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IntroductionThe high rate of incarceration, now exceeding 11.5 million people worldwide, has raised concerns about the conditions within penal institutions, such as the consequences of incarceration on the person. This retrospective study aims to investigate the issue of death in custody, exploring the relationship between incarceration, health vulnerabilities, and death from the forensic pathologist’s point of view.MethodsWe analyzed, from a forensic, clinical and toxicological perspective, 86 cases of deaths in detention facilities in North-Western Italy from 1999 to 2022.ResultsThe analysis has shown that suicide, mainly committed by hanging, plastic bag suffocation and butane intoxication, represents the leading type of violent death (52%), followed by accidental deaths (16%). On the other hand, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of natural deaths (42%), followed by infectious diseases (especially HIV-related).DiscussionThe present study identifies the most frequent and critical situations and risk factors related to death in custody and the profile of the inmate who is at a higher risk of death, allowing to highlight the issues to be addressed from a public health point of view. On the whole, it calls for comprehensive reforms, aligned with international human rights standards, addressing mental and physical care gaps, improving correctional officers' education, and training, and focusing on rehabilitation with well-being and dignity.

Voilà plus de quarante ans, Margherita Isnardi Parente affirma la nécessité absolue de s’intéresser à l’appareil de marginalia qui ponctue les œuvres des juristes du xvie siècle, démarche indispensable à une vraie compréhension du texte. Margherita Isnardi est revenue à maintes reprises sur cette question en soulignant que l’analyse de l’appareil des notes marginales insérées par les auteurs était un passage nécessaire à la compréhension du rapport qui relie les juristes du xvie siècle à la tradition. Cet avertissement de Margherita Isnardi, repris ensuite par Diego Quaglioni et appliqué avant tout à Bodin, se révèle également fondamental pour Alberico Gentili, comme l’a rappelé récemment le même Quaglioni dans son introduction à la récente édition italienne du célèbre De iure belli. En étudiant certains cas exemplaires, parmi ceux, très nombreux, qu’offre l’ouvrage de Gentili, ceux qui posent les problèmes de l’emploi d’armes impropres, de l’assassinat du commandant ennemi, de la sépulture des morts au combat, de l’abattage des murailles des cités vaincues et de la condition des exilés, on note tout particulièrement la construction complexe et parfois difficile de la pensée du juriste, sur les fondements offerts par la tradition et en partant d’une lecture qui est loin d’être évidente des autorités présentes dans les livres.

An ecocritical analysis of Nicaraguan autor Gioconda Belli’s work, who was born in 1948, reveals that the author usually homogenizes the environment, treating it in generic terms as an ornament, without the knowledge of the local specific qualities nor the systems whose scope cover the global. According to Val Plumwood in Environmental Culture: The Ecological Crisis of Reason, “the model promotes insensitivity to the marvelous diversity of nature, since differences in nature are attended to only if they are likely to contribute in some obvious way to human welfare” (Plumwood 107). This feature of her poetics distinguishes Belli from the vast number of Nicaraguans of the general population who do know to name many members of their biological community, to incorporate them into their lives as remedy for a great variety of common diseases and also to use them as very expressive figures in everyday conversation.

Vilniaus universiteto Žurnalistikos institutas Universiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, Lietuva El. paštas: andrius.vaisnys@kf.vu.lt Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Vinco Kudirkos įvardyta ir vis dar aktuali jo publicistikos problema, kurią pats autorius apibūdino kaip „casus belli“ – pretekstą „karui sukelti“, apkaltinant puolimu prieš tam tikrą socialinį sluoksnį. Remiantis publikuotais šaltiniais („Tėvynės varpais“ ir jau aprašiusiais V. Kudirkos pažiūras autorių darbais), naujai nagrinėjamos visuomenės atgarsį sukėlusios ir tebekeliančios jautriausios temos, atsižvelgiant ir į jų publikavimo imtį. Šio straipsnio tikslai: pirma, aptarti šaltinius, kuriais autorius naudojosi kaip pamatu polemikai plėtoti – juos atsirinko, tyrinėjo (skaitė), vertino, kaupė socialinei kritikai pateikti; antra, įrodyti, kad jie padėjo V. Kudirkai atskleisti socialinių konfliktų priežastis ir nuosekliai juos vertinti XIX amžiaus socialinės raidos kontekste.

Es bien conocida la aportación de la Escuela de Salamanca (siglos XVI y XVII) en el campo de la economía, la política o el derecho. En esta última disciplina, ya a comienzos del siglo XX se puso de manifiesto el influjo de Francisco de Vitoria y sus discípulos en los orígenes del moderno Derecho Internacional, precisamente a raíz de un buen número de tratados sobre el tema que presentamos a continuación: el derecho de la guerra, ofreciendo un balance historiográfico sobre aquellos autores escolásticos y su influencia durante el llamado primer franquismo.

Abstract Background Lung cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in the world. Up to 84% of diagnosed patients have malnutrition, which can negatively affect quality of life and survival and may worsen with neoadjuvant treatment. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis-Derived Phase Angle (PhA) in these patients could be a valid tool to assess the nutritional status in order to improve their condition. Methods This review provides an update on PhA assessment in lung cancer patients over the past twenty years. We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane, for articles regarding the PhA obtained from Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in lung cancer patients. The authors independently performed a literature search: sample size, patient population, study type, study dates, survival and interventions were evaluated. The final review included 11 studies from different countries. Results Eight studies only considered patients with lung cancer, while three studies considered patients with different kind of cancer, including lung. Correlation data between PhA and age are conflicting. In patients undergoing clinical treatment and patients undergoing surgical treatment lower PhA was observed. A lower PhA is associated with a shorter survival. In three studies emerged a relationship between Karnofski Performance Status and Handgrip Strenght with PhA. From one study, univariate logistic regression analysis showed that higher PhA values represent a protective factor for sarcopenia. Conclusion Our research underlined interesting, but not conclusive, results on this topic; however more researches are needed to understand the clinical meaning of PhA.

Objective: This study aims to explore the interconnections between social anxiety disorder (SAD), adverse childhood experiences, and pathological narcissism. Methods: The study included 66 patients diagnosed with SAD according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition criteria and 55 healthy controls. All participants were assessed using The Liebowitz Social Phobia Scale (LSAS), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS), and Narcissistic Personality Inventory-16 (NPI-16) scales. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test, Chi-squared test, correlation tests to examine relationships between variables, and logistic regression to identify significant predictors of SAD, particularly focusing on the role of childhood trauma and narcissistic traits. Results: The SAD patients had significantly higher scores on the CTQ total and subscales, as well as on the HSNS, compared to the healthy control group (p < .001). Additionally, there was a positive correlation between LSAS scores and both CTQ (r=.585, p < .01) and HSNS scores (r=.582, p < .01). However, no significant association was found between NPI-16 scores and LSAS or CTQ scores (r=-.064, p>.05). Conclusion: This study highlights the increased levels of narcissistic pathology and history of childhood trauma in SAD patients. Vulnerable narcissism emerges as a key factor in SAD, emphasizing the need for comprehensive treatment approaches considering childhood trauma and narcissistic vulnerability.

A eficiência dos biofiltros depende da comunidade microbiana, portanto é crucial conhecer a dinâmica estrutural/funcional e identificar os principais gêneros microbianos ligados ao tratamento de gases tóxicos, como o sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S). Este trabalho investigou a dinâmica estrutural ligada à predição funcional das comunidades microbianas de um biofiltro em escala real instalado próximo a uma estação elevatória de esgoto. A amostragem e a análise foram conduzidas por 720 dias. O sequenciamento Illumina 16S rRNA foi usado para avaliar o perfil taxonômico, seguido pela avaliação putativa de genes funcionais. A eficiência de remoção de H2S atingiu 90% da concentração do composto na entrada já na metade da altura do leito filtrante. A variável espacial teve maior efeito sobre a comunidade microbiana. Estudos focados no comportamento e estrutura bacteriana em sistemas de biofiltração ainda são escassos, e somente com mais pesquisas poderemos entender a dinâmica comportamental.

İslam medeniyeti altında gelişen divan edebiyatı için din önemli bir konudur. Dini konular arasında Hz. Peygambere ayrılan yer ise bambaşkadır. Bununla ilgili olarak na't, mevlid, bi'set-name, mi'raciye, hicret-name, siyer, kırk hadis, vefat-ı Nebi gibi değişik türlerde pek çok eser meydana getirilmiştir. Bunlardan birisi de hilyelerdir. Bugüne kadar manzum hilyeler üzerinde pek çok çalışma yapılmış olmasına rağmen mensur hilyeler üzerinde fazla durulmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, tespit edilebildiği kadarıyla mensur hilyelerin bir listesi oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Örnek olması açısından da müellifi bilinmeyen mensurmanzum karışık olarak hazırlanmış bir hilye metni verilmiştir.

Objective: This study describes the training experience with the Versius Robotic System (CMR Surgical) for Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS), the setup of the robot and its applicability in a human case. Methods: A model mannequin with anatomical characteristics simulating the TORS working space was used for training purposes. Optimal docking, positioning of robotic arms and placement of instruments were defined using the mannequin. A human patient was selected based on the inclusion criteria, and a standardized protocol for robotic techniques was developed. The surgical procedure was conducted in accordance with ethical guidelines. Results: The synthetic polymer mannequin mimicking human tissues and anatomy was used to define the robot set up for TORS. The patient was indicated for bilateral tonsillectomy due to recurrent episodes of tonsillitis. Bipolar Maryland and monopolar scissors were used. The procedure was uneventful. The patient remained hospitalized for 1 day and returned to work activities within 6-days, with no complications. Conclusion: The specialized mannequin proved to be effective in the simulation, training proposal and set up standardization. Furthermore, the Versius robot was found to be safe and achieved excellent results during surgery. Despite being very promising, the Versius system is still in its developmental phase and requires larger-scale samples for a more comprehensive evaluation. Level of evidence: 4.

Devido a crescente importância dos coccídios intestinais (Cryptosporidium, Isospora e Cyclospora) como parasitos oportunistas, é fundamental para os laboratórios diferenciar morfologicamente estes protozoários; a técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada (ZNm) é amplamente utilizada para este fim; recentemente, foi proposto um novo procedimento, a coloração combinada do ácido tricrômico (Acid-Fast-Trichrome - AFT). O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar os processos AFT e ZNm para a detecção destes coccídios em amostras fecais de pacientes portadores do vírus VIH. Foram selecionados dois grupos de indivíduos, para inclusão no estudo, segundo a presença (n=60) ou ausência de diarréia (n=60). As amostras de fezes foram coletadas em solução de formalina 10% e os esfregaços fecais preparados i) diretamente das fezes e ii) após concentração prévia a 500xg (10 minutos), foram submetidos aos diferentes processos de coloração. Considerando-se a positividade por técnica (AFT e ZNm), verificou-se a superioridade do procedimento de ZNm (n=19; 100% dos casos positivos) sobre o de AFT (n=8; 42,1%). Ambos possibilitaram a identificação dos 101 casos verdadeiramente negativos. Coccidiose intestinal foi mais frequente entre os pacientes que apresentaram diarréia (26,6%) em comparação à positividade observada entre os indíviduos assintomáticos (5%) sendo que C. cayetanensis não foi detectada em ambos os grupos. Foi de nosso interesse avaliar a aplicabilidade da técnica AFT para a coloração deste protozoário. Devido à sensibilidade e especificidade obtida neste estudo (100%), conclui-se que o método de ZNm continua sendo o mais indicado para o diagnóstico da criptosporidiose e isosporose, principalmente quando associado ao procedimento de centrífugo-concentração (500xg, 10 minutos). Embora a coloração AFT tenha baixo custo, faz-se necessário o seu aperfeiçoamento pois este procedimento permite o diagnóstico simultâneo dos coccídios intestinais (C. parvum, I. belli e C. cayetanensis) e dos microsporídios.

PURPOSE: Track structure Monte Carlo (MC) codes have achieved successful outcomes in the quantitative investigation of radiation-induced initial DNA damage. The aim of the present study is to extend a Geant4-DNA radiobiological application by incorporating a feature allowing for the prediction of DNA rejoining kinetics and corresponding cell surviving fraction along time after irradiation, for a Chinese hamster V79 cell line, which is one of the most popular and widely investigated cell lines in radiobiology. METHODS: We implemented the Two-Lesion Kinetics (TLK) model, originally proposed by Stewart, which allows for simulations to calculate residual DNA damage and surviving fraction along time via the number of initial DNA damage and its complexity as inputs. RESULTS: By optimizing the model parameters of the TLK model in accordance to the experimental data on V79, we were able to predict both DNA rejoining kinetics at low linear energy transfers (LET) and cell surviving fraction. CONCLUSION: This is the first study to demonstrate the implementation of both the cell surviving fraction and the DNA rejoining kinetics with the estimated initial DNA damage, in a realistic cell geometrical model simulated by full track structure MC simulations at DNA level and for various LET. These simulation and model make the link between mechanistic physical/chemical damage processes and these two specific biological endpoints.

Prof. Dr. Oktay Belli başkanlığındaki bir ekibin, Urartu başkenti Tuşpa (Van) dan 11 km kadar kuzeydoğudaki Aşağı ve Yukarı Anzaf kalelerinde yürüttüğü kazı çalışmalarının ilk kitabı olarak değerlendirilebilecek eser, Sunuş, Aşağı Anzaf Kalesi, Yukarı Anzaf Kalesi, Meher Kapısı ve Bronz Kalkan Parçası başlıklarını taşıyan 5 bölüm olarak düzenlenmiş, ayrıca metnin sonunda bibliyografya ve dizin verilmiştir.

Il saggio (derivato da un intervento orale nel ciclo per le celebrazioni dei centocinquanta anni dalla morte di Belli) propone di trovare un’analogia non superficiale fra i due Autori, Boccaccio e Belli, nel fatto che entrambi violano l’interdetto fondativo della letteratura italiana (o della sua linea prevalente, quella petrarchesca); tale interdetto consiste nella rimozione del corpo. È questo che fa dei due gli Autori proibiti per antonomasia della nostra tradizione culturale. L’argomento è sostenuto da una lettura sinottica di due versioni della novella di Griselda: il testo di Boccaccio (Decameron X,10) e la traduzione in latino che ne fece Francesco Petrarca. I riferimenti alla corporeità (e alla corporeità femminile in particolare), presenti costitutivamente in Boccaccio, sono rimossi o rovesciati, provocando anche singolari equivoci nella comprensione del testo. -- Cet essai (provenant d’une intervention orale lors du cycle de conférences organisé à l’occasion des célébrations des cent cinquante ans de la mort de Belli) invite à trouver une analogie non superficielle entre les deux Auteurs, Boccace e Belli, dans le mesure où tous les deux violent l’interdit fondateur de la littérature italienne (ou de la sa ligne dominante, celle pétrarquiste); un tel interdit consiste dans le refoulement du corps. C’est ce qui fait de ces deux auteurs les Auteurs interdits par antonomase de toute notre tradition culturelle. L’argumentation s’appuie sur une lecture synoptique des deux versions de la nouvelle de Griselda: le texte de Boccace (Décaméron X,10) et la traduction en latin qu’en fit Pétrarque. Les références au corps (et au la corps féminin en particulier), présentes constitutivement chez Boccace, sont refoulées ou renversées dans la traduction de Pétrarque, en provoquant des contresens singuliers quant à la compréhension du texte.

Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability, with annual global incidence estimated as 69 million people. Survivors can experience long-term visual changes, altered mental state, neurological deficits and long-term effects that may be associated with mental illness. TBI is prevalent in military personnel due to gunshot wounds, and blast injury. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between evolving visual, biochemical and mental health changes in both military veterans and civilians, suffering from TBI, and detect preliminary indicators of prognosis for TBI recovery, and quality-of-life outcomes.Methods and analysis UNTANGLE is a 24-month prospective observational pilot study recruiting three patient groups: civilians with acute moderate-severe TBI, military veterans with diagnosis of a previous TBI and a control group of civilians or veterans with no history of a previous TBI. Patients will undergo visual, biochemical and mental health assessments, as well as patient-reported quality of life outcome measures over the course of a 1-year follow-up period.Ethics and dissemination Ethical approval has been obtained from the Health Research Authority and Health and Care Research Wales with a REC reference number of 23/NW/0203. The results of the study will be presented at scientific meetings and published in peer-reviewed journals, including both civilian and military-related publications. We will also present our findings at national and international meetings of learnt neuroscience and neuropsychiatry and military societies. We anticipate that our pilot study will inform a larger study on the long-term outcomes of TBI and quality of life, specific to military veterans, such that potential interventions may be accessed as quickly as possible.Trial registration number ISRCTN13276511.

Abstract Obesity is characterized by specific changes in the composition of the gut microbiota (GM). Exercise can contribute to the modulation of GM. This is the first case study to analyze the composition and metabolism of the GM of an obese runner in a single‐stage mountain ultramarathon (MUM) with a mileage of 217 km. Fecal samples were collected 7 days before the race (T0), 15 min after the end of the race (T1), and 7 days after the end of the race (T2). GM composition was analyzed by real‐time PCR and shotgun sequencing. We observed a decrease in Bacillota/Bacteroidota ratio and α‐diversity after the race. After the 217‐km MUM, we observed a decrease in symbiont microorganisms and a notable increase in harmful bacteria. In conclusion, we found that the 217‐km MUM may have contributed to the intestinal dysbiosis of the obese runner.