Search

Copyright of Roca: Revista Científico-Educacional de la Provincia de Granma is the property of Universidad de Granma, Departamento Editorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Belgi Dergisi is the property of Pamukkale University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Belgi Dergisi is the property of Pamukkale University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Uranium Geology is the property of Uranium Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Strategic & Social Research is the property of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Social Science Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Continental breakup involves a transition from rapid, fault‐controlled syn‐rift subsidence to relatively slow, post‐breakup subsidence induced by lithospheric cooling. Yet the stratigraphic record of many rifted margins contain syn‐breakup unconformities, indicating that episodes of uplift and erosion interrupt this transition. This uplift has been linked to mantle upwelling, depth‐dependent extension and/or isostatic rebound. Deciphering the breakup processes recorded by these unconformities and their related rock record is challenging because uplift‐associated erosion commonly removes the strata that help constrain the onset and duration of uplift. We examine three major breakup‐related unconformities and the intervening rock record in the Lower Cretaceous succession of the Gascoyne and Cuvier margins, offshore NW Australia, using seismic reflection and borehole data. These data show the breakup unconformities are disconformable (non‐erosive) in places and angular (erosive) in others. Our recalibration of palynomorph ages from rocks underlying and overlying the unconformities shows: (i) the lowermost unconformity developed between 134.98–133.74 Ma (Intra‐Valanginian), probably during the localisation of magma intrusion within continental crust and consequent formation of continent–ocean transition zones (COTZ); (ii) the middle unconformity formed between ca. 134 and 133 Ma (Top Valanginian), possibly coincident with breakup of continental crust and generation of new magmatic (but not oceanic) crust within the COTZs; and (iii) the uppermost unconformity likely developed between ca. 132.5 and 131 Ma (i.e. Intra‐Hauterivian), coincident with full continental lithospheric breakup and the onset of seafloor spreading. During unconformity development, uplift was focussed along the continental rift flanks, likely reflecting flexural bending of the crust and landward flow of lower crust and/or lithospheric mantle from beneath areas of localised extension towards the continent (i.e. depth‐dependent extension). Our work supports the growing consensus that the 'breakup unconformity' is not always a single stratigraphic surface marking the onset of seafloor spreading; multiple unconformities may form and reflect a complex history of uplift and subsidence during continent–ocean transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought has been one of the most serious and long-term natural disasters, leading to a significant impact on production and life. A separation of stripping time or space can be usually adopted to simplify the drought assessment at present. But the spatiotemporal continuous characteristics of drought cannot be fully considered during the assessment, because the separate analysis is limited to time and space. At the same time, there is an upward trend of drought in the humid region of South China in recent years. Therefore, it is highly urgent to explore the evolution of drought under the background of climate change. This study aims to determine the spatiotemporal variation of future droughts in the Pearl River flow region of South China. A coupled model comparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) data was firstly selected in the BCC-CSM2-MR precipitation dataset under the rliplfl experimental mode. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) was then calculated to analyze the overall drought trend under the scenarios of SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0 and SSP5-8.5. Secondly, the Sen's slope was used to qualitatively analyze the future drought trend in the study area. The Hurst index was also used to comprehensively describe the persistence of the future drought trend. Thirdly, a rotating empirical orthogonal function (REOF) was utilized to spatially classify the study area, according to the dry and wet characteristics. The spatial characteristics of the future drought index were then obtained to compare the different spatial modes under different climate scenarios. Finally, the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) was combined to decompose the drought duration and frequency of different SPI spatial modal divisions. As such, the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics were achieved in the future drought. The results showed that: 1) The BCC-CSM2-MR precipitation dataset was suitable for the SPI calculation under the CMIP6 and observation data. 2) Five SPI divisions were divided to decompose by REOF. The divisions depended mainly on the radiative forcing, but there was an almost unchanged area of each division. 3) There was a much more humid state of divisions in the coastal space, while the consistent changes of different dry and wet divisions, according to the future trend of SPI. 4) There were shorter periods of drought duration and frequency after CEEMDAN analysis, indicating the more significant characteristics in the short period of coastal, spatial and modal zoning. 5) There was a much more serious drought with the increase of radiative forcing under different climate models using the CEEMDAN analysis. Specifically, the severe drought was last for about 0.5-1.8 months in the future, while the drought frequency was between 5.6% and 13.9%. Consequently, this finding can provide a new perspective of spatiotemporal coupling analysis for drought research, particularly for drought monitoring, prediction and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Letters / Edebiyat Fakultesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University Faculty of Letters and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Kastrouli Late Bronze settlement in Phocis province, central Greece, has been proved to have been an important center in the periphery of the Mycenaean palaces. It was reused at least partially and was cultivated until the 20th century. The presence of a flat area off the Kastrouli hill and the seasonal flooding nowadays led to the present investigation, questioning the formation of an ancient lake or marsh/swamp. A methodological approach was applied combining the digital elevation model (DEM) and GIS of the wider and confined area, examining slopes between 0 and 5 degrees (0 and 8.75%), with electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) traverses of around 300 and 500 m, reaching a depth of 100 m. The ERT data were rapidly collected on profiles and provided a cross-sectional (2D) plot. It was found that, in the area, there is a basin with a length of 100 m and a depth of around 40–50 m. The sedimentation process over the millennia has filled the basin, with the upper 5–6 m surface layers of the area having a low resistivity. The presence of two natural sinkholes with apparent engineered hydraulic works is noted to conform to drainage and produce a habitable environment, protecting the cultivated land and avoiding a swamp associated with health issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baseflow is a major component of streamflow during the dry season and has a crucial role in maintaining the stability of river flows in many regions. To investigate the suitability of baseflow separation methods and baseflow characteristics in the Yiluo River basin, seven baseflow separation methods, including the digital filtering method, HYSEP method and UKIH method, were selected to separate the measured daily streamflow data from five stations within the basin. The baseflow separation results were evaluated with reference to a typical recession curve in the Yiluo River to select the most appropriate separation method for the basin. The results show that the Chapman digital filter (F2) method, with an NSE value closest to 1 and the smallest RMSE value, is the most stable and reliable baseflow separation method for use in the basin. The simulated baseflow process line can reflect the receding process and hysteresis effect of runoff. The intra-annual trend of baseflow is the same as the streamflow, with a single-peaked distribution, while it is opposite to the baseflow index (BFI). According to the Seasonal Kendall test, the annual baseflow at the Changshui (II) station showed a highly significant reducing trend during the period from 2000 to 2019. The Longmenzhen and Baimasi stations showed a significant increasing trend in spring. In general, there is no trend in the BFI on a seasonal basis. The study can provide theoretical support for runoff and groundwater management in the basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurately estimating actual evapotranspiration (ET) across global land surface is one of the key challenges in terrestrial hydrological cycles and energy flux balance studies. Gridded ET products have the potential for application in ungauged basins, but their uncertainties are possibly large and it remains unclear which one is best for a given basin. The water balance (WB) method provides a direct estimate of basin scale ET, but it cannot be used in ungauged basins where streamflow data are unavailable. Here, we first assess the performance of ET from 10 global ET products against WB ET estimates in 43 large river basins. The paper then uses three indirect evaluation methods [Three Cornered Hat (TCH), Arithmetic Average (AA), and Bayesian Three Cornered Hat] to identify the optimal ET products without the need of prior information, and to generate fusion products combining the ET from multiple products. Using the evaluation results derived from the WB method as the reference, the results show that the three methods have great success in identifying poorer products, suggesting that they are useful in filtering poor ET products in applications. However, the ability of such methods in identifying better ET products degrades slightly. The AA fusion product, which combines ET outputs from multiple products, is marginally better than the best single ET product in many of the 43 basins. Because of its simplicity, it could be used to reduce the uncertainty in ET estimates from multiple products for ungauged basins and regions. Key Points: A comprehensive study on reducing the uncertainty in evapotranspiration (ET) estimates from 10 global ET products for application in ungauged river basinsThe indirect evaluation methods without using prior information, particularly Arithmetic Average (AA) and Bayesian Three Cornered Hat can successfully identify the poor ET productsThe AA fusion product, which combines ET outputs from multiple products, is generally marginally better than the best single ET product [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Communication Theory & Research / Iletisim Kuram ve Arastirma Dergisi is the property of Gazi University, Faculty of Communication and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Sedimentologica Sinica is the property of Acta Sedimentologica Sinica Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dokuz Eylul University Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences is the property of Dokuz Eylul University Graduate School of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Journal of Social Sciences is the property of Bilecik Seyh Edebali University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Identifying best practices for sediment fingerprinting or tracing is important to allow the quantification of sediment contributions from catchment sources. Although sediment fingerprinting has been applied with reasonable success, the deployment of this method remains associated with many issues and limitations. Methods: Seminars and debates were organised during a 4-day Thematic School in October 2021 to come up with concrete suggestions to improve the design and implementation of tracing methods. Results: First, we suggest a better use of geomorphological information to improve study design. Researchers are invited to scrutinise all the knowledge available on the catchment of interest, and to obtain multiple lines of evidence regarding sediment source contributions. Second, we think that scientific knowledge could be improved with local knowledge and we propose a scale of participation describing different levels of involvement of locals in research. Third, we recommend the use of state-of-the-art sediment tracing protocols to conduct sampling, deal with particle size, and examine data before modelling and accounting for the hydro-meteorological context under investigation. Fourth, we promote best practices in modelling, including the importance of running multiple models, selecting appropriate tracers, and reporting on model errors and uncertainty. Fifth, we suggest best practices to share tracing data and samples, which will increase the visibility of the fingerprinting technique in geoscience. Sixth, we suggest that a better formulation of hypotheses could improve our knowledge about erosion and sediment transport processes in a more unified way. Conclusion: With the suggested improvements, sediment fingerprinting, which is interdisciplinary in nature, could play a major role to meet the current and future challenges associated with global change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education and training is a systematic activity that aims to equip individuals purposefully. Throughout history, education and training activities have been on the priority agenda of humanity both at the individual and social level. Education and training, which has become more prominent on a global scale today, has turned into a phenomenon that political powers have to plan at the institutional level for their continuity. Ottoman State is a political element that gives the necessary importance to education in terms of its continuity. In this context at the 19th century, one of the rüşdiye (Ottoman secondary school) schools opened within the scope of education and training activities in the modernization process was Sinop Rüşdiye School. The rüşdiye schools, which first started teaching activities in 1847 in Istanbul, followed be opened in the rural provinces since 1855. In the study, in addition to general information about rüşdiye schools; content information of Arabic, Geography, Persian, French, Hendese (Geometry), Hesap (Calculus), Hüsn-ü Hat (Islamic Calligraphy), The Qur’an with Tajwit and Ulum-i Diniyye (Theology), Malumat-i Nafia (Beneficial Knowledge) and Hıfzıssıhha (Public Hygiene), Painting, History, Turkish lessons and course hours are included. As progress has been made in the field of modernization and institutionalization in educational institutions, there have been new developments in education levels. A rüşdiye school was opened in 1864 in Sinop sanjak, which was dependent on Kastamonu province. The teaching activities of the Sinop Rüşdiye School, the number of students, the names of the employees were tried to be examined within the obtained information and documents. Thus, it is aimed to share information with the present study about Sinop Rüşdiye School that has not been shared at the academic level yet. In addition, in the context of the graduation ceremony news of 1882 in the press, it was tried to understand the point of view of educational activity from the perspective of an administrator, teacher, and student.

Introduction: The Euphrates–Tigris river system is among the most intensely developed freshwater resources worldwide. At the center of its development are large-scale dams supplying extensive irrigation schemes and hydroelectric power plants, which substantially impact the river system’s dynamic and water quality that always objected by other riparian state. considering the lack of multilateral and comprehensive treaty between Euphrates–Tigris basin countries, To determine the extent of the rights and obligations of these countries on controversial issues, identifying of the rules of the international customary law is inevitable. On the other hand, dam construction in the basin, especially from the Turkish state has been followed by Downstream governments and has direct relation with the rights of these states and the obligations of the upstream government from international law perspective. This article seeks to identify and review the international rules governing the basin, while expressing the controversies made by the Downstream governments regarding the Turkish dam-construction.Material and methods: In this research, The method for collecting information and data is in the form of library sources. initially, with the study of the environmental impact of turkey dam construction on downstream government of Tigris and Euphrates basin Among the documents and resources available, The law governing of this basin are identified and defined in the context of international law. The research methodology is based on dogmatic and analytical and descriptive doctrines.Results and discussion: Identifying the rules of international law governing sharing water resources is of great importance and allows states to recognize their rights and duties as well as other neighboring states, provide the maximum protection of the environment and, ultimately, achieve sustainable development in the light of respect for international law and norms.Conclusion: Governments are always recognized as the most important subjects of international law and the main actors in the international arena. Although the Turkish government refers to the use of the Tigris and Euphrates international rivers as absolute sovereignty, however, with regard to the constant development of international law, today the traditional perceptions and views of the absolute sovereignty of each state about the use of sharing water resources has become outdated and in accordance with the existing international law and emergence of international environmental rules, turkeys sovereignty is limited in the use of the Tigris and Euphrates international rivers

Water connects all kinds of life like a thread. However, despite its indispensable roles, little attention has been paid to its effective management for generations. Water as a nonrenewable natural resource, combined with a fast-growing urban population and climate change, has exposed countries to increasing water-related risks. Even though the water-related risk is becoming a fast-expanding worldwide concern, it is largely ignored and understudied in Ethiopia. As a result, this research aims to explore water-related risks at the country and basin levels, as well as to generate information on how water-related risks may influence current and future urbanization and urban settlement so that land use and water resource management planners can make better strategic decisions. To do this, the researchers employed a deductive exploratory (quantitative) research strategy that primarily centered on desk review and spatial analysis, utilizing GIS and remote sensing. As a result, this study found that water availability per person per year is 1,109 m3, indicating that Ethiopia is experiencing water stress. According to the study, 41.6% of Ethiopians live in basins, receiving

Using additives with water absorbing characteristics enables us to increase the amount of water in natural basins and significantly decrease the amount of water for agricultural usage. Despite various additives already existing, they are yet to be commonly used due to high cost price, complex technology, toxic impact and instability in biological and atmospheric conditions. However, the «Natlen» composite, which is anaturally based additive, is ecologically safe. It has a long shelf life, is cheap and provides high antifiltering rates. The composite is eruptive with dispersity of any type and is jelly when boosted. In an antifiltering layer it never cracks under static and dynamic influences. It has no seam and is resistant to aggressive liquids. It is ecologically safe. «Natlen» composite is recommended for building water basins in pastures, where it can particularly be used to satisfy the demand for drinking water for cattle.

Araştırma, gazeteci karakterin ilk sunulduğu Cici Berber’den (Muhsin Ertuğrul, 1933) toplumsal gerçekçi akımı da içine alan Yeşilçam’ın yükselişinin ilk dönemine kadar, 1933-1965 yıllarında sinemada gazeteci imajı/imgesini ele almıştır. Toplumlarda gazeteciye yönelik güven-güvensizlik konusunda ikircikli yaklaşım bulunurken, bunda filmlerde inşa edilen ve on yıllarca pekiştirilen imajların da etkisi vardır. Özellikle de ardılları için ilham ve model oluşturduğundan ilk dönemlerde kurulan ve basmakalıplaştırılan imajların tespiti kamunun süregelen bakışını ve gazeteci temsilinin sinemada kökenini anlamada önem taşımaktadır. Bu noktada Hollywood sinemasına dair birçok araştırma bulunurken, Türk sinemasında genel anlamda çok sınırlı, ilk dönemleri kapsayansa hiç araştırma olmadığı görülmüştür. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, gazetecinin ana veya etkin yan karakter olduğu 28 film, Campbell ve Vogler’in Kahraman Yolculuğu ile Amerikan filmlerinde gazetecilerin yolculuk şeması temelinde ve sinema genelinde gazeteci karakterine dair ortaya konan sınıflandırmalar, arketipler ve stereotipler üzerinden belirlenen parametrelerle analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, Türk filmlerinde gazetecinin yolculuğunda anlatının kendi özgün yapısını kurduğu görülmüştür. Filmlerde gazeteci kategorilerinden hem Hakikat Araştırmacısı hem Manşet Gazetecisi hem de ikisinin melez inşasına rastlanmış, klasik Yeşilçam’da iki tipleme de kahraman arketipine yerleştirilirken, toplumsal gerçekçilik filmlerinde ilkinin özgür basın temsilcisi ve kahraman, ikincisinin kötü adam ve güdümlü gazeteci olarak inşa edildiği tespit edilmiştir. Bunun yanında, Cici Berber’den itibaren gazetecinin haberi elde etmek için Kılık Değiştiren arketipinde, Yılmaz Ali’den itibaren de hafiye olarak sunumuna rastlanmıştır. Sinemada genelindeki gazeteci stereotiplerinin bir kısmı Türk filmlerinde de belirirken, özgün stereotip inşaları da bulunmuştur. Tüm bu temsillerin özünde basının gücüne dair mitlerin inşası dikkati çekmiştir.

With population growth, climate volatility, and economic expansion, the conjunctive management of surface–groundwater (SGW) faces great challenges. In this study, a hybrid factorial optimization programming (HFOP) method is developed through integrating factorial analysis, interval linear programming, flexible fuzzy programming, and two-stage stochastic programming into a general framework. HFOP can effectively reflect the multiple uncertainties and quantitatively identify the effects of multiple factors. Then, a HFOP-SGW model is formulated for the middle reaches of the Amu Darya River Basin, where 125 scenarios are analyzed. Some of the major findings are: (i) the improvement of surface-water transport efficiency and the proper use of groundwater can effectively alleviate regional water shortage; (ii) agricultural users have a high risk of water scarcity for all states, especially under a low-flow level; (iii) uncertainties of water-flow levels and risk-reverse attitudes of decision makers have significant impacts on the system's benefits and water-allocation scheme; and (iv) the surface-water-transmission loss rate and risk perceptions of decision makers are the main factors affecting the system's benefit's and water-allocation scheme. These findings can help decision makers obtain desired water-allocation strategies to respond to the variations in water availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the 20th century, the national river management system changed from traditional to modern. The establishment of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Commission opened a new stage of modern Yellow River management. The management of the Yellow River has gone from focusing on engineering measures to treating the water and sediment of the Yellow River as a resource, mandating the allocation of water consumption at the level of the entire river and the basin, and finally moving towards a comprehensive management of the river basin with the ultimate goal of maintaining the healthy life of the Yellow River. development process. Starting from the evolution of the Yellow River governance strategy, combined with the natural and social background, the development of the Yellow River management system since the 20th century was divided into stages, and the characteristics of the interaction between the Yellow River governance strategy and the management system at each stage were analyzed. It is pointed out that the river basin management system is the political guarantee for the promotion of the Yellow River governance strategy, and its evolution and development are based on the Yellow River governance strategy, and are constantly adjusted and improved; the understanding of the Yellow River water and sediment from control to utilization in the practice of Yellow River governance determines the watershed management vision. expansion and improvement of overall planning capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of History Studies (13094688) is the property of History Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

It is important to understand how changing climate and Land Use Land Cover (LULC) will impact future spatio-temporal water availability across the Munneru river basin as it aids in effective water management and adaptation strategies. The Munneru river basin is one of the important sub-basins of the Krishna River in India. In this paper, the combined impact of LULC and Climate Change (CC) on Munneru water resources using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is presented. The SWAT model is calibrated and validated for the period 1983–2017 in SWAT-CUP using the SUFI2 algorithm. The correlation coefficient between observed and simulated streamflow is calculated to be 0.92. The top five ranked Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are ensembled at each grid using the Reliable Ensemble Averaging (REA) approach. Predicted LULC maps for the years 2030, 2050 and 2080 using the CA-Markov model revealed increases in built-up and kharif crop areas and decreases in barren lands. The average monthly streamflows are simulated for the baseline period (1983–2005) and for three future periods, namely the near future (2021–2039), mid future (2040–2069) and far future (2070–2099) under Representation Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 climate change scenarios. Streamflows increase in three future periods when only CC and the combined effect of CC and LULC are considered under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. When compared to the CC impact in the RCP 4.5 scenario, the percentage increase in average monthly mean streamflow (July–November) with the combined impact of CC and LULC is 33.9% (near future), 35.8% (mid future), and 45.3% (far future). Similarly, RCP 8.5 increases streamflow by 33.8% (near future), 36.5% (mid future), and 38.8% (far future) when compared to the combined impact of CC and LULC with only CC. When the combined impact of CC and LULC is considered, water balance components such as surface runoff and evapotranspiration increase while aquifer recharge decreases in both scenarios over the three future periods. The findings of this study can be used to plan and develop integrated water management strategies for the basin with projected LULC under climate change scenarios. This methodology can be applied to other basins in similar physiographic regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Postăvaru Massif is located in the easternmost part of the Getic Carbonate Platform from the Southern Carpathians. The described sections are unevenly distributed in all four tectonic compartments of the Postăvaru Massif (Brașov, Cristian, Râșnov and Postăvaru). Eighteen sections were studied to highlight the biostratigraphic and facies evolution of the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous (Kimmeridgian–upper Berriasian) transition. Ten facies associations (FA 1–10) were described and they indicate a general shallowing upward tendency, from slope to platform-margin and inner-platform depositional settings. In other cases, the vertical facies stacking patterns indicate a general deepening-upward tendency, at the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous transition. The micropaleontological assemblage consists of encrusting organisms, dasycladalean algae, foraminifera and pelagic microfossils (calpionellids). As a general rule, this assemblage characterizes four main intervals and stages: Kimmeridgian–upper Tithonian, lower Berriasian, upper Tithonian–Berriasian and upper Berriasian. The carbonate succession from the Postăvaru Massif shares similar characteristics with other parts of the Getic Carbonate Platform (Cioclovina-Bănița area, Buila-Vânturarița Massif, Piatra Craiului-Dâmbovicioara Zone, Western part of Bucegi Massif). Finally, the presence of Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) deposits is well documented by interpreting various assemblages of microfossils. This study combines microfacies and biostratigraphic analysis techniques to decipher the interplay between environmental conditions, facies distribution and biostratigraphic evolution at the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous transition, in the easternmost GCP. The Tithonian–Berriasian transition is marked by a continuity of sedimentation, in shallow and deep water depositional environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippine archipelago is a complex island arc system, where many regions still lack geopotential field studies. The high-resolution isostatic anomaly and free-air anomaly digital grids from the World Gravity Map (WGM) were processed and analyzed to present a general discussion of the Philippines' gravity signatures and contribute to understanding its regional geology and tectonics. The isostatic anomaly map was continued upward to investigate the high-density ophiolitic basement rocks and low-gravity sedimentary basins at depth. The first vertical derivative (1VD) filter was applied to the free-air anomaly grid map to locate regional structures represented by density contrast boundaries. The depth to the top of the Moho and basement rock over the Sulu Sea was computed using the two-dimensional (2-D) radially averaged power spectrum analysis. Three-dimensional (3-D) gravity inversion was applied to some major sedimentary basins in the Philippines to present 3-D subsurface density contrast models. The interpreted gravity maps highlighted prominent geologic features (e.g., trench manifestation, ophiolite distribution, basin thickness). The negative isostatic anomalies (< 0 mGal) represent the thick sedimentary basins, while the moderate signatures (0 to 80 mGal) correspond to the metamorphic belts. The distinct very high-gravity anomalies (> 80 mGal) typify the ophiolitic basement rocks. The gravity data's upward continuation revealed contrasting deep gravity signatures; the central Philippines with continental affinity (with 20–35 mGal) was distinguished from the regions with oceanic affinity (with 45–200 mGal). The 1VD map over the Sulu Sea showed anomalies associated with shallow features dominantly related to the Cagayan Ridge. The 2-D radially averaged power spectrum analysis exposed gravity anomalies with tectonic significance (e.g., basement characterization, Moho depth estimation). The estimated average Moho depth in the Sulu Sea is from 12 to 22 km, while the average basement depth is within the range of 5 to 11 km. Lastly, the 3-D subsurface density contrast models characterized the very low-density zones representing the deep (> 7 km) sedimentary basins in the northern Cagayan Valley and southern Central Luzon basins. Furthermore, thin (~ 3.5 km) sedimentary formations are inferred for the low-density areas in northern Agusan-Davao and eastern Cotabato basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the censorship was banned with the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy II on July 23rd, 1908 (July 10, 1324), a serious dynamism began in the press. While publications were being published in Istanbul, which had been the center of the press before, with the freedom brought by the Constitutional Monarchy II, people from all walks of life became eager to publish periodicals, thus journalism spread from the center to the countryside. However, a large part of this activity composed of periodicals published in the form of one or more issues. Unplanned steps and financial difficulties were effective in the short duration of these publications. Newspapers are one of the first sources to be consulted in order to observe the attitudes of various segments of the society who think that they can do whatever they want with the Constitutional Monarchy, towards the Constitutional Monarchy, and to interpret the atmosphere of the period. The material of this study is the catchy articles of Esek, Feylesof, Deccal, Saka, Dertli ile Garip, Coskun Kalender, Lak Lak, Nester, Sakaci. The newspapers used in the study were chosen because they were published in the first ten years when the enthusiasm of the Constitutional Monarchy II was intense, they were short-term, and they included articles about constitutionalism-freedom in their pages. In the selection of the articles, the texts written from different perspectives and related to different fields (literary, political, social) were preferred as much as possible so that these concepts could be viewed from a broad perspective. The articles selected from the newspapers were transferred to new letters and so the Turkish cultural world was informed about these newspapers, and how the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy II resulting in great joy throughout the country and the perception of freedom were reflected in the humor press was examined. In the articles and cartoons selected from the specified humor newspapers, it has been seen that the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy II was handled from different perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 20th century Russian Empire a number women-led riots called "Babi Bunty" manifested. The underlying reason of such actions was actually the economic outcome of the WWI. Famine and scarcity at the end of the war led women whose spouses were fighting to a number of spontaneous protests. The protests that in a short time reached even the furthest margins of the Empire, demonstrated their impact over South Caucasia, a significant part of the Empire. Baku, a substantial industrial city of the Empire became the epicenter of protests by February 1914. This study discusses the short history of these women-led riots and then it comprehensively analyzes the February protests in Baku by referring to contemporary memorandums and media coverage. The paper focuses on the aims of the rioting women and the reaction of local administrators to the protests. Moreover, such actions in the Russian Empire could be evaluated as a logical continuation of women's movements manifesting in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Uranium Geology is the property of Uranium Geology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency is the property of Petroleum Geology & Recovery Efficiency and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Este trabajo consiste en una revisión sistemática sobre el impacto de las actividades económicas, las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) y los factores climáticos (temperatura y precipitación) en la emisión de gases efecto invernadero (GEI), enfocándose primero en la cuenca del río Bogotá y posteriormente realizando un análisis comparativo con las cuencas del Valle de México (México) y el río Rímac (Perú). Debido a que la principal contaminación de las cuencas está dada por descargas de aguas residuales, se han implementado las ptar para su mitigación. En esta investigación se presenta, el diagnóstico del estado actual de las (PTAR), análisis de los factores climatológicos y meteorológicos, además de las posibles afectaciones a nivel salud, aplicando la metodología del IPCC de 2006. En el caso de la cuenca del río Bogotá, la mayor generación de gei corresponde a CH4 (82,163 %) y N2O (76,059 %), siendo la cuenca media la que reporta mayores impactos, así: tratamiento mixto (45,1 %) con mayor influencia del cambio climático, actividades económicas industriales con alto impacto (70,17 %), factores climáticos como bajas temperaturas y precipitación media. De las cuencas del Valle de México, la cuenca baja reporta mayor impacto, así: tratamiento aerobio (62,11 %), actividades económicas comerciales (56,10 %), factores climáticos con una preferencia de temperatura y precipitaciones altas. De la cuenca del río Rímac, en Perú, la cuenca media reporta mayor impacto, así: tratamiento mixto (49,4 %), actividades económicas comerciales (59,2 %) y factores climáticos como precipitaciones y temperaturas altas. La validación de los datos anteriores fue confirmada con el inventario nacional de gei reportado por cada país, evidenciando que el tratamiento, el tipo de actividad económica y el clima son factores que influyen en la generación de gei. Además, se encontró que las enfermedades cardiovasculares son las afectaciones más recurrentes ocasionadas por la emisión de GEI.

The article shows an analysis of the current state of recreational resources in the Nura River basin of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In order to achieve this goal, the recreational sector of the Nura River basin was examined and the extent to which recreational resources are favorable was analyzed. The types of recreational resources of the Nura River basin were researched, where the territory was divided into recreational zones with similar characteristics and the recreational resources were described by zones. The lakes and reservoirs of the Nura River basin for the present period and their current influence on the recreational sector have been analyzed. Maps of the degree of favorable development of the recreational sector, recreational resources and recreational zones of the Nura River basin for the modern period have been compiled.

Abstract: Democrat Party (DP) era is one of the contested periods in terms of politics, economy, society and foreign policy in Turkey. Particularly, the government-press relations and Turkey’s Middle East policy especially in the late 1950s consist serious challenges and crises. Initially, the DP government conducted a liberal press policy, but in the second half of the decade government-press relations strained. Similarly, Turkey’s Middle East policy can be regarded as a success story in the first half of the decade, while Turkey faced serious crises and challenges in the region in the second half. Despite several studies on government-press relations in the 1950sin the literature, there is a shortage of specific studies analyzing positions of the press towards DP’s Middle East policy. As a result, this paper aims to fill this gap and analyze the positions of the press regarding Turkey's Middle East policy throughout the decade in order to show divergence and convergence between the government and the press. Selected newspapers and journals published in this period will be used as primary sources. This paper concludes that the press in Turkey, regardless of their positions towards the government, supported DP's pro-Western and anti-communist Middle East policy despite some exceptions. Öz: Demokrat Parti (DP) dönemi siyaset, ekonomi, toplum ve dış politika alanlarında en çok tartışılan dönemlerden biridir. Bu dönemde özellikle hükümet-basın ilişkilerinde ve Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu politikasında önemli krizler ve meydan okumalarla karşılaşılmıştır. 1950’li yılların başından itibaren göreceliberal bir basın politikası uygulayan DP hükümeti, on yılın ikinci yarısında daha baskıcı bir politika izlemiştir. Benzer şekilde on yılın ilk yarısında görece başarılı bir Ortadoğu siyaseti güden hükümet, dönemin ikinci yarısında bölgede önemli krizler ve meydan okumalarla karşılaşmıştır. Literatürde bu dönemdeki hükümet-basın ilişkileri üzerine çalışmalar bulunsa da Ortadoğu siyaseti özelinde basını inceleyen bir çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, basının Türkiye’nin Ortadoğu politikası ile ilgili duruşunu analiz ederek hükümet ve basın arasındaki gelgitleri ortaya koymaktır. Seçili gazete ve dergiler çalışmanın birincil kaynaklarını oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ulaşılan sonuç basının hükümete karşı duruşu ne olursa olsun DP'nin Batı yanlısı ve komünizm karşıtı Ortadoğu politikasını bazı istisnai durumlara rağmen desteklemiş olduğudur.

Although Christianity was widespread in Egypt since the 1st century, Christians were only allowed to exercise their worship freely after the Milan decree. From this date, Christianity was recognized and the churches were built.The architecture adopted in the foundation of the churches involved the construction of some basins for different uses such as the baptismal basin which changed shape and location over the centuries. The churches also contained "El Maghtas" used for holy water during the feast of the Epiphany. The basin called "El Laqân" of circular shape not deep was carved on the floor of the old churches. Besides these, other pools were used for washing and for exercising Extreme Unction.Thus, we will explain in this research the difference between the basins, their evolution and their importance while referring to examples from various ancient Coptic churches.

This article proposes criteria for a component-wise integrated assessment of the recreational attractiveness of the landscapes of the Alakol Lake basin. This methodology is based on a component-wise landscape assessment, which consists of the main indicators that make up the landscape: topography, climate, water bodies, and soil and vegetation cover. A comprehensive assessment of the functional suitability of landscapes was carried out. It is in determining the “attractiveness coefficient” for various types of recreational activities. Three types of territories with different degree of recreational attractiveness and functional suitability of landscapes for the further development of recreational activities in the basin of Alakol Lake were identified.

Cumhuriyetin ilanıyla birlikte, siyasal ve toplumsal alanda yaşanan devrimlerin içselleştirilmesi sürecinde ideal bir vatandaş oluşturulması girişimi, cumhuriyet kadrolarının önemli bir problemi olarak gözükmektedir. 1930’a kadar devletin ve 1930 sonrası vatandaşın dönüştürülmesi bağlamında değerlendirebileceğimiz erken cumhuriyet döneminin ikinci yarısında, ideal vatandaşın oluşturulmasına çaba harcanmıştır. Bu çerçevede eğitim kurumları, Türk Tarih Kurumu, Türk Dil Kurumu ve Halkevleri gibi ideoloji üreten ve ideolojiyi yerleştiren önemli kültürel unsurlar tesis edilmiş, bu kurumların en önemli destekçisi de basın olmuştur. Bu bağlamda, basın araçlarının cumhuriyetin ideal vatandaşını oluşturma sürecindeki rolü çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, ideal vatandaş oluşturma sürecinde gazetelerin, resmi ideolojinin tesisi ve bireysel/toplumsal inşası bağlamında nasıl konumlandığının tespit edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, 1944-1945 yıllarında Burdur’da yayımlanan Yeşil Burdur gazetesi, içerik analizi tekniğiyle incelenmiş, elde edilen veriler doğrultusunda tek parti iktidarında vatandaş inşası betimlenmiştir. Yeşil Burdur gazetesi içeriklerinin incelenmesi doğrultusunda elde edilen bulgular, gazetenin resmi ideolojiyi ve ideal vatandaşı tesis ederken köşe yazılarını etkin biçimde kullandığını ve köşe yazılarının resmi ideolojinin tesisine yönelik olmakla birlikte, yoğunluklu biçimde birey-cemiyet hayatına odaklanan içerikler sunduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

Tarihsel süreçte basının kamuoyunun oluşumuna katkısı, savaş gibi olağanüstü durumlarda yerine getirilmesi gereken temel bir ödev olarak benimsenmiştir. Bu bağlamda basın; savaş dönemlerinde kamusal düşüncenin oluşmasına ve nasıl biçim alacağına önemli düzeyde etki etmektedir. Türkiye’nin 5000 binden fazla asker göndererek katılım sağladığı Kore Savaşı süresince Türk basın örgütleri de kamusal düşünceye etki etmeye çalışmıştır. Kore Savaşı’na katılma kararının neden alındığı, karara muhalif olanların tepkileri, savaşın sonuçları, NATO’ya katılım gibi birçok sorunun cevabı basın vasıtasıyla kamusal düşüncede kendisini görünür kılabilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, basın organlarının savaş dönemlerinde kamuoyunun oluşmasına etkisini, bu etkinin nasıl ve ne boyutta gerçekleştiğini haber dili üzerinden ortaya koymaktır. Bu bağlamda, 25 Temmuz-25 Ağustos 1950 tarihleri arasında yayınlanan ve yayın politikaları birbirinden farklı olan Zafer, Cumhuriyet, Vatan, Akşam, Ulus, Tasvir, Hürriyet ve Milliyet olmak üzere toplam 8 gazete içinden bir örneklem oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Seçilen gazetelerin olayla ilgili yaptığı tüm baş sayfa haberlerinin başlıkları, içerikleri, görselleri ve gazetelerin olaya ilişkin bakış açıları Teun van Dijk’ın sistematikleştirdiği söylem analizi yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda alınan savaş kararının olumlanmasına yönelik sistematik bir haber üretiminin olduğu ve kararı meşrulaştırmak için manipülatif söylemlerin üretildiği bulgulanmıştır.

Oil and gas fuel from unconventional types of reservoirs was the development of alternative sources in addition to oil and gas fuels from conventional type reservoirs that can be obtained to meet domestic needs. The development of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs has developed rapidly outside Indonesia, such as in North America and Canada. One type of unconventional oil and gas reservoir was obtained from shale rock reservoirs. Hydrocarbon shale produced from shale formations, both source from rock and reservoir. This unconventional hydrocarbon has a big potential to be utilized. In this study, an analysis of the development of unconventional oil and gas from Shale Hydrocarbons carried out in Indonesia. This research included the distribution of shale reservoir basins, the number of unconventional shale reservoir resources, factors affecting the development of unconventional oil and gas in shale reservoirs in Indonesia, efforts made by the government to promote exploration activities, exploitation of shale reservoirs in Indonesia, and existing regulations for non-conventional oil and gas. The development of unconventional oil and gas reservoir shale needed to be developed immediately and will attract investors to meet domestic needs for renewable energy needs. From the geological data obtained, there were 6 basins and 11 formations that analyzed for commercialization. Tanjung and Batu Kelau Formation was a prospect formation from 4 desired data categories. In terms of regulation, it still needed improvement to increase the interest of upstream oil and gas entrepreneurs in the unconventional oil and gas shale reservoir. Research in the field of unconventional oil and gas exploitation technology for hydrocarbon shale needed to be improved.

Recently, floods have become a severe environmental issue in the Iran due to climate change. Several studies have indicated that ensemble flood forecasting based on numerical weather predictions could provide an early warning with extended lead time. The floods during 1992-2013 showed that Hamedan Province is a high-risk area in Iran due to various causes, such as the harvesting and uncovering of farms, high intensity of precipitation, land and soil quality, and land slope. The present study aimed to identify the infleuntial factors in flood based on their scoring in terms of the influence intensity in recognized flooded areas. According to the results, the north (Kabudar Ahang), northeast (Razan), and south and southwest of the studied area (Nahavand) were high-risk regions in Hamedan Province. In addition, the causes of floods varied in different regions of the province, and Hamadan province is flooded in different areas due to various causes.

Soil nitrogen density (SND), which is influenced by environmental factors operating at different spatial scales and intensities, is critical for agricultural production and soil quality. Although the spatiotemporal distribution of top-layer SND has been well explored, the scale effects of environmental factors on the temporal changes of SND (SNDT) are poorly studied, which might promote the predictive accuracy of SNDT. Thus, SNDT during a certain period was calculated to explore the multiscale effects of environmental factors on it. In the study, three sampling transects under the basins of warm-temperate, mid-temperate, and warm-temperate zones were established with 200 km long and 1 km intervals to explore the spatial variation of SNDT, examine the multiscale effect of environmental factors on it, construct the predicting models based on its scale-specific relations with environmental factors, and validate the models in each basin or in other climate-zone basins. The results indicated that the increment of SND during a certain period was the greatest in the mid-temperate basin, and the variation of SNDT was ranked as cool-temperate > mid-temperate > warm-temperate basins. Under different soil types, the spatial characteristics of SNDT were different in different climate-zone basins, but the average SNDT under cropland was the greatest in each basin. Considering the influencing factors (climatic, topographic, and vegetation factors), they had controls on SNDT operating at different spatial scales. In regard to the prediction of SNDT, the method of partial least square regression (PLSR) combined with a multiscale analysis was found to be more preferable for dependent SNDT prediction than the traditional method of stepwise multiple linear regression but could not be validated for the independent validation data in other basins. Thus, the spatial multiscale relations of SNDT with environmental factors could provide more information for each basin, and the integration of the extra information decomposed by wavelet transform into the method of PLSR could enhance the SNDT prediction for dependent datasets. These findings are of great significance for future studies in the spatial modeling of SND temporal dynamics under the influence of environmental changes.

Rainwater harvesting practices are increasingly gaining recognition as viable adaptation strategies to overcome rainfall variability caused by climate change in semi-arid regions of Zimbabwe. A meta-analysis was conducted to provide a comprehensive quantitative synthesis of biophysical conditions (rainfall, soil texture, N fertility, mulch) under which basins, rippers, and tied ridges affected sorghum yields in semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe. Rainfall amount (

The basin along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province is an important ecological protective screen in the Yangtze River Delta Economic Belt, with a large number of wetlands, lakes, and nature reserves in the basin. The effect of the rapid development of regional urbanization on the ecological environment quality has become an important threat source that restricts ecosystem function and biodiversity protection in the basin. Therefore, this study used InVEST model to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of habitat quality based on remote sensing image data from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 in the basin along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province and revealed the spatial evolution trend of habitat quality degradation by using hot and cold spot analysis methods. The geographical detector model was used to discuss the main driving factors of habitat quality change. The study results showed that a trend of increase and decrease of construction land and paddy land in the basin from 1990 to 2020 was the opposite, that is, the area of construction land increased, and the area of paddy land decreased. Especially, the area of construction land increased from 390.18 km2 in 1990 to 1616.34 km2 in 2020. The area of increase and decrease of other land types remained around 1% to 2%. During the period from 2000 to 2020, Construction land was mainly transferred in from paddy land, accounting for over 60% of the area transferred in, which indicated the continuous increase of human activity intensity in the study area. From 1990 to 2020, the areas with a significant decline in habitat quality in the basin were mainly concentrated along the Yangtze River and in the northern part of the Chaohu Lake. The area proportion with the lowest grade of habitat quality showed a trend of increasing year by year, that is, the area proportion increased from 4.85% in 1990 to 8.47% in 2020. The hot spots of habitat quality degradation were concentrated in Hefei and its surrounding areas, while the cold spots of the degradation were mainly concentrated in the southern and western mountainous areas. Land use type was the main driving factor affecting habitat quality, and the interaction between land use and per capita GDP was the main driving factor for changes in habitat quality. The study results had important theoretical and practical value for the ecological environment protection and harmonious development of the relationship between humans and nature in the basin along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province.

The high levels of nitrate (NO 3 - ) in the surface water have contributed to eutrophication and other eco-environmental damages worldwide. Although the excessive NO 3 - concentrations in rivers were often attributed to anthropogenic activities, some undisturbed or slightly disturbed rivers also had high NO 3 - levels. This study utilized multi-pronged approaches (i.e., river natural abundance isotopes, 15 N-labeling techniques, and qPCR) to provide a comprehensive explanation of the reason for the high NO 3 - levels in a river draining forest-dominated terrene. The river natural abundance isotopes (δ 15 removal was probably prevalent in the basin scale. The 18 O-NO 3 - ) indicated that the soil source (i.e., soil organic nitrogen-SON and chemical fertilizer-CF) were the primary contributors to the NO 3 - , and the NO 3 was largely from point sources; thus, increasing runoff led to a dilution effect. This study clearly showed that soil biogeochemistry and hydrological condition of a river basin jointly shaped the high NO - removal was probably prevalent in the basin scale. The 15 N-labeling techniques quantitatively showed that denitrification and anammox were stronger than nitrification in the soils and sediments. Structural equation models suggested that nitrification in the soils was regulated by NH 4 + -N contents, which, in turn, were closely related to fertilization in spring. Denitrification and anammox were largely controlled by elevation and functional gene abundances (i.e., nirK and hzsB, respectively). The hydrological isotopes (i.e., δD/δ 18 O-H 2 O) indicated that the transport of NO 3 - from soil to the river was related to the intensity of runoff leaching to the soil, In contrast, the riverine NH 4 + was largely from point sources; thus, increasing runoff led to a dilution effect. This study clearly showed that soil biogeochemistry and hydrological condition of a river basin jointly shaped the high NO 3 - levels in the almost undisturbed river., Competing Interests: Declarations. Conflict of interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)