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Energy demand and carbon emission in building construction and utilization have presented an increasing trend with urbanization development and improvement of living standard. Improving the carbon emission efficiency of the construction industry is a precondition for allocating carbon emission reduction objectives and interregional experience exchange over carbon emission reduction. An input-output index system was first constructed in this study to obtain the carbon emission efficiency of the construction industry. Carbon dioxide emission of the construction industry was taken as unexpected output, and the super efficiency slack-based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM–DEA) model was used to estimate the carbon emission efficiency of the construction industry in Henan Province, China during 2008-2019. Finally, treatment measures were proposed to retard the rising trend of carbon emission in the construction industry. Results showed that the mean carbon emission efficiency of the construction industry in Henan Province during 2008-2019 is 1.007 and the carbon emission efficiency of the construction industry reaches the minimum value of only 0.807 in 2012. The carbon emission efficiency of the construction industry in Henan Province demonstrated an overall rising trend with a small amplitude during the investigation period. The results of this study can provide a reference for exploring the efficiency of the construction industry in Henan Province under carbon emission constraint, analyzing and identifying efficiency improvement objectives and methods for the construction industry, and facilitating its sustainable development.

Additional file 2: Table S2. The information for antibodies used in flow cytometry.

Additional file 2: Supplementary Table 1. Patients and lung cancer characteristics. Supplementary Table 2. Values of SUVmax in controls.

Additional file 10: Table S4. The potential miRNAs that could bind to has_circ_0008583 (circDLG1).

Additional file 3. Supplementary methods.

Additional file 5: Table S3. The association between clinicopathologic parameters and circDLG1 expression in 30 gastric cancer patients.

The interference of the electric field between the three phases will lead to a large unbalanced dielectric loss during the live test of the CVT. Through theoretical analysis of the physical characteristics of CVT and calculation of the voltage fluctuation caused by stray capacitance, an equivalent circuit and a simplified circuit model are established. According to the principle of dielectric loss test, the influence of interference current on dielectric loss test was examined. Meanwhile, by using ANSYS simulation software, the influence of external electric field on 220kV single-phase and three-phase CVT was explored. The simulation results show that the phase-to-phase interference during CVT three-phase operation will have a greater impact on the distribution of its electric field and its own voltage, thereby interfering with the live test results of dielectric loss.

The pointwise mutual information statistic (PMI), which measures how often two words occur together in a document corpus, is a cornerstone of recently proposed popular natural language processing algorithms such as word2vec. PMI and word2vec reveal semantic relationships between words and can be helpful in a range of applications such as document indexing, topic analysis, or document categorization. We use probability theory to demonstrate the relationship between PMI and word2vec. We use the theoretical results to demonstrate how the PMI can be modeled and estimated in a simple and straight forward manner. We further describe how one can obtain standard error estimates that account for within-patient clustering that arises from patterns of repeated words within a patient's health record due to a unique health history. We then demonstrate the usefulness of PMI on the problem of predictive identification of disease from free text notes of electronic health records. Specifically, we use our methods to distinguish those with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus in electronic health record free text data using over 400 000 clinical notes from an academic medical center.

Background. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide and pose a major public health burden. There is increasing evidence that men are more likely to die from SARS-CoV-2 infection than women. However, underlying factors that mediate the observed sex bias in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain unknown. Methods. In this retrospective cohort, we included COVID-19 patients who were admitted to an Intensive Care Unit at the University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany. We obtained demographic data of all patients who were discharged or had died by 29th April 2020. We systematically analyzed sex hormones as well as cytokine and chemokine responses in male and female patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections upon hospital admission. We used uni- and multivariable linear regression methods to identify potential risk factors for disease severity in males and females. Findings. All enrolled patients (n=45; n=35 males and n=10 females) presented comorbidities with hypertension being the most common (45.7% in males; 40% in females), followed by cancer (35% in males; 40% in females), obesity (34.3% in males and 30% in females), type II diabetes (25.7% in males and 20% in females) and chronic heart diseases (8.6% in males and 0% in females). We detected that the vast majority of male COVID-19 patients present low testosterone (68.6%) and low dihydrotestosterone (48.6%) levels. In contrast, most female COVID-19 patients have elevated testosterone levels (60%) without alterations in dihydrotestosterone levels. Both, female and male COVID-19 patients may present elevated estradiol levels (45.7% in males and 40% in females). Disease severity defined by SOFA score correlates with elevated cytokine responses (e.g. IL-6) in males and IL-2 in females. In male COVID-19 patients, testosterone levels negatively correlate with inflammatory IL-2 and IFN-γ, whereas estradiol levels positively correlate with the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. Vice versa, in female COVID-19 patients, testosterone levels positively correlate with inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-6). Interpretation. We here show that critically ill male COVID-19 patients suffer from severe testosterone and dihydrotestosterone deficiencies. Both androgens are required to mount antiviral immune responses to combat infection in males.

Background. Human infections with avian influenza A (H7N9) virus emerged in East China in March 2013. In contrast to seasonal influenza A viruses, H7N9 infections present a strong sex bias. Over the five epidemic waves in China, ~70% of all H7N9 cases were observed in men. We and others have independently shown that influenza A virus infections may significantly lower testosterone levels in male mice. In this study, we sought to analyze the role of testosterone in disease outcome in H7N9 infected men. Methods. We systematically analyzed a total of n=330 human samples obtained from male and female subjects of two age groups (18-49 years and ≥50 years) with laboratory-confirmed H7N9 influenza, seasonal influenza (H1N1, H3N2) or negative control cohorts including H7N9 virus-negative close contacts and influenza virus-negative poultry workers in dependency of sex. The level of testosterone, estradiol as well as cytokines and chemokines were measured and compared in all study participants. We used regression analysis to evaluate the association of sex hormones and cytokines in dependency of sex and disease outcome. Results. We analyzed sex hormones and innate immune responses in H7N9 cases (n=98), their H7N9 virus-negative close contacts (n=71), influenza virus-negative poultry workers (n=108) and mild seasonal (H1N1, H3N2) influenza cases (n=53). Samples were collected between 2014 and 2017. All control groups showed a similar median age within H7N9 cases except for the seasonal influenza group with a younger median age. In H7N9 infected men, testosterone levels were strongly reduced compared to male H7N9 virus-negative close contacts or males with seasonal influenza. Low testosterone levels in H7N9 infected men correlated with high inflammatory cytokine levels, e.g. IL-6, and lethal outcome in 18-49 year olds. No significant differences were detected in estradiol levels in H7N9 infected men. In H7N9 infected women (≥ 50 years), estradiol levels were elevated compared to H7N9 virus-negative close contacts without significantly affecting disease outcome. Conclusions. Here, we show that low testosterone levels pose a poor prognostic marker in H7N9 infected men. Thus, treatment of H7N9 infected patients should consider sex-specific mitigation strategies.