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İdmançılarda, xüsusən dözümlülüyü inkişaf etdirənlərdə mədə-bağırsaq sisteminin (MBS) pozğunluqları çox müşahidə olunur ki, bu da çox vaxt idman nəticələrinin aşağı düşməsi və sonrakı bərpa prosesinin pozulması ilə nəticələnir. İdmançıların 30-50% fiziki yüklər zamanı mədə-bağırsaq traktı tərəfindən olan pozğunluqlardan şikayətlənirlər. Həzm sisteminin zədələnməsi əlamətlərinin əsas səbəbləri fizioloji, mexaniki və qidalanmadır. Müvafiq qidalanma hazırlığı mədənin sürətlə boşaldılması, suyun və qida maddələrinin optimal mənimsənilməsi, adekvat qan dövranının və immun homeostazın saxlanması vasitəsilə məşq zamanı mədə-bağırsaq problemlərinin yaranma riskini azaldır. Nəqliyyat karbohidratlarından istifadəni, bağırsaqda azot oksidinin istehsalını stimullaşdıran və onun hemodinamikasını yaxşılaşdıran, həmçinin mikrofloranı modulyasiya edən və immunitet sistemini gücləndirən bir sıra pəhrizlər təklif edilmişdir. Bu cür müdaxilələrin faydalı təsirləri üçün kifayət qədər sübut yoxdur və idmançılar üçün praktiki tövsiyələr hazırlamaq üçün problemi daha dərindən başa düşmək üçün daha çox araşdırma tələb olunur.

A new polymorph of the title compound, C14H8Br3N3O2, (form-2) was obtained in the same manner as the previously reported form-1 [Akkurt et al. (2022). Acta Cryst. E78, 732–736]. The structure of the new polymorph is stabilized by a C—H...O hydrogen bond that links molecules into chains. These chains are linked by face-to-face π–π stacking interactions, resulting in a layered structure. Short inter-molecular Br...O contacts and van der Waals interactions between the layers aid in the cohesion of the crystal packing. In the previously reported form-1, C—H...Br interactions connect molecules into zigzag chains, which are linked by C—Br...π interactions into layers, whereas the van der Waals interactions between the layers stabilize the crystal packing of form-2. Hirshfeld molecular surface analysis was used to compare the intermolecular interactions of the polymorphs.

The human primosome, a four-subunit complex of primase and DNA polymerase alpha (Polα), synthesizes chimeric RNA–DNA primers of a limited length for DNA polymerases delta and epsilon to initiate DNA replication on both chromosome strands. Despite recent structural insights into the action of its two catalytic centers, the mechanism of DNA synthesis termination is still unclear. Here we report results of functional and structural studies revealing how the human primosome counts RNA–DNA primer length and timely terminates DNA elongation. Using a single-turnover primer extension assay, we defined two factors that determine a mature primer length (∼35-mer): (i) a tight interaction of the C-terminal domain of the DNA primase large subunit (p58C) with the primer 5′-end, and (ii) flexible tethering of p58C and the DNA polymerase alpha catalytic core domain (p180core) to the primosome platform domain by extended linkers. The obtained data allow us to conclude that p58C is a key regulator of all steps of RNA–DNA primer synthesis. The above-described findings provide a notable insight into the mechanism of DNA synthesis termination by a eukaryotic primosome, an important process for ensuring successful primer handover to replication DNA polymerases and for maintaining genome integrity.

The presented is devoted to the study of ecological and biological characteristics of Fusarium species that infect different varietes of alfalfa from cultivated fodder plants and the fusariosis pathologies caused by them. It was determined that 7 species of Fusarium genus : F.avenaceum (Fr) Sacc., F.gibbosum APP. et Wr., emend Bilai, F.solani (Mart) App.et.Wr., F.oxysporium Schlecht. Emend Snvd. Et Hans., F.sambucinum App.et Wr, F.bullatum Sherb., F.redolens Bilai are found in the cultivated alfalfa plant. At the same time, it became known that if the Fusariosis disease recorded in alfalfa is caused by not one, but several species of fusariosis fungi, then the course of the pathology becomes more acute. Also, it was clarified that fusariosis disease is observed in all stages of the alfalfa plant vegetation period.

The article discusses psychological factors such as stress, career and family-related concerns, that can exacerbate the risk of developing mental disorders during this age period. The article also examines physiological factors such as changes in hormonal balance and nervous system function that can affect the risk of developing mental disorders in middle age. Analysis of conducted research confirms that middle age is a significant risk factor for developing mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Diagnosing mental disorders during middle age is a complex task; however, the article presents essential diagnostic methods that can be applied in clinical practice. The article also discusses the issues of treatment and prevention of mental disorders in middle age. An individual approach to patients is recommended, taking into account their physiological and psychological characteristics. The effectiveness of preventive measures such as a healthy lifestyle and psychological support is also discussed in the article. Overall, the article emphasizes the importance of considering middle age as a risk factor for mental disorders and offers practical recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these disorders.

Ushbu maqolada Xitoyning pandemiyadan keying jadal sur’atlar bilan olib borayotgan siyosati, ichki muammolar, qarz siyosati va jahonda yetakchi davlat sifatida olib borayotgan ichki va tashqi siyosatlari haqida ma’lumotlar keltirilib o’tilgan.

Zamonaviy maktab uchun o‘quvchilarning ijodiy tafakkurini rivojlantirish muammosi alohida ahamiyat kasb etadi. Bugungi kunda o‘quvchilarda kreativlikni tarbiyalash muhim vazifa sanaladi. Shu munosabat bilan faol, tashabbuskor, ijodiy fikrlaydigan,kreativ insonlarni tarbiyalashda maktabning o‘rni ortib bormoqda. Jamiyatning barcha qatlamlarining ijodiy faolligi oshgan, zamonaviy davrda o‘quvchilarni o‘qitishda kreativ fikrlashni kuchaytirish muammosi ayniqsa dolzarbdir. Bu shaxsning jamiyatdagi kelajagi ko‘p jihatdan maktabda kreativlik qobiliyatlarining qanday shakllanishiga bog‘liq.

Bleomycin, which is widely used as an antitumor agent, possesses serious adverse effects such as pulmonary toxicity. Local nanoaerosol deposition for lung cancer treatment is a promising alternative to drug delivery to lung lesions. The aim of this work is to test the hypothesis that bleomycin nanoaerosol can be effectively used to treat multiple lung metastases. To obtain bleomycin nanoaerosol, an aerosol generator based on electrospray of a solution of a nonvolatile substance with gas-phase neutralization of charged aerosol particles was used. Lung metastases in murine Lewis lung carcinoma and B16 melanoma animal models were counted. The effect of inhaled bleomycin nanoparticles on the number and volume of metastases, as well as pulmonary side effects, was investigated. Using a mouse exposure chamber, the dose-dependent effect of inhaled bleomycin on tumor volume was evaluated in comparison with intraperitoneal administration. Bleomycin nanoaerosol reduced the volume of metastases and produced a higher antitumor effect at much lower doses. It has been established that long-term exposure to nanoaerosol with a low dose of bleomycin is capable of suppressing cancer cell growth. The treatment was well tolerated. In the lungs, minor changes were found in the form of focal-diffuse infiltration of the lung parenchyma.

The involvement of C1-C3 alkanes in the processes of obtaining valuable products is of great theoretical and practical importance. One of the ways to solve this problem is the possibility of catalytic involvement of these alkanes in the alkylation of aromatic compounds.( Y, M, ZSM-5) for the conversion of C6H6:C3H8 mixtures. The study was carried out on a mechanical mixture of an aluminum-platinum-rhenium catalyst prepared according to a well-known method and H-forms of zeolites (Y, M, ZSM-5). Formation of products conversion of benzene-propane mixtures MMC (mechanical mixture of catalysts) is accompanied by the occurrence of three reactions: a) the alkylation of benzene; b) the propane dehydrogenation; c) the formation of alkylaromatic hydrocarbons . The course of these reactions depends on the contact conditions of the studied mixtures with MMC. The interaction of propane with benzene proceeds most effectively on a mechanical mixture of catalysts, the components of which are unreduced MReOx/Al2O3 and the H-form of the zeolite, which are carriers of spatially separated redox and acid-base centers. The addition of small amounts of benzene to propane leads to the activation of propane and the formation of hydrogen, the yield of which corresponds to the molar conversion of propane. Depending on the temperature, the distribution of the conversion products of the C6H6 : C3H8 mixture is characterized by a change in the yields of IPB, n-PB, the sum of other aromatic C7-C9 hydrocarbons, and propylene.

n-InSe single crystals were grown by the Bridgman method. Electroluminescence in undoped and rare-earth-doped (Dy and Er) crystals has been experimentally studied. It has been established that in both groups of crystals, electroluminescence is observed at [Formula: see text] 160–165[Formula: see text]K in the wavelength range [Formula: see text]–1.150[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m, regardless of the values of initial dark resistivity ([Formula: see text]) and concentration ([Formula: see text]). The volt-brightness characteristics and the dependence of brightness on the current strength have been investigated. It was found that the brightness also depends on the values of initial dark resistivity and concentration of the impurities. The highest luminescence brightness and the most stable and reproducible characteristics of electroluminescence are observed in doped crystals. The features of electroluminescence in undoped and rare-earth-doped crystals obey the criteria of theoretical concepts developed for spatially homogeneous crystalline semiconductors. All experiments were comparatively performed for both undoped and rare-earth-doped crystals.

Тa'lim jarayonini takomillashtirishda elektron vositalarni zamonaviy yondashuv asosida ishlab chiqishning pedagogik-psixologik asoslari, mediata'lim resurslaridan foydalanishning nazariy asoslari, kognitiv kompetentsiyalarni shakllantirishning metodik ta'minoti yoritilgan

In the article, the application of the STEM method in education and the entry of the education system into a new period are justified and the problems in updating the education activity are identified. During the period, reforms were carried out in the field of education, great steps were taken and gains were achieved. In many cases these reforms resulted in innovations and discoveries that led to the improvement of education and society. Currently, the application of the STEM method to teaching has also elevated the teacher and the school to a wholenew level. The interest in this method is increasing day by day in all developed countries. There are many reasons for this. STEM method: led to the development of business, an increase in the financial income of education and other enterprises, the acquisition of raw materials for the creation of new and inexpensive, environmentally friendly products, the rapid development of society and new quality indicators. In the study, the necessity of creating the necessary learning environment for the effective use of STEM method in biology teaching and the basic aspects of STEM technology were investigated. The aim of the study is to draw attention to the possibilities of using modern teaching technologies, which are possible to organize biology teaching according to the requirements of the modern age. Learning technologies should no longer just mean computer hardware. Since biology is an experimental science, it is no longer possible to organize the teaching process with lectures, visual aids and multimedia presentations. Many hypotheses that are accepted as correct lose their importance due to the application of technologies in science, and different fields of science and professions are created due to new scientific discoveries. The modern age does not aim only at the study of knowledge. Putting the acquired knowledge into practice and directing scientific knowledge to the development of society has become the main problem of the 21st century. New world standards require teachers to work in this direction and to bring modern technologies to teaching. Experiments have shown that the application of new methods and technologies attracts students' attention and the process of understanding the material becomes more efficient. For example, using STEM method and 3D technologies to teach physiological processes and anatomical-morphological structures in living organisms on a digital level requires teachers to be updated. In the experimental courses held at the university and middle school level, new methods have been popularized by both teachers and students. Perspectives of the STEAM methodology and 3D technologies, AR, VR and MR technologies are shown, and necessary recommendations are given. Technological potentials and work experiences of various authors in the Tədqiqat process have been researched and consistent proposals have been received in accordance with the results obtained. In particular, the application of STEM methodology and technology, which is necessary for use in biology, has been deemed indispensable.

The article talks about the necessity of defining a suitable strategy for teaching biology and other natural sciences with various experiments and research methods, which has a positive effect on the clear understanding of biological concepts in the teaching of biology for the 21st century education. In addition to basic education, traditional methods and tools, methodology, application of methodology at the level of modern standards, new training technologies, and the use of rapidly changing digitalization opportunities have gained relevance in higher and secondary educational institutions. For this, the pedagogical staff's methodical approaches to the evaluation of the students' activities should be changed, and the transformation of biological education into skills should be in the center of attention. It is known that various methods, tools and technologies are used to study living things. Of these, observation, experiment, measurement, microscopy research method, etc. as a basic tool allows for more detailed learning. With these research methods, the researcher obtains wider scientific knowledge about the object or event he is studying. The article also includes interesting examples, tables, schemes that can positively affect the formation of biological knowledge, skills and habits in the teaching of biology.

Maqolada nizo, oilada vujudga kelishi mumkin bo‘lgan nizoli vaziyatlar, oilaviy muammolarni aniqlash uchun o‘tkazilgan so‘rovnoma, oilaviy nizolar turlari, nizo va oilaviy munosabatlarning oldini olishning muhim texnikasi, bir-birlarini qadrlash, ustuvorliklarni belgilash, chegaralarni aniqlash, oilaviy uchrashuvlarni rejalashtirish, aravani birga tortish kabi muhim strategiyalar keng yoritilgan.

O‘zbekiston hududida noan’anaviy ozuqaviy qiymatga ega o‘simliklarni yetishtirish maqsadi, Krotalariya o‘simligini o‘rganish va zarur miqdordagi oqsil mahsulotlarini yetishtirish bugungi kunda qishloq xo‘jaligi sohasida ustuvor vazifalar sirasiga kiradi. Bugungi rivojlangan texnika asrida barcha tirik organizmlarning oqsilga bo‘lgan talabi nihoyatda kuchlidir. Bunday talabni qondirish uchun esa juda ko‘p miqdorda oqsil moddasini saqlaydigan mahsulotlarni yetishtirish lozim. Krotalariya o‘simligi-noana’anaviy dukkakli o‘simlik bo‘lib, o‘zida ko‘p miqdorda oqsil moddasini saqlaydi. Hamda o‘zining chorva mollari uchun zarur yem-xashak o‘simligi xususiyati bilan ahamiyatlidir. Quyidagi maqolada krotalariya o‘simligining ahamiyati, biologik tavsifi hamda yetishtirishda qo‘llaniladigan ayrim ko‘rsatmalar berib o‘tilgan.

Currently, the main difficulty in the accurate diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with the high prevalence of infectious, allergic and autoimmune diseases leading to intestinal lesions mimicking IBD. In geographical regions where there is endemicity for certain infections, in particular tuberculosis, timely verification of the diagnoses of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) is a serious problem. Some infectious, allergic and autoimmune pathologies can not only imitate the clinical and endoscopic picture of IBD, but also complicate the course of an existing IBD, as a result of which there is resistance to the prescribed basic therapy in patients with UC and CD. Unfortunately, the complexity and limited possibilities of diagnostic methods can often be the reason for the belated establishment of an accurate diagnosis. Thus, in all these diseases, the main fecal markers for verifying the diagnosis of IBD, fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin, often have elevated values.

Non-invasive visualization and monitoring of tissue-engineered structures in a living organism is a challenge. One possible solution to this problem is to use upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as photoluminescent nanomarkers in scaffolds. We synthesized and studied scaffolds based on natural (collagen—COL and hyaluronic acid—HA) and synthetic (polylactic-co-glycolic acids—PLGA) polymers loaded with β-NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ nanocrystals (21 ± 6 nm). Histomorphological analysis of tissue response to subcutaneous implantation of the polymer scaffolds in BALB/c mice was performed. The inflammatory response of the surrounding tissues was found to be weak for scaffolds based on HA and PLGA and moderate for COL scaffolds. An epi-luminescent imaging system with 975 nm laser excitation was used for in vivo visualization and photoluminescent analysis of implanted scaffolds. We demonstrated that the UCNPs’ photoluminescent signal monotonously decreased in all the examined scaffolds, indicating their gradual biodegradation followed by the release of photoluminescent nanoparticles into the surrounding tissues. In general, the data obtained from the photoluminescent analysis correlated satisfactorily with the histomorphological analysis.

Bugungi kun o‘quvchisi fanlardan nafaqat ma’lum bilim, ko‘nikma va malakalar to‘plamini o‘zlashtirishi, balki ularni turli vaziyatlarda qo‘llay olishlari ham zarur. Bunda integratsiyalashgan darslardan foydalanish ijodiy faoliyatni rivojlantirish uchun keng imkoniyatlar yaratadi, kognitiv, ijodiy qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirishga, o‘z bilimlarini mustaqil ravishda qo’llash, tanqidiy fikrlashni rivojlantirishga asos bo‘ladi., {"references":["1.\tYo.U. Soatov \"Oliy matematika\" 3-jild Toshkent \"O'qituvchi\" 1996yil","2.\tSH.R. Xurramov. Oliy matematika 1-jild. Darslik. Cho'lpon nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi. Toshkent — 2018y.","3.\tM.A.Babayeva. Matematik masalalarni yechishda fizika bilan fanlararo bogʼlanish texnologiyasi. Toshkеnt davlat Pеdagogika univеrsitеti. Ilmiy axborotlari ilmiy nazariy jurnali. 2-son, 2022 yil. В. 4-11. ISSN 2181-9580 (13.00.00.№ 32)","4.\tM.A.Babayeva. Kompetensiyaviy yondashuvda o'quv fanlari integratsiyasining ahamiyati. Toshkеnt davlat Pеdagogika. Ilmiy axborotlari ilmiy nazariy jurnali. 5-son, 2022 yil. В.328-334. ISSN 2181-9580 (13.00.00.№ 32)"]}

Pomegranate has a unique evolutionary history given that different cultivars have eight or nine bivalent chromosomes with possible crossability between the two classes. Therefore, it is important to study chromosome evolution in pomegranate to understand the dynamics of its population. Here, we de novo assembled the Azerbaijani cultivar “Azerbaijan guloyshasi” (AG2017; 2n = 16) and re-sequenced six cultivars to track the evolution of pomegranate and to compare it with previously published de novo assembled and re-sequenced cultivars. High synteny was observed between AG2017, Bhagawa (2n = 16), Tunisia (2n = 16), and Dabenzi (2n = 18), but these four cultivars diverged from the cultivar Taishanhong (2n = 18) with several rearrangements indicating the presence of two major chromosome evolution events. Major presence/absence variations were not observed as >99% of the five genomes aligned across the cultivars, while >99% of the pan-genic content was represented by Tunisia and Taishanhong only. We also revisited the divergence between soft- and hard-seeded cultivars with less structured population genomic data, compared to previous studies, to refine the selected genomic regions and detect global migration routes for pomegranate. We reported a unique admixture between soft- and hard-seeded cultivars that can be exploited to improve the diversity, quality, and adaptability of local pomegranate varieties around the world. Our study adds body knowledge to understanding the evolution of the pomegranate genome and its implications for the population structure of global pomegranate diversity, as well as planning breeding programs aiming to develop improved cultivars.

One of the conflicts that has shaken the region the most and negatively affected the level of life in the South Caucasus, where Russia has always been a hotbed of conflict for centuries (Jafarli, 32-33, Nakhchivan), is the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, which started and continues for more than 30 years, between Azerbaijan and Armenia. Many narratives and interpretations have been created about the Karabakh conflict, which has been going on between the states of Armenia and Azerbaijan for about 28 years, with more than 30 thousand casualties and hundreds of thousands of refugees . However, most of these discourses approach the events from a political point of view. Undoubtedly, women are among the most affected people in the Karabakh war because of the losing of breadwinner in the family in patriarchal culture discouraged them from building a career . And there is no official assessment of the situation in terms of women who directly or indirectly affected from the conflict in the region. It is essential to reveal the difficulties of conflict-affected women and what should be done from the perspectives of women. Therefore, the main purpose is to understand Karabakh from the views of conflict- affected women by the consequences of the wars between 1988-1994 and 2016-2021. Furthermore, this research seeks to explore what rural women think about the conflict and its solution. Inclusive and sustainable peacebuilding requires the voices of women to be heard and it is important to know the women's perspectives to prepare populations for peace . This study gives an opportunity to reveal the true thoughts of the women living in the region and how a solution should be founded out according to them. By documenting these perspectives, it will demonstrate how the local and central governments should pay attention to the opinions of the rural women impacted by the conflict. In the study, theoretical information was given with an overview of the history of the Karabakh Conflict, and in the implementation part, in-depth interviews, which is a technique of qualitative research method, were conducted with 10 rural women who witnessed the war directly or indirectly. In the findings, a general overview has been tried to be put forward.