ros, Carolyn F. Deacon, Andrew D. Morris, N Aydin, Alicia J. Jenkins, L M Serhiyenko, M Sjöstrand, M A Sayeed, A Ardelean, Rolf Holle, I Broom, Giuseppina Imperatore, Massimo Federici, W Sajid, C Bradley, C V Phenekos, W Leonhardt, L Bahia, Veitenhansl, M, Stegner, K, Hierl, F, Dieterle, C, Feldmeier, H, Gutt, B, Landgraf, R, Garrow, A, Vileikyte, L, Findlow, A, Waterman, C, Boulton, A, Shankhdhar, K, Shankhdhar, L, Shankhdhar, U, Petrova, N, Foster, A, Edmonds, M, Ferraresi, R, Caravaggi, C, De Giglio, R, Cavaiani, P, Pogliaghi, I, Sommariva, E, Katz, I, Harlan, A, Miranda palma, B, Prieto sanchez, L, Armstrong, D, Bowker, J, Mizel, M, Cernea, S, Wohlgelernter, J, Kidron, M, Modi, P, Raz, I, Arbit, E, Nosek, L, Kapitza, C, Beckett, P, Gelfand, R, Goldberg, M, Heise, T, Testa, M, Turner, R, Hayes, J, Scranton, R, Simonson, D, Yang, Y, Hsu, Y, Naujok, O, Francini, F, Jörns, A, Tiedge, M, Lenzen, S, Abdel wahab, Y, Marenah, L, Orr, D, Shaw, C, Flatt, P, Chokkalingam, K, Mansell, P, Clausen, P, Ekbom, P, Damm, P, Feldt rasmussen, U, Nielsen, B, Mathiesen, E, Feldt rasmussen, B, Dewan, S, Da Silva, N, Ternan, P, Leong, K, Wilding, J, Asatiani, N, Kurashvili, R, Dundua, M, Shelestova, E, Pagava, K, Ramazashvili, M, Hod, M, Smirnov, S, Petersen, J, Justesen, T, Ringholm Nielsen, L, Müller, C, Højlund, K, Wensaas, A, Kase, E, Aas, V, Rustan, A, Thoresen, G, Levin, K, Beck nielsen, H, Gaster, M, Im, S, Kang, S, Kim, S, Ahn, Y, Lihn, A, Schmoll, D, Werner, T, Kienitz, A, Meyer, M, Barthel, A, Ailett, F, Sutherland, C, Walther, R, Grempler, R, Sasson, S, Reich, R, Tenenbaum, T, Alpert, E, Anfossi, G, Russo, I, Traversa, M, Massucco, P, Mattiello, L, Doronzo, G, Trovati, M, Lally, S, Tan, C, Owens, D, Tomkin, G, Porchay, I, Péan, F, Bellili, N, Betoulle, D, Balkau, B, Tichet, J, Marre, M, Fumeron, F, Chatellier, G, Alhenc gelas, F, Nichols, G, Brown, J, Hayes, R, Bowman, L, Drexel, H, Saely, C, Marte, T, Benzer, W, Langer, P, Hoefle, G, Moll, W, Aczel, S, Karagiannis, E, Lübben, G, Urquhart, R, Edwards, G, Bruce, S, Howlett, H, Cugnardey, N, Turner, K, Park, J, Fiedorek, F, Avogaro, A, Gallo, A, Pinton, P, Rizzuto, R, Murphy, E, Ceolotto, G, Caterson, I, Guy grand, B, Hill, J, Barone, M, Aiello, A, Allochis, G, Borzì, V, Cannatà, F, Caronna, S, D'Avanzo, A, Elli, R, Formoso, G, Paroli, A, Scardapane, R, Sorichetti, P, Tatti, P, Viviani, G, Santeusanio, F, Manzella, D, Grella, R, Abbatecola, A, Paolisso, G, Søndergaard, L, Monster, T, Johnsen, S, Olsen, M, Mclaughlin, J, Sørensen, H, Lervang, H, Rungby, J, Lyssenko, V, Fredriksson, J, Almgren, P, Anevski, D, Orho melander, M, Sjögren, M, Tuomi, T, Groop, L, Jaziri, R, Aubert, R, Tuomilehto, J, Hu, G, Jousilahti, P, Peltonen, M, Lindstrom, J, Laina, A, Alevizaki, M, Philippou, G, Souvatzoglou, A, Anastasiou, E, Alba, S, Metcalf, B, Voss, L, Jeffery, A, Wilkin, T, Glüimer, C, Colagiuri, S, Vistisen, D, Borch johnsen, K, Haynes, A, Bower, C, Bulsara, M, Jones, T, Davis, E, Mortensen, H, Hougaard, P, Holl, R, Swift, P, Pociot, F, Knip, M, Hansen, L, Szadkowska, A, Pietrzak, I, Zmysłowska, A, Wyka, K, Bodalski, J, Swift, R, Hougaard, R, Gerstl, E, Engelsberger, I, Rabl, W, Rosenbauer, J, Gröbe, H, Hofer, S, Krause, U, Dabelea, D, Morgan, T, Pettitt, D, Dolan, L, Mayer davis, E, Pihoker, C, Hillier, T, Imperatore, G, Ruggiero, A, Hamman, R, Stylianou, A, Tentolouris, N, Perrea, D, Tselepis, A, Lourida, E, Kitsou, E, Katsilambros, N, Vedovato, M, Dodesini, A, Lepore, G, Tiengo, A, Trevisan, R, Penno, G, Miccoli, R, Pucci, L, Lucchesi, D, Bandinelli, S, Fotino, C, Triscornia, S, Baldassari, E, Del Prato, S, Reboldi, P, Santeusanio, E, Fuller, J, Langham, R, Gow, R, Zhang, Y, Kelly, D, Christensen, P, Parving, H, Gilbert, R, Chibalin, A, Zhong, Z, Kotova, O, Davidescu, A, Ehrén, I, Ekberg, K, Wahren, J, Wassef, L, Buckley, A, Rooney, K, Briody, J, Thompson, M, Ozanne, S, Thompson, C, Chamson reig, A, Summers, K, Arany, E, Hill, D, Solerte, S, Gazzaruso, C, Locatelli, E, Precerutti, S, Schifino, N, Ferrari, E, Fioravanti, M, Phenekos, C, Ginis, A, Fragaki, I, Chalkiadaki, M, Tzioras, C, Powell, L, Mcguire, G, Jewhurst, V, Trimble, E, Rasmussen, B, Vessby, B, Uusitupa, M, Berglund, L, Pedersen, E, Riccardi, G, Rivellese, A, Tapsell, L, Hermansen, K, Da Silva Xavier, G, Rutter, J, Rutter, G, Briaud, I, Lingohr, M, Dickson, L, Mccuaig, J, Lawrence, J, Rhodes, C, Wikstrom, J, Katzman, S, Shirihai, O, Yang, J, Deng, S, Wang, X, Hessner, M, Wu, J, Wong, R, Sukumvanich, S, Markman, J, Naji, A, Wolf, B, Gao, Z, Rubi, B, Del Arco, A, Satrústegui, J, Maechler, P, Del Guerra, S, Lupi, R, Bugliani, M, Sbrana, S, Torri, S, Boggi, U, Vistoli, F, Mosca, F, Marchetti, P, Rennings, A, Smits, P, Stewart, M, Tack, C, Li, L, Nyström, T, Gutniak, M, Ahrén, B, Holst, J, Sjöholm, Å, Gomes, M, Cailleaux, S, Tibiriça, E, Albertini, J, Chen, H, Mather, R, Valensi, P, Chisalita, S, Arnqvist, H, Kraenkel, N, Adams, V, Linke, A, Gielen, S, Schuler, G, Humbrecht, R, Cipollone, F, Iezzi, A, Fazia, M, Pini, B, Cucurullo, C, De Cesare, D, Schmidt, A, Mazurek, T, Zang, L, Mannion, J, Diehl, J, Martin, J, Martella, A, Zalewski, A, Shi, Y, Otter, W, Winter, M, Doering, W, Standi, E, Schnell, O, Kragelund, C, Køber, L, Faber, J, Hildebrandt, P, Steffensen, R, Pankowska, E, Szypowska, A, Lipka, M, Herwig, J, Scholl schilling, G, Böhles, H, Robertson, K, Schönle, E, Gucev, Z, Mordhorst, L, Tamer, S, Gall, M, Ludvigsson, J, Hoogma, R, Hammond, P, Gomis, R, Kerr, D, Bruttomesso, D, Bouter, P, Wiefels, K, De La Calle, H, Schweitzer, D, Pfohl, M, Torlone, E, Krinelke, L, Conget, I, Storms, F, Rodriguez, J, Leperlier, C, Davies, M, Peter, R, Luzio, S, Dunseath, G, Miles, A, Hare, B, Backx, K, Pauvaday, V, Caselli, A, Marfia, G, Battista, C, Veves, A, Spallone, V, Uccioli, L, Gonzalez, J, Peyrot, M, Rubin, R, Leventhal, H, Scheffler, N, Ulbrecht, J, Cavanagh, P, Perrin, N, Oglesby, A, Bastyr, E, Ziegler, D, Siekierka kleiser, E, Meyer, B, Schweers, M, Selvarajah, D, Wilkinson, I, Emery, C, Shaw, P, Griffiths, P, Tesfaye, S, Obrosova, I, Arezzo, J, Phillips, K, Gribble, F, Williams, L, Reimann, F, Iakoubov, R, Whiteside, C, Brubaker, P, Acitores, A, González, N, Sancho, V, Valverde, I, Villanueva peñacarrillo, M, Martín duce, A, Trigo, M, Arnés, L, Burkart, V, Ichino, N, Ohashi, A, Klein, B, Paxian, S, Schmid, R, Karlsen, A, Heding, P, Frobøse, H, Rønn, S, Kruhøffer, M, Ørntoft, T, Nerup, J, Mandrup poulsen, T, Billestrup, N, Cardozo, A, Ortis, F, Feng, Y, Rasschaert, J, Van Eylen, F, Storling, J, Herchuelz, A, Eizirik, D, Wang, H, Kouri, G, Wollheim, C, Ribaux, P, Hammar, E, Parnaud, G, Rouiller, D, Bosco, D, Halban, P, Midthjell, K, Carlsson, S, Grill, V, Lau, C, Færch, K, Glümer, C, Tetens, I, Jørgensen, T, Tillin, T, Forouhi, N, Mckeigue, P, Chaturvedi, N, Zethelius, B, Hales, C, Berne, C, Coleman, R, Stevens, R, Holman, R, Christensen, J, Sandbæk, A, Lauritzen, T, Irwin, N, Gault, V, Green, B, Harriott, P, O'Harte, F, Bouman, S, Ursø, B, Brand, C, Rolin, B, Ribel, U, Schäffer, L, Maggs, D, Ceriello, A, Frias, J, Wang, Y, Ruggles, J, Kolterman, O, Piconi, L, Weyer, C, Want, L, Ratner, R, Uwaifo, G, Thornberry, N, Eiermann, G, Kim, D, Lankas, G, Leiting, B, Li, Z, Lyons, K, Petrov, A, Sinha Roy, R, Woods, A, Woods, J, Zhang, B, Fisher, M, Moller, D, Weber, A, Dreyer, M, Bellin, C, Schmitz, V, Roesen, R, Nescheret, A, Bose, A, Mocanu, M, Carr, R, Yellon, D, Manolopoulos, K, Born, S, Wagner, A, Jeziorska, M, Ben Drief, A, Bashir, M, Tomlinson, D, Malik, R, Zeymer, U, Schwarzmaier d'assie, A, Petzinna, D, Chiasson, J, Stratton, I, Af Björkesten, C, Fagerudd, J, Rosengård bärlund, M, Forsblom, C, Pettersson fernholm, K, Waden, J, Saraheimo, M, Rönnback, M, Thorn, L, Groop, P, Mollsten, A, Svensson, M, Kockum, I, Rudberg, S, Brismar, K, Dahlquist, G, Hovind, P, Hansen, T, Tarnow, L, Thiel, S, Jensen, B, Flyvbjerg, A, Kankova, K, Hertlova, M, Krusova, D, Schwenke, S, Ott, J, Thom, S, Mistry, P, Sjolie, A, Larsen, B, Witt, N, Hughes, A, Samira, H, Lahiry, S, Howlader, S, Parveen, S, Azad Khan, A, Clarke, P, Gray, A, Phillips, L, Phillips, P, Chittleborough, C, Baldock, K, Taylor, A, Davis, W, Davis, T, Knuiman, M, Hendrie, D, Worthley, D, Nicolucci, A, Pellegrini, F, De Berardis, G, Franciosi, M, Belfiglio, M, Rossi, M, Sacco, M, Valentini, M, Richardson, C, Jones, P, Persaud, S, Hussain, K, Clark, A, Christie, M, Gniuli, D, Hribal, M, Accili, D, Khan, M, Zervou, S, Cheung, L, Abouna, S, Ifandi, V, Pelengaris, S, Luco, R, Ferrer, J, Ma, D, Shield, J, Dean, W, Leclerc, I, Knauf, C, Burcelin, R, Kelsey, G, Powers, A, Shostak, A, Ferrara, N, Poffenberger, G, Jerome, W, Brissova, M, Geloneze, S, Tambascia, M, Pareja, J, Chaim, E, Silveira, H, Geloneze, B, Ravikumar, B, Carey, P, Snaar, J, Dheelchand, D, Cook, D, Neely, D, Taylor, G, Morris, P, Taylor, R, Stears, A, Masding, M, Wootton, S, Sandeman, D, Klimes, I, Wein, S, Gasperikova, D, Ukropec, J, Wiernsperger, N, Sebokova, E, Manco, M, Mingrone, G, Granato, L, Greco, A, Nanni, G, Castagneto, M, Vidal, H, Calvani, M, Ferrannini, E, Alvarsson, M, Sundkvist, G, Lager, I, Henricsson, M, Berntorp, K, Fernqvist forbes, E, Steen, L, Örn, T, Shutler, S, Bianchi biscay, M, Rosenstock, J, Sugimoto, D, Strange, P, Stewart, J, Soltes Rak, E, Dailey, G, Kloos, C, Müller, U, Sämann, A, Femerling, M, Risse, A, Jecht, M, Haak, T, Garg, R, Lawrence, I, Akinsola, M, Mcnally, P, Garber, A, Kim, H, Draeger, E, Aydın, L, Şengül, A, Kürklü, A, Uçak, S, Basat, O, Seber, S, Altuntaş, Y, Jin, J, Yu, Y, Yu, H, Zhang, X, Mattoo, V, Eckland, D, Widel, M, Duran, S, Fajardo, C, Strand, J, Knight, D, Oakley, D, Tan, M, Sato, A, Nagao, M, Aki, N, Nakagami, T, Iwamoto, Y, Zhou, Z, Li, X, Huang, G, Yan, X, Yang, L, Peng, J, Wang, J, Tan, S, Tang, W, Fürnsinn, C, Brunmair, B, Wagner, L, Gras, F, Artwohl, M, Zierhut, B, Waldhäusl, W, Shine, B, Hopkins, D, Anand, V, Lim, E, Raval, U, Sharp, P, Corder, R, Lipkin, D, Lahiri, A, Bartnik, M, Rydén, L, Ferrari, R, Malmberg, K, Pyörälä, K, Simoons, M, Standl, E, Soler soler, J, Öhrvik, J, Bruce, D, Starkstein, S, Schauer, U, Astrup, A, Pietraszek, L, Nielsen, F, Rossing, P, Ali, S, Smidt, U, Yokoyama, H, Pavkov, M, Knowler, W, Bennett, P, Nelson, R, López alba, A, Morcillo, L, Caballero, A, Montoya, L, Jiménez, A, Maceira, B, Lewis, J, Ravid, M, Wajman, A, Tadgell, C, Remuzzi, G, Hunsicker, L, Wadén, J, Wessman, M, Taskinen, M, Pugliese, G, Amadio, L, Menini, S, Oddi, G, Ricci, C, Iacobini, C, Pricci, F, Sorcini, M, Pesce, C, Migliaccio, E, Giorgio, M, Pelicci, P, Di Mario, U, Lassila, M, Jandeleit dahm, K, Seah, K, Calkin, A, Allen, T, Cooper, M, Lopes De Faria, J, Cavakcanti, T, Silva, K, Ferrari, A, Cellek, S, Foxwell, N, Cotter, M, Cameron, N, Tennagels, N, Jordan, H, Stahl, P, Voss, M, Welte, S, Werner, U, Lehmann, R, Moeschel, K, Baumgartner, F, Oeckinghaus, A, Beck, A, Weigert, C, Hennige, A, Schleicher, E, Häring, H, Müssig, K, Staiger, H, Natalicchio, A, Laviola, L, De Tullio, C, Renna, L, Giorgino, R, Giorgino, F, Falasca, M, Maffucci, T, Park, D, Song, J, Lee, D, Lee, Y, Hariharan, N, Kunselman, L, Gu, L, Sasseville, V, Harrity, T, Cheng, P, Pratley, R, Schweizer, A, Mills, D, Ahren, B, Kim, T, Song, X, Van Poelje, P, Potter, S, Dang, Q, Fujitaki, J, Linemeyer, D, Landau, B, Erion, M, Pankop, M, Golay, A, Després, J, Sjöström, L, Lawlor, D, Legg, K, Ur, E, Houweling, S, Kleefstra, N, Meyboom de Jong, B, Bilo, H, Schlömer, G, Meyer, G, Kasper, J, Mühlhauser, I, Young, B, Taylor, J, Friede, T, Hollis, S, Mason, J, Long, A, Gambling, T, Pauline, L, Burns, E, New, J, Gibson, M, Betteridge, D, Leiter, L, Whitty, P, Eccles, M, Hawthorne, G, Grimshaw, J, Steen, I, Vanoli, A, Wood, L, Speed, C, Mcdowell, D, Rewers, M, Maahs, D, Wadwa, R, Eckel, R, Tracy, R, Pfützner, A, Strotmann, H, Schulze, J, Hohberg, C, Pahler, S, Forst, T, Ambery, P, Sydall, H, Cooper, C, Dennison, E, Sayer, A, Barker, D, Phillips, D, Lalic, N, Ostojic, M, Lalic, K, Zamaklar, M, Jotic, A, Ilic, M, Rajkovic, N, Lukic, L, Milicic, T, Vergès, B, Zeller, M, Steg, P, Beer, J, Brisard, C, Brindisi, M, Dentan, G, Laurent, Y, Janin manificat, L, Makki, H, Ravisy, J, Cottin, Y, Ajjan, R, Grant, P, Futers, T, Carter, A, Rasmussen, M, Bruun, J, Pedersen, S, Richelsen, B, Dietze schroeder, D, Sell, H, Koenen, M, Eckel, J, Delporte, M, Bauche, I, Brichard, S, Ait El Mkadem, S, Rezsohazy, R, Tsiotra, P, Tsigos, C, Gatsiou, C, Raptis, S, Walker, C, Bryson, J, Hancock, D, Takahashi, N, Hatakeyama, H, Kasai, H, Gauthier, B, Iezzi, M, Fukuda, M, Duhamel, D, Ravier, M, Düfer, M, Neye, Y, Krippeit drews, P, Sausbier, U, Arntz, C, Sausbier, M, Neuhuber, W, Ruth, P, Drews, G, Beauvois, M, Rolland, J, Jonas, J, Merezak, C, Henquin, J, Gilon, P, Jabin Gustafsson, A, Dzabic, M, Islam, M, Vaxillaire, M, Cheyssac, C, Dina, C, Vasseur delannoy, V, Leprêtre, F, Siddiq, A, Froguel, P, Neve, B, Fernandez zapico, M, Ashkenazi katalan, V, Urrutia, R, Melloul, D, Froguel, R, Poulsen, P, Wojtaszewski, J, Richter, E, Vaag, A, Granhall, C, Renström, E, Luthman, H, Isomaa, B, Gloyn, A, Edghill, E, Pearson, E, Mackay, D, Temple, I, Noyes, K, Freedenberg, D, Gillespie, K, Lambert, A, Gale, E, Ellard, S, Hattersley, A, Fanelli, C, Porcellati, F, Rossetti, P, Busciantella, N, Billi, C, Burrin, D, Bolli, G, Bingham, E, Dunn, J, Sutcliffe goulden, J, Marsden, P, Amiel, S, Davis, R, Kennedy martin, T, Peters, J, Wittrup jensen, K, Mcewan, P, Morrissey, M, Currie, C, Akram, K, Pedersen bjergaard, U, Thorsteinsson, B, Pibernik okanovic, M, Peros, K, Begic, D, Szabo, S, Metelko, Z, Vlaiculescu, M, Calota, I, Busila, T, Bruckner, I, Giannakopoulou, D, Lindner, H, Hrachovinova, T, Fejfarova, V, Csémy, L, Malcomson, J, Campbell, M, Pandolfi, A, Giardinelli, A, Di Tomo, P, Di Silvestre, S, Di Fulvio, P, Capani, F, Consoli, A, Roesen, P, Patruno, A, Grilli, A, Capani, R, Felaco, M, Boner, G, Mccarroll, K, Brenner, B, De Zeeuw, D, Kowey, P, Shahinfar, S, Crow, R, Iso, K, Kuboki, K, Tada, H, Yoshino, G, Schjoedt, K, Andersen, S, Distiller, L, Degenhardt, T, Szabo, J, Khalifah, R, Schotzinger, R, Achenbach, P, Knopff, A, Naserke, H, Ziegler, A, Bonifacio, E, Valera, L, Jardin, B, Roche, S, Lampasona, V, Pugniere, M, Roquet, F, Granier, C, Laune, D, Afifiyan, F, Cheung, R, Yantha, J, Jackowski, G, Dosch, H, Nakanishi, K, Kogawa, N, Komatsu, Y, Fontés, G, Imamura, T, Ilic, C, Puech, C, Ktorza, A, Bataille, D, Dalle, S, Fosgerau, K, Gelling, R, Nishimura, E, Andersen, B, Madsen, P, Lau, J, Streicher, R, Wagner, K, Vettermann, R, Potterat, O, Renard, E, Panteleon, A, Kolopp, M, Rebrin, K, Steil, G, Hariri, F, Darwin, C, Saad, M, Buckingham, B, Kunselman, B, Wong, L, Istoc, E, Leach, J, Purvis, R, Monfre, S, Fischer, J, Garg, S, Ahmann, A, Ruchti, T, Gandhi, G, Nuttall, G, Mullany, C, Schaff, H, Williams, B, Rizza, R, Mcmahon, M, Gates, G, Mentel, J, Smith, R, Crook, J, Hosszúfalusi, N, Vatay, Á, Palik, È, Füst, G, Karádi, I, Romics, L, Pánczél, P, Aurich, K, Voelker, U, Braun, A, Nguyen, L, Kriketos, A, Denver, G, Üceyler, N, Schütt, M, Lesch, K, Mössner, R, Sommer, C, Seda, O, Liska, F, Kazdova, L, Sedova, L, Krenova, D, Zima, T, Tremblay, J, Kren, V, Hamet, P, Klöting, N, Follak, N, Klöting, I, Dessapt, C, Dei Cas, A, Baradez, M, Hayward, A, Thomas, S, Viberti, G, Gnudi, L, Gale, C, Thallas, V, Thomas, M, Candido, R, Burns, W, Forbes, J, Shymanskyy, I, Kuchmerovska, T, Klimenko, A, Jaeckel, E, Manns, M, Von Boehmer, H, Hedrich, H, Téllez, N, Montolio, M, Estimes, E, Rodríguez mulero, S, Soler, J, Montanya, E, Liu, Y, Chen, J, Rowlands, D, Chan, H, Simeonov, I, Anthony, K, Zelaya, F, Williams, S, Brammer, M, Mountjoy, P, Bailey, S, Shaw, J, Sicree, R, Dunstan, D, Cameron, A, Zimmet, P, Hewitt, S, Graff iversen, S, Assah, F, Fezeu, L, Kengne, A, Awah, P, Mbanya, J, Shu, J, Kamadjeu, R, Kiawi, E, Kerényi, Z, Péterfalvi, A, Bosnyák, Z, Madarász, E, Tabák, Á, Szánthó, J, Rákóczi, I, Tamás, G, Di Bartolo, P, Valpiani, G, Di Martino, M, Scaramuzza, A, Saragoni, S, Degli Esposti, E, Cannatá, F, Gudbjornsdottir, S, Cederholm, J, Nilsson, P, Eliasson, B, Miettinen, M, Miettinen, J, Nan, H, Dong, Y, Gao, W, Sun, B, Wang, N, Fu, F, Shi, H, Ding, M, Lorenzo, C, Serrano ríos, M, Martínez larrad, M, González sánchez, J, Seclén, S, Villena, A, Gonzalez villalpando, C, Williams, K, Stern, M, Haffner, S, Sakurai, M, Miura, K, Kita, Y, Takamura, T, Ota, T, Ishizaki, M, Morikawa, Y, Nakagawa, H, Szybiński, Z, Szurkowska, M, Mardarowicz, G, Łopatyński, J, Gilis januszewska, A, Szafraniec, K, Nicer, T, Kwon, H, Lee, J, Lee, H, Park, Y, Choi, Y, Jang, S, Song, B, Yoon, K, Lee, W, Cha, B, Lee, K, Son, H, Jørgensen, M, Moustgaard, H, Bjerregaard, P, Ebara, F, Salmon, J, Owen, N, Welborn, T, Armstrong, T, Jolley, D, Galtier, F, Deschamps, V, Borys, J, Lasfargues, G, Andre, P, Born, C, Royer, B, Wilpart, E, Cailleau, M, Eschwege, E, Timar, R, Serban, V, Vlad, A, Diaconu, L, Rosu, M, Olari, O, Sima, A, Qiao, Q, Chappuis, B, Diem, P, Christ, E, Iafusco, D, Prisco, F, Gemma, C, Mattera, S, Sanges, M, Menneila, C, Sommese, L, Jarosz chobot, P, Polanska, J, Feltbower, R, Mckinney, P, Stephenson, C, Bodansky, H, Icks, A, Du Prel, J, Grabert, M, Giani, G, Kyvik, K, Skytthe, A, Ioacara, S, Farcasiu, E, Bradescu, O, Guja, C, Scutaru, G, Savu, O, Ionescu tirgoviste, C, Ola, T, Hawa, M, Buzzetti, R, Scherbaum, W, Kolb, H, Thivolet, C, Hunter, S, Hadden, D, Guntram, S, De Leiva, A, Mauricio, D, Pozzilli, P, Leslie, R, Benediktsson, R, Jonsdottir, A, Einarsdottir, A, Reynisdottir, I, Aspelund, T, Grant, S, Thorleifsson, G, Sigurdsson, G, Stefansson, K, Gudnason, V, Wollitzer, A, Jovanovic, L, Lobo, P, Martí, M, Preiti, M, Urdaneta, R, Juarez, S, Schober, E, Thon, A, Rami, B, Tringham, J, Buyukbese, M, Sakamoto, Y, Inoue, Y, Matsumoto, H, Oono, K, Tokumasa, Y, Gorter, K, Janssen, P, Stolk, R, Van Hessen, P, Rutten, G, Palik, É, Niedermayer, D, Murro, A, Coghi, C, Federici, M, Benedetti, M, Koehler, C, Henkel, E, Temelkova kurktschiev, T, Stier, U, Ott, P, Siegert, G, Bergmann, S, Hanefeld, M, Leonhardt, W, Sayeed, M, Mahtab, H, Khanam, P, Banu, A, Rashid, M, Mulnier, H, Seaman, H, Lovell, D, Soedamah mathu, S, Colhoun, H, Lawrenson, R, Diehm, C, Lange, S, Darius, H, Pittrow, D, Haberl, R, Von Stritzky, B, Tepohl, G, Allenberg, J, Trampisch, H, Soinio, M, Marniemi, J, Laakso, M, Lehto, S, Rönnemaa, T, Ito, C, Sasaki, H, Ishida, S, Maeda, R, Barengo, N, Lakka, T, Köhler, C, Benke, I, Raccah, D, Bailleau, C, Vexiau, P, Vaur, L, Aydin, N, Topsever, P, Filiz, T, Dayan, A, Bulgurlu, S, Gebeloglu, N, Demirtunc, R, Dagar, A, Skliros, E, Sotiropoulos, A, Vassibosis, A, Xipnitos, C, Liva, E, Chronopoulos, I, Merkouris, P, Skourtis, S, Pappas, S, Charbonnel, B, Baigts, F, Dumenil, V, Paillasson, S, Baleydier, A, Hanaire, H, Sert, C, Chabrier, G, Rodier, M, Fontaine, P, Kim, J, Miyake, Y, Sakai, T, Takamatsu, K, Tomioka, Y, Sugano, H, Murao, S, Shimizu, I, Unwin, N, Nag, S, Roglic, G, Connolly, V, Roper, N, Goodwin, J, Kelly, W, Thomsen, R, Hundborg, H, Schønheyder, H, Khalangot, M, Gang, H, Tajima, N, Bianchi, C, Giovannitti, M, Pellegrini, G, Caricato, F, Bertolotto, A, Corfini, M, Guzder, R, Gatling, W, Byrne, C, Varillas, V, Boronat, M, Carrillo, A, La Roche, F, Ojeda, A, López, Y, Marrero, D, Nóvoa, J, Shahidul Alam Khan, A, Thaware, P, Gangat, I, Howlett, T, Jenum, A, Holme, I, Birkeland, K, Sourij, H, Stoschitzky, K, Klein, W, Roth, M, Dittrich, P, Wascher, T, Hilding, A, Eriksson, A, Agardh, E, Efendic, S, Östenson, C, Levitt, N, Bradshaw, D, Salzsieder, E, Freyse, E, Rutscher, A, Heinke, P, Augstein, P, Makino, H, Kainou, Y, Konoue, E, Ohno, K, Ebisui, O, Fujii, Y, Kondo, S, Fujiyama, M, Tanaka, K, Takemoto, K, Kida, K, Onuma, Y, Osawa, H, Tuomilehto wolf, E, Kinnunen, L, Laine, A, Kokko, T, Kakko, T, Hermann, R, Veijola, R, Simell, O, Ilonen, J, Guglielmi, C, Galgani, A, Beretta Anguissola, G, D'Avola, D, Bakhtadze, E, Weiss, H, Wedekind, D, Bilbao, J, San Pedro, J, Vitoria, J, Martul, P, Castaño, L, Badenhoop, K, Ramos Lopez, E, Usadel, K, Wägner, A, Cloos, P, Stahlhut, M, Bergholdt, R, Ramos, E, Taxvig, C, Vella, A, Smyth, D, Cooper, J, Undlien, D, Rønningen, K, Ionescu tîrgovişte, C, Savage, D, Dunger, D, Strachan, D, Ring, S, Todd, J, Mironczuk, K, Kretowski, A, Kinalska, I, Nutland, S, Guja, L, Nielsen, L, Gammeltoft, S, Schwarz, P, Towers, W, Fischer, S, Mcrae, J, Willis, J, Scott, R, Potter, H, Merriman, T, Frampton, C, George, P, Spranger, J, Möhlig, M, Hoffmann, K, Müller, S, Osterhoff, M, Ristow, M, Boeing, H, Pfeiffer, A, Li, Y, Fisher, E, Burwinkel, B, Schrezenmeir, J, Mager, U, Pulkkinen, L, Lindi, V, Lindström, J, Xiu, L, Sui, Y, Weng, J, Kalis, M, Cilio, C, Olde, B, Owman, C, Levéen, P, Da Ros, R, Assaloni, R, Maier, A, Quagliaro, L, Zuodar, G, Zakja, E, Gu, H, Nordman, S, Brookes, A, Prince, J, Helwig, U, Rubin, D, Hampe, J, Schreiber, S, Fölsch, U, Döring, F, Porzio, O, Massa, O, Cunsolo, V, Njolstad, P, Terrinoni, A, Melino, G, Colombo, C, Federici, G, Barbetti, F, Herder, C, Bongardt, F, Schöpfer, A, Rathmann, W, Martin, S, Holle, R, Thorand, B, Wichmann, H, Koenig, W, Illig, T, Blasiak, J, Arabski, M, Krupa, R, Wozniak, K, Dabrowski, J, Kasznicki, J, Zurawska, M, Drzewoski, J, Kose, H, Matsumoto, K, Wilke, B, Kerr bayles, L, Walder, K, Civitarese, A, Jowett, J, Curran, J, Elliott, K, Trevaskis, J, Bishara, N, Wanyonyi, S, Sanigorski, A, Blangero, J, Kissebah, A, Collier, G, Carlsson, E, Arner, P, Ridderstråle, M, Nitz, I, Lindner, I, Suzuki, S, Hinokio, Y, Hirai, M, Yamada, T, Yoshizumi, S, Tanizawa, Y, Matsutani, A, Ishihara, H, Takahashi, K, Katagiri, H, Oka, Y, Nam, M, Hong, S, Ahn, C, Kim, Y, Zeggini, E, Parkinson, J, Groves, C, Frayling, T, Hitman, G, Walker, M, Sampson, M, Levy, J, Weedon, M, Wiltshire, S, Owen, K, Halford, S, Mccarthy, M, Shehadeh, N, Bakri, D, Gershoni baruch, R, Yasuda, K, Okada, T, Sunaga, Y, Kajimoto, Y, Shibasaki, T, Kaburagi, Y, Kadowaki, T, Estalella, I, Rica, I, Vazquez, J, De Andrade, P, Van Den Ouweland, J, Maassen, J, Huoponen, K, Savontaus, M, Dimitrijevic Sreckovic, V, Djordjevic, P, Popovic, S, Gostiljac, D, Canovic, F, Sreckovic, B, Colak, E, Obrenovic, R, Milic, G, Glisic, B, Etemadi, A, Saadat, N, Azizi, F, Tsur, A, Cohen, Y, Yerushalmi, Y, Wainstein, J, Norberg, M, Eriksson, J, Lindahl, B, Andersson, C, Rolandsson, O, Stenlund, H, Weinehall, L, Lecomte, P, Vol, S, Cacès, E, Chabrolle, C, Halimi, J, Nijpels, G, Dekker, J, Bouter, L, Heine, R, Löbner, K, Mollenhauer, U, Baumgarten, A, Com, E, Sargin, M, Karadeniz, S, Sengul, A, Suleymanoglu, Y, Pekcanli, N, Yilmaz, T, Cicero, A, Dormi, A, Miconi, A, D'Addato, S, Laghi, L, Brillante, R, Bernardi, R, Grandi, E, Gaddi, A, Jones, M, Lacey, L, Bergenheim, K, Yamagata, F, Yamakoshi, M, Takahashi, M, Kawazu, S, Festa, A, Hanley, A, Otvos, J, Goff, D, Wajngot, A, Cerasi, E, Baumert, J, Schneider, A, Löwel, H, Roussel, R, Müller brandes, C, Ballmann, M, Nährlich, L, Thalhammer, G, Nastoll, M, Schwarz, J, Johne, U, Erfurth, M, Lüddeke, H, Liebl, A, Kotowa, W, Maclaine, G, Evers, T, Pontiroli, A, Pizzocri, P, Paganelli, M, Folli, F, Jung, D, Park, M, Henriksen, J, Durck, T, Weghuber, D, Roden, M, Tura, A, Pacini, G, Bischof, M, Widhalm, K, Sharp, G, Shanmugam, G, Straub, S, Michael, D, Chow, R, Regazzi, R, Gerona, R, Martin, T, Waselle, L, Tomas, A, Min, L, Pessin, J, Björklund, A, Ma, Z, Portwood, N, Parton, L, Smith, E, Diraison, F, Tsuboi, T, Lehtihet, M, Webb, D, Honkanen, R, Knoch, K, Meisterfeld, R, Bergert, H, Kolpe, M, Altkrüger, A, Saeger, H, Solimena, M, Haspel, D, Aguilar bryan, L, Bryan, J, Ullrich, S, Berchtold, S, Ranta, F, Seebohm, G, Alexander, D, Wulff, P, Kuhl, D, Lang, F, Speier, S, Yang, S, Rose, T, Rupnik, M, Varadi, A, Mitchell, K, Schwappach, B, Bleck, C, Wienbergen, A, Rustenbeck, I, Vieira, E, Gylfe, E, Seissler, J, Wohlrab, U, Schmiegelt, D, Ruetter, R, Herten, M, Lechner, A, Nolan, A, Blacken, R, Habener, J, Gao, R, Ustinov, J, Korsgren, O, Mikkola, M, Lundin, K, Otonkoski, T, Jahr, H, Bieback, K, Kern, S, Brendel, C, Brendel, M, Bretzel, R, Taniguchi, S, Ohgawara, H, Tsuchiya, K, Tsuchiya, M, Okochi, H, Kelter, A, Dohrmann, C, Austen, M, Aicher, B, Maedler, K, Schumann, D, Iwakura, Y, Donath, M, Peter, A, Opel, A, Seufert, J, Fernández, E, Serradas, P, Martín, M, Plachot, C, Bailbé, D, Gangnerau, M, Gavete, M, Fajardo, S, Escrivá, F, Portha, B, Álvarez, C, Lipsett, M, Jamal, A, Hanley, S, Castellarin, M, Rosenberg, L, Bhushan, A, Georgia, S, Calderari, S, Meile, M, Miettinen, P, Palgi, J, Virkamäki, A, Ferris, W, Campbell, S, Armstrong, L, Hole, N, Lako, M, Macfarlane, W, Barbera, A, Altirriba, J, Nadal, B, Larsen, M, Gotfredsen, C, Reusens, B, Sparre, T, Kalbe, L, Leunda, A, Kruhoffer, M, Orntoft, T, Remade, C, Dasilva Xavier, G, Motakis, E, Nason, G, Leibiger, B, Berggren, P, Leibiger, I, Uhles, S, Moede, T, Welters, H, Senkel, S, Erdmann, S, Thomas, H, Morgan, N, Irminger, J, Rickenbach, K, Jackson, D, Chan, S, Dezaki, K, Watanabe, M, Hosoda, H, Kangawa, K, Yada, T, Kühnen, P, Laubner, K, Hernández, R, Silvestre, R, Egido, E, Châtenet, D, Leprince, J, Chartrel, N, Vaudry, H, Marco, J, Zhang, F, Zhang, Q, Tengholm, A, Thore, S, Costes, S, Longuet, C, Broca, C, Baltrusch, S, Dyachok, O, Thams, P, Anwar, M, Capito, K, Radu, R, Fujimoto, S, Mukai, E, Shimono, D, Nabe, K, Shimodahira, M, Kominato, R, Aramaki, Y, Yamada, Y, Seino, Y, Giroix, M, Agascioglu, E, Courtois, P, Malaisse, W, Sener, A, Piquer, S, Barcelo batllori, S, Julia, M, Li, J, Lou, M, Zhang, J, Zhou, Q, Zhao, G, Webb, G, Dalal, S, Garcia, C, Saxena, P, Houk, M, Nenquin, M, Abdel ghany, M, Miele, C, Romano, C, Corbo, V, Maitan, M, Andreozzi, F, Ungaro, P, Oriente, F, Raciti, G, Formisano, P, Beguinot, F, Mcclenaghan, N, Mccluskey, J, Patterson, S, Efanov, A, Sewing, S, Bokvist, K, Gromada, J, Frederiksen, A, Juhl, C, Schwarts, M, Schmitz, O, Andersen, P, Valeri, C, Castelli, M, Bonfante, R, Beyan, H, Elouil, H, Khaldi, M, Evangelista, S, Zeender, E, Berney, T, Franklin, I, Sergeev, P, Chervonsky, A, Nyblom, H, Ahmed, M, Bergsten, P, Sol, E, Kharroubi, I, Ladriere, L, Cnop, M, Moffitt, J, Fielding, B, Currie, J, Staiger, K, Brandhorst, D, Winter, D, Kellerer, M, Oprescu, A, Naassan, A, Klimentova, T, Constantin, S, Tang, C, Uchino, H, Lam, L, Wheeler, M, Fantus, G, Giacca, A, Ortsäter, H, Sundsten, T, Youshikawa, H, Winzell, M, Montrone, C, Martemucci, S, Perrini, S, Caccioppoli, C, Størling, J, Grassetti, D, Scipioni, A, Dotta, F, Yamamoto, N, Tsunekawa, S, Ito, Y, Oiso, Y, Miura, Y, Niki, I, Scrocchi, L, Ha, K, Wang, F, Chen, Y, Wu, L, Fraser, P, Yermen, B, Lilla, V, Kaminski, A, Mathe, Z, Dupraz, P, Zbinden, M, Filo, A, Bucher, P, Rinsch, C, Thorens, B, Pepper, M, Estilles, E, Sigrist, S, Rieger, L, Mandes, K, Bohbot, A, Pinget, M, Kessler, L, Parab, P, Katdare, M, Galande, S, Saha, B, Yoshida, A, Satoh, J, Homo dekarche, F, Coulaud, J, Durant, S, Drexhage, H, Mabley, J, Deb, A, Wallace, R, Pacher, P, Elder, R, Szabo, C, Schlosser, M, Mentel, R, Moya suri, V, Wassmuth, R, Gürtler, L, Ankelo, M, Westerlund, A, Blomberg, K, Hinkkanen, A, Popova, V, Gruzov, M, Afanasyeva, V, Kulikovskaya, A, Melnichenko, S, Mankovsky, B, Zak, K, Koczwara, K, Warncke, K, Kawasaki, E, Imagawa, A, Uchigata, Y, Kobayashi, M, Abiru, N, Yamasaki, H, Eguchi, K, Chrul, S, Polakowska, E, Heinrich, A, Walter, M, Pitocco, D, Visalli, N, Crinò, A, Costantino, F, Manfrini, S, Spera, S, Suraci, C, Patera, P, Matteoli, M, Schiaffini, R, Ghirlanda, G, Leotta, S, Hatziagelaki, E, Tsiavou, A, Degiannis, D, Chaidaroglou, A, Manginas, A, Koniavitou, K, Desai, M, Williams, A, Horton, V, Bingley, P, Cull, C, Citarrella, R, Richiusa, P, Mattina, A, Criscimanna, A, Mantione, L, Bronte, V, Pizzolanti, G, Galluzzo, A, Giordano, C, Giulietti, A, Stoffels, K, Overbergh, L, Mathieu, C, Bilgic, S, Aktas, E, Salman, F, Yillar, G, Yilmaz, M, Deniz, G, Valorani, G, Pozzilli, R, Weets, I, Truyen, I, Verschraegen, I, Van Der Auwera, B, De Schepper, J, Dorchy, H, Lebrethon, M, Van Gaal, L, Van Rooy, P, Pipeleers, D, Gorus, F, Shtandel, S, Atramentova, L, Karachentsev, Y, Kravchun, N, Koval, S, Poltorak, V, Levchenko, T, Snegurakaya, I, Miloslavskiy, D, Bojko, V, Resnik, L, Chico, A, Rojas, I, Julià, M, Novials, A, Bendlová, B, Včelák, J, Vaňková, M, Šrámková, D, Šamalíková, P, Kvasničková, H, Vondra, K, Petrone, A, Vania, A, Zavarella, S, Alemanno, I, Di Cola, S, Ribaudo, M, Leonetti, F, Angel, B, Carrasco, E, Santos, J, Albala, C, Oyarzún, A, Pérez bravo, F, Petry, C, Ong, K, Michelmore, K, Artigas, S, Wingate, D, De Zegher, F, Ibáñez, L, Prestle, J, Adomeit, A, Hammer, E, Zieher, T, Missler, B, Appl, T, Schindler, M, Brodbeck, K, Machicao, F, Just, M, Færgeman, N, Knudsen, J, Quint, M, Tschank, G, Korn, M, Henriksen, E, Dokken, B, Sloniger, J, Dörig, J, Quarré, L, Piatkiewicz, P, Taton, J, Czech, A, Gorski, A, Jebens, E, Brennesvik, E, Ktori, C, Ruzzin, J, Shepherd, P, Jensen, J, Lakka, H, Rankinen, T, Leon, A, Skinner, J, Wilmore, J, Rao, D, Bouchard, C, Vendrell, J, Chacon, M, Garcia españa, A, Fernandez real, J, Gutierrez, C, Richart, C, Takeshita, Y, Shimizu, A, Hamaguchi, E, Kaneko, S, Hřebíček, J, Orel, M, Lichnovská, R, Gwozdziewiczová, S, Chlup, R, Faturos, I, Tournis, S, Fotinakis, P, Thomakos, P, Manousaki, M, Leontsini, D, Taxildaris, K, Mitrakou, A, Hur, K, Shim, W, Cho, Y, Lim, S, Kim, K, Beregszaszi, M, Chevenne, D, Sebag, G, De Kerdanet, M, Huet, F, Polak, M, Lacombe, D, De Paoli, A, Levy marchal, C, Mokhort, T, Shishko, E, Shepelkevich, A, Benito, M, Arribas, M, Valverde, A, Menghini, R, Marchetti, V, Cardellini, M, Sbraccia, P, Lauro, D, Lauro, R, Ali, A, Penny, C, Van Der Merwe, M, Paiker, J, Psaras, G, Ekram, F, Crowther, N, Musri, M, Corominola, H, Casamitjana, R, Párrizas, M, Renström, F, Burén, J, Park, C, Lee, G, Kang, E, Sanchez margalet, V, Gonzalez yanes, C, Diaz troya, S, Rodriguez De Fonseca, F, Mcnamara, M, Boschetti, N, Schmid, D, Spinas, G, Trüb, T, Niessen, M, Kuhlmann, J, Neumann haefelin, C, Belz, U, Juretschke, H, Kramer, W, Herling, A, Markova, I, Oliyarnyk, O, Cahova, M, Manders, R, Koopman, R, Zorenc, A, Keizer, H, Van Loon, L, Straczkowski, M, Kowalska, I, Dzienis straczkowska, S, Nikolajuk, A, Gorska, M, Zabielski, P, Baranowski, M, Gorski, J, De Haan, J, Klomp, D, Heerschap, A, Corpeleijn, E, Budzinski, R, Stengele, I, Schuler, M, Selzle, N, Lehmann lintz, T, Heckel, A, Vavrinkova, H, Meskhishvili, E, Furier, S, Parkes, H, Cooney, G, Alemzadeh, R, Tushaus, K, Nencioni, S, Giovannitti, G, Longo, V, De Vries, R, Kerstens, M, Van Tol, A, Dullaart, R, Mcbride, R, Denke, M, Pearson, T, Battisti, W, Brady, W, Palmisano, J, Tuzova, O, Wahl, H, Hong, Q, Luz, K, Xu, G, Schmülling, R, Liebich, H, Oomen, P, Hattori, H, Smit, A, Scheek, L, Thomaseth, K, Lajoix, A, Gauthey, A, Dietz, S, Jahannault, C, Manteghetti, M, Petit, P, Gross, R, Ostenson, C, Quynh, N, Florén, A, Langel, U, Gedulin, B, Smith, P, Prickett, K, Tryon, M, Barnhill, S, Yeoh, T, Young, A, Hiles, R, Carpenter, T, Serota, D, Schafer, K, Ross, P, Nelson, D, Rebelatto, M, Ikeda, H, Nagashima, K, Tsukiyama, K, Todo, T, Trombetta, M, Boselli, L, Calì, A, Cretti, A, Monauni, T, Bifari, F, Bonora, E, Muggeo, M, Bonadonna, R, Gredal, C, Rosenfalck, A, Dejgaard, A, Hilsted, J, Vankova, M, Sramkova, D, Samalikova, P, Vcelak, J, Kvasnickova, H, Bendlova, B, Rudovich, N, Rochlitz, H, Ritzel, R, Butler, A, Butler, P, Murphy, M, Körner, A, Csillag, J, Pintér, Á, Toman, M, Gray, I, Vielwerth, S, Rinnov, A, Jensen, R, Juul, A, Uitterlinden, P, Bruining, G, Lamberts, S, Rasmussen, E, Malis, C, Ekstrom, C, Arne, A, James, J, Thomas, P, Cavan, D, Owona, A, Ozaki, R, So, W, Tong, P, Chan, M, Wong, G, Cockram, C, Chan, J, Redemann, N, Götz, B, Lahm, P, Mader, G, Tadayyon, M, Oh, Y, Schippmann, V, Kluge, R, Bornstein, S, Joost, H, Bae, H, Lee, B, Vertigan, H, Carroll, D, Griffiths, L, Coghlan, M, Freeman, S, Toffolo, G, Dalla Man, C, Basu, R, Cobelli, C, Bertoldo, A, Price, J, Mathis, C, Mason, N, Holt, D, Kelley, C, Mckolanis, T, Kelley, D, Whyte, M, Jackson, N, Beale, R, Treacher, D, Carroll, P, Jones, R, Umpleby, M, Jaquet, D, Boiko, J, Rigal, O, Czernichow, P, Lévy marchal, C, Qvisth, V, Hagström toft, E, Moberg, E, Bolinder, J, Sjöstrand, M, Gudbjörnsdottir, S, Strindberg, L, Lönnroth, P, Mick, D, Sumarac dumanovic, M, Cvijovic, G, Kendereski, A, Pejkovic, D, Zoric, S, Casanueva, F, Dieguez, C, Singh, R, Basu, A, Chittilapilly, E, Johnson, M, Abdallah, B, Shubeska Stratrova, S, Svendsen, O, Dhatariya, K, Bigelow, M, Nair, K, Lundgren, M, Rüge, T, Myrnäs, T, Gimeno, R, Suri, V, Li, D, Huard, C, Martinez, R, Vettore, M, Sironi, A, Gastaldelli, A, Mari, A, Ciociaro, D, Buzzigoli, E, Pettiti, M, Positano, V, Lombardi, M, Radziuk, J, Pye, S, Brehm, A, Krssak, M, Bernroider, E, Anderwald, C, Nowotny, P, Cline, G, Shulman, G, Kotsa, K, Papazisi, A, Spanopoulos, I, Giovos, I, Suzuki, A, Sobajima, H, Naruse, S, Kitagawa, M, Ishiguro, H, Futakuchi, S, Goto, H, Hines, G, Kennedy, I, Matthews, D, Radikova, Z, Koska, J, Ksinantova, L, Imrich, R, Huckova, M, Vigas, M, Wallace, T, Rajala, U, Hiltunen, L, Keinänen kiukaanniemi, S, Noh, J, Choi, N, Chung, J, Min, Y, Lee, M, Holt, H, Wood, P, Darekar, A, Gross, S, Matthies, K, Weck, M, Malinska, H, Beifort, R, Berria, R, Defronzo, R, Cusi, K, Gorshunska, M, Karachenzev, Y, López bermejo, A, Pratt, K, Hwa, V, Recasens, M, Broch, M, Rosenfeld, R, Fernández real, J, Ricart, W, Grunnet, L, Pedersen, B, Franke, B, Fleming, S, Lemke, N, Laue, C, Pfeuffer, M, Lecube, A, Hernández, C, Genescà, J, García, L, Francisco, G, Simó, R, Kraml, P, Syrovatka, P, Brunerova, L, Smejkalova, V, Potockova, J, Andel, M, Leshchenko, Z, Poltorack, V, Krasova, N, Gladkih, A, Yang, K, Chamson, A, Thyssen, S, Rojo Llobet, A, Christoffersen, B, Raun, K, Fledelius, C, Vinterby, A, Golozoubova, V, Afonso, R, Ribeiro, R, Macedo, M, Guarino, M, Yang, G, Kurita, S, Misu, H, Akahori, H, Cerf, M, Nkomo, X, Muller, C, Du Toit, D, Louw, J, Wolfe coote, S, Nikishin, P, Zagayko, A, Taylor, K, Guo, X, Langefeld, C, Cur, J, Jinagouda, S, Bowden, D, Hokanson, J, Rotter, J, Liew, C, Wise, S, Yeo, K, Teng, C, Fisher, F, Trujillo, M, Hanif, W, Mcternan, P, Barnett, A, Scherer, P, Kumar, S, Kaltenbach, S, Stumvoll, M, Mlynarski, W, Zmyslowska, A, Andrzejewski, W, Shojaee moradie, F, Das, S, Stolinski, M, Jefferson, W, Cramb, R, Shahmanesh, M, Lyngsø, D, Simonsen, L, Bülow, J, Meinardi, J, Sluiter, W, Wolffenbuttel, B, Bonnet, F, Guebre egziabher, F, Rabasa, R, Laville, M, Gosby, A, Maloney, C, Haering, H, Patarrao, R, Lautt, W, Correia, N, Santos, A, Leite, V, Boavida, J, Nanwei, T, Bobbioni harsch, E, Lehmann, T, Sztajzel, J, Morel, P, Huber, O, Chassot, G, Assimacopoulos jeannet, F, Gedulin, G, Baron, A, Hendrickx, H, Lane, J, Coverly, J, Simcox, J, Stocks, J, Brown, L, Beha, A, Juretschke, P, Gerl, M, Klebach, M, Biemer daub, G, Pérez del pulgar, S, Zorzano, A, Heinsbroek, A, D'Alessio, D, Van Dijk, G, Tornero, M, Bailey, C, Mack, C, Wilson, J, Parkes, D, Kusunoki, M, Sakakibara, F, Kato, K, Okabayashi, N, Nakamura, T, Miyata, T, Habu, S, Nakamura, R, Nakasone, Y, Yasaka, T, Ishihara, R, Morikawa, R, Otake, K, Nakaya, Y, Ruzickova, J, Rossmeisl, M, Flachs, P, Sponarova, J, Prazak, T, Matejkova, O, Kopecky, J, Gram, D, Liu, W, Bödvarsdóttir, T, Hansen, J, Sturis, J, Kern, W, Hallschmid, M, Benedict, C, Schultes, B, Born, J, Fehm, H, Westerbacka, J, Lammi, K, Häkkinen, A, Rissanen, A, Yki järvinen, H, Mayr, P, Mertl roetzer, M, Lauster, F, Pohl, M, Lerch, M, Haslbeck, M, Eriksen, J, Rahlfs, V, Serhiyenko, V, Serhiyenko, A, Serhiyenko, L, Radulian, G, Vladica, M, Panaite, C, Balas, B, Derosa, G, Dumas, A, Fiorito, A, Prieto, P, Cancelas, J, Loba, J, Czupryniak, L, Bialasiewicz, P, Pawlowski, M, Nowak, D, Dupuy, O, Le Berre, J, Bordier, L, Rousseau, C, Mayaudon, H, Bauduceau, B, Bossi, A, Meregalli, G, Balini, A, Berzi, D, Cremonesi, B, Cerrato, D, Rezzani, C, Tumiati, M, Han, K, Min, K, Kim, E, Ahn, K, Ahn, H, Argüelles, I, Forga, L, Izquierdo, M, Gorostiaga, E, Fuentes, C, Ibáñez, J, Rivero, A, Baynes, K, Pentecost, C, Bell, J, Thomas, E, Umpleby, A, Kuhl, J, Ruderman, N, Musi, N, Goodyear, L, Patti, M, Thorell, A, Nygren, J, Ljungkvist, O, Degerblad, M, Ståhle, A, Brismar, T, Saha, A, Båvenholm, P, Aydemir, D, Kiran, B, Unal, M, Okumus, N, Kayserilioglu, A, Perkins, J, Kıran, B, Ünal, M, Salman, S, Yıllar, G, Özer, E, Kayserilioǧlu, A, Yılmaz, T, Dinççaǧ, N, Tikkanen, H, Macdonald, A, Harrison, M, Dickinson, H, Bone, A, Watt, P, Østergård, T, Short, K, Saltin, B, Di Mauro, M, Papalia, G, Battiato, R, Giuffrida, D, Boemi, G, Castellino, P, Akter, S, Akhter, A, Pervin, T, Ahmed, S, Ahmed, K, Saleh, F, Chaudhury, H, Tankova, T, Dakovska, G, Lazarova, M, Dakovska, L, Kirilov, G, Koev, D, Torgerson, J, Hauptman, J, Boldrin, M, Pan, C, Gao, Y, Lindgärde, F, Broom, I, Takeda, H, Oana, F, Matsuzawa, A, Hashizume, H, Akahane, S, Cornes, M, Lund, S, Poulsen, G, Frandsen, M, Pedersen, O, Pankiv, V, Yngen, M, Hjemdahl, P, Wallén, N, Florow, D, Leyck Dieken, M, Kitahara, Y, Mine, T, Konya, H, Hamaguchi, T, Satani, K, Umehara, A, Ishikawa, T, Kohri, K, Hasegawa, Y, Suehiro, A, Kakishita, E, Namba, M, Liao, Z, Yao, B, Belcher, G, Mariz, S, Moules, I, Butzer, R, Langenfeld, M, Köder, C, Majali, K, Adiseshiah, M, Betteridge, J, Pratipanawatr, T, Chotmongkol, R, Kanhasura, S, Pratipanawatr, W, Miyazaki, Y, Matsuda, M, Nagasawa, T, Kuroda, J, Dey, D, Chovatia, M, Nag, A, Pandey, B, Nag, B, Thomas, L, Krauth, M, Allgauer, S, Besenfelder, U, Dennenmoser, J, Moon, C, Chae, S, Kim, M, Jo, Y, Shin, J, Ahn, S, Lee, S, Panadero Moya, A, Rodriguez, E, Gonzalo, A, Sánchez vilar, O, Lara, J, Rovira, A, Otto, C, Otto, B, Göke, B, Parhofer, K, Juurinen, L, Tiikkainen, M, Graner, M, Bajaj, M, Suraamornkul, S, Ucak, S, Kurklu, A, Argon, D, Canbek, E, Altuntas, Y, Schöfl, C, Franzen, C, Gregg, R, Swaminathan, A, Frost, C, Nepal, S, Raymond, R, Mosqueda garcia, R, Johns, D, Gilmore, K, Perriello, G, Pampanelli, S, Di Pietro, C, Rinaldi, T, Brunetti, P, Oshinyemi, K, Garcia, S, Curtis, P, Zambanini, A, Home, P, Pocock, S, Dargie, H, Komajda, M, Jones, N, Münscher, C, Potthoff, F, Golbach, U, Weidenhammer, J, Kusterer, K, Lundershausen, R, O'Neill, M, Goldstein, B, Wooddell, M, Strow, L, Waterhouse, B, Cobitz, A, Wyne, K, Porter, L, Weston, W, Chen, T, James, R, Kravitz, B, Pinkowski, D, Ruxer, J, Mozdzan, M, Siejka, A, Kaiser, M, Häuser, C, Jacober, S, Zagar, A, Althouse, S, Pinaire, J, Becker, R, Frick, A, Rave, K, Moses, R, Ways, K, Krones, R, Basir, S, Klein, C, Sawicki, P, Rotella, C, Pala, L, Dicembrini, I, Mannucci, E, Annuzzi, G, De Natale, C, Bozzetto, L, Patti, L, Cipriano, P, Campaigne, B, Malone, J, Bai, S, Reviriego, J, Augendre ferrante, B, Schneider, K, Schweitzer, M, Fach, E, Busch, K, Karimi Anderesi, Z, Haupt, A, Eckert, H, Peiker, J, Fritsche, A, Janka, H, Plewe, G, Kliebe frisch, C, Maxeiner, S, Teng, L, Chan, C, Ernest, C, Skrivanek, Z, Brodows, R, Soon, D, Chung, K, Rußmann, A, Ryysy, L, Hänninen, J, Hulme, S, Kauppinen mäkelin, R, Lahdenperä, S, Lehtonen, R, Levanen, H, Nikkiä, K, Tulokas, T, Virtamo, H, Vahatalo, M, Fulcher, G, Lavalle gonzalez, F, De La Pena, A, Lim, M, Scholtz, H, Derezinski, T, Gerber, R, Hauber, A, Bolinder, B, Johnson, F, Boehm, B, Keiding, J, Raastam, J, Møller, M, Parkner, T, Jørgensen, C, Smedegaard, J, Christiansen, J, Mcdougall, A, Fitch, M, Nelson, G, Mueller, U, Saemann, A, Ishii, H, Iburi, T, Furuya, M, Yamagami, K, Sekine, O, Yamashiro, S, Ishibashi, R, Tsujii, S, Sauriol, L, Lescrauwaet, B, Heckmann, B, Helbig, C, Franke, I, Schiel, R, Oguzhan, B, Gursoy, N, Gutiérrez, E, García, P, Rokeya, B, Hossain, M, Ali, L, Ivanova, O, Gorbenko, N, Gladkich, A, Gorbenko, K, Blase, E, Nguyen, T, Su, G, Gao, H, Carr, E, Wintle, M, Fineman, M, Calara, F, Han, J, Aisporna, M, Zabala, E, Fehse, F, Trautmann, M, Halseth, A, Nauck, M, Kendall, D, Riddle, M, Zhuang, D, Buse, J, Henry, R, Linnebjerg, H, Kothare, P, De La Peña, A, Atkins, M, Bjerre Knudsen, L, Voss, P, Hompesch, M, Filipczak, R, Le, T, Zdravkovic, M, Gumprecht, J, Deacon, C, Plamboeck, A, Guivarch, P, Dreyfus, J, Mathi, S, Castaigne, J, Drucker, D, Kruger, D, Burrell, T, Gloster, M, Crean, J, Herrmann, K, Kovatchev, B, Cox, D, Mccall, A, Whitehouse, F, Chapman, I, Parker, B, Doran, S, Feinle bisset, C, Wishart, J, Lush, C, Mcintyre, S, Deckhut, D, Horowitz, M, El ouaghlidi, A, Rehring, E, Holmes, D, Sallas, W, He, Y, Watson, C, Ligueros saylan, M, Foley, J, Narayanan, S, Thomas, A, Shah, D, Gopalan, B, Vakkalanka, S, Arch, J, Ryskjær, J, Krarup, T, Madsbad, S, Vilsbøll, T, Ciani, S, Bardini, G, Pezzatini, A, Cappadona, A, Joergensen, M, Jensen holm, H, Kristensen, L, Kanstrup, A, Mckillop, A, Duffy, N, Lindsay, J, Bell, P, Hansen, B, Gronemann, S, Wilken, M, Herman, G, Zhao, P, Dietrich, B, Golor, G, Schrodter, A, Keymeulen, B, Lasseter, K, Kipnes, M, Hilliard, D, Tanen, M, De Smet, M, Van Dyck, K, Tanaka, W, Gottesdiener, K, Wagner, J, Hoffmann, T, S, V, Demuth, H, Paule, S, Myers, M, Nikolovski, B, Fujiwara, H, Hosokawa, M, Fukuda, K, Nishi, Y, Fujita, Y, Yamada, K, Ueda, N, Jones leone, A, Yu, T, Barilla, D, Ho, Y, Makrilakis, K, Panagiotakos, D, Dimosthenopoulos, C, Ioannidis, I, Chrysohoou, C, Pitsavos, C, Kuo, S, Levendal, R, Poonsatha, S, Jones, G, Fahey, R, Hoa, N, Norberg, Å, Liepinsh, E, Phan, D, Thuan, N, Jörnvall, H, Sillard, R, Tessari, P, Kiwanuka, E, Cristini, M, Zaramella, M, Enslen, M, Garcia rodenas, C, Yazawa, M, Imai, Y, Ohmura, E, Tsuchida, A, Matsuda, A, Hosaka, D, Horie, H, Ichita, M, Hisano, Y, Woodhead, S, Xu, W, Chen, X, Cavalot, F, Bonomo, K, Perna, P, Bacillo, E, Salacone, P, Gallo, M, Gaia, E, Vinik, A, Yu, D, Heise, M, Freed, M, Aguilera, E, Pellitero, S, Näf, S, Bendtzen, K, Nicoletti, F, Hahn, J, Bochnig, S, Koenig, H, Sporleder, B, Maisonneuve, P, Lowenfels, A, Kerner, W, Lankisch, P, Thai, A, Mohan, V, Khalid, B, Yeo, J, Gasiorowska, A, Talar wojnarowska, R, Malecka panas, E, Schindler, K, Rieger, A, Gmeinhart, B, Schlembacher, K, Merz, P, Ludvik, B, Müller, N, Rodriguez, F, Aas, A, Seljeflot, I, Huang, C, Biswas, N, Hashimoto, N, Kamatani, Y, Suzuki, Y, Yagui, K, Saito, Y, Iwai, R, Takahashi, H, Yoshida, S, Skowronski, M, Zozulinska, D, Juszczyk, J, Wierusz wysocka, B, Peterkova, V, Kuraeva, T, Scherbacheva, L, Andrianova, E, Maximova, V, Titovich, E, Danne, T, Bittner, C, Hanaire broutin, H, Schumicki, D, Souhami, E, Morrison, G, Purewal, T, Weston, P, Šmahelová, A, Rušavý, Z, Kožnarová, R, Loyková, V, Bělobrádková, J, Devries, J, Retnakaran, R, Hochman, J, Melki, V, Zinman, B, Corbi, S, Costanza, F, Fioriti, E, Cappa, M, Jaroň, M, Martínek, V, Piechatzek, R, Klaff, L, Prager, R, Robinson, A, Penfornis, A, Thomas, R, Selam, J, Sola gazagnes, A, Vitacolonna, E, Canonico, V, Fabietti, P, Iorio, M, Orsini Federici, M, Timi, A, Massi Benedetti, M, Sarti, E, Ashwell, S, Gebbie, J, Siebenhofer, A, Plank, J, Berghold, A, Horvath, K, Mrak, P, Jeitler, K, Pieber, T, Heller, S, Gottlieb, P, Paul, J, Chase, P, Menditto, L, Antuña, R, Grimaldi, A, Brun, J, Vialettes, B, Halimi, S, Dubroca, I, Blayo, A, Gómez peralta, F, Santos mazo, E, Payeras más, F, Abreu padín, C, Santos palacios, S, Salvador rodríguez, J, Burge, M, Schroeder, E, Witthaus, E, Johnston, P, Bradley, C, Kudva, Y, Jenkins, G, Pons, G, Quandt, L, Gebel, J, Vogelsang, D, Smith, S, Isley, W, Russell jones, D, Maier, C, Mustapic, D, Schuster, E, Luger, A, Eher, R, Koznarova, R, Rubesova, I, Pelikanova, T, Skibova, J, Sanz, F, Ampudia blasco, F, Gabaldon, J, Catala, M, Carmena, R, Heinemann, L, Kronshage, B, Ward, K, Sass, D, Essenpreis, M, Voelkel, D, Lodwig, V, Nguyen, M, Mondok, A, Friedrich, C, Caduff, A, Totonelli, A, Longhitano, S, Agrò, F, Edelman, S, Morrison, Z, Velazquez, F, Howard, S, Banks, R, Berger, B, Burian, P, Nilsson, K, Karlén, M, Rylander, E, Blonde, L, Freemantle, N, Ross, S, Duhot, D, Eggertsen, R, Hobbs, F, Martinez, L, Stridde, E, Skyler, J, Tusek, C, Stephan, J, Krasner, A, Landschulz, W, Sha, S, Bott, S, Bergenstal, R, Damgé, C, Ubrich, N, Kaltenbacher, M, Maincent, P, Wutte, A, Bock, G, Balent, B, Midtgaard, A, Rønn, B, Edgerton, D, Cherrington, A, Neal, D, Scott, M, Glass, D, Bowen, L, Wilson, W, Hobbs, C, Leach, C, Sivakumaran, S, Strack, T, De Meyts, P, Aladdin, H, Palsgaard, J, Theede, A, Sajid, W, Hinrichsen, J, Klaproth, B, Lademann, J, Østergaard, J, Andersen, A, Boss, A, Cheatham, W, Pfuetzner, A, Larbig, M, Forst, S, Abdollahnia, R, Grenningloh, M, Leatherdale, B, Bartley, E, Schwartz, S, Buchea, O, Hoss, U, Shah, R, Endo, T, Hata, S, Yamazaki, H, Hernandez Campos, S, Busciantella Ricci, N, Kaufman, F, Halvorson, M, Carpenter, S, Cooper, K, Mueller, J, Van Wasen, H, Brumberg, J, Rduch, K, Mertens, S, Reeß, F, Renz, H, Maran, A, Sparacino, G, Pavanini, A, Corazza, S, Crepaldi, M, Poscia, A, Acosta, D, Salcedo, D, Delgado, E, Novoa, J, Hawkins, F, Parramón, M, Mesa, J, Parhimovich, R, Darko, D, Odusanya, P, Pullen, F, Mukherjee, S, Child, D, Redkin, Y, Dreval, A, Bogomolov, V, Östgren, C, Grodzinsky, E, Lindström, K, Borgquist, L, Fegan, G, Hamliton, P, Mccrimmon, R, Evans, M, Fan, X, Ding, Y, Sherwin, R, Boomsma, F, Pramming, S, Fischer, B, Soydan, N, Eckhard, M, Saar, P, Kreuder, J, Linn, T, Holstein, A, Plaschke, A, Ptak, M, Egberts, E, El din, J, Kirchheiner, J, Hoashi, S, Khamis, A, Kilbane, M, Cannon, D, Gribben, A, Firth, R, Kinsley, B, Cranston, I, De Galan, B, De Mol, P, Wennekes, L, Due andersen, R, Lundkvist, J, Jönsson, L, Mukhopadhyay, B, Deans, K, Kesson, C, Jendrike, N, Buck, H, Abicht, A, Haug, C, Freckmann, G, Warren, R, Sommerfield, A, Allen, K, Deary, I, Frier, B, Høi hansen, T, Wu, A, Holtman, V, Tenberken, O, Maurer, H, Al zakwani, I, Bullano, M, Baron, J, Willey, V, Nattrass, M, Kurtzhals, P, Colding jorgensen, M, Massi benedetti, M, Murray, F, Lin, Z, Kølendorf, K, Prasek, M, Philotheou, A, Javashvili, L, Virsaladze, D, Kajaia, N, Raposo, J, Pratas, S, Fernandes, C, Valadas, C, Duarte, R, Gardete correia, L, Locatelli, M, Patera, I, Bottazzo, G, Hadjidakis, D, Mylonakis, A, Raptis, A, Papaefstathiou, A, Hedman, C, Frystyk, J, Fridell, K, Jönsson, A, Lindström, T, Saito, M, Eto, M, Kaku, K, Stotzka, M, Stein, G, Prince, M, Kulzer, B, Scholze, A, Hermanns, N, Kubiak, T, Starostina, E, Shavrikova, E, Furuhashi, N, Hirose, T, Kuroda, M, Kimura, M, Ishizawa, M, Sarui, H, Takeda, N, Furuta, T, Drewelow, S, Lindloh, C, Paddison, C, Faimalie, M, Flett, R, Micheletti, S, Perelli Cippo, P, Mantovani, L, Su, M, Trento, M, Bajardi, M, Passera, P, Miselli, V, Tomalino, M, Borgo, E, Cavallo, F, Porta, M, Miclea, S, Bogatean, M, Hancu, N, Leppert, K, Muller, U, Rittmeier, H, Mchorney, C, Myers, J, Reinecker, H, Meier, J, Gallwitz, B, Askenas, M, Vollmer, K, Schmidt, W, Kyrou, I, Souvatzoglou, E, Cseh, K, Baranyi, E, Kaszas, E, Szocs, A, Melczer, Z, Sikter, M, Szenthe, P, Palik, E, Hajos, P, Pogatsa, G, Winkler, G, Pardo, I, Barros filho, A, Jahan, S, Huq, F, Biswas, K, Chowdhury, T, Khan, A, Ritterath, C, Talai Rad, N, Siegmund, T, Heinze, T, Henrich, W, Siebert, G, Dudenhausen, J, Buhling, K, Kautzky willer, A, Mustafa, S, Winzer, C, Vukovich, T, Shaat, N, Ekelund, M, Lernmark, Å, Ivarsson, S, Zmudzinska, M, Bronisz, A, Pufal, M, Junik, R, Beran, D, Toledano, Y, Giveon, S, Kahan, E, Aycheh, S, Guttman, N, Jaffe, A, Alberti, H, Boudriga, N, Nabli, M, Jaiveer, S, Jaiveer, P, Shaikh, S, Gopinath, A, Morrissey, J, Patel, V, Lenz, M, Dvoynishnikova, O, Mayorov, A, Galstyan, G, Antsiferov, M, Dedov, I, Rybarczyk, M, Scalone, L, Palmer, A, Morgutti, M, Valentine, W, Renaudin, C, Roze, S, Morsanutto, A, Berto, P, Lopatriello, S, Voinovich, D, Gelisio, R, Brändie, M, Russ, W, Greiner, R, Rodríguez, J, Rubio Terrés, C, De Pablos, P, Smith, I, Morgan, C, Tsutskiridze, L, Haag, B, Delbuono, B, Silva, C, Fox, A, Padilla, V, Naraine, K, Cypryk, K, Szymczak, W, Szosland, K, Sobczak, M, Zawodniak szalapska, M, Lewinski, A, Schvarcz, E, Lindqvist, A, Stenninger, E, Östlund, I, Åman, J, Lapolla, A, Dalfrà, M, Di Benedetto, A, Dolci, M, Franzetti, I, Masotti, M, Napoli, A, Salietti, G, Santini, C, Tortul, C, Di Cianni, G, Popow, C, Waldhör, T, Horn, W, Biermann, E, Rihl, J, Riedl, M, Kastner, P, Kollmann, A, Pusch, W, Schreier, G, Hearnshaw, H, Lowe, P, Griffiths, F, Stapperfend, M, Baehring, T, Cosson, E, Benchimol, M, Carbillon, L, Pariès, J, Lormeau, B, Pharisien, I, Tourel, E, Uzan, M, Attali, J, Zabarovskaya, Z, Mulyarchik, O, Barsukov, A, Guseva, T, Begum, K, Haque, L, Bokor, A, Rigó, J, Garamvölgyi, Z, Pusztai, P, Somogyi, A, Hanson, U, Nyström, L, Blohmó, G, Ekbom schnell, A, Östman, J, Persson, B, Parretti, E, Cioni, R, Marzari, C, Masin, M, Scarselli, G, Mello, G, Seghieri, G, De Bellis, A, Anichini, R, Alviggi, L, Franconi, F, Breschi, C, Dworacka, M, Wender ożegowska, E, Winiarska, H, Macugowska, M, Zawiejska, A, Bobkiewicz kozłowska, T, Pietryga, M, Brązert, J, Bousboulas, S, Politakis, P, Papadimitriou, P, Lyu, R, Yin, D, Green, A, Kristensen, J, Rodríguez saldaña, J, Clark, C, Morales De Teresa, M, Escorza domínguez, A, Ortiz gress, A, Monroy mayorga, A, Mejía pedraza, B, Seeliger, S, Kaiser, J, Müller, E, Maxion bergemann, S, Bergemann, R, Goertz, A, Shearer, A, Bagust, A, Schoeffski, O, Shestakova, M, Balabolkin, M, Chugunova, L, Shamkhalova, M, Zaytseva, N, Naumenkova, I, Brevnova, N, Tsibina, L, Rosak, C, Petzoldt, R, Stammer, H, Dehmel, B, Seidel, D, Roth, W, Fennenkötter, U, Gottschall, V, Kanatsuka, A, Lauenborg, J, Jörgensen, T, Hornnes, P, Wagner, O, Zajdenverg, L, Halfoun, V, Oliveira, J, Lencioni, C, Volpe, L, Chatzianagnostou, K, Cuccuru, I, Ghio, A, Pardini, E, Salvadorini, M, Saltiki, A, Korakovouni, A, Stavrianos, H, Zapanti, E, Antsaklis, A, Pithova, P, Sporna, M, Bustani, R, Todd, D, Guerrero, R, Vázquez, M, Amaya, M, Dios, E, Quijada, D, García hernández, N, Astorga, R, Gandhi, R, Jayawarna, C, Fernando, D, Hill, R, Lloyd mostyn, R, Thomson, G, Rewers, A, Bothner, J, Klingensmith, G, Sysoyeva, O, Karlovich, N, Rankins, D, Wellard, M, Werther, G, Northam, E, Kordonouri, O, Haberland, H, Hauschild, M, Kapellen, T, Kraft, V, Wiemann, D, Lange, K, Witte, D, Laude, D, Dabire, H, Hadj Brahim, F, Papanas, N, Papatheodorou, K, Christakidis, D, Papazoglou, D, Giassakis, G, Piperidou, H, Monastiriotis, H, Maltezos, E, Barrett, C, Serghides, H, Tindali, H, Kelly, F, Chiheb, S, Chen, Q, Brahimi, M, Cynober, L, Delaporte, C, Scionti, L, Conti, M, Vermigli, C, Galimberti, G, Cazzetta, G, Bosi, E, Sugimoto, K, Shoji, M, Yasujima, M, Suda, T, Yagihashi, S, Zsengeller, Z, Charniauskaya, T, Abatan, O, Kimura, I, Tsuneki, H, Hara, S, Sasaki, K, Nangle, M, Gibson, T, Yorek, M, Hirooka, H, Stevens, M, Tarhzaoui, K, Cohen boulakia, F, Smith, G, Lestrade, R, Behar, A, Komori, H, Oi, K, Takahashi, D, Kunitou, T, Moroi, M, Philips, J, Marchand, M, Geronooz, I, Scheen, A, Gambardella, S, Ciampittiello, G, Bracaglia, D, Cicconetti, E, Gigli, F, Verri, C, Baroni, A, Frontoni, S, Szabó, M, Germán, M, Farkas, L, Szentendrei, D, Maiello, M, Mandica, S, Morganti, R, Menzinger, G, Bernardi, L, Aso, Y, Wakabayashi, S, Takebayashi, K, Takemura, Y, Inukai, T, Kalter leibovici, O, Lifshitz, A, Yerushalmy, Y, Stern, E, Ogawa, K, Nanjo, K, Kawamori, R, Katayama, S, Shirai, M, Fonseca, V, Seftel, A, Denne, J, Fredlund, P, Buvat, J, Schmitt, H, Van Ahlen, H, Varanese, L, Lips, J, Hoekstra, J, Banga, J, Legros, J, Lufuma, M, Bouter, K, Fan, L, Lu, J, Zheng, Y, Spruce, M, Jones, C, Coppini, D, Lavery, L, Holtz neiderer, K, Mohler, M, Wendel, C, Nixon, B, Jurado, J, Bataller, F, Dorca, A, Garcia, F, Brossa, N, Barnera, T, Pou Torelló, J, Bregovski, V, Karpova, I, Hedetoft, C, Rasmussen, A, Fabrin, J, Driver, V, Thoms, T, Jeffcoate, W, Monaghan, J, Game, F, Dalla Noce, S, Cimmino, M, Caruso, S, Manes, C, Mikoudi, K, Sossidou, E, Pigas, G, Karagianni, D, Skoutas, D, Fotiadis, S, Pruna, S, Eroshkin, I, Vasiljev, Y, Udovichenko, O, Udovichenko, A, Bondarenko, O, Dang, C, Prasad, Y, Anwar, R, Thomas, G, Lobmann, R, Motzkau, M, Pittasch, D, Lehnert, H, Piaggesi, A, Marsocci, A, Fanara, M, Rizzo, L, Palumbo, F, Campi, F, Tedeschi, A, Scatena, A, Goretti, C, Baicchi, U, Chipchase, S, Treece, K, Pound, N, Hill, N, Cyganek, K, Mirkiewicz sieradzka, B, Malecki, M, Wolkow, P, Skupien, J, Naskalska, A, Sieradzki, J, Tapp, R, Tonkin, A, Harper, A, Mccarty, D, Söderberg, S, Taylor, H, Chitson, P, Alberti, G, Sheetz, M, Aiello, L, Davis, M, Milton, R, Arora, V, Hu, K, Girach, A, Vignati, L, Tyrberg, M, Melander, A, Lindblad, U, Giannarelli, R, Coppelli, A, Sartini, M, Aragona, M, Fletcher, E, Ninkovic, S, Foster, L, Jones, D, De Gooyer, T, Stitt, A, Vingrys, A, Wilkinson berka, J, Lewandowska, A, Randeva, H, Komorowski, J, Lewandowski, K, Jurowski, P, Sankar, S, Gos, R, Kowluru, R, Odenbach, S, Shinn, S, Agardh, C, Hultberg, B, Segura, R, Fonollosa, A, Berrone, E, Beltramo, E, Solimine, C, Ubertalli, A, Islam, N, Esteve, E, Fernandez, M, Recas, I, Mauri, S, Biarnes, F, Junca, E, Fernádez real, J, Rössner, S, Stenlof, K, Levy, B, Perry, B, Fitchet, M, Chrysos, G, Kamaratos, A, Lepeniotis, G, Kokkoris, S, Varytimiadis, K, Stasini, F, Mikros, S, Gianneli, D, Tryfinopoulou, K, Melidonis, A, Nikolopoulou, C, Harley, K, Ryder, R, De, P, Vannieuwenhoven, F, Rossing, K, Oliver, N, Goldschmeding, R, Jacobsen, P, Tan, F, Liew, S, Mukherjee, J, Lim, P, Fröjdö, S, Sjölind, L, Parkkonen, M, Mäkinen, V, Tikellis, C, Nieuwenhoven, F, Macisaac, R, Tsalamandris, C, Mcneil, K, Panaiotopoulos, S, Smith, T, Ho, M, Matthews, P, Jerums, G, Hut, H, Van Den Meiracker, A, Nakhjavani, M, Behjati, J, Esteghamati, A, Esfahanian, F, Aghamohamadzadeh, N, Abbasi, M, Kohnert, K, Zander, E, Krabbe, S, Stehouwer, C, Schalkwijk, C, Krarup Hansen, T, Teppo, A, Ebeling, P, Abdella, N, Mojiminiyi, O, Al Dahi, W, Al Mohammedi, H, Al Jebely, S, Neugebauer baba, S, Baba, T, Ohashi, H, Nakajima, S, Hesselmann, C, Watanabe, T, Nargis, M, Zaid, R, Voronko, O, Tchugunova, L, Vikulova, O, Nosikov, V, Liu, L, Zheng, T, Li, M, Zhang, R, Xiang, K, Hadjadj, S, Jeunemaitre, X, Vervoort, G, Veldman, B, Berden, J, Wetzels, J, Singh, B, Holland, M, Baskar, V, Oh, J, Seo, J, Choi, K, Baik, S, Choi, D, Kim, N, Matsumoto, S, Suetsugu, M, Matsutomo, R, Pisarczyk wiza, D, Banaszak, A, Wysocki, H, Usui, H, Shikata, K, Okada, S, Ogawa, D, Yozai, K, Kido, Y, Nagase, R, Ohga, S, Tone, A, Sasaki, M, Wada, J, Unno, Y, Horiuchi, S, Mclennan, S, Kamarinos, M, Waltham, M, Dy, V, Yue, D, Zdychova, J, Komers, R, Cresci, B, Giannini, S, Manuelli, C, Giunti, S, Pinach, S, Ianni Palarchio, A, Arnaldi, L, Vittone, F, Camussi, G, Cavallo Perin, P, Gruden, G, Marshall, S, Jones, S, White, K, Brizzi, M, Dentelli, P, Rosso, A, Calvi, C, Gambino, R, Cassader, M, Salvidio, G, Deferrari, G, Pegoraro, L, Pagano, G, Cavallo perin, P, Oates, R, Ellery, C, Beebe, D, Coutcher, J, Qian, Y, Lowe, V, Appleton, T, Raunig, D, O'Neil, S, Mylari, B, Amazonas, R, Fujita, A, Doi, A, Matsuno, S, Okamoto, K, Matsumoto, E, Furuta, H, Nishi, M, Tsuno, T, Taniguchi, H, Bessho, H, Wasén, E, Isoaho, R, Mattila, K, Vahlberg, T, Kivelä, S, Irjala, K, Rigalleau, V, Lasseur, C, Perlemoine, C, Barthes, N, Raffaitin, C, Chauveau, P, Combe, C, Baillet blanco, L, Beauvieux, M, Gin, H, Heinrich, S, Steiner, T, Ott, U, Holdass, H, Fellström, B, Jardine, A, Staffler, B, Logan, J, Gimpelewicz, C, Stanciu, C, Pena, C, Serafinceanu, C, González posada, J, Hernández, D, Pérez tamajó, L, Ló, A, Herná Alarcó, M, Meneses, M, Barsotti, M, Rizzo, G, Schmauss, S, Havrdova, T, Saudek, F, Boucek, P, Adamec, M, Invitti, C, Gilardini, L, Parati, G, Mazzilli, G, Pontiggia, B, Sartorio, A, Lutgers, H, Groenier, K, Zasadzinska, G, Saryusz wolska, M, Kurktschiev, D, Majdrakova, I, Varbanova, T, Todorova, B, Bajo martinez, A, Bernal, E, Sanchez, O, Ugalde canitrot, A, Sanchez largo, E, Coca robinot, D, Fabregate, R, Calbacho, M, Marquez, J, Saban ruiz, J, Penesova, A, Cizmarova, E, Blazicek, P, De Jongh, R, Serné, E, Ijzerman, R, De Vries, G, Andersen, N, Knudsen, S, Helleberg, K, Mogensen, C, Waluś, M, Idzior waluś, B, Sztefko, K, Cieślik, G, Fedak, D, Wozniakiewicz, E, Lin, S, Guo, M, Lin, C, Liu, X, Francisco, M, Rodriguez rosas, H, Peiró martinez, I, Macías batista, A, Harte, A, Rodriguez cuenca, S, Valsamakis, G, Chetty, R, Anderson, L, Roca, P, Matyka, K, Lasalle, J, Hershon, K, Berman, L, Gibson, E, Gillen, D, Maroni, J, Simmons, D, Hiukka, A, Forder, P, Leinonen, E, Hilden, H, Fruchart, J, Keech, A, Farnier, M, Freeman, M, Macdonell, G, Perevozskaya, I, Mitchel, Y, Gumbiner, B, Didangelos, T, Athyros, V, Mikhailidis, D, Papageorgiou, A, Bouloukos, V, Pehlivanidis, A, Symeonidis, A, Elisaf, M, Mckenney, J, Insull, W, Lewin, A, Maccubbin, D, Kush, D, Schuster, H, Barter, P, Stender, S, Bonnet, J, Morrell, J, Watkins, C, Kallend, D, Stalenhoef, A, Ballantyne, C, Murin, J, Tonstad, S, Rose, H, Wilpshaar, W, Jenkins, A, Karschimkus, C, Dragicevic, G, Rowley, K, Wolthers, T, Best, J, Voet, B, Murdoch, S, Marcovina, S, Brunzell, J, Caparevic, Z, Kostic, N, Ilic, S, Sartore, G, Piarulli, F, Cantaro, S, Reitano, R, Fiore, C, Marin, R, Bassan, S, Manzato, E, Fedele, D, Solini, A, Santini, E, Thornalley, P, Babaei jadidi, R, Karachalias, N, Kupich, C, Ahmed, N, Fowler, A, Baker, A, Starczynski, J, O'Hare, P, Szepietowska, B, Szelachowska, M, Puch, U, Glebocka, A, Quinn, D, Mcternan, C, Bonser, R, Idzior walus, B, Woźniakiewicz, E, Dimitriou, K, Apostolou, O, Kontela, E, Devangelio, E, Gould, E, Serri, O, Roussin, A, Buithieu, J, Mamputu, J, Renier, G, Giordanetti, S, De Amici, E, Poggi, G, Turpini, C, Fratino, P, Garzaniti, A, Banu, I, Paries, J, Roman, G, Negrean, M, Bala, C, Nita, C, Kistorp, C, Gustafsson, F, Chong, A, Lip, G, Galatius, S, Ari, N, Sahilli, M, Ceylan isık, A, Ozansoy, G, Karasu yilmaz, C, Matteucci, E, Rosada, J, Pallini, M, Evangelista, I, Cassetti, G, Giusti, C, Giampietro, O, Capaldo, B, Galderisi, M, Cicala, S, Turco, A, Imbroinise, A, Nosso, G, D'Errico, A, De Divitiis, O, Klimontov, V, Korolyova, E, Jeltova, L, Bondar, I, Tarkun, I, Arslan, B, Canturk, Z, Tarkun, P, Agacdiken, A, Komsuoglu, B, Méneveau, N, Pierre justin, E, Alsayed, M, Sabbah, R, Paulin, S, Marcu, S, Tauveron, I, Zimmermann, C, Schiele, F, Seronde, M, Vautrin, P, Lusson, J, Thieblot, P, Bernard, Y, Mistry, A, Pye, M, Peovska, I, Maksimovic Pavlovic, J, Vavlukis, M, Pop Gorceva, D, Bosevski, M, Scognamiglio, R, Negut, C, De Kreutzenberg, S, Madonna, R, De Caterina, R, Willerson, J, Geng, Y, Vahsen, S, Ledwig, D, Ramrath, S, Frantz, S, Schmidt, I, Calvillo, L, Dienesch, C, Elbing, I, Bischoff, H, Ertl, G, Bauersachs, J, Davydov, A, Mkrtum'Yan, A, Baranova, L, Ikeda, Y, Suehiro, T, Osaki, F, Ota, K, Arii, K, Kumon, Y, Hashimoto, K, Doney, A, Morris, A, Palmer, C, Byun, S, Doo, H, Pagnin, E, Calo, L, Fadini, G, Kubaszek, A, Chai, S, Chai, Q, Rasmussen, L, Ledet, T, Wogensen, L, Lengyel, C, Varró, A, Virág, L, Magyar, J, Bíró, T, Jost, N, Skoumal, R, Nánási, P, Tóth, M, Horkay, F, Papp, J, Zacharopoulou, O, Athanaselis, S, Tsokos, N, Doupis, J, Psallas, M, Cokkinos, D, Pavlatos, S, Liatis, S, Akhobadze, T, Dzneladze, L, Samarguliani, I, Taskiran, M, Rasmussen, V, Jensen, G, Fisher, A, Petrovsky, N, Srikusalanukul, W, Budge, M, Trifunovic zamaklar, D, Zivkovic, M, Jelic, V, Vukomanovic, G, Ristic, A, Seferovic, P, Costa, J, Duarte, S, Manley, S, Sailesh, S, Venkataraman, A, Haider, Y, Groza, I, Oprean, M, Ardelean, A, Morosanu, A, Darkow, T, Vanderplas, A, Mamas, M, Mcelduff, P, Burns, J, Edwards, R, Fitchet, A, Young, R, Gibson, J, Lichiardopol, R, Niculescu, N, Totora, A, Pencea, C, Tomescu, I, Cinteza, M, Manicardi, V, Coscelli, C, Navazio, A, Catellani, E, Michelini, M, Dall'Asta, D, Guberti, A, Piazza, A, Gasparini, E, Pantaleoni, M, Guiducci, U, Manari, A, Sejil, S, Janand delenne, B, Avierinos, J, Habib, G, Labastie, N, Vague, P, Lassmann vague, V, Luźniak, P, Tatoń, J, Wojciechowska Luźniak, A, Zairis, M, Lyras, A, Patsourakos, N, Tsirimbis, V, Foussas, S, Lupón, J, Urrutia, A, Herreros, J, González, B, Coll, R, Altimir, S, Prats, M, Valle, V, Abreu padí, C, Rábago, G, Ivanova, L, Brasacchio, D, Harno, E, Keenan, A, Li, H, Lu, Z, Ke, L, Liu, H, Jeong, I, Chae, M, Choi, M, Yoo, H, Kim, C, Yun, M, Na, M, Kang, Y, Kong, O, Son, S, Kim, I, Tanaka, N, Hosoi, M, Matsuyama, Y, Fukumoto, M, Yamakita, T, Yoshioka, K, Ishii, T, Sato, T, Fujii, S, Aoki, T, Shibata, T, Mizutani, N, Suzuki, J, Fowelin, J, Samuelsson, P, Brandrup wogsen, G, Okumura, K, Tokmakova, A, Staroverova, D, Antcieferov, M, Shutichina, I, Kuntchevich, G, Vriesendorp, T, Morélis, Q, Legemate, D, Schaper, F, Mainas, E, Gkioulmpasanis, I, Panagiotou, I, Vassilikos, G, Skorda, L, Sidira, M, Christoforidou, M, Alaveras, A, Artikis, V, Evdemon, E, Lechleitner, M, Koch, T, Ebenbichler, C, Sturm, W, Moretti, L, Moruzzo, D, Boldrini, E, Pandolfo, C, Kameyama, M, Iwasa, R, Cho, M, Nam, J, Huh, K, Kaplar, M, Paragh, G, Erdei, A, Csongradi, E, Garai, I, Varga, J, Galuska, L, Udvardy, M, Higa, M, Kaneko, Y, Hiroi, N, Koziarska, D, Nowacki, P, Majkowska, L, Luzniak, P, Wojciechowska luźniak, A, Tushuizen, M, Nieuwland, R, Snoeck, D, Sturk, A, Diamant, M, Aguiar, L, Bahia, L, Villela, N, Laflor, C, Conde, C, Bottino, D, Dorigo, D, Bouskela, E, Pu, S, Luo, Z, Lam, K, Dan, Q, Xu, A, Shen, J, Cheng, K, Xu, J, Thamer, C, Stefan, N, Haap, M, Heller, E, Tschritter, O, De Prado, A, Ortiz, A, Ybarra, J, Gich, I, Pou, J, Ehren, M, Roggenland, D, Reinsen, B, Klein, H, Rittig, K, Stock, J, Kocher, B, Balletshofer, B, Shon, H, Chung, D, Nakatani, Y, Matsuhisa, M, Kaneto, H, Hatazaki, M, Yoshiuchi, K, Katakami, N, Kawamori, D, Ohtoshi, K, Sakamoto, K, Matsuoka, T, Ozawa, K, Ogawa, S, Hori, M, Yamasaki, Y, Zitouni, K, Harry, D, Nourooz zadeh, J, Earle, K, Olesen, P, Franco, L, Corvaja, C, Semplicini, A, Ceylan işık, A, Arı, N, Rösen, P, Lee, I, Park, K, Jung, E, Shin, D, Jo, S, Obuobie, K, Prakash, P, Hanna, F, Lazarus, J, Varadhan, L, Gurushankar, J, James, D, Sheikh, S, Gaede, P, Zou, D, Vilarrasa, N, Perez maraver, M, Mena, E, Perez, D, Setti, G, Buckingham, R, Urbančič, V, Stefanovska, A, Bernjak, A, Ažman juvan, K, Kocijančič, A, Glowania, A, Filters, T, Fosmark, D, Torjesen, P, Kilhovd, B, Berg, T, Sandvik, L, Hanssen, K, Mentink, C, Donchenko, G, Stepanenko, S, Maingrette, F, Deng, H, Lindenmair, A, Freudenthaler, A, Baumgartner parzer, S, Nizheradze, K, Khoruzhenko, A, Tronko, N, Sheu, W, Ou, H, Shen, H, Lin, T, Wu, H, Yang, C, Mogylnytska, L, Schmoelzer, I, Davies, J, Band, M, Struthers, A, Prázný, M, Škrha, J, Kasalová, Z, Neelotpol, S, Jahan, P, Kauschke, S, Harrop, C, Schäfer, A, Widder, J, Eigenthaler, M, Walter, U, Uchimura, I, Ikebukuro, M, Kaibara, M, Hirata, M, Helal, R, Pervin, F, Yang, X, Jansson, P, Nagaev, I, Jack, M, Carvalho, E, Sunnerhagen, K, Cam, M, Cushman, S, Smith, U, Creely, S, Farmer, J, Gustafson, B, Kusminski, C, Krusinova, E, Wohl, P, Klementova, M, Lanska, V, Mcdougall, C, Kelly, I, Abbas, Z, Lutale, J, Archibald, L, Karunajeewa, H, Stingemore, N, Stuccio, G, Mcgechie, D, Muller, L, Hak, E, Goudzwaard, W, Montorsi, F, Homering, M, Sprenger, K, Goldstein, I, Asnaghi, V, Ferrari, G, Rastaldi, M, Gabellini, D, Dell'Antonio, G, Maestroni, A, Ruggieri, D, Luzi, L, Piemonti, L, Zerbini, G, Anafaroglu, I, Tutuncu, N, Sultana, M, Siddiqua, N, Iwasaki, T, Nakajima, A, Yoneda, M, Mukasa, K, Tanaka, S, and Sekihara, H
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, EASD, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Human physiology, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Family medicine, Internal Medicine, Medicine, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, 030304 developmental biology
Published: 2004

228. Distribution and anatomical localization of the glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) in the adult rat brain--an immunohistochemical study

Author: Philippe Nguyen, Michel Arluison, Luc Pénicaud, Bernard Thorens, Monique Quignon, Corinne Leloup, Neurobiologie des signaux intercellulaires (NSI), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Marie, Jean-Luc
Subjects: Male, endocrine system, Pathology, medicine.medical_specialty, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, [SDV.NEU.NB]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Muscle Proteins, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Biology, Reticular formation, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Cresyl violet, chemistry.chemical_compound, Limbic system, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, medicine, Animals, Rats, Wistar, Cellular localization, Glucose Transporter Type 2, Neurons, Glucose Transporter Type 1, Glucose Transporter Type 4, Glucose Transporter Type 3, [SDV.NEU.NB] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Neurons and Cognition [q-bio.NC]/Neurobiology, Brain, Immunohistochemistry, Rats, Oligodendroglia, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, chemistry, Medulla oblongata, biology.protein, Nucleus, GLUT3
Abstract: The aim of this work was to study the distribution and cellular localization of GLUT2 in the rat brain by light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry, whereas our ultrastructural observations will be reported in a second paper. Confirming previous results, we show that GLUT2-immunoreactive profiles are present throughout the brain, especially in the limbic areas and related nuclei, whereas they appear most concentrated in the ventral and medial regions close to the midline. Using cresyl violet counterstaining and double immunohistochemical staining for glial or neuronal markers (GFAp, CAII and NeuN), we show that two limited populations of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes cell bodies and processes are immunoreactive for GLUT2, whereas a cross-reaction with GLUT1 cannot be ruled out. In addition, we report that the nerve cell bodies clearly immunostained for GLUT2 were scarce (although numerous in the dentate gyrus granular layer in particular), whereas the periphery of numerous nerve cells appeared labeled for this transporter. The latter were clustered in the dorsal endopiriform nucleus and neighboring temporal and perirhinal cortex, in the dorsal amygdaloid region, and in the paraventricular and reuniens thalamic nuclei, whereas they were only a few in the hypothalamus. Moreover, a group of GLUT2-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies was localized in the dorsal medulla oblongata while some large multipolar nerve cell bodies peripherally labeled for GLUT2 were scattered in the caudal ventral reticular formation. This anatomical localization of GLUT2 appears characteristic and different from that reported for the neuronal transporter GLUT3 and GLUT4. Indeed, the possibility that GLUT2 may be localized in the sub-plasmalemnal region of neurones and/or in afferent nerve fibres remains to be confirmed by ultrastructural observations. Because of the neuronal localization of GLUT2, and of its distribution relatively similar to glucokinase, it may be hypothesized that this transporter is, at least partially, involved in cerebral glucose sensing.
Published: 2004

229. Gluco-incretins control insulin secretion at multiple levels as revealed in mice lacking GLP-1 and GIP receptors

Author: Frédéric Preitner, Mark Ibberson, Isobel Franklin, Christophe Binnert, Mario Pende, Asllan Gjinovci, Tanya Hansotia, Daniel J. Drucker, Claes Wollheim, Rémy Burcelin, and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Male, Mice, Knockout, endocrine system, General Medicine, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Glucose Tolerance Test, Glucagon, Peptide Fragments, Article, Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone, Mice, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Insulin Secretion, Cyclic AMP, Receptors, Glucagon, Animals, Insulin, Carbachol, Female, Protein Precursors, Pancreas
Abstract: The role of the gluco-incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1 in the control of beta cell function was studied by analyzing mice with inactivation of each of these hormone receptor genes, or both. Our results demonstrate that glucose intolerance was additively increased during oral glucose absorption when both receptors were inactivated. After intraperitoneal injections, glucose intolerance was more severe in double- as compared to single-receptor KO mice, and euglycemic clamps revealed normal insulin sensitivity, suggesting a defect in insulin secretion. When assessed in vivo or in perfused pancreas, insulin secretion showed a lack of first phase in Glp-1R(-/-) but not in Gipr(-/-) mice. In perifusion experiments, however, first-phase insulin secretion was present in both types of islets. In double-KO islets, kinetics of insulin secretion was normal, but its amplitude was reduced by about 50% because of a defect distal to plasma membrane depolarization. Thus, gluco-incretin hormones control insulin secretion (a) by an acute insulinotropic effect on beta cells after oral glucose absorption (b) through the regulation, by GLP-1, of in vivo first-phase insulin secretion, probably by an action on extra-islet glucose sensors, and (c) by preserving the function of the secretory pathway, as evidenced by a beta cell autonomous secretion defect when both receptors are inactivated.
Published: 2003

230. [Gluco-incretin hormones in insulin secretion and diabetes]

Author: Bernard, Thorens
Subjects: Glucagon-Like Peptides, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Glucagon, Peptide Fragments, Rats, Islets of Langerhans, Mice, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Insulin Secretion, Diabetes Mellitus, Animals, Humans, Insulin, Protein Precursors
Abstract: Nutrient ingestion triggers a complex hormonal response aimed at stimulating glucose utilization in liver, muscle and adipose tissue to minimize the raise in blood glucose levels. Insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells plays a major role in this response. Although the beta cell secretory response is mainly controlled by blood glucose levels, gut hormones secreted in response to food intake have an important role in potentiating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. These gluco-incretin hormones are GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) and GIP (gluco-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide). Their action on pancreatic beta cells depends on binding to specific G-coupled receptors linked to activation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway. In addition to their effect on insulin secretion both hormones also stimulate insulin production at the transcriptional and translational level and positively regulate beta cell mass. Because the glucose-dependent insulinotropic action of GLP-1 is preserved in type 2 diabetic patients, this peptide is now developed as a novel therapeutic drug for this disease.
Published: 2003

231. Impaired glucose homeostasis in mice lacking the alpha1b-adrenergic receptor subtype

Author: Christophe Perrin, Josiane Seydoux, Rémy Burcelin, Marc Uldry, Monique Nenniger-Tosato, Marc Foretz, Susanna Cotecchia, Bernard Thorens, and Anabela Dacosta
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Leptin, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, medicine.medical_treatment, Mice, Obese, Biology, Biochemistry, Glucagon, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Insulin resistance, Internal medicine, Hyperinsulinism, Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1, medicine, Hyperinsulinemia, Glucose homeostasis, Animals, Homeostasis, RNA, Messenger, Glycogen synthase, Molecular Biology, Glycogen, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Insulin, Body Weight, Cell Biology, medicine.disease, Mice, Mutant Strains, Receptors, Adrenergic, Endocrinology, Glucose, chemistry, Liver, biology.protein, Insulin Resistance
Abstract: To assess the role of the alpha1b-adrenergic receptor (AR) in glucose homeostasis, we investigated glucose metabolism in knockout mice deficient of this receptor subtype (alpha1b-AR-/-). Mutant mice had normal blood glucose and insulin levels, but elevated leptin concentrations in the fed state. During the transition to fasting, glucose and insulin blood concentrations remained markedly elevated for at least 6 h and returned to control levels after 24 h whereas leptin levels remained high at all times. Hyperinsulinemia in the post-absorptive phase was normalized by atropine or methylatropine indicating an elevated parasympathetic activity on the pancreatic beta cells, which was associated with increased levels of hypothalamic NPY mRNA. Euglycemic clamps at both low and high insulin infusion rates revealed whole body insulin resistance with reduced muscle glycogen synthesis and impaired suppression of endogenous glucose production at the low insulin infusion rate. The liver glycogen stores were 2-fold higher in the fed state in the alpha1b-AR-/- compared with control mice, but were mobilized at the same rate during the fed to fast transition or following glucagon injections. Finally, high fat feeding for one month increased glucose intolerance and body weight in the alpha1b-AR-/-, but not in control mice. Altogether, our results indicate that in the absence of the alpha1b-AR the expression of hypotalamic NPY and the parasympathetic nervous activity are both increased resulting in hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance as well as favoring obesity and glucose intolerance development during high fat feeding.
Published: 2003

232. Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors mimicking the human metabolic syndrome X in eNOS null mice

Author: Peter Vollenweider, Marc Egli, Stéphane Cook, Olivier Hugli, Urs Scherrer, Rémy Burcelin, Bernard Thorens, and Pascal Nicod
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III, medicine.medical_treatment, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II, Hyperlipidemias, Carbohydrate metabolism, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, Insulin resistance, Risk Factors, Enos, Internal medicine, Animals, Medicine, Metabolic Syndrome, biology, Triglyceride, business.industry, Leptin, Insulin, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Mice, Mutant Strains, Disease Models, Animal, Cardiovascular Diseases, Glucose, Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome X, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Endocrinology, chemistry, Uric acid, Metabolic syndrome, business
Abstract: AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: The metabolic syndrome comprises a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors but the underlying mechanism is not known. Mice with targeted disruption of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) are hypertensive and insulin resistant. We wondered, whether eNOS deficiency in mice is associated with a phenotype mimicking the human metabolic syndrome. METHODS AND RESULTS: In addition to arterial pressure and insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp), we measured the plasma concentration of leptin, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, fibrinogen and uric acid in 10 to 12 week old eNOS-/- and wild type mice. We also assessed glucose tolerance under basal conditions and following a metabolic stress with a high fat diet. As expected eNOS-/- mice were hypertensive and insulin resistant, as evidenced by fasting hyperinsulinaemia and a roughly 30 percent lower steady state glucose infusion rate during the clamp. eNOS-/- mice had a 1.5 to 2-fold elevation of the cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid plasma concentration. Even though body weight was comparable, the leptin plasma level was 30% higher in eNOS-/- than in wild type mice. Finally, uric acid and fibrinogen were elevated in the eNOS-/- mice. Whereas under basal conditions, glucose tolerance was comparable in knock out and control mice, on a high fat diet, knock out mice became significantly more glucose intolerant than control mice. CONCLUSIONS: A single gene defect, eNOS deficiency, causes a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in young mice. We speculate that defective nitric oxide synthesis could trigger many of the abnormalities making up the metabolic syndrome in humans.
Published: 2003

233. The SLC2 family of facilitated hexose and polyol transporters

Author: Bernard Thorens and Marc Uldry
Subjects: Gene isoform, biology, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Physiology, Polymers, Clinical Biochemistry, Glucose transporter, Transporter, Biological Transport, Metabolism, Transmembrane domain, Biochemistry, Physiology (medical), Multigene Family, biology.protein, Glucose homeostasis, Animals, Humans, Cotransporter, GLUT5, Hexoses
Abstract: The SLC2 family of glucose and polyol transporters comprises 13 members, the glucose transporters (GLUT) 1-12 and the H(+)- myo-inositol cotransporter (HMIT). These proteins all contain 12 transmembrane domains with both the amino and carboxy-terminal ends located on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane and a N-linked oligosaccharide side-chain located either on the first or fifth extracellular loop. Based on sequence comparison, the GLUT isoforms can be grouped into three classes: class I comprises GLUT1-4; class II, GLUT6, 8, 10, and 12 and class III, GLUT5, 7, 9, 11 and HMIT. Despite their sequence similarity and the presence of class-specific signature sequences, these transporters carry various hexoses and HMIT is a H(+)/ myo-inositol co-transporter. Furthermore, the substrate transported by some isoforms has not yet been identified. Tissue- and cell-specific expression of the well-characterized GLUT isoforms underlies their specific role in the control of whole-body glucose homeostasis. Numerous studies with transgenic or knockout mice indeed support an important role for these transporters in the control of glucose utilization, glucose storage and glucose sensing. Much remains to be learned about the transport functions of the recently discovered isoforms (GLUT6-13 and HMIT) and their physiological role in the metabolism of glucose, myo-inositol and perhaps other substrates.
Published: 2003

234. The facilitative glucose transporter 2: pathophysiological role in mouse and human

Author: Bernard Thorens and Marc Foretz
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, chemistry, Biochemistry, Symporter, Glucose transporter, Hexose, Metabolism, Apical membrane, Cotransporter, Electrochemical gradient, Solute carrier family
Abstract: Glucose is an essential substrate for the metabolism of most cells. Because glucose is a polar molecule, its transport through biological membranes requires specific transporter proteins. Transport of glucose through the apical membrane of intestinal and kidney epithelial cells depends on the presence of active Na+/glucose symporters, SGLT-l and SGLT-2, which concentrate glucose inside the cells using the energy provided by cotransport of Na+ ions down their electrochemical gradient (Hediger and Rhoads 1994). Facilitated diffusion of glucose through the cellular membrane is otherwise catalyzed by glucose carriers (protein symbol GLUT, gene symbol SLC2 for Solute Carrier Family 2) that belong to a superfamily of transport facilitators which comprises organic anion and cation transporters, yeast hexose transporters, plant hexose/proton symporters, and bacterial sugar/ proton symporters (Henderson 1993).
Published: 2003

235. Allogeneic β-islet cells correct diabetes and resist immune rejection

Author: Marcus Pericin, Hans Hengartner, Eric Rolland, Patrick Aebischer, Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Philippe Dupraz, Alana Althage, Bernard Thorens, and Stefan Freigang
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Graft Rejection, Time Factors, endocrine system diseases, medicine.medical_treatment, Cell, Islets of Langerhans Transplantation, Priming (immunology), Major histocompatibility complex, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Major Histocompatibility Complex, Mice, Immune system, medicine, Animals, Insulin, Transplantation, Homologous, geography, Mice, Inbred C3H, Multidisciplinary, geography.geographical_feature_category, biology, business.industry, Graft Survival, Immunosuppression, Skin Transplantation, Biological Sciences, Islet, Streptozotocin, Transplantation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, medicine.anatomical_structure, surgical procedures, operative, Immunology, biology.protein, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Allogeneic MHC-incompatible organ or cell grafts are usually promptly rejected by immunocompetent hosts. Here we tested allogeneic β-islet cell graft acceptance by immune or naïve C57BL/6 mice rendered diabetic with streptozotocin (STZ). Fully MHC-mismatched insulin-producing growth-regulated β-islet cells were transplanted under the kidney capsule or s.c. Although previously or simultaneously primed mice rejected grafts, STZ-treated diabetic mice accepted islet cell grafts, and hyperglycemia was corrected within 2–4 weeks in absence of conventional immunosuppression. Allogeneic grafts that controlled hyperglycemia expressed MHC antigens, were not rejected for >100 days, and resisted a challenge by allogeneic skin grafts or multiple injections of allogeneic cells. Importantly, the skin grafts were rejected in a primary fashion by the grafted and corrected host, indicating neither tolerization nor priming. Such strictly extralymphatic cell grafts that are immunologically largely ignored should be applicable clinically.
Published: 2002

236. Glucose release from GLUT2-null hepatocytes: characterization of a major and a minor pathway

Author: Masaya Hosokawa and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone, medicine.medical_specialty, Snf3, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Physiology, Cytochalasin B, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Glucose-6-Phosphate, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Peptides, Cyclic, Antiporters, Mice, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, Depsipeptides, medicine, Animals, Carbon Radioisotopes, Oxazoles, Progesterone, Glucose Transporter Type 2, Mice, Knockout, biology, Membrane Traffic, Uncoupling Agents, Endoplasmic reticulum, Nocodazole, Cell Membrane, Phosphotransferases, Culture Media, Kinetics, Endocrinology, Cholesterol, Glucose, Biochemistry, Gluconeogenesis, Phloretin, biology.protein, Hepatocytes, GLUT2, Calcium, Marine Toxins, Energy Metabolism, Glucose 6-phosphatase
Abstract: We previously reported that glucose can be released from GLUT2-null hepatocytes through a membrane traffic-based pathway issued from the endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we further characterized this glucose release mechanism using biosynthetic labeling protocols. In continuous pulse-labeling experiments, we determined that glucose secretion proceeded linearly and with the same kinetics in control and GLUT2-null hepatocytes. In GLUT2-deficient hepatocytes, however, a fraction of newly synthesized glucose accumulated intracellularly. The linear accumulation of glucose in the medium was inhibited in mutant, but not in control, hepatocytes by progesterone and low temperature, as previously reported, but, importantly, also by microtubule disruption. The intracellular pool of glucose was shown to be present in the cytosol, and, in pulse-chase experiments, it was shown to be released at a relatively slow rate. Release was not inhibited by S-4048 (an inhibitor of glucose-6-phosphate translocase), cytochalasin B, or progesterone. It was inhibited by phloretin, carbonyl cyanide p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone, and low temperature. We conclude that the major release pathway segregates glucose away from the cytosol by use of a membrane traffic-based, microtubule-dependent mechanism and that the release of the cytosolic pool of newly synthesized glucose, through an as yet unidentified plasma membrane transport system, cannot account for the bulk of glucose release.
Published: 2002

237. Heterogeneous metabolic adaptation of C57BL/6J mice to high-fat diet

Author: Anabela Dacosta, Alexandra Roy-Tirelli, Valerie Crivelli, Rémy Burcelin, and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Leptin, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Physiology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Metabolic adaptation, Adipose tissue, Muscle Proteins, Carbohydrate metabolism, Fatty Acids, Nonesterified, Weight Gain, Mice, Insulin resistance, Adipose Tissue, Brown, Physiology (medical), Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, medicine, Diabetes Mellitus, Animals, Insulin, Obesity, RNA, Messenger, Muscle, Skeletal, Glucose tolerance test, Glucose Transporter Type 4, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Myocardium, Glucose Tolerance Test, medicine.disease, Glucagon, Adaptation, Physiological, Dietary Fats, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Endocrinology, Glucose, medicine.symptom, Insulin Resistance, business, Weight gain
Abstract: C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat, carbohydrate-free diet (HFD) for 9 mo. Approximately 50% of the mice became obese and diabetic (ObD), approximately 10% lean and diabetic (LD), approximately 10% lean and nondiabetic (LnD), and approximately 30% displayed intermediate phenotype. All of the HFD mice were insulin resistant. In the fasted state, whole body glucose clearance was reduced in ObD mice, unchanged in the LD mice, and increased in the LnD mice compared with the normal-chow mice. Because fasted ObD mice were hyperinsulinemic and the lean mice slightly insulinopenic, there was no correlation between insulin levels and increased glucose utilization. In vivo, tissue glucose uptake assessed by 2-[(14)C]deoxyglucose accumulation was reduced in most muscles in the ObD mice but increased in the LnD mice compared with the values of the control mice. In the LD mice, the glucose uptake rates were reduced in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and total hindlimb but increased in soleus, diaphragm, and heart. When assessed in vitro, glucose utilization rates in the absence and presence of insulin were similar in diaphragm, soleus, and EDL muscles isolated from all groups of mice. Thus, in genetically homogenous mice, HFD feeding lead to different metabolic adaptations. Whereas all of the mice became insulin resistant, this was associated, in obese mice, with decreased glucose clearance and hyperinsulinemia and, in lean mice, with increased glucose clearance in the presence of mild insulinopenia. Therefore, increased glucose clearance in lean mice could not be explained by increased insulin level, indicating that other in vivo mechanisms are triggered to control muscle glucose utilization. These adaptive mechanisms could participate in the protection against development of obesity.
Published: 2002

238. Of Fat, β Cells, and Diabetes

Author: Bernard Thorens
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Glycosylation, Physiology, Type 2 diabetes, Cell Biology, Biology, medicine.disease, Obesity, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, chemistry, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, medicine, FOXA2, Insulin secretion, Molecular Biology
Abstract: A connection between diet, obesity and diabetes exists in multiple species and is the basis of an escalating human health problem. The factors responsible provoke both insulin resistance and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction but remain to be fully identified. We report a combination of molecular events in human and mouse pancreatic beta cells, induced by elevated levels of free fatty acids or by administration of a high-fat diet with associated obesity, that comprise a pathogenic pathway to diabetes. Elevated concentrations of free fatty acids caused nuclear exclusion and reduced expression of the transcription factors FOXA2 and HNF1A in beta cells. This resulted in a deficit of GnT-4a glycosyltransferase expression in beta cells that produced signs of metabolic disease, including hyperglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hepatic steatosis and diminished insulin action in muscle and adipose tissues. Protection from disease was conferred by enforced beta cell–specific GnT-4a protein glycosylation and involved the maintenance of glucose transporter expression and the preservation of glucose transport. We observed that this pathogenic process was active in human islet cells obtained from donors with type 2 diabetes; thus, illuminating a pathway to disease implicated in the diet- and obesity-associated component of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Published: 2011
Full Text: View/download PDF

239. Gluco-Incretins Regulate Beta-Cell Glucose Competence by Epigenetic Silencing of Fxyd3 Expression

Author: Guy Niederhauser, Jean-Yves Chatton, Mark Ibberson, David Vallois, Vini Nagaray, Lorella Marselli, Piero Marchetti, and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Physiology, Biochemistry, Epigenesis, Genetic, Eating, Mice, Cell Signaling, Insulin-Secreting Cells, Gene expression, Insulin, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Cells, Cultured, Mice, Knockout, Gene knockdown, Multidisciplinary, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Methylation, Neoplasm Proteins, DNA methylation, Medicine, Beta cell, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists, Research Article, Signal Transduction, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Science, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Biology, Glucose Signaling, Incretins, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Secretion, Gene Silencing, Epigenetics, Endocrine Physiology, Membrane Proteins, Biology and Life Sciences, Cell Biology, DNA Methylation, Hormones, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Glucose, Endocrinology, Animals, Newborn, H3K4me3
Abstract: Background/aimsGluco-incretin hormones increase the glucose competence of pancreatic beta-cells by incompletely characterized mechanisms.MethodsWe searched for genes that were differentially expressed in islets from control and Glp1r-/-; Gipr-/- (dKO) mice, which show reduced glucose competence. Overexpression and knockdown studies; insulin secretion analysis; analysis of gene expression in islets from control and diabetic mice and humans as well as gene methylation and transcriptional analysis were performed.ResultsFxyd3 was the most up-regulated gene in glucose incompetent islets from dKO mice. When overexpressed in beta-cells Fxyd3 reduced glucose-induced insulin secretion by acting downstream of plasma membrane depolarization and Ca++ influx. Fxyd3 expression was not acutely regulated by cAMP raising agents in either control or dKO adult islets. Instead, expression of Fxyd3 was controlled by methylation of CpGs present in its proximal promoter region. Increased promoter methylation reduced Fxyd3 transcription as assessed by lower abundance of H3K4me3 at the transcriptional start site and in transcription reporter assays. This epigenetic imprinting was initiated perinatally and fully established in adult islets. Glucose incompetent islets from diabetic mice and humans showed increased expression of Fxyd3 and reduced promoter methylation.Conclusions/interpretationBecause gluco-incretin secretion depends on feeding the epigenetic regulation of Fxyd3 expression may link nutrition in early life to establishment of adult beta-cell glucose competence; this epigenetic control is, however, lost in diabetes possibly as a result of gluco-incretin resistance and/or de-differentiation of beta-cells that are associated with the development of type 2 diabetes.
Published: 2014

240. Immunolocalization of GLUTX1 in the testis and to specific brain areas and vasopressin-containing neurons

Author: Mark Ibberson, Jürgen Roth, Beat M. Riederer, Bernard Thorens, Marc Uldry, and Bruno Guhl
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Vasopressin, GLUT8, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Vasopressins, Immunoblotting, Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Hippocampal formation, PC12 Cells, Supraoptic nucleus, Endocrinology, Posterior pituitary, Spermatocytes, Internal medicine, Testis, medicine, Animals, RNA, Messenger, Microscopy, Immunoelectron, Cellular Senescence, In Situ Hybridization, Nerve Endings, Neurons, biology, Dentate gyrus, Brain, Cell Differentiation, Immunohistochemistry, Spermatozoa, Rats, medicine.anatomical_structure, nervous system, Hypothalamus, Median eminence, biology.protein, Synaptic Vesicles
Abstract: GLUTX1 or GLUT8 is a newly characterized glucose transporter isoform that is expressed at high levels in the testis and brain and at lower levels in several other tissues. Its expression was mapped in the testis and brain by using specific antibodies. In the testis, immunoreactivity was expressed in differentiating spermatocytes of type 1 stage but undetectable in mature spermatozoa. In the brain, GLUTX1 distribution was selective and localized to a variety of structures, mainly archi- and paleocortex. It was found in hippocampal and dentate gyrus neurons as well as amygdala and primary olfactory cortex. In these neurons, its location was close to the plasma membrane of cell bodies and sometimes in proximal dendrites. High GLUTX1 levels were detected in the hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, median eminence, and the posterior pituitary. Neurons of these areas synthesize and secrete vasopressin and oxytocin. As shown by double immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold labeling, GLUTX1 was expressed only in vasopressin neurons. By immunogold labeling of ultrathin cryosections microscopy, GLUTX1 was identified in dense core vesicles of synaptic nerve endings of the supraoptic nucleus and secretory granules of the vasopressin positive neurons. This localization suggests an involvement of GLUTX1 both in specific neuron function and endocrine mechanisms.
Published: 2001

241. Identification of a mammalian H(+)-myo-inositol symporter expressed predominantly in the brain

Author: Jean-Daniel Horisberger, Jean-Yves Chatton, Mark Ibberson, Bernard Thorens, Marc Uldry, and Beat M. Riederer
Subjects: Intracellular Fluid, DNA, Complementary, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Xenopus, Molecular Sequence Data, Glucose Transport Proteins, Facilitative, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Exocytosis, Article, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animals, Humans, Inositol, Amino Acid Sequence, RNA, Messenger, Molecular Biology, Cell Line, Transformed, chemistry.chemical_classification, Mammals, General Immunology and Microbiology, Base Sequence, General Neuroscience, Brain, Membrane Proteins, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, biology.organism_classification, Amino acid, Cell biology, Rats, Electrophysiology, Transmembrane domain, chemistry, Biochemistry, Membrane protein, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Symporter, Second messenger system
Abstract: Inositol and its phosphorylated derivatives play a major role in brain function, either as osmolytes, second messengers or regulators of vesicle endo- and exocytosis. Here we describe the identification and functional characterization of a novel H(+)-myo- inositol co-transporter, HMIT, expressed predominantly in the brain. HMIT cDNA encodes a 618 amino acid polypeptide with 12 predicted transmembrane domains. Functional expression of HMIT in Xenopus oocytes showed that transport activity was specific for myo-inositol and related stereoisomers with a Michaelis-Menten constant of approximately 100 microM, and that transport activity was strongly stimulated by decreasing pH. Electrophysiological measurements revealed that transport was electrogenic with a maximal transport activity reached at pH 5.0. In rat brain membrane preparations, HMIT appeared as a 75-90 kDa protein that could be converted to a 67 kDa band upon enzymatic deglycosylation. Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis showed HMIT expression in glial cells and some neurons. These data provide the first characterization of a mammalian H(+)-coupled myo- inositol transporter. Predominant central expression of HMIT suggests that it has a key role in the control of myo-inositol brain metabolism.
Published: 2001

242. Evidence that extrapancreatic GLUT2-dependent glucose sensors control glucagon secretion

Author: Rémy Burcelin and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Male, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Ganglionic Blockers, Ganglionic blocker, Autonomic Nervous System, digestive system, Glucagon, Hexamethonium, chemistry.chemical_compound, Mice, Internal medicine, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, Pancreatic hormone, Glucose Transporter Type 2, biology, Glucagon secretion, Glucose clamp technique, Chlorisondamine, Chemoreceptor Cells, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Endocrinology, chemistry, biology.protein, Glucose Clamp Technique, GLUT2, GLUT1
Abstract: GLUT2−/− mice reexpressing GLUT1 or GLUT2 in their β-cells (RIPGLUT1 × GLUT2−/− or RIPGLUT2 × GLUT2−/− mice) have nearly normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion but show high glucagonemia in the fed state. Because this suggested impaired control of glucagon secretion, we set out to directly evaluate the control of glucagonemia by variations in blood glucose concentrations. Using fasted RIPGLUT1 × GLUT2−/− mice, we showed that glucagonemia was no longer increased by hypoglycemic (2.5 mmol/l glucose) clamps or suppressed by hyperglycemic (10 and 20 mmol/l glucose) clamps. However, an increase in plasma glucagon levels was detected when glycemia was decreased to ≤1 mmol/l, indicating preserved glucagon secretory ability, but of reduced sensitivity to glucopenia. To evaluate whether the high-fed glucagonemia could be due to an abnormally increased tone of the autonomic nervous system, fed mutant mice were injected with the ganglionic blockers hexamethonium and chlorisondamine. Both drugs lead to a rapid return of glucagonemia to the levels found in control fed mice. We conclude that 1) in the absence of GLUT2, there is an impaired control of glucagon secretion by low or high glucose; 2) this impaired glucagon secretory activity cannot be due to absence of GLUT2 from α-cells because these cells do not normally express this transporter; 3) this dysregulation may be due to inactivation of GLUT2-dependent glucose sensors located outside the endocrine pancreas and controlling glucagon secretion; and 4) because fed hyperglucagonemia is rapidly reversed by ganglionic blockers, this suggests that in the absence of GLUT2, there is an increased activity of the autonomic nervous system stimulating glucagon secretion during the fed state.
Published: 2001

243. SOCS-1 protein prevents Janus Kinase/STAT-dependent inhibition of beta cell insulin gene transcription and secretion in response to interferon-gamma

Author: Sandra Cottet, Muriel Jaquet, Philippe Dupraz, Wanda Dolci, Fabienne Hamburger, and Bernard Thorens
Subjects: Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling Proteins, Biochemistry, Cell Line, Islets of Langerhans, Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Insulin Secretion, Animals, Humans, Insulin, Molecular Biology, Janus kinase 2, Janus kinase 1, biology, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, JAK-STAT signaling pathway, Cell Biology, Janus Kinase 1, Janus Kinase 2, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Molecular biology, DNA-Binding Proteins, Repressor Proteins, Insulin receptor, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, STAT1 Transcription Factor, Gene Expression Regulation, biology.protein, STAT protein, Trans-Activators, Beta cell, Signal transduction, Janus kinase, Carrier Proteins, Signal Transduction
Abstract: In the pathogenesis of type I diabetes mellitus, activated leukocytes infiltrate pancreatic islets and induce beta cell dysfunction and destruction. Interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 beta play important, although not completely defined, roles in these mechanisms. Here, using the highly differentiated beta Tc-Tet insulin-secreting cell line, we showed that IFN-gamma dose- and time-dependently suppressed insulin synthesis and glucose-stimulated secretion. As described previously IFN-gamma, in combination with IL-1 beta, also induces inducible NO synthase expression and apoptosis (Dupraz, P., Cottet, S., Hamburger, F., Dolci, W., Felley-Bosco, E., and Thorens, B. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 37672--37678). To assess the role of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in IFN-gamma intracellular signaling, we stably overexpressed SOCS-1 (suppressor of cytokine signaling-1) in the beta cell line. We demonstrated that SOCS-1 suppressed cytokine-induced STAT-1 phosphorylation and increased cellular accumulation. This was accompanied by a suppression of the effect of IFN-gamma on: (i) reduction in insulin promoter-luciferase reporter gene transcription, (ii) decrease in insulin mRNA and peptide content, and (iii) suppression of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Furthermore, SOCS-1 also suppressed the cellular effects that require the combined presence of IL-1 beta and IFN-gamma: induction of nitric oxide production and apoptosis. Together our data demonstrate that IFN-gamma is responsible for the cytokine-induced defect in insulin gene expression and secretion and that this effect can be completely blocked by constitutive inhibition of the Janus kinase/STAT pathway.
Published: 2001

244. Pathophysiology of Glut2 in Diabetes Mellitus

Author: Bernard Thorens
Subjects: endocrine system, biology, Biochemistry, Chemistry, Glucose uptake, biology.protein, Glucose transporter, GLUT2, GLUT1, Cellular localization, GLUT4, Renal glucose reabsorption, Epithelial polarity
Abstract: Glucose is a polar molecule and its transport through biological membranes requires the presence of specific transporter proteins. Five structurally related hexose carriers have been described that facilitate the diffusion of glucose and closely related hexoses through the cell membrane. These proteins, referred to as GLUT1 to GLUTS, are the products of different genes located on different chromosomes and are functionally distinguished by their hexose specificity, affinity for glucose, tissue and cellular localization and regulated expression in different metabolic states and in response to different hormones (1,2). GLUT1, GLUTS and GLUT4, are high affinity glucose transporters (Km for glucose of 1-5 mM), GLUTS is mostly a fructose transporter and GLUT2 has a uniquely low affinity for glucose (Km for glucose ∼17 mM) (3). This transporter is expressed selectively in tissues in which high glucose fluxes are required. In intestine, it is found in the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells and is thought to be responsible for the second step of transepithelial glucose uptake. A similar role for GLUT2 is anticipated in glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule where it is located to the basolateral membrane of epithelial cells. GLUT2 is also expressed at a high level in the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes where the transporter may function both for glucose uptake and release from the cells. In pancreatic [3-cells, GLUT2 may be part of a glucose sensing system-linking variations in plasma glucose to insulin secretion (4).
Published: 2001

245. Portal glucose infusion in the mouse induces hypoglycemia: evidence that the hepatoportal glucose sensor stimulates glucose utilization

Author: Bernard Thorens, Rémy Burcelin, and Wanda Dolci
Subjects: Blood Glucose, medicine.medical_specialty, Metabolic Clearance Rate, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Hypothalamus, Stimulation, Biology, Carbohydrate metabolism, Hypoglycemia, Mice, Internal medicine, Brown adipose tissue, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, Homeostasis, Insulin, Infusions, Intravenous, Muscle, Skeletal, Saline, Glycemic, Soleus muscle, Portal Vein, Vagus Nerve, medicine.disease, Muscle Denervation, Mice, Inbred C57BL, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Somatostatin, Glucose, Liver
Abstract: To analyze the role of the murine hepatoportal glucose sensor in the control of whole-body glucose metabolism, we infused glucose at a rate corresponding to the endogenous glucose production rate through the portal vein of conscious mice (Po-mice) that were fasted for 6 h. Mice infused with glucose at the same rate through the femoral vein (Fe-mice) and mice infused with a saline solution (Sal-mice) were used as controls. In Po-mice, hypoglycemia progressively developed until glucose levels dropped to a nadir of 2.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/l, whereas in Fe-mice, glycemia rapidly and transiently developed, and glucose levels increased to 7.7 +/- 0.6 mmol/l before progressively returning to fasting glycemic levels. Plasma insulin levels were similar in both Po- and Fe-mice during and at the end of the infusion periods (21.2 +/- 2.2 vs. 25.7 +/- 0.9 microU/ml, respectively, at 180 min of infusion). The whole-body glucose turnover rate was significantly higher in Po-mice than in Fe-mice (45.9 +/- 3.8 vs. 37.7 +/- 2.0 mg x kg(-1) x min)-1), respectively) and in Sal-mice (24.4 +/- 1.8 mg x kg(-1) x min(-1)). Somatostatin co-infusion with glucose in Po-mice prevented hypoglycemia without modifying the plasma insulin profile. Finally, tissue glucose clearance, which was determined after injecting 14C-2-deoxyglucose, increased to a higher level in Po-mice versus Fe-mice in the heart, brown adipose tissue, and the soleus muscle. Our data show that stimulation of the hepatoportal glucose sensor induced hypoglycemia and increased glucose utilization by a combination of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent or -sensitizing mechanisms. Furthermore, activation of the glucose sensor and/or transmission of its signal to target tissues can be blocked by somatostatin.
Published: 2000

246. Glucose uptake, utilization, and signaling in GLUT2-null islets

Author: Marie-Thérèse Guillam, Bernard Thorens, and Philippe Dupraz
Subjects: endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Transcription, Genetic, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Glucose uptake, Nerve Tissue Proteins, digestive system, Islets of Langerhans, Mice, Internal medicine, Glucokinase, Insulin Secretion, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, Insulin, Cells, Cultured, Glucose Transporter Type 2, Mice, Knockout, Glucose Transporter Type 1, biology, Glucose Transporter Type 3, Glucose transporter, Kinetics, Endocrinology, Glucose, biology.protein, GLUT2, GLUT1, Glycolysis, GLUT3, Signal Transduction
Abstract: We previously reported that pancreatic islet beta-cells from GLUT2-null mice lost the first phase but preserved the second phase of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Furthermore, we showed that the remaining secretory activity required glucose uptake and metabolism because it can be blocked by inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation. Here, we extend these previous studies by analyzing, in GLUT2-null islets, glucose transporter isoforms and glucokinase expression and by measuring glucose usage, GSIS, and glucose-stimulated insulin mRNA biosynthesis. We show that in the absence of GLUT2, no compensatory expression of either GLUT1 or GLUT3 is observed and that glucokinase is expressed at normal levels. Glucose usage by isolated islets was increased between 1 and 6 mmol/l glucose but was not further increased between 6 and 20 mmol/l glucose. Parallel GSIS measurements showed that insulin secretion was not stimulated between 2.8 and 6 mmol/l glucose but was increased by >4-fold between 6 and 20 mmol/l glucose. Stimulation by glucose of total protein and insulin biosynthesis was also markedly impaired in the absence of GLUT2. Finally, we re-expressed GLUT2 in GLUT2-null beta-cells using recombinant lentiviruses and demonstrated a restoration of normal GSIS. Together, these data show that in the absence of GLUT2, glucose can still be taken up by beta-cells, albeit at a low rate, and that this transport activity is unlikely to be attributed to GLUT1 or GLUT3. This uptake activity, however, is limiting for normal glucose utilization and signaling to secretion and translation. These data further demonstrate the key role of GLUT2 in murine beta-cells for glucose signaling to insulin secretion and biosynthesis.
Published: 2000

247. Transgenic reexpression of GLUT1 or GLUT2 in pancreatic beta cells rescues GLUT2-null mice from early death and restores normal glucose-stimulated insulin secretion

Author: Rémy Burcelin, Marie-Thérèse Guillam, Friedrich Beermann, Bernard Thorens, and Muriel Jaquet
Subjects: Glycosuria, Blood Glucose, endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, medicine.medical_treatment, Muscle Proteins, Mice, Transgenic, digestive system, Biochemistry, Glucagon, Islets of Langerhans, Mice, Internal medicine, Insulin Secretion, medicine, Animals, Insulin, Tissue Distribution, RNA, Messenger, Molecular Biology, Glucose Transporter Type 2, Glucose Transporter Type 1, Glucose Transporter Type 4, biology, Body Weight, Genetic Complementation Test, Cell Biology, Glucose Tolerance Test, Mice, Mutant Strains, Insulin oscillation, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Glucose, biology.protein, Glucose Clamp Technique, GLUT2, GLUT1, Genes, Lethal, medicine.symptom, Beta cell, Pancreas, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists
Abstract: GLUT2-null mice are hyperglycemic, hypoinsulinemic, hyperglucagonemic, and glycosuric and die within the first 3 weeks of life. Their endocrine pancreas shows a loss of first phase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and inverse alpha to beta cell ratio. Here we show that reexpression by transgenesis of either GLUT1 or GLUT2 in the pancreatic beta cells of these mice allowed mouse survival and breeding. The rescued mice had normal-fed glycemia but fasted hypoglycemia, glycosuria, and an elevated glucagon to insulin ratio. Glucose tolerance was, however, normal. In vivo, insulin secretion assessed following hyperglycemic clamps was normal. In vitro, islet perifusion studies revealed that first phase of insulin secretion was restored as well by GLUT1 or GLUT2, and this was accompanied by normalization of the glucose utilization rate. The ratio of pancreatic insulin to glucagon and volume densities of alpha to beta cells were, however, not corrected. These data demonstrate that 1) reexpression of GLUT1 or GLUT2 in beta cells is sufficient to rescue GLUT2-null mice from lethality, 2) GLUT1 as well as GLUT2 can restore normal GSIS, 3) restoration of GSIS does not correct the abnormal composition of the endocrine pancreas. Thus, normal GSIS does not depend on transporter affinity but on the rate of uptake at stimulatory glucose concentrations.
Published: 2000

248. Lentivirus-mediated Bcl-2 expression in betaTC-tet cells improves resistance to hypoxia and cytokine-induced apoptosis while preserving in vitro and in vivo control of insulin secretion

Author: R Zufferey, Christopher Rinsch, Eric Rolland, W F Pralong, Philippe Dupraz, Bernard Thorens, and Didier Trono
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Genetic enhancement, medicine.medical_treatment, Blotting, Western, Genetic Vectors, Apoptosis, Biology, Mice, Internal medicine, Insulin Secretion, Genetics, medicine, Animals, Humans, Insulin, Molecular Biology, B cell, Cells, Cultured, B-Lymphocytes, Lentivirus, Cell Hypoxia, Streptozocin, Transplantation, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cytokine, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2, Cell culture, Cancer research, Molecular Medicine, Cytokines
Abstract: betaTC-tet cells are conditionally immortalized pancreatic beta cells which can confer long-term correction of hyperglycemia when transplanted in syngeneic streptozocin diabetic mice. The use of these cells for control of type I diabetes in humans will require their encapsulation and transplantation in non-native sites where relative hypoxia and cytokines may threaten their survival. In this study we genetically engineered betaTC-tet cells with the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 using new lentiviral vectors and showed that it protected this cell line against apoptosis induced by hypoxia, staurosporine and a mixture of cytokines (IL-1beta, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha). We further demonstrated that Bcl-2 expression permitted growth at higher cell density and with shorter doubling time. Expression of Bcl-2, however, did not inter- fere either with the intrinsic mechanism of growth arrest present in the betaTC-tet cells or with their normal glucose dose-dependent insulin secretory activity. Furthermore, Bcl-2 expressing betaTC-tet cells retained their capacity to secrete insulin under mild hypoxia. Finally, transplantation of these cells under the kidney capsule of streptozocin diabetic C3H mice corrected hyperglycemia for several months. These results demonstrate that the murine betaTC-tet cell line can be genetically modified to improve its resistance against different stress-induced apoptosis while preserving its normal physiological function. These modified cells represent an improved source for cell transplantation therapy of type I diabetes.
Published: 1999

249. O88 Rôle de la néoglucogenèse intestinale dans les effets métaboliques du by-pass gastrique chez la souris

Author: Bernard Thorens, Gilles Mithieux, L Ribeiro, Marc Foretz, S. Troy, L. Laval, Fabrizio Andreelli, Carine Zitoun, Stéphanie Migrenne, M. Soty, Benoit Viollet, and Christophe Magnan
Subjects: Endocrinology, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Internal Medicine, General Medicine
Abstract: But Comprendre pourquoi le by-pass gastrique (BPG) (et non l’anneau gastrique) chez la souris C57Bl6 soumise au regime gras (HFD) provoque une amelioration rapide de la sensibilite a l’insuline et de la secretion d’insuline. Materiels et methodes Nous avions montre que le BPG provoquait une hausse de la concentration plasmatique de GLP-1 observable lors du test de tolerance orale au glucose (OGTT). Pour connaitre la place du GLP-1 dans les modifications metaboliques apres BPG, la prise alimentaire, le poids, la sensibilite a l’insuline et l’OGTT ont ete realisees chez des souris mâles C57Bl6 HFD avant et apres BPG avec ou sans traitement par un antagoniste du GLP-1 (exendine [9-39] amide). Par ailleurs, nous avons teste l’hypothese que les effets du BPG pouvaient s’expliquer en partie par une stimulation de la neoglucogenese intestinale. L’activite de la glucose-6 phosphatase (Glc6Pase) a ete mesuree dans les differents segments intestinaux de souris C57Bl6 HFD temoins (sham operated), BPG et anneau (n = 10 souris par groupe). Dans ces groupes, le flux de glucose portal a egalement ete mesure. Le transporteur GLUT2 a ete suggere comme sensor essentiel de la detection du glucose portal. Nous avons alors realise un BPG chez des souris KOGLUT2 soumises au regime gras. Resultats Nous montrons que l’exendine 9-39 reduit l’insulinosecretion lors de l’OGTT mais ne modifie pas les effets du BPG sur la prise alimentaire et sur sensibilite a l’insuline. Le BPG est la seule situation ou l’on observe une augmentation de l’activite de la Glc6Pase intestinale et une augmentation du flux de glucose portal. Dans ce cas, la neoglucogenese hepatique diminue et la sensibilite a l’insuline hepatique augmente. Enfin, les effets metaboliques du BPG ne sont pas observes chez les souris KOGLUT2. Conclusion Nos resultats suggerent que le GLP-1 a un role crucial dans les modifications de l’insulinosecretion apres BPG alors que les autres modifications metaboliques (prise alimentaire, sensibilite a l’insuline) semblent determinees par la stimulation de la neoglucogenese intestinale.
Published: 2008

250. Discovery of amino acid variants in the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor: the impact on the pancreatic beta cell responses and functional expression studies in Chinese hamster fibroblast cells

Author: J. Gromada, L. Ambye, K. Almind, Søren M. Echwald, Bernard Thorens, Søren A. Urhammer, Oluf Pedersen, T. Hansen, and Jens J. Holst
Subjects: endocrine system, medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Population, DNA Mutational Analysis, Gene Expression, Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Transfection, Chinese hamster, Cell Line, Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone, Islets of Langerhans, Cricetulus, Gene Frequency, Polymorphism (computer science), Diabetes mellitus, Internal medicine, Cricetinae, Internal Medicine, medicine, Cyclic AMP, Animals, Humans, Receptor, education, Alleles, Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational, Glucose tolerance test, education.field_of_study, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, C-Peptide, Homozygote, Glucose Tolerance Test, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Endocrinology, Gastrointestinal hormone, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Mutation, Beta cell, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists
Abstract: The two incretins, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), are insulinotropic factors released from the small intestine to the blood stream in response to oral glucose ingestion. The insulinotropic effect of GLP-1 is maintained in patients with Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, whereas, for unknown reasons, the effect of GIP is diminished or lacking. We defined the exon-intron boundaries of the human GIP receptor, made a mutational analysis of the gene and identified two amino acid substitutions, A207 V and E354Q. In an association study of 227 Caucasian Type II diabetic patients and 224 matched glucose tolerant control subjects, the allelic frequency of the A207 V polymorphism was 1.1 % in Type II diabetic patients and 0.7 % in control subjects (p = 0.48), whereas the allelic frequency of the codon 354 polymorphism was 24.9 % in Type II diabetic patients versus 23.2 % in control subjects. Interestingly, the glucose tolerant subjects (6 % of the population) who were homozygous for the codon 354 variant had on average a 14 % decrease in fasting serum C-peptide concentration (p = 0.01) and an 11 % decrease in the same variable 30 min after an oral glucose load (p = 0.03) compared with subjects with the wild-type receptor. Investigation of the function of the two GIP receptor variants in Chinese hamster fibroblasts showed, however, that the GIP-induced cAMP formation and the binding of GIP to cells expressing the variant receptors were not different from the findings in cells expressing the wild-type GIP receptor. In conclusion, amino acid variants in the GIP receptor are not associated with random Type II diabetes in patients of Danish Caucasian origin or with altered GIP binding and GIP-induced cAMP production when stably transfected in Chinese hamster fibroblasts. The finding of an association between homozygosity for the codon 354 variant and reduced fasting and post oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) serum C-peptide concentrations, however, calls for further investigations and could suggest that GIP even in the fasting state regulates the beta-cell secretory response. [Diabetologia (1998) 41: 1194–1198]
Published: 1998

Catalog

Books, media, physical & digital resources

See catalog results

Searchworks

Select search scope, currently: Articles Catalog books, media & more in Jio Institute collections Articles journal articles & other e-resources

Search

Search Constraints

Refine your results

Search Limiters

Topic

Publication Year Range

Language

Publication Type

Journal

Database

Publisher

313 results on '"Bernard Thorens"'

Search Results

Catalog

Select search scope, currently: Articles

Catalog

books, media & more in Jio Institute collections

Articles

journal articles & other e-resources