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Our present knowledge of the surface deformation of the Earth is still discontinuous both in the temporal and spatial domain. A detailed knowledge of the crustal deformation at fine scales is a fundamental issue for achieving an increased understanding of the processes acting at the surface of the Earth as well as in its interior. For example, monitoring the surface deformation before and after earthquakes is essential for providing important insights into the evolution of the strain accumulation phase, transients, and the seismogenic cycle. We present a multidisciplinary approach that combines observations derived from continuous Global Positioning System (GPS), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and terrestrial gravimetry in combination with times series of local environmental parameters to estimate subsidence in the Southeastern Po Plain. The simultaneous availability, at a few stations, of several geodetic observation techniques such as GPS, gravity and InSAR allows for validation of the individual time series. The combination takes advantage of the complementary strengths of each technique, by overcoming the limitations inherent in each single technique alone. The combination of velocities derived from the GPS and gravity data, further complemented by the results of the InSAR Permanent Scatter technique allows us to monitor continuously in space and time vertical crustal movements. This high-density information is of major importance for understanding the processes responsible for the observed deformation. Here, long-term trends were derived enabling us to map the behavior of subsidence (even exceeding 20 mm/yr) with high spatial resolution in the southeastern Po Plain. The uplifting behavior of the Apennines chain bordering the Po Plain is identified together with a narrow zone separating the contrasting vertical crustal movements.

Spontanurinproben (n = 135) von ¶49 Cannabiskonsumenten wurden auf freie und glucuronidierte Tetrahydrocannabinolcarbonsaure (THCCOOH) mittels LC/MS/MS sowie auf freies und glucuronidiertes Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) und 11-Hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) mittels GC/MS direkt sowie nach enzymatischer Hydrolyse bis zu 10 Tagen nach dem letztmaligen Konsum untersucht. Die Einteilung des Konsumverhaltens erfolgte in schwer, moderat und leicht und orientierte sich an den Zuordnungskriterien neuerer, einschlagiger Publikationen. Die Konzentrationsangaben fur freie und glucuronidierte THCCOOH wurden auf 100 mg Kreatinin/dL Urin bezogen. In den Konsumentengruppen schwer, moderat und leicht war THCCOOH in konjugierter und freier Form am Tag des Konsums sowie am nachfolgenden Tag in unterschiedlichen Konzentrationsbereichen nachweisbar. Die Hohe der Konzentrationen lies prinzipiell die Abgrenzung eines sporadischen von einem gewohnheitsmasigen Konsum zu. Nach 4–6 Tagen ergab sich jedoch ein Konzentrationsangleich fur beide Analyte. Bei regelmasigen Rauchern konnte THCglucuronid teilweise bis zum ersten Tag und 11-OH-THCglucuronid bis zum dritten Tag nach Abstinenz bestimmt werden. Bei ¶gelegentlichen Rauchern waren konjugiertes THC und ¶11-OH-THC im Urin nicht fasbar. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, das eine zusatzliche Bestimmung der Glucuronidkonjugate von THC und 11-OH-THC in konsumnah abgegebenen Urinproben die Kategorisierung des Konsumverhaltens erleichtern kann.

Transformationstests als In-vitro-Nachweis von Kanzerogenen werden seit einiger Zeit zur Anwendungsreife entwickelt. Bei der Auswertung solcher Tests werden transformierte Zellkolonien mit der Stereolupe ausgezahlt. Wir haben in einem Transformationstest, mit epithelialen Nierenzellen vom Hund als Zielzellen, die Moglichkeit einer automatisierten Auswertung von transformierten Kolonien im Soft Agar untersucht. Dazu wurde die Anzahl und Grose der im Soft Agar gewachsenen Kolonien durch Einsatz eines computergestutzten Bildverarbeitungsprogrammes bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse nach der Kalibrierung des Systems zeigen, das mit der hier verwendeten Methodik schnell und reproduzierbar die Anzahl der Kolonien und auch die Kolonieflache bestimmt werden konnen. Dadurch ist ein hohes Mas an Genauigkeit und eine Minimierung des subjektiven Auswertungsfehlers erreichbar. Diese computergestutze Auswertmethodik, die prinzipiell auch fur andere Anwendungszwecke in Frage kommt, macht einen routinemasigen Einsatz von Transformationstests erheblich kostengunstiger.

Paleomagnetic results from Upper Jurassic to Paleocene rocks in Peninsular Malaysia show counter clockwise (CCW) rotations, while clockwise rotations (CW) are predominantly found in older rocks. Continental redbeds of the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Tembeling Group have a post folding remagnetization, giving a VGP at N54°E29°, corresponding to approximately 40° of CCW rotation relative to Eurasia and 60° CCW relative to the Indochina block (Khorat Plateau). Samples from Cretaceous to Paleocene mafic volcanics of the Kuantan dike swarm and the Segamat basalts give VGPs at N59°E47° and N34°E36°, respectively. These Malayasian data are indistinguishable from the Late Eocene and Oligocene VGPs reported for Borneo and the Celebes Sea and are similar to the Eocene VGPs reported for southwest Sulawesi and southwest Palawan. The occurrence of CCW deflected data over this large region suggests that much of Malaysia, Borneo, Sulawesi, and the Celebes Sea rotated approximately 30° to 40° CCW relative to the Geocentric Axial Dipole (GAD) between the Late Eocene and the Late Miocene, although not necessarily synchronously, nor as a single rigid plate. These regional CCW rotations are not consistent with simple extrusion based tectonic models. CW declinations have been measured in Late Triassic granites, Permian to Triassic volcanics, and remagnetized Paleozoic carbonates. The age of this magnetization is poorly understood and may be as old as Late Triassic, or as young as Middle or Late Cretaceous. The plate, or block rotations, giving rise to these directions are correspondingly weakly constrained.

In dem Aufsatz wird die generelle Anwendung von Aluminiumlegierungen im Schiffbau in Bezug auf die Problematik Festigkeit, Fertigung und Korrosion betrachtet. Spezifisch wird auf das Problem der seewasserfuhrenden Rohrleitungen aus Aluminiumlegierungen eingegangen. Dazu werden Versuchsergebnisse vorgestellt, die an langsnaht- und rundnahtgeschweisten Rohren aus AlMg 4,5 Mn im geschlossenen Kreislauf durchgefuhrt wurden. Application of aluminium in shipbuilding – Corrosion, corrosion protection, strength and fabrication The general application of aluminium alloys in shipbuilding are presented with respect to the subjects strength, fabrication, corrosion and corrosion protection. Specifically the problem of aluminium pipes for seawater cooling applications is elucitated. Corrosion test results, achieved by closed loop tested of longitudinal and circumferential welded aluminium pipes made of alloy AlMg 4,5 Mn are presented.

The paleomagnetism of Borneo remains controversial, although the preponderance of results, both from the island itself and from the surrounding regions, suggest that counterclockwise (CCW) rotation has taken place. CCW rotations are seen in minor intrusions in Sarawak, Sabah and Kalimantan, which increase systematically with the age of the intrusion to a maximum value of 51.8°±3.7°. The rotation can be no older than 25 Ma, which is the age of the intrusion showing the maximum rotation. The rotation appears to have neared completion by 10 Ma. Similar CCW rotations are seen in sites from Peninsular Malaysia through Borneo to Sulawesi, the Celebes Sea and Palawan in the Philippines, but the ages of these rotations are, for the most part, unknown. In Mesozoic rocks in Kalimantan and Sarawak, a stronger declination rotation of nearly 90° CCW is recorded at seven sites, including sites which pass fold and reversal tests. This strong rotation is no older than youngest Cretaceous, and although seen over a wide region in Borneo, it is not seen in Peninsular Malaysia, nor in the Celebes Sea or Palawan, where only the weaker CCW rotation is seen. The widespread occurrence of this strong rotation in Western Borneo suggests that it is essentially a rigid plate, or microplate rotation, and not a series of local rotations caused by distributed shear in limited deformation zones. The rotation of Borneo appears to be a consequence of convergence between the Australian and Eurasian plates, which is accommodated by subduction along the northwest margin of Borneo.

We discuss a multidisciplinary approach that combines observations derived from continuous Global Positioning System (GPS), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and terrestrial gravimetry in combination with times series of local environmental parameters to estimate subsidence in the Southeastern Po Plain in Italy. The multi-technical approach takes advantage of the techniques’ complementary aspects, proving to be a powerful mean to observe and study vertical deformation with reliable spatial and temporal continuity; it provides a contribution to the realization of a local vertical reference frame and it adheres to the principles of the Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) presently being developed by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG). We demonstrate the importance of numerous co-located techniques to obtain reliable vertical velocities at fiducial sites. Moreover, by using the Permanent Scatter (PS) technique of InSAR, we can extend our knowledge of the spatial velocity field. This observational approach could have value for understanding the geodynamic processes driving vertical crustal movements in other regions of the world. We have studied the seasonal oscillations and the interannual variability of the GPS height time series as well as those of the superconducting gravimeter data series at Medicina. Environmental models describing the observed seasonal oscillations were compared to the mean observed seasonal cycles. Removal of the environmental models epoch by epoch reduces the standard deviation of the GPS and gravity time series by about 1 mm and 1 μGal respectively. In absence of a good environmental model, stacking of the daily solutions for a mean annual signal proves to be a reliable methodology for the estimate of the seasonal effect when this cannot be correctly represented by a sinusoidal function. The proper removal of the seasonal oscillations from the data series is important because they contaminate the estimate of the long-term trends. By combining GPS, InSAR and gravity, subsidence in the southeastern Po Plain has been mapped, revealing a noticeable spatial variability. Large vertical rates, mostly of anthropogenic nature, on the order of 20 mm/yr have been observed in and around the city of Bologna. The transition between a subsiding region and the uplift of the adjacent Apennines occurs over a narrow zone as evidenced by the analysis of the InSAR PS results. This is in agreement with a preliminary result provided by the GPS height data from the Loiano station located in the Apennines. As for the gravity data, the measurement of mass and height variations rather than height alone introduces an additional parameter beyond geometry to be assessed. The gravity measurements combined with the geometrical information allows us to distinguish between the different sources and mechanisms driving the observed height changes. At Medicina, the comparison of the secular gravity trend and the long-term linear height variations seems to indicate that there are no significant mass redistribution processes involved in this region. The remarkable consistency found between the time series derived from the GPS, InSAR and gravity observations in this study provides significant confidence in our interpretation of the geodynamical processes at this region. In addition, this study indicates that a systematic and synergetic combination of these technologies appears to be a valuable approach for monitoring and understanding surface deformation.

This brochure presents basic information and principles related to lightning protection of Medium Voltage (MV) and (LV) networks. The present material constitutes the first part of a 3-part guide. Parts 2 and 3, to be published later, will deal specifically with the application to MV (Part 2) and LV (Part 3) networks. This part provides first a survey of different sources of overvoltages, as well as a review of the most widely accepted and well established methods of evaluating the expected rate of direct lightning strokes and induced lightning overvoltages. The document describes in addition the characteristics of lightning overvoltages, general characteristics of surge protective devices, and earthing systems.

Multiyear time series of continuous GPS height data show significant interannual variability. In northern Italy, we have compared, for each station, the observed GPS seasonal oscillations with the mean seasonal cycle derived by stacking of the observations. Models describing the vertical displacements of the Earth’s crust due to the loadings induced by the seasonal variations of atmospheric pressure, local hydrology and non-tidal oceanic effects were also realized and compared to the mean observed seasonal cycle. The relative contribution of each of the three loads to the total observed annual signal was also investigated. Multiyear time series of continuous gravity data collected by superconducting gravimeters are also available. We have studied the interannual variability of the gravity data at the Medicina and Wettzell stations in a similar way to that described for the GPS height time series. Particular emphasis is given to understanding the role played by the local/regional hydrology.

G21D-07 The Department of Physics of the University of Bologna (UNIBO), the Consorzio Venezia Nuova, sole agent of the Magistrato alle Acque (MA) for the management of the Venice Lagoon environment and the Italian National Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services (APAT), have recently started joint projects to determine and study vertical crustal movements and sea-level fluctuations in the northern Adriatic area where the natural subsidence has been enhanced by anthropogenic components during last century. The combination of the permanent GPS stations belonging to UNIBO and of those of the MA and APAT constitutes a basic network for the study of land subsidence in the northern Adriatic. InSAR data are used to observe spatially continuous vertical deformation. Most of the stations are also monitored by means of absolute gravity measurements. Both long-term and short-term (seasonal) vertical crustal movements are observed and modeled. The GRACE mission data are used to estimate the regional hydrological contribution to the observed height seasonal variations. The sea-level time series of the Marina di Ravenna, Venice and Trieste tide gauge stations are compared to the Topex/Poseidon satellite altimetry sea-level elevation and to the GPS height long-term trends at the same stations.

To study tectonic movements, land subsidence or other processes changing the Earth’s surface, space, airborne and terrestrial techniques will be used together in the future which takes advantage of the complementary strengths of the different techniques. The various techniques have to be analyzed and interpreted in a unique reference system with a common centre of origin, identical scale and orientation. Moreover the observations have to be reduced in a consistent way such that the final results are not affected by, for example, different models for reducing environmental effects. At Medicina and Wettzell, which are stations contributing to the ITRF as well as to European and national networks, different observational techniques, including CGPS (continuous GPS), VLBI, superconducting gravimetry and InSAR in combination with several meteoclimatic data series are reviewed and compared. The data series are investigated to separate seasonal height and gravity variations from the long-term trends. To study the origin of the variations in height and gravity local environmental parameters are included in the data analysis. At Medicina, a clear seasonal signal is visible in the data series, caused by seasonal fluctuations in the atmosphere, the ocean, and groundwater including mass redistribution, but also by geo-mechanical effects such as soil consolidation and thermal expansion of the structure supporting the antennas. At Wettzell, no seasonal effect could be clearly identified, and the long-term trend in height and gravity is mainly caused by ground water variations. The successful combination of height and gravity series with the derived ratio of gravity to height changes indicates that the long-term trends in height and gravity at the investigated stations are most likely mainly due to mass changes rather than to tectonic movements. As a result of these investigations, recommendations can be made as to which parameter types should be used to reduce local effects and which if not considered are mapped into global and regional networks. Models based on the present IERS Conventions will be compared with the models implemented to demonstrate the need for further improvements. Studies of the time variability of the investigated parameters will demonstrate the need for in-situ registration of environmental parameters.

At local to regional scales, land-surface deformations (subsidence or uplift) can be driven by numerous effects, e.g. natural and/or anthropogenic fluid withdrawal, river and coastal erosion and deposition, and landslides. These deformations are in conjunction with deformations caused by loading effects due to atmospheric pressure variations, continental water storage variations and oceanic circulation, as well as by solid Earth tides. It is well known that the northern Adriatic area, including the eastern Po Plain, is affected by natural long-term subsidence. This has been greatly enhanced, during the second half of last century, by anthropogenic factors such as the over-pumping of water and gas from the underground reservoirs. Induced subsidence rates, with peaks up to 60-70 mm/yr, were recorded in the 1970’s in the Ravenna area on the Adriatic coast. The adoption of groundwater control policies since the beginning of the1980’s has resulted in a noticeable decrease in the subsidence rates during the last two decades. Vertical crustal movements can be monitored to high accuracy by space geodetic techniques such as GPS and InSAR, the combination of the two allows us to measure space and time-continuous deformation. The GRACE mission data can be used to study, among other phenomena, continental water variation, including groundwater. High accuracy terrestrial gravity data such as those collected continuously by superconducting gravimeters and episodically by absolute gravimeters are also valuable for monitoring both secular and seasonal water-level variations in aquifers. We present a network encompassing northeastern Italy, which extends from the Apennines to the southeastern Po Plain and, along the Adriatic coast, to the Venice area and Trieste. Our initial results have primarily concentrated on parameterizing the land subsidence by comparing and combining GPS, terrestrial gravity, local environmental parameters and InSAR, We update the time-series and extend the analysis to include GRACE gravity field observations in an effort to better understand the process of subsidence.

The Department of Physics of the University of Bologna (UNIBO), the Consorzio Venezia Nuova, sole agent of the Magistrato alle Acque di Venezia for the managemente of the Venice lagoon environment (MAV), the Italian National Agency for Environmental Protection and Technical Services (APAT), have recently started joint projects to determine and study vertical crustal movements and sea-level fluctuations in the northern Adriatic area where the natural subsidence has been enhanced by anthropogenic components during last century. The combination of the permanent GPS stations belonging to UNIBO and of those of the MAV and APAT constitutes a basic network for the study of land subsidence in the northern Adriatic. We have studied and applied a combined observational strategy for monitoring and reliably identifying both seasonal and log-term crustal movements, namely height variations/changes. The strategy adopted is based on a multidisciplinary approach that combines the information provided by GPS, InSAR and terrestrial and space gravimetry. The results of these different techniques are compared and combined in a study on land subsidence in the southeastern Po Plain and the northern Adriatic coast, in Italy. The sea-level time series of the Marina di Ravenna, Venice and Trieste tide gauge stations are compared to the Topex/Poseidon satellite altimetry sea-level elevation and to the GPS height and InSAR long-term trends at the same stations.

A fundamental development of the next coming years shall be the definition and the implementation of a high-accuracy and space-time continuous observation system for monitoring Earth’s surface deformation. The IAG project GGOS (Global Geodetic Observing System) will be the geodetic contribution to such a realization. A detailed knowledge of the crustal deformation is a key element to achieve a thorough comprehension of how the solid Earth responds to deformational forces and for an improved understanding of the seismogenetic cycle. We have studied and applied a combined observational strategy for monitoring and reliably identifying both seasonal and log-term crustal movements, namely height variations/changes. The strategy adopted is based on a multidisciplinary approach that combines the information provided by GPS, InSAR and terrestrial gravimetry. The results of these different techniques are compared and combined in a study on land subsidence in the southeastern Po Plain and the northern Adriatic coast, in Italy.

We have investigated the temperature and magnetic field induced high-spin low-spin transition of [μ -Tris(1,4-bis(tetrazol-1 -yl)butane-N4,N4')iron(II)] Bis(hexafluorophosphate) in transient megagauss fields using optical reflection measurements at λ = 0.632 and 0.541 μm radiation. The experimental setup uses plastic optical fiber (POF) in an environment between 140 and 200 K. For sample temperature within this transition range magnetic field induced small reflection changes with strong hysteresis were detected. Evidently the strong (160T) but short (5 μs) magnetic field pulse cannot drive the transition into saturation. Using magnetic field pulses with different time constants the dynamic process could be studied. For [μ -Tris(1,4 -bis(tetrazol-l-yl)butane-N4,N4' )iron(II)] Bis(hexafluorophosphate) it was found that the solvent used in the actual production process of the material had a strong influence on the experimental results.

Above waterline of ships' hulls and in offshore technology coating and duplex systems are used for corrosion protection. For underwater surfaces and for structures and components in the sea bed without exception cathodic protection is to be installed, at times in combination with appropriate coating systems. Above the waterline conventional methods are applied to monitor corrosion, while under water visual inspection by means of underwater TV cameras requires operations by divers. Remote control is also a standard feature of equipment today and permits the recording of data and, as a result thereof, documentation. For internal inspections of pipelines intelligent pigs are primarily employed. From outside the effectiveness of cathodic protection has to be checked, for instance by potential measurements. For non-destructive testing under water ultrasonic testing devices have been developed to measure the wall thickness and for crack detection. So far this measurements have been employed with assistance by divers or in stationary condition. Wall thickness measurement does not present any problems and is monitored by the surveyor on board the diving support vessel, using a TV camera. Ultrasonic crack detection requires qualified Level 2 divers. Magnetic particle tests can also be performed under water and be monitored from the ship. Acoustic emission analysis which has been recommended over and over again has proved appropriate, but is hardly justified on account of the expense involved in the apparatus required. Recent investigations are aimed at applying fatigue analysis and assessment in comparison with the calculations performed.

The reactions of (por)Os(CO) (por = TPP, TTP, OEP, TMP) with nitrosoarenes (ArNO; Ar = Ph, o-tol) in refluxing toluene generate the (por)Os(ArNO)(2) complexes in 45-76% yields (TTP = 5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato dianion, TPP = 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato dianion, OEP = 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrinato dianion, TMP = 5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphyrinato dianion). The nu(NO) of the coordinated PhNO groups in the (por)Os(PhNO)(2) complexes occur in the 1295-1276 cm(-)(1) range, and decrease slightly in the order TPP (1295 cm(-)(1)) > TTP (1291 cm(-)(1)) > OEP (1286 cm(-)(1)) > TMP (1276 cm(-)(1)). The reaction of (TTP)Os(CO) with 1 equiv of PhNO in CH(2)Cl(2) at room temperature generates a 1:3 mixture of (TTP)Os(CO)(PhNO) and (TTP)Os(PhNO)(2) in ca. 40% isolated yield. The nu(CO) of (TTP)Os(CO)(PhNO) is at 1972 cm(-)(1) (KBr), which is 56 cm(-)(1) higher in energy than that of the precursor (TTP)Os(CO). When this mixture and excess PhNO are dissolved in toluene and the solution is heated to reflux, quantitative conversion to the (TTP)Os(PhNO)(2) product occurs. IR monitoring of the reactions of (por)Os(CO) with 1 equiv of PhNO in CH(2)Cl(2) reveal similar formations of the respective (por)Os(CO)(PhNO) intermediates for the TTP (1968 cm(-)(1); Deltanu(CO) = +74 cm(-)(1)), TMP (1966 cm(-)(1); Deltanu(CO) = +63 cm(-)(1)), and OEP (1958 cm(-)(1); Deltanu(CO) = +72 cm(-)(1)) analogues. Five of these (por)Os(ArNO)-containing complexes have been fully characterized by spectroscopic methods and by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. All the nitrosoarene ligands in these complexes are attached to the formally Os(II) centers via an eta(1)-N binding mode.

Diethylnitrosamine reacts with [(TPP)Fe(THF)(2)]ClO(4) (TPP = 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato dianion) in toluene to generate the bis-nitrosamine complex, [(TPP)Fe(Et(2)NNO)(2)]ClO(4), in 96% isolated yield. The related [(TTP)Fe(Et(2)NNO)(2)]SbF(6) (TTP = 5,10,15,20-tetra-p-tolylporphyrinato dianion) complex is prepared in 70% isolated yield via a similar reaction in CH(2)Cl(2). Reaction of [(TPP)Fe(Et(2)NNO)(2)]ClO(4) in CH(2)Cl(2) with NO gas results in the displacement of one of the Et(2)NNO ligands to give the air-sensitive and thermally sensitive [(TPP)Fe(NO)(Et(2)NNO)]ClO(4) derivative. Reaction of (OEP)Ru(CO) (OEP = 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrinato dianion) with NOBF(4) in CH(2)Cl(2) gives [(OEP)Ru(NO)(H(2)O)]BF(4) as the final isolated product (after exposure to air) in 71% isolated yield. The aqua ligand is then displaced by Et(2)NNO in CH(2)Cl(2) to give [(OEP)Ru(NO)(Et(2)NNO)]BF(4) in 82% isolated yield. The valence isoelectronic (OEP)Ru(CO)(Et(2)NNO) compound is prepared in 71% isolated yield by the addition of excess Et(2)NNO to (OEP)Ru(CO) in CH(2)Cl(2). The nitrosyl amine complex [(OEP)Ru(NO)(HNEt(2))]BF(4) is prepared (i) in 78% yield by diethylamine addition to [(OEP)Ru(NO)(H(2)O)]BF(4) or (ii) in 71% isolated yield by diethylamine addition to [(OEP)Ru(NO)(Et(2)NNO)]BF(4). The osmium nitrosamine complexes, (TTP)Os(CO)(Et(2)NNO) and (OEP)Os(CO)(Et(2)NNO), are prepared in 74% and 66% yields, respectively, by diethylnitrosamine addition to the precursor (porphyrin)Os(CO) compounds in CH(2)Cl(2). The nitrosyl [(OEP)Os(NO)(Et(2)NNO)]BF(4) derivative is prepared in quantitative yield (by IR and (1)H NMR spectroscopy) by the reaction of (OEP)Os(CO)(Et(2)NNO) with NOBF(4). Labeling studies using (15)NOBF(4), Et(2)N(15)NO, and Et(2)NN(18)O have been used to assign the nitrosyl and nitrosamine bands in the IR spectra of several of the complexes. The solid-state structures of [(TPP)Fe(THF)(2)]ClO(4), [(TPP)Fe(Et(2)NNO)(2)]ClO(4), [(OEP)Ru(NO)(H(2)O)]BF(4), (OEP)Ru(CO)(Et(2)NNO), and (TTP)Os(CO)(Et(2)NNO) have also been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Et(2)NNO ligands display a rare eta(1)-O binding mode in all three nitrosamine complexes.

The sequential reaction of (OEP)Os(CO) with NOPF6 (in CH2Cl2) followed by RMgX (in THF) gives variable isolated yields of the new (OEP)Os(NO)R (5−44%), (OEP)Os(R)2 (1−10%), (OEP)Os(NO)X (14−19%), and [(OEP)Os(NO)]2(μ-O) (up to 24%) compounds, depending on the reaction conditions and the nature of R and X (OEP = octaethylporphyrinato dianion; R = Me, Et, iPr, tBu, p-C6H4F; X = Cl, Br). The IR υNO values of the complexes (in CH2Cl2) decrease in the order (OEP)Os(NO)X (1799−1795 cm-1) > [(OEP)Os(NO)]2(μ-O) (1770 cm-1) > (OEP)Os(NO)R (1748−1703 cm-1). The δmeso peaks in the 1H NMR spectra of the (OEP)Os complexes (in CDCl3) also decrease in the order (OEP)Os(NO)X (10.41−10.40 ppm) > [(OEP)Os(NO)]2(μ-O) (10.35 ppm) > (OEP)Os(NO)R (10.24−10.21 ppm) > (OEP)Os(R)2 (9.71−9.03 ppm). The thionitrosyl (OEP)Os(NS)Cl and (OEP)Os(NS)Me compounds have also been prepared. The solid-state molecular structures of [(OEP)Os(NO)]2(μ-O), (OEP)Os(NS)Cl, and (OEP)Os(NS)Me have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

1-(Acetylamino)-2-methylpropane-2-thionitrite reacts with (OEP)Ru(CO) or [(OEP)Ru]2 at room temperature to give the nitrosyl thiolate derivative, namely (OEP)Ru(NO)(SC(Me)2CH2NHC(O)Me), in high yield. This nitrosyl thiolate complex is moderately air stable and has IR νNO and νCO bands at 1789 and 1673 cm-1, respectively. Protonation of this complex with tetrafluoroboric acid and subsequent workup result in the formation of the amide complex, [(OEP)Ru(NO)(OC(Me)NHCH2C(Me)2SH)]BF4, in 92% yield. The crystal structures of the neutral (OEP)Ru(NO)(SC(Me)2CH2NHC(O)Me) and cationic [(OEP)Ru(NO)(OC(Me)NHCH2C(Me)2SH)]BF4 complexes have been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography.

It is of particular importance to define and establish appropriate observational strategies characterized by the ability to measure, with high accuracy, spatially and time continuous deformations of the land surface. An ensemble of space, airborne and terrestrial techniques can be adopted by taking advantage of the complementary strengths of the different observations. We present a network encompassing northeastern Italy, which extends from the Apennines to the southeastern Po Plain and, along the Adriatic coast, to the Venice area and Trieste. First results mainly concern a study of land subsidence performed by comparing and combining different space and terrestrial techniques, which were co-located in several stations of the network. High-accuracy knowledge of subsidence rates is of particular importance in the Venice area for the re-organization of the lagoon territory and for building an adequate protection from increasing sea level and extreme events. Examples are provided for the stations in the network such as Medicina, Bologna and Marina di Ravenna where the available data series are several years long. At Medicina, the results of CGPS, superconducting and absolute gravimeter and InSAR observations, in combination with several meteoclimatic data series, are compared and combined. At the Bologna station, CGPS, absolute gravity and InSAR data are acquired while at Marina di Ravenna, on the Adriatic coast, CGPS and InSAR observations are available. All InSAR data are processed by means of the PS technique, thus obtaining a dense grid of measures over the study area. The ensemble of adopted space and terrestrial techniques will make it possible to acquire a thorough understanding of seasonal, long-term regional/local geophysical phenomena as well as climate-related impacts affecting the station motions.

Multiple stroke lightning ground flashes can impose surges of exceptional severity on exposed distribution surge arresters. This paper describes a series of tests on metal-oxide (MO) arresters and varistors to study surface flashover mechanisms. The results show that the more likely causes of surface flashover were plasma generation, manufacturing defects of the varistor surface coating, dielectric properties of the surface coating and the electrode contact system. For multipulses, plasma enhancement and varistor surface coating were found to play a dominant role in surface flashover.

Image and video-based results and process control are essential tools of a new teaching concept for conveying surgical skills. The new teaching concept integrates approved teaching principles and new media.Every performance of exercises is videotaped and the result photographically recorded. The quality of the process and result becomes accessible for an analysis by the teacher and the student/learner. The learner is instructed to perform a criteria-based self-analysis of the video and image material by themselves.The new learning concept has so far been successfully applied in seven rounds within the newly designed modular class "Intensivkurs Chirurgische Techniken" (Intensive training of surgical techniques). Result documentation and analysis via digital picture was completed by almost every student. The quality of the results was high. Interestingly the result quality did not correlate with the time needed for the exercise. The training success had a lasting effect.The new and elaborate concept improves the quality of teaching. In the long run resources for patient care should be saved when training students according to this concept prior to performing tasks in the operating theater. These resources should be allocated for further refining innovative teaching concepts.

The Singing Voice Handicap Index (SVHI) was developed in the United States for the self-assessment of patients with singing problems. It has been translated into German and its reliability and validity have been assessed. In total, 54 (35 female, 19 male) dysphonic singers and 130 (74 female, 56 male) non-dysphonic professional singers were included in the study. Reliability rested on high test-retest reliability (r = 0.960, p ≤ 0.001, Pearson correlation) and a Cronbach's α of 0.975. A principal component analysis using the Varimax method and the results of the screeplot suggest the SVHI scored as a single scale. Validity rested on a highly significant correlation between the severity of the self-rated voice impairment by the patient and the total SVHI score. Dysphonic singers have significantly higher SVHI scores than healthy singers. The SVHI is thus suited to implementation as a diagnostic tool in German-speaking countries.

It is very well-known that there are precisely two minimal non-planar graphs: $K_5$ and $K_{3,3}$ (degree 2 vertices being irrelevant in this context). In the language of crossing numbers, these are the only 1-crossing-critical graphs: they each have crossing number at least one, and every proper subgraph has crossing number less than one. In 1987, Kochol exhibited an infinite family of 3-connected, simple 2-crossing-critical graphs. In this work, we: (i) determine all the 3-connected 2-crossing-critical graphs that contain a subdivision of the M\"obius Ladder $V_{10}$; (ii) show how to obtain all the not 3-connected 2-crossing-critical graphs from the 3-connected ones; (iii) show that there are only finitely many 3-connected 2-crossing-critical graphs not containing a subdivision of $V_{10}$; and (iv) determine all the 3-connected 2-crossing-critical graphs that do not contain a subdivision of $V_{8}$., Comment: 176 pages, 28 figures

Vocal loading tests are an important element in the evaluation of vocal function. In Germany mostly tests with changes of loading intensity between 75 and 80 dB(A) or tests with continuous intensity of 80 dB(C) are used.17 subjects with healthy vocal function were analyzed in 3 test conditions (1. continuous loading of 80 dB(A), 2. loading with changes of intensity between 75 and 80 dB(A) and 3. without loading for 10 min) concerning DSI and visual analog scale in their time course. The measurements were performed pre, directly after and 20, 40 and 60 min after the loading. The loading test was performed using the German text “Das tapfere Schneiderlein”.The data show that the deviation and percentages of lower values of the intended dB loading were much greater for the test with changes of intensity compared to the test with continuous loading. There were no significant differences of the DSI between both loading conditions. After the loading there was a drop of the DSI followed by a short recovery and a drop after 60 min.The loading test with continuous intensity appears more stable for healthy subjects and can be fulfilled more easily. Both tests show comparable courses concerning the DSI after the loading tests.

The orientable genus is determined for any graph that embeds into the projective plane, Σ, to be essentially half of the representativity of any embedding into Σ. In addition, a structure is given for any 3-connected projective planar graph as the union of a spanning planar graph and a variation of a Mobius Ladder. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The cryogenic gravimeter was developed to overcome the mechanical deficiencies of spring gravimeters. The stability of the instrument permits the study of long-term gravity variations for the first time. Short-term, especially periodical gravity variations have been well observed with spring gravimeters. This investigation tries to determine up to what level and frequency the various types of instrument have equivalent quality. Side-by-side runs of two cryogenic instruments, and comparisons with relative spring gravimeters and long-period seismometers, should help to answer this question. From the intercomparison of two cryogenic gravimeters in Bad Homburg, Germany (TT40 and TT60) and in Miami, USA (TT40 and UCSD SG B) one can see that, in general, the gravity signals coincide within several nanometres per second squared, but also intervals are noted where the differences are 10–30 nm s−2 over a timespan of 1–3 months. Usually, known instrumental problems are the cause for these discrepancies. Data analysis as well as comparisons with absolute gravity measurements in parallel demonstrate that the drift of the meters is monotonic and in general has exponential characteristics. This allows investigations in the long-period tide band as well as in the range of long-term gravity variations, e.g. the gravitational effects of polar motion, water table and air pressure variations. At the other end of the spectrum—in the period range from 15 min to 1 day—a side-by-side run of the cryogenic gravimeter SG-102 and the spring gravimeter LCR-ET-19 in the Black Forest Observatory in Schiltach, Germany, shows that the noise spectrum of the spring gravimeter is slightly lower than that of the cryogenic one. Analysis of the free oscillations of the Earth from several large earthquakes shows that this spring gravimeter and modern seismometers are at least of equal quality. Data sets recorded with cryogenic gravimeters open the possibility of investigating gravity variations in a wide frequency range. However, especially for investigations in the high-frequency band (1 c day−1 and above), one should also make use of well-maintained conventional spring gravimeters and possibly modern force-balance seismometers, which may have at least the same or better quality.

It[Figure not available: see fulltext.] and[Figure not available: see fulltext.] are two families of pairwise disjoint simple closed curves in the plane such that each curve in[Figure not available: see fulltext.] intersects each curve in[Figure not available: see fulltext.], then the total number of points of intersection in[Figure not available: see fulltext.] is at least 2(m?1)n, where[Figure not available: see fulltext.][Figure not available: see fulltext.], and this bound is best possible. We use this to show that the cartesian product of two 5-cycles has crossing number 15.

Artificial accelerations are used for the absolute calibration of relative gravimeters. Such accelerations are generated by the Frankfurt calibration system. The system consists of three stepper-motor-driven spindle blocks which can be mounted on any arbitrary body: here in the experiment a platform where spring gravimeters can be placed. The vertical motions of stepper-motor-driven spindle blocks are controlled by glass gauges. In a digital feedback loop, imperfections of the screw can be compensated. The driving functions for the stepper motors are sinusoidal waves with periods between 200 s and 2400 s. With the stroke of the system (± 10 mm) artificial accelerations up to ± 1000 × 10-8 m s-2 can be generated. During the experiment twelve gravimeters were investigated. The calibration factors as well as the frequency transfer functions of the instruments were determined with accuracies of better than 10-3. The results coincide well with the calibration factors derived from the gravity calibration line in Sevres for the same instruments.

To test the reliability of a new cell transformation assay, a cloned fetal Syrian hamster lung epithelial cell line (M3E3/C3) was used. The target cells originating from the respiratory tract were treated in vitro over a concentration range of 0-10(-5) M/l with diepoxybutane, cultured during the expression period of 28 or 35 days and then transferred into soft agar. Anchorage independent colony growth in soft agar occurs only if cells are transformed. Growth and number of colonies were taken as a score of the carcinogenic potential of the test substance. Under the conditions of this cell transformation assay it was possible to detect the carcinogenic potential of diepoxybutane unequivocally.

The 1.70 A-resolution X-ray crystal structure of the green pigment occasionally present in nitrite-cured meat reveals a regiospecific nitration of the heme at the 2-vinyl position; the regiospecificity is favored on steric grounds, and results in movement of the 2-nitrovinyl moiety into the plane of the 24-atom heme macrocycle.

Reactions of (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(OTf) and the cyclic amines H NCH 2 CH 2 (C H 2 ) n -4 give adducts [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )-Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(HNCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 (CH 2 ) n -4 )] + TfO − ; ( 3a-e + TfO − ; n = a , 3; b , 4; c , 5; d , 6; e , 7) in 98-88% yields. Reactions of 3a-e + TfO − and t BuO − K + give the labile amido complexes (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 ) ( NCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 (C H 2 ) n -4 ) ( 4a-e ), which are characterized in situ at −20°C. Subsequent reactions of 4b-e with Ph 3 C + PF 6 − , and metatheses with NH + 6 , give the cyclic imine complexes [(η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Re(NO)(PPh 3 )(η 1 -NCHCH 2 CH 2 (CH 2 ) n -4 )] + PF 6 − ( 5b-e + PF 6 − ). However, 5d,e + PF 6 − are difficult or impossible to separate from byproducts (up to 30%). In order to circumvent these and other complications, 3a-e + TfO − and NH 4 + PF 6 − are first allowed to react to give 3a-e + PF 6 − (94-76%). Additions of t BuO − K + and then Ph 3 C + PF 6 − give, under carefully optimized conditions, 5b-e + PF 6 − of > 98% purities. All attempts to prepare the three-membered cyclic imine complex 5a + PF 6 − , and phenyl-substituted analogs, are unsuccessful. The IR and NMR properties of the preceding compounds are analyzed in detail.

We show that every 3-connected planar graph has a circular embedding in some nonspherical surface. More generally, we characterize those planar graphs that have a 2-representative embedding in some nonspherical surface.

In a prospective investigation Eustachian tube function was tested before and after surgery and irradiation of patients suffering from carcinoma of the larynx or hypopharynx. Passive and active tubal parameters were determined using the dual-impedance method in a pressure chamber. In this test, passive tubal function is described by the spontaneous opening and closing characteristics of the tube by an overpressure in the middle ear. Active tubal parameters are determined by the facility of the tube to equalize an over- and underpressure in the middle ear by swallowing. Statistic evaluation was performed with Student's t-test. There were no significant alterations of passive or active tubal function after neck dissection with or without surgery of the primary tumour. On the other hand we observed significant deterioration of all tubal parameters immediately after a series of fractionated percutaneous telecobalt therapy (60 Gy). 2 out of 18 patients developed unilateral middle ear effusion during irradiation which was reversible within 6 months. In most patients we observed a total or at least partial restitution of passive tubal parameters during this time, which was statistically significant. The active tubal function was of minor reversibility. Whereas the facility to equalize a positive pressure in the middle ear was quite good after 6 months, only few patients were able to equalize a negative pressure. The temporary deterioration of passive tubal function may be caused by a marginal implication of the tube at the edge of the irradiation field and by increased lymphatic pressure in tubal tissue following a radiogenic swelling of the lymphatic vessels of the neck.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

SUMMARY A study is presented dealing with the synergism coming from the integration of such controlled systems which are designed for improving the dynamic behaviour of road vehicles. A modified 1/4 car model is derived which allows suspension, torque and steering control to be applied to a low order vehicle model. A number of investigations, based either on complex vehicle models or on ground tests, show that important synergistic effects can be obtained from the integration of suspension, torque and steering controls. The straight running on irregular roads may take advantage from the co-operation of active suspension and four-wheel-steering systems. The braking under µ-split conditions can be improved with a proper control of ABS and rear wheel steering. The driveability of a car entering a curve with changing surface conditions could be substantially enhanced thanks to the combined exploitation of ABS and additional four wheel steering.

Multibody analysis was applied to construct an advanced model of the human body, where the large joints and complete mass and inertial properties were implemented. The model represents the 50th-percentile rank of a male adult. The hip joint is controlled by three muscle forces. The muscle coordinates were taken from a data source, previously collected by our group. The model enables one to analyze 3D hip joint forces with respect to various joint angles and represents conceptually an improvement of the classical method of graphical statics, which was established by Pauwels [15]. A hip joint load of three times body weight was found in the single leg stance. A load of 3.7 times body weight was calculated when simulating a knee flexion angle of 90 degrees, and a ventral inclination of the resultant hip joint force was seen. A constant amount of gluteus medius muscle force was observed during flexion. An increasing flecting moment at the hip joint, however, had to be balanced by a significantly increased gluteus maximus muscle force. As a consequence, torsional forces can be studied by the system presented here and should also be considered when testing stems of hip prostheses. External muscle and joint forces are provided and can be used as input data for stress analyses.