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Distributions of scores for a combat-experienced population of candidates for submarine duty are presented for the several sections of the Billet Qualifications Blank (Navpers 16418) and of the two sections of the Enlisted Personnel Inventory (Navpers 16845). Scattergrams for sections of the Billet Qualifications Blank with Part I of the Personal Inventory and with the Navy General Classification test are tabulated for this population. Data on the success of the two personality tests in predicting certain criterion examination classifications of combat-experienced submarine candidates are presented. The tables are intended as supplements to similar research on recruit populations. It is evident that both the Personal Inventory and the Billet Qualifications Blank tap something relevant in the criterion classifications. However, the population reported is too small to warrant any extensive conclusions on the relative significance of the two instruments. The combination of the two personality tests certainly is related to failure in examinations for submarine training. This fact warrants the assumption that personality tests can be utilized to good effect with combat-experienced populations., Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Researoh Project No. X-598 (Sub, No. 129) Investigation of the BQB''.

A table of average aptitude scores is presented. The table was prepared in order to establish standards as guides for two problems in submarine personnel selection: (1) The selection of instructors; and (2) the selection of recruits for training., Bureau or Medicine and Surgery, Research Project No. X-596 (Sub. No.128)

A part of the staff of the Medical Research Department was engaged continuously for the greater part of World War II in examinations of personnel received either for submarine training or for reassignment. Certain needs for better use of personnel stood out as lessons of that experience, one of the most obvious being the need for a classification of skills and abilities in a system that can be utilized more generally. A memorandum prepared by the Enlisted Classification Section of the Bureau of Naval Personnel, entitled 'Recommendation for an Enlisted Classification Program for the Post-War Navy' stimulated the New London group to set down some of their notions on an organization for improving submarine personnel classification. This paper is a report of a discussion in October 1945 concerning such an organization., Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, Researoh Project No. X-596 (Sub. No. 128) Analysis of Examinations of Personnel Received for New Construction Submarines.

A sample of enlisted men returned for assignment to New Construction submarines was canvassed in order to determine the typical duty completed. For this canvass a questionnaire was developed which is also useful in clinical evaluations of the submarine experiences of an individual. The survey confirms the hypothesis that the patrols completed by an individual differ radically from those completed by another in numbers, duration, and severity of attacks experienced. Data for the canvassed population on numbers of patrols completed, length of service, ages, and frequency of state-side assignments are reported. It is noted that the Navy School backgrounds differ markedly. A considerable proportion were never examined or trained at New London, for example. The differences in selection and training backgrounds, in the light of the differences in submarine experience, suggest the value of complete examinations to ensure that all personnel satisfy minimum standards., Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Research Project No. X-243 (Sub. No. 47). Relationship of personnel selection devices to the behavior criteria of school performance and overall performance on a submarine patrol.

The sections of the Officer Classification Test are evaluated in terms of a criterion of success in learning the duties of a submarine officer. The results also are analyzed after refining the data according to the submarine training the officers receive prior to assignment to the New London school. Correlations and scattergrams of results are tabulated and discussed, and a follow-up study in which these findings will be elaborated was undertaken by the Test and Research Section of the Bureau of Naval Personnel. The following four points are concluded: (1) Officer Classification Test scores are correlated significantly with performance in submarine school. Overall coefficients of the order of 0.40 are reported. (2) A score combining sections of the test is the most efficient index of subsequent academic standing, but if any single section score must be employed, the mathematical score is probably the most satisfactory of the four scores. (3) Candidates with previous submarine indoctrination achieve higher standings than do those without indoctrination. (4) The class standings of officers with previous indoctrination can be predicted with more confidence from the aptitude scores than can the standings of officers without indoctrination. The coefficients for those with indoctrination are of the order of 0.45., Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Research Project No. X-5S0 (Sub. No. 107), Relationship of scores on the Officer Classification Test (Navpers 16680) to grades in Officer's Submarine School.

The report is an exploration of the suitability of the Combat Information Center Test for selecting enlisted Submarine School graduates for training as radar operators. A method of administration, and score standards were developed. The validity of the test in terms of the training criteria available was then assessed, and the results compared with those for tests of the Navy Basic Battery. The cross-relationships between the latter tests and the sections of the CIC test were also calculated. General findings are discussed, and it is concluded that the evidence does not warrant adoption of the CIC test for assigning Submarine School graduates for radar training. It is suggested, however, that the uses of the Navy Basic Battery can be extended, if desired, to improve the training performance of the population assigned. The Mechanical Aptitude Test is proposed as a screening test for situations where a large surplus of submarine men over the number that can be trained obtains.

The record was developed in order to allow a systematic accounting of examinations of experienced submarine personnel received at New London for reassignment. It was designed for periodic accountings, by punched cards if desired, for the following needs: (1) To list men examined for reassignment by rate, by age, and by experience. (2) To analyze reasons for failure in medical examinations. (3) To tabulate failures in examinations for specialties, such as sonar, radar, and night vision, and to allow analyses of such failures by rate, age, collateral test scores, etc. (4) To maintain psychological quality control data on men examined, and (5) To accumulate gradually a master file of enlisted submarine men with pertinent experience data from their service records., Bureau of Medicine and Surgery Research Project No, X-596 (Sub, No. 128), Analysis of Examinations of Porsonnel Received for New Construction Submarines.

This is the first in a series of monthly interim reports.

The experiment compares the efficiency of two methods of target- indication on a simulated search radar: (1) the present method in which the operator estimates range and bearing with the aid of a bearing cursor and range marks, and makes a verbal report; and (2) an experimental method in which the position of each target is indicated by the use of a pointing device in the hands of the operator. The manual method of indication proved equally accurate in indicating bearing, and more than twice as accurate in indicating range as the oral report of estimation. In speed of indication, the experimental method exceeded the present method more than three times. It was further shown that, using manual indication, no change in performance occurs as a result of increasing the number of targets to be indicated from 5 to 30. These findings lead to the conclusion that a system of target indication based upon pointing would give better results in terms of the performance of the operator at the search radar. An incidental result with important practical implications is that large (20 inch) PPI's yielded no better accuracy or time score than smaller (7 inch) PPI's, using the present estimation method of indication.

The report demonstrates that batteries combining three tests, an intelligence test, a personal inventory, and a 2-hand coordination test, relate significantly to (a) psychiatrists' judgments of 'psychological fitness' of entering Submarine School candidates, and (b) officers' judgments of experienced submarine men. Because of the significant relationship between test scores and psychiatrists' and officers' judgments, the test batteries may prove valuable as aids in eliminating 'psychologically unfit' individuals from entrance to the Submarine School. (Author), Rept. on Research on the Selection of Service Personnel, with Special Reference to Emotional Factors.

Men received for Submarine School are examined at New London for qualification for submarine duty. Examination data are tabulated each month by a punched-card technique previously reported. The examinations for the month of June 1945 are analyzed.

Biserial correlation coefficients are reported for failures in Submarine School for four tests developed by use of psychiatric criteria. Further evidence is presented showing the relationship between clinical evaluations and school failure. Some light is thrown on the reasons for school failure by summarizing the reasons tabulated for each failure by the school personnel officer. (Author)

Two pairs of Bausch and Lomb 7-power, 50-millimeter binoculars were compared in a field try-out. One of these pairs of binoculars had been treated so that its transmission of light, as determined by physical measurements, was greater by 32% than that of the other. In all other respects these binoculars were identical. A difference in transmission of this order is minor with respect to the fluctuations in sensitivity of the human eye.

Preliminary research on the detectability of signal images on a 7BP7 radar screen indicates the extreme importance of the image size. Image size was varied (1) by regarding the radar screen from different distances, (2) by changing the length of the image by widening the azimuth gate, (3) by changing the thickness of the image by switching to different presentation range scales and (4) by moving the signal from the center to the periphery of the screen. Image size variations by such methods can change the strength of the minimum visible signal by at least eight or ten decibels. The data are preliminary, for equipment limitations did not permit variations from a signal pulse length of two microseconds nor reductions in azimuth gate below 12 degrees. Further research on the problem of image size with refined equipment is now in progress. (Author)

An accounting method was established to trace every candidate reporting for examination for Submarine School until either he has left the submarine service or he has completed one patrol on a submarine. Data on each of the steps in processing a man flow to a common information center where machine accounting facilities are available. Some preliminary results are presented on the problem of age or maturity leading to the conclusion that it might be advisable to set the age limit at 19 thus eliminating the 17 and 18 year-old group. (Author)

The error indices for stationary targets developed in this study agree generally with the error indices cited in the Preliminary Instruction Book for Navy Model VF indicating equipment. Fifty-six percent of the bearing reports from two VF repeaters were in exact agreement for a stationary target, and in no case was the disagreement greater than one degree. With respect to range reports, 19% were in exact agreement, 56% agreed within 20 yards, and all reports agreed within 100 yards. When contacts are moving, these data are not appropriate. For example, for targets with a relative speed of 80 knots, only 39% of the bearing reports were in exact agreement, and only 41% of the range readings agreed within 100 yards. The agreement between two VF reports decreases markedly as the speed of a target is increased. The reliability of a single report of the position of a contact depends then upon the relative motion of that contact with respect to the position of the radar. (Author)

The general features of equipment used in radar displays are described. Special features of PPI display judged to be of interest to psychologists are presented in some detail.

Means and standard deviations of test scores are reported for a population of commissioned candidates for submarine school. Correlation coefficients showing the relationship of the scores to each other and to submarine school grades are presented. It is noted that of the various sections of these tests, those on arithmetic reasoning and mechanical comprehension yield the largest coefficients. The population on which the report is based is a somewhat selected sample of junior commissioned officers. The study was undertaken in order to determine the interrelationship of certain selection devices and the success of those devices in predicting grades in submarine school. The choice of tests was governed by previous decisions on the proposed content of the Officer Classification Test; both scales discussed are incorporated in modified form in this new instrument.

A table of correlation coefficients is presented to show the interrelationships of certain NDRC selection tests to each other and to scores for tests of the basic battery. It is noted that the coefficients are low; thus the NDRC tests probably involve factors that are not related to those measured by the basic battery of Bureau of Personnel tests. Data are presented showing the correspondence between the Otis Intelligence and Navy General Classification Tests. (Author)

An IBM punch-card personnel accounting system to furnish information for medical and personnel selection officers is described. The system was developed to suit the needs of a particular service school situation; the report was prepared in order to demonstrate one approach for dealing with personnel data, and it is emphasized that other situations may require a completely different design. (Author)

Some trends in the physical and psychological characteristics of enlisted candidates for the Submarine School, New London, Connecticut are reported. These trends are revealed by analyses of International Business Machine cards punched in accordance with the technique outlined in AD-622 216. A marked improvement in certain psychological characteristics is noted. There was an increase in the number of men failing standards for visual and auditory sensitivity. Motivation and physical examination data (exclusive of auditory and visual function) show no significant trend.

The personal preference technique employs instead the opinions of many who are not expert, but who have had opportunity for more adequate observation of each other than is ever possible for an instructor. The technique was investigated for its feasibility as a supplement to instructors' grades.

Objective: There is evidence of substantial subnational variation in the HIV epidemic. However, robust spatial HIV data are often only available at high levels of geographic aggregation and not at the finer resolution needed for decision making. Therefore, spatial analysis methods that leverage available data to provide local estimates of HIV prevalence may be useful. Such methods exist but have not been formally compared when applied to HIV. Design/methods: Six candidate methods – including those used by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS to generate maps and a Bayesian geostatistical approach applied to other diseases – were used to generate maps and subnational estimates of HIV prevalence across three countries using cluster level data from household surveys. Two approaches were used to assess the accuracy of predictions: internal validation, whereby a proportion of input data is held back (test dataset) to challenge predictions; and comparison with location-specific data from household surveys in earlier years. Results: Each of the methods can generate usefully accurate predictions of prevalence at unsampled locations, with the magnitude of the error in predictions similar across approaches. However, the Bayesian geostatistical approach consistently gave marginally the strongest statistical performance across countries and validation procedures. Conclusions: Available methods may be able to furnish estimates of HIV prevalence at finer spatial scales than the data currently allow. The subnational variation revealed can be integrated into planning to ensure responsiveness to the spatial features of the epidemic. The Bayesian geostatistical approach is a promising strategy for integrating HIV data to generate robust local estimates.