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Discusses recent historical geographers' studies of urban dwellings, during the late 1960's and 1970's, briefly focusing on four middle class neighborhoods in Terre Haute, Indiana, between 1900 and 1945, specifically homes in the Colonial Revival and English Tudor style, Cape Cod houses, and California bungalow houses.

While researchers have acknowledged the potential role of environmental scientists, engineers, and industrial hygienists during this pandemic, the role of the water utility professional is often overlooked. The wastewater sector is critical to public health protection and employs collection and treatment system workers who perform tasks with high potential for exposures to biological agents. While various technical guidances and reports have initially provided direction to the water sector, the rapidly growing body of research publications necessitates the constant review of these papers and data synthesis. This paper presents the latest findings and highlights their implications from a water and wastewater utility operation and management perspective. Practitioner points: Extrapolation from SARS‐CoV‐1 and MERS‐CoV, as well as other surrogates, has helped predicting SARS‐CoV‐2 behavior and risk management.Data from treated wastewater effluent suggest that current processes are sufficient for SARS‐CoV‐2 control.Scientific evidence supports the possibility of fecal–oral transmission for SARS‐CoV‐2.Limited evidence supports the potential survival of infective SARS‐CoV‐2 on surfaces and in aerosols and the efficacy of control measures at reducing transmission.Protective practices and PPE can protect workers from SARS‐CoV‐2 and other pathogens found in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is characterized by repeated formation of papillomas in the respiratory tract and is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6 and 11. Women with genital HPV infection are slow to develop weak humoral immunity, but respond robustly to the HPV vaccine. We wondered if people with RRP had a similar immune response. Methods: A convenience cross-sectional sample of patients with RRP were recruited into one of four groups: 1) adults and adolescents with active RRP, 2) children with active RRP, 3) RRP patients who had undergone HPV vaccination prior to enrollment and, 4) people with RRP who were in remission. Anti-HPV6 and HPV11 serology was determined by cLIA on a single blood draw. Results: Of the 70 subjects enrolled, 36, 16, 8, and 10, were in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. 47% of participants aged >11 years and 81% aged ≤11 years possessed no antibodies against HPV6 or HPV11 (ie. double seronegative). 61% of patients in remission were double seronegative. All participants who had received HPV vaccine previously were seropositive to at least one of these low risk HPV types (ie none of them were double seronegative). Among patients who had active RRP and never had HPV vaccination (n = 52) there was an association between duration of symptoms and seropositivity. Of those who were seropositive, the geometric mean duration of symptoms was 11 years compared to 4.7 years for those who were seronegative (p = 0.001). Conclusion: People with RRP are capable of developing a humoral response to HPV6 and HPV11. That response appears to be robust when initiated by the HPV vaccine, but either nonexistent or slow to develop in response to infection. Most in remission do not have demonstrable antibody levels against HPV6 or HPV11. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having undergone so many tests already, I had proposed to our index patient what I thought would be the definitive diagnostic test: a BT injection by a doctor in his home city. The index patient in our series illustrates the typical patient's experience before diagnosis. That report also described dramatic resolution of symptoms after botulinum toxin (BT) injection in the first 51 consecutive patients whose cardinal symptoms strongly matched the syndrome. [Extracted from the article]

Although coding variants in THAP1 have been causally associated with primary dystonia, the contribution of noncoding variants remains uncertain. Herein, we examine a previously identified Intron 1 variant (c.71+9C>A, rs200209986). Among 1672 subjects with mainly adult-onset primary dystonia, 12 harbored the variant in contrast to 1/1574 controls ( P < 0.01). Dystonia classification included cervical dystonia ( N = 3), laryngeal dystonia (adductor subtype, N = 3), jaw-opening oromandibular dystonia ( N = 1), blepharospasm ( N = 2), and unclassified ( N = 3). Age of dystonia onset ranged from 25 to 69 years (mean = 54 years). In comparison to controls with no identified THAP1 sequence variants, the c.71+9C>A variant was associated with an elevated ratio of Isoform 1 (NM_018105) to Isoform 2 (NM_199003) in leukocytes. In silico and minigene analyses indicated that c.71+9C>A alters THAP1 splicing. Lymphoblastoid cells harboring the c.71+9C>A variant showed extensive apoptosis with relatively fewer cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Differentially expressed genes from lymphoblastoid cells revealed that the c.71+9C>A variant exerts effects on DNA synthesis, cell growth and proliferation, cell survival, and cytotoxicity. In aggregate, these data indicate that THAP1 c.71+9C>A is a risk factor for adult-onset primary dystonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An extensive variety of THAP1 sequence variants have been associated with focal, segmental and generalized dystonia with age of onset ranging from 3 to over 60 years. In previous work, we screened 1114 subjects with mainly adult-onset primary dystonia (Neurology 2010; 74:229-238) and identified 6 missense mutations in THAP1. For this report, we screened 750 additional subjects for mutations in coding regions of THAP1 and interrogated all published descriptions of THAP1 phenotypes (gender, age of onset, anatomical distribution of dystonia, family history and site of onset) to explore the possibility of THAP1 genotype-phenotype correlations and facilitate a deeper understanding of THAP1 pathobiology. We identified 5 additional missense mutations in THAP1 (p.A7D, p.K16E, p.S21C, p.R29Q, and p.I80V). Three of these variants are associated with appendicular tremors, which were an isolated or presenting sign in some of the affected subjects. Abductor laryngeal dystonia and mild blepharospasm can be manifestations of THAP1 mutations in some individuals. Overall, mean age of onset for THAP1 dystonia is 16.8 years and the most common sites of onset are the arm and neck, and the most frequently affected anatomical site is the neck. In addition, over half of patients exhibit either cranial or laryngeal involvement. Protein truncating mutations and missense mutations within the THAP domain of THAP1 tend to manifest at an earlier age and exhibit more extensive anatomical distributions than mutations localized to other regions of THAP1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genetic cause of late-onset focal and segmental dystonia remains unknown in most individuals. Recently, mutations in Thanatos-associated protein domain containing, apoptosis associated protein 1 (THAP1) have been described in DYT6 dystonia and associated with some cases of familial and sporadic late-onset dystonia in Caucasians. We are not aware of any previous descriptions of familial dystonia in African-Americans or reports of THAP1 mutations in African-Americans. Herein, we characterize an African-American (AA) kindred with late-onset primary dystonia, clinically and genetically. The clinical phenotype included cervical, laryngeal and hand-forearm dystonia. Symptoms were severe and disabling for several family members, whereas others only displayed mild signs. There were no accompanying motor or cognitive signs. In this kindred, age of onset ranged from 45 to 50 years and onset was frequently sudden, with symptoms developing within weeks or months. DYT1 was excluded as the cause of dystonia in this kindred. The entire genomic region of THAP1, including non-coding regions, was sequenced. We identified 13 sequence variants in THAP1, although none co-segregated with dystonia. A novel THAP1 variant (c.-237-3G>T/A) was found in 3/84 AA dystonia patient alleles and 3/212 AA control alleles, but not in 5870 Caucasian alleles. In summary, although previously unreported, familial primary dystonia does occur in African-Americans. Genetic analysis of the entire genomic region of THAP1 revealed a novel variant that was specific for African-Americans. Therefore, genetic testing for dystonia and future studies of candidate genes must take genetic background into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: Disclosures: Competing interests: None. Sponsorships: None. Funding source: None.

Objective: To evaluate a novel treatment for sensory neuropathic cough (SNC): topical capsaicin., Study Design: Retrospective review., Setting: Tertiary care laryngology clinic., Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 201 consecutive patients treated for SNC with capsaicin 0.02% to 0.04% applied topically to the upper aerodigestive tract, typically after failure of standard medications. Patients were asked to use the spray 4 times daily for 2 weeks prior to assessment of benefit. Items assessed included the percentage reduction of coughing, type of benefit noted, and side effects., Results: Of the 201 patients who used the spray, 36.3% noted no benefit, whereas 63.7% (n = 128) had benefit in terms of cough reduction: 30.8% (n = 62) reported ≥75% reduction; 17.4% (n = 35), 50%-74% reduction; 7.0% (n = 14), 25%-49% reduction; and 8.5% (n = 17), 1%-24% reduction. Of all patients, 78.3% reported no side effects or complications. Of the remaining 21.7%, 1 patient noted a nosebleed after a single administration, and 1 patient noted transient wheezing after administration. The others reported unpleasant local effects, including throat/ear discomfort, voice change, sneezing, reflexive vomiting, and headache., Conclusion: In our group of 201 patients with SNC, most of which had failed to respond to standard treatments, 63.7% had some response to capsaicin spray, with 30.8% reporting ≥75% reduction. Minimal side effects of treatment were reported. Thus, we suggest that this therapy can be another treatment option for patients with SNC., (© The Authors 2021.)

Objective: To report the efficacy and safety of electromyography-guided percutaneous botulinum toxin injection into the cricopharyngeus muscle in an office setting for treatment of the inability to belch and associated symptoms caused by retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (R-CPD)., Study Design: Retrospective case series of treated patients., Setting: Tertiary care laryngology clinic., Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 18 consecutive patients who were diagnosed syndromically with R-CPD. The combined diagnostic test and treatment-specifically, botulinum toxin injection into the cricopharyngeus muscle-was accomplished in an office setting by a single surgeon using electromyography guidance. Items assessed are efficacy, safety, complications, and duration of benefit., Results: All 18 patients (100%) treated in the in-office setting gained the ability to burp with improvement in the associated symptoms of R-CPD at initial follow-up. Of those who had the in-office procedure performed initially, 80% maintained the ability to burp at 6 months with relief of all the associated symptoms of R-CPD. No patients experienced permanent complications from the injection, but 7 patients experienced varying degrees of noisy breathing within 1 week after the procedure, which was managed with breathing techniques and resolved., Conclusion: In a case series of 18 patients with R-CPD, all patients gained the ability to burp with improvement in the majority of their symptoms of R-CPD at the time of their initial follow-up at 1 week. None experienced severe complications, and 7 experienced transient noisy breathing, which resolved., (© The Authors 2021.)

Objective: To define the human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes seen in a large adult population with traditionally defined recurrent respiratory papillomatosis., Study Design: Retrospective review., Setting: Tertiary care laryngology practice., Subjects and Methods: All patients had a firm diagnosis of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis defined by (1) visually obvious papillomas, (2) recurrence requiring multiple surgeries, and (3) pathology diagnosis of "papilloma." Each patient had also undergone HPV subtyping. Age, sex, presence of malignancy, and HPV subtypes were tabulated and correlated with long-term patient outcomes., Results: A total of 184 patients were identified who fulfilled the above criteria. In total, 87.0% (160) had a low risk subtype; 9.2% had an alternative subtype. These consisted of subtypes 16, 18, 31, 44, 45, 55, and 70. Four patients (2.2%) had combinations of subtypes, with 1 patient with HPV 11 and 16, 1 patient with HPV 11 and 76, 1 patient with 11 and 84, and 1 patient with 18 and 45. Finally, 3.8% of patients were HPV negative, despite fulfilling all 3 criteria listed above., Conclusion: In the patient population above, almost 10% of patients had an HPV subtype other than 6 and 11. This suggests that traditionally defined recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) can be caused by HPV subtypes other than 6 and/or 11. In addition, the clinical course of persons with this definition of RRP appears to vary by subtype, and this information may offer the ability to nuance follow-up instructions, reducing in particular the burden placed upon patients who have RRP caused by subtypes 6 and 11.

Objectives: To report the percentage of patients with symptom relief 6 or more months after botulinum toxin injection into the cricopharyngeus muscle for retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (R-CPD)., Study Design: Retrospective case series of consecutively treated patients., Setting: Tertiary care laryngology clinic., Subjects and Methods: A review was performed of the first 200 patients who were diagnosed with R-CPD and treated with botulinum toxin injection into the cricopharyngeus muscle by a single surgeon. The study group was limited to those for whom a minimum of 6 months has elapsed since the injection. Items assessed were efficacy, safety, complications, and duration of benefit., Results: Of 200 patients treated, (99.5%) gained the ability to burp and 95% experienced relief of the cardinal symptoms of R-CPD: inability to belch, socially awkward gurgling noises, abdominal/chest pressure and bloating, and excessive flatulence. For those who experienced relief, 159 (79.9%) maintained a satisfactory ability to burp after 6 months. Of those who did not maintain the ability, 12 underwent a second injection, 1 patient underwent 3 subsequent injections, and 3 patients underwent partial myotomy. No patients experienced complications of botulinum toxin injection itself, and 4 patients had complications from esophagoscopy or anesthesia., Conclusion: In a case series of 200 patients with retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction, 99% experienced relief of the cardinal symptoms and 79.9% experienced lasting relief of their symptoms beyond pharmacologic duration of action after a single injection of botulinum toxin into the cricopharyngeus muscle. Relief can be reestablished in the remainder via additional injection or cricopharyngeus myotomy., (© The Authors 2020.)

Background: Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare disease characterized by the growth of papillomas in the airway and especially the larynx. The clinical course is highly variable among individuals and there is poor understanding of the factors that drive an aggressive vs an indolent course., Methods: A convenience cohort of 339 affected subjects with papillomas positive for only HPV6 or HPV11 and clinical course data available for 1 year or more, from a large multicenter international study were included. Exploratory data analysis was conducted followed by inferential analyses with frequentist and Bayesian statistics., Results: We examined 339 subjects: 82% were diagnosed prior to the age of 18 years, 65% were infected with HPV6, and 69% had an aggressive clinical course. When comparing age at diagnosis with clinical course, the probability of aggressiveness is high for children under five years of age then drops rapidly. For patients diagnosed after the age of 10 years, an indolent course is more common. After accounting for confounding between HPV11 and young age, HPV type was minimally associated with aggressiveness. Fast and Frugal Trees (FFTs) were utilized to determine which algorithms yield the highest accuracy to classify patients as having an indolent or aggressive clinical course and consistently created a branch for diagnostic age at ~5 years old. There was no reliable strong association between clinical course and socioeconomic or parental factors., Conclusion: In the largest cohort of its type, we have identified a critical age at diagnosis which demarcates a more aggressive from less aggressive clinical course., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Objective: To propose and test the validity of a new syndrome called retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (R-CPD) that explains inability to belch and the associated symptoms of loud gurgling noises, chest and abdominal pain/distention, and excessive flatulence, as well as to report the results of botulinum toxin (BT) injection into the cricopharyngeus muscle (CPM) for both diagnosis and treatment of R-CPD., Study Design: To develop a case series of consecutive patients matched to the syndromic features of R-CPD, inject the CPM with BT as a concurrent diagnostic and therapeutic maneuver, and assess results., Setting: Bastian Voice Institute (Downers Grove, Illinois)., Subjects and Methods: Consecutive (unselected) patients presenting with inability to belch and associated symptoms were matched to the proposed syndrome of R-CPD, treated with BT, and followed for effect on symptoms over time., Results: All 51 patients achieved ability to belch and relief of associated symptoms, and the majority seem to have "retrained" the ability to belch on a potentially "permanent" basis., Conclusion: R-CPD can be diagnosed syndromically, using a symptom complex; clinical diagnosis is validated by relief of symptoms after BT injection; and BT into the CPM is an efficacious treatment, whose benefit appears to often last longer than the pharmacologic duration of action of BT.

The impact of methanol (CH 3 OH) as a source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in denitrification at wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has never been quantified. CH 3 OH is the most commonly purchased carbon source for sewage denitrification. Until recently, greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting protocols consistently ignored the liberation of anthropogenic CO 2 attributable to CH 3 OH. This oversight can likely be attributed to a simplifying notion that CO 2 produced through activated-sludge-process respiration is biogenic because most raw-sewage carbon is un-sequestered prior to entering a WWTP. Instead, a biogenic categorization cannot apply to fossil-fuel-derived carbon sources like CH 3 OH. This paper provides a summary of how CH 3 OH use at DC Water's Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (AWTP; Washington, DC, USA) amounts to 60 to 85% of the AWTP's Scope-1 emissions. The United States Environmental Protection Agency and Water Environment Federation databases suggest that CH 3 OH CO 2 likely represents one quarter of all Scope-1 GHG emissions attributable to sewage treatment in the USA. Finally, many alternatives to CH 3 OH use exist and are discussed.

Objectives: Assess the correlation between self-rating scales of talkativeness and loudness with various types of voice disorders., Design: This is a retrospective study., Methods: A total of 974 patients were analyzed. The cohort study included 430 consecutive patients presenting to the senior author with voice complaints from December 1995 to December 1998. The case-control study added 544 consecutive patients referred to the same examiner from January 1988 to December 1998 for vocal fold examination before thyroid, parathyroid, and carotid surgery. Patient responses on seven-point Likert self-rating scales of talkativeness and loudness were compared with laryngeal disease., Results: Mucosal lesions clearly associated with vibratory trauma are strongly associated with a high self-rating of talkativeness. Laryngeal deconditioning disorders were associated with a low self-rating of talkativeness., Conclusions: Use of a simple self-rating scale of vocal loudness and talkativeness during history taking can reliably orient the examiner to the types of voice disorders likely to be diagnosed subsequently during vocal capability testing and visual laryngeal examination. The high degree of talkativeness and loudness seen in vocal overdoers correlates well with mucosal disorders such as nodules, polyps, capillary ectasia, epidermoid inclusion cysts, and hemorrhage. A lower degree of talkativeness correlates with muscle deconditioning disorders such as vocal fold bowing, atrophy, presbyphonia, and vocal fatigue syndrome., (Copyright © 2016 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective. This study sought to: (1) quantify response rate and efficacy of amitriptyline, desipramine, and gabapentin in treating sensory neuropathic cough; and (2) describe an efficient treatment protocol. Study Design. This study is a retrospective case series. Methods. Persons diagnosed with sensory neuropathic cough during a one-year period were potential study candidates. To bolster the diagnosis credibility, only persons who had been treated elsewhere for gastroesophageal reflux disease, asthma, and allergy with no reduction of cough were included. Upon diagnosis of sensory neuropathic cough, each person was treated with either amitriptyline, desipramine, or gabapentin, titrating the dose upward to desired benefit or the dose limit. If the benefit was insufficient, another of the medications was used next, using a similar dose escalation strategy. Data points included patient demographics, initial and final medication, final dose, and degree of improvement. Results. 32 patients met the diagnostic and inclusion criteria and had a complete data set. 94% (30 of 32) of the patients responded to at least one of the medications. The 32 patients undertook a total of 45 single-medication trials. Patients reported symptom relief during 78% (14 of 18) of amitriptyline trials, 73% (11 of 15) of desipramine trials, and 83% (10 of 12) of gabapentin trials. At final dosage, symptom reduction averaged 77% on amitriptyline, 73% on desipramine, and 69% on gabapentin. Conclusion. Amitriptyline, desipramine, and gabapentin appear to vary in their effectiveness for individual cases of sensory neuropathic cough; across a whole cohort, symptom relief was similar in frequency and degree on any of the three medications. More evidence is needed to demonstrate more convincingly the effectiveness of these medications, but this data set suggests that each of these three medications deserves consideration in the codified treatment protocol presented here.

Objective: To determine the contribution of TUBB4A, recently associated with DYT4 dystonia in a pedigree with "whispering dysphonia" from Norfolk, United Kingdom, to the etiopathogenesis of primary dystonia., Methods: High-resolution melting and Sanger sequencing were used to inspect the entire coding region of TUBB4A in 575 subjects with primary laryngeal, segmental, or generalized dystonia., Results: No pathogenic variants, including the exon 1 variant (c.4C>G) identified in the DYT4 whispering dysphonia kindred, were found in this study., Conclusion: The c.4C>G DYT4 mutation appears to be private, and clinical testing for TUBB4A mutations is not justified in spasmodic dysphonia or other forms of primary dystonia. Moreover, given its allelic association with leukoencephalopathy hypomyelination with atrophy of basal ganglia and cerebellum and protean clinical manifestations (chorea, ataxia, dysarthria, intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, and psychiatric disorders), DYT4 should not be categorized as a primary dystonia.

Background: Sequence variants in coding and noncoding regions of THAP1 have been associated with primary dystonia., Methods: In this study, 1,446 Caucasian subjects with mainly adult-onset primary dystonia and 1,520 controls were genotyped for a variant located in the 5'-untranslated region of THAP1 (c.-237&#95;236GA>TT)., Results: Minor allele frequencies were 62/2892 (2.14%) and 55/3040 (1.81%) in subjects with dystonia and controls, respectively (P=0.202). Subgroup analyses by gender and anatomical distribution also failed to attain statistical significance. In addition, there was no effect of the TT variant on expression levels of THAP1 transcript or protein., Discussion: Our findings indicate that the c.-237&#95;236GA>TT THAP1 sequence variant does not increase risk for adult-onset primary dystonia in Caucasians., (Copyright © 2011 Movement Disorder Society.)

Background: Although the c.904&#95;906delGAG mutation in Exon 5 of TOR1A typically manifests as early-onset generalized dystonia, DYT1 dystonia is genetically and clinically heterogeneous. Recently, another Exon 5 mutation (c.863G>A) has been associated with early-onset generalized dystonia and some DeltaGAG mutation carriers present with late-onset focal dystonia. The aim of this study was to identify TOR1A Exon 5 mutations in a large cohort of subjects with mainly non-generalized primary dystonia., Methods: High resolution melting (HRM) was used to examine the entire TOR1A Exon 5 coding sequence in 1014 subjects with primary dystonia (422 spasmodic dysphonia, 285 cervical dystonia, 67 blepharospasm, 41 writer's cramp, 16 oromandibular dystonia, 38 other primary focal dystonia, 112 segmental dystonia, 16 multifocal dystonia, and 17 generalized dystonia) and 250 controls (150 neurologically normal and 100 with other movement disorders). Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were evaluated in an additional 8 subjects with known DeltaGAG DYT1 dystonia and 88 subjects with DeltaGAG-negative dystonia., Results: HRM of TOR1A Exon 5 showed high (100%) diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. HRM was rapid and economical. HRM reliably differentiated the TOR1A DeltaGAG and c.863G>A mutations. Melting curves were normal in 250/250 controls and 1012/1014 subjects with primary dystonia. The two subjects with shifted melting curves were found to harbor the classic DeltaGAG deletion: 1) a non-Jewish Caucasian female with childhood-onset multifocal dystonia and 2) an Ashkenazi Jewish female with adolescent-onset spasmodic dysphonia., Conclusion: First, HRM is an inexpensive, diagnostically sensitive and specific, high-throughput method for mutation discovery. Second, Exon 5 mutations in TOR1A are rarely associated with non-generalized primary dystonia.

Objective: To describe our experience with chronic sensory neuropathic cough and its response to amitriptyline in a first group of patients., Study Design and Setting: A prospective cohort of patients is described in detail. Each was referred to an academic laryngological practice after extensive prior negative workup for cough and failure to respond to various treatments. Each of these patients was treated with amitriptyline and asked to report the effect on the cough at fixed intervals by means of telephone interviews., Results: A first cohort of 12 consecutive patients with a chronic, nonproductive cough that lasted between 2 months and 20 years, with no (formerly) discernible cause is described. Purely clinical criteria of inclusion and exclusion are proposed. All patients had at least 40% reduction of self-reported symptoms, with most describing between 75% to 100% short-term relief., Conclusion: Sensory neuropathic cough can be diagnosed clinically in patients with chronic idiopathic cough. A trial of amitriptyline 10 mg or of other anti-neuralgia type medications may be helpful. Longer term and controlled trials are warranted to validate this entity and prove efficacy of neurologic medication in chronic sensory neuropathic cough., Ebm Rating: C-4.

Today's land application practices are designed to effectively treat wastes, and have evolved from earlier practices that centered on cheap disposal with less regard for environmental protection. The major objectives of this paper are to (i) review how current land application practices, and our understanding of them, have evolved over time and (ii) explore how science is used (and sometimes misused or ignored) in the development of design, regulation, and management of sustainable land application. Land treatment technologies have been used effectively for the treatment and recycling of many types of wastewaters and organic residuals for many years. Extensive research and demonstration efforts, as well as experience with pilot- and field-scale projects, have provided the information about soil reactions with contaminants in wastewater and organic residuals needed to design and operate sustainable land application projects. Still, systematic research programs are as important today as ever to support studies aimed at producing information on how soil-based treatment and recycling systems work, to address new areas of concerns as they arise, and continue to improve the overall design, performance, and reliability of land application systems as sustainable soil treatment and recycling systems.

Vocal fold paralysis is regarded as a sign of other pathologic findings until investigation has proven that there is no lesion to explain the paralysis. We have outlined a cost-effective and time- and labor-efficient method for the clinical evaluation of vocal fold paralysis, including a focused history; vocal capability assessment to find deficits in the function of palate,pharynx, and larynx: and, finally, an intense examination under topical anesthesia to demonstrate these deficits. In essence, it is the endoscopic version of a radiographic study from the skull base through the aortic arch. This method is streamlined as compared with prior protocols for evaluation of vocal fold paralysis, because it directs the necessary further workup according to the likely site of the lesion as indicated by the extended physical examination and can be conducted entirely in the physician's office. Radiographic workup should include CT of the skull base through the upper mediastinum if solely a recurrent nerve paralysis is present; it should include MRI of the skull base if high vagal signs and symptoms are present. If MRI is negative, CT may also be needed for complete evaluation. Neurologic signs that are not all ipsilateral require MRI of the brain and consultation with a neurologist. Esophageal obstruction combined with vocal fold paralysis mandates evaluation via esophagoscopy or an esophagram.