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1. bölümde genel olarak kontrol sistemleri hakkında bilgi verilmiş, daha sonra PLC 'lerin tanıtımı genel olarak yapılmış 3. bölümde ise STEP 5 programlama dili incelenmiş ve S5-90U PLC teknik özellikleri verilmiş ve bu PLC ile bir DC motor kontrolü gerçeklenmiştir. Eklerde de kullanılan devreler baskı devre şemaları ile birlikte yapılan programlar verilmiştir. Motor hızını değiştirecek yönde etki yapacak girişler toggle siviçler yardımıyla sağlanmıştır. Tasarlanan elektronik kartlar ise PLC 'den gelen referans gerilime göre motor hızını ayarlayan ve PLC 'ye geri besleme işaretini sağlayan devrelerdir. PLC girişindeki anahtarların konumlarına göre sayısal çıkışlar vermekte ve bu çıkışlara uygun olarak motor hızı kontrol edilmektedir. - 75 - SUMMARY MOTOR REVOLUTION CONTROL WITH PROGRAMMABLE CONTROL UNIT In the first section, generally a short information about control systems is given, then a general introduction of PLC 's is made, in the third section programming language of STEP-5 is examined, also technical specifications of S5-90U PLC is given and in addition to this a DC motor control is confirmed with this PLC. In the appendix circuits, plans of printed circuits and programs are given. Inputs which are effective on the motor speed is obtained by toggle switches. The designed circuits are either effective on the motor speed related to the reference voltage of PLC or the ones obtaining feedback signal for the PLC. According to the condition of the switches on the inputs PLC gives out digital outputs and through this outputs motor speed is controlled. - 76 - 79

The tunicate swarm algorithm (TSA) is a newly proposed population-based swarm optimizer for solving global optimization problems. TSA uses best solution in the population in order improve the intensification and diversification of the tunicates. Thus, the possibility of finding a better position for search agents has increased. The aim of the clustering algorithms is to distributed the data instances into some groups according to similar and dissimilar features of instances. Therefore, with a proper clustering algorithm the dataset will be separated to some groups with minimum similarities. In this work, firstly, an approach based on TSA algorithm has proposed for solving partitional clustering problem. Then, the TSA algorithm is implemented on ten different clustering problems taken from UCI Machine Learning Repository, and the clustering performance of the TSA is compared with the performances of the three well known clustering algorithms such as fuzzy c-means, k-means and k-medoids. The experimental results and comparisons show that the TSA based approach is highly competitive and robust optimizer for solving the partitional clustering problems.

Due to the increasing energy consumption, energy has become a constant problem in the world. Rapidly increasing population, urbanization and economic activities increase the pressure of countries on energy. In a world where consumption is increasing, energy management has become a more important and challenging issue. For this reason, it is necessary to make proper estimations that will reduce the pressure of energy demand on this issue. In order to realize the estimation of energy demand, Turkey application is carried out in this study and arithmetic optimization algorithm (AOA) which is a stochastic metaheuristic algorithm has used to for solving energy demand problem. AOA is inspired from four substantial math functions such as subtraction, multiplication, addition and division for searching process of candidate solutions. The current position update rules of AOA are not powerful enough for solving the problem dealt with this study. Therefore, an improved version of AOA named as IAOA is proposed for solving energy demand problem. In the proposed algorithm, a new position update rule is incorporated to basic AOA in order to enhanced the exploration and exploitation capability of AOA. The linear regression model is used for the estimation of the energy demand and the population, domestic product, import and export data are used in estimation process. In the proposed model, Turkey’s real data samples for the years 1979–2011 have been used, and Turkey’s long-term energy demand has been estimated for the years 2012–2030. While performing the estimation process, Turkey’s energy data of the years 1979–2011 have processed, and then Turkey’s long-term energy demand estimations are realized for three different scenarios. Firstly, the experimental results of the proposed model are analyzed, then the results are compared with different studies proposed in the literature. As a result of the comparisons, it is seen that the IAOA method has achieved better or similar results than compared methods. For this reason, it can be said that the IAOA method is competitive and successful in realizing the energy demand forecast for Turkey’s future years. WOS:000824053600003

Bu çalışma, İran'ın iç ve dış politikasını dini kıstaslara göre şekillendirdiği gerçeği ile bu gerçeğin etkilerinin izdüşümlerini ortaya çıkarmayı ve elde edilen bulguların İran halkı için ne anlam ifade ettiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın temel hipotezine göre İran'ın Ortadoğu'da taraf olmaktan uzaklaşması ve içte refah ve özgürlüğü artırıcı önlemleri alması hem İran halkının özgürleşmesine fayda sağlayacak hem de İran devletinin uluslararası sisteme daha fazla uyum sağlamasına sebep olacaktır. Çalışmada içerik analizi ve literatür taraması nitel yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada rejim taraftarı olan Rehber ve diğer önemli dini liderler ile rejime karşı veya reform isteyen dini-fikri liderlerin rejim ve dış politika ile ilgili dini-fıkhi söylemlerinin analizi yapılmıştır. Ardından bu söylemlerin Suriye Savaşı örneğindeki izdüşümleri incelenmiştir. Bununla birlikte genellikle dini yönetim tarafından şekillendirilen dış politika sonucu ortaya çıkan mevcut durum İran'ın ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkilerindeki kazanım ve tehditleri de etkilediği için çalışmada ayrıca İran'ın ticari, askeri, kültürel alanlardaki ekonomik resmi ortaya konmuştur. Sonuç olarak İran'ın genel olarak dış politikasında batıya yaklaşacak adımları atması, Suriye Savaşı'nda ki politikasını bırakarak Suriye'den askeri kuvvetlerini çekmesi gerektiği tavsiye edilmiştir. Böylelikle İran'ın Suriye politikası özelinde harcadığı imkân ve kabiliyetlerini halkının özgürlük ve refahı için kullanmalıdır. Ancak bu tedbirleri aldığı takdirde İran kendi `kutsal` rejimini koruyabilecektir.Anahtar kelimeler: İran, Orta Doğu, Dini Söylem, Dış Politika, Pragmatizm This study aims to reveal the projections of Iran's religious domestic and foreign policy and the effects of this fact and to find out what the findings mean for the Iranian people. According to the basic hypothesis of the study, Iran's withdrawal from being a party in The Middle East and taking measures to increase internal prosperity and freedom will both benefit the liberation of Iranian people and cause the Iranian state to adapt more to the international system. Qualitative methods of content analysis and literature review were used in the study. In this context, the study was conducted to analyze the religious and jurisprudential discourses of the regime and other important religious leaders as well as religious and intellectual leaders against the regime or those seeking reform. Then, the projections of these discourses in the example of the Syrian War were examined. However, since the current situation that emerged as a result of the foreign policy shaped by the religious administration affects the gains and threats in the economic and political relations of Iran, the study also shows the economic picture of Iran in the commercial, military and cultural fields. As a result, it was recommended that Iran should take steps to approach the west in its foreign policy in general and withdraw its military forces from its current policy during the Syrian War. In this way, Iran should use its opportunities and capabilities for the freedom and prosperity of its people. However, if these measures are taken, Iran will be able to protect its `holy` regime.Key Words: Iran, Middle East, Religious Discourse, Foreign Policy, Pragmatism 106

Renewable energy resources are natural, clean, economical, and neverending energy resources. Wind energy is an important clean, cheap, and easy applicable energy sources. On account of this, generation of the energy from wind technology has been raised day by day because of the competition with fossil-fuel power production methods. By depending on increases the number of turbines located in the wind farm, the average power obtains from each wind turbine appreciable reduces due to the existence of wake effects within the wind farm. Therefore, the optimal placement of turbines in a wind farm provides to get optimum wind energy from the wind farm. When the place where the wind turbines are located is considered as NxN grid, a wind turbine can be established to each cell of this grid. Whether a wind turbine is replaced to each cell of the grid or not can be modeled as a binarybased optimization problem. In this study, a Jaya-based binary optimization algorithm is proposed to determine which cells are used for wind turbine replacement. In order to justify the efficiency of the proposed approach, two different test cases are considered, and the solutions produced by the proposed approach are compared with the solutions of the swarm intelligence or evolutionary computation methods. According to the experiments and comparisons the Jaya-based binary approach shows a superior performance than compared approaches in terms of cost and power effectiveness. While the efficiency of the Jaya-based approach is 92.2% with 30 turbines replacement on 10 × 10 grid, the efficiency of the Jaya-based binary method is 95.7% with 43 turbines replacement on 20 × 20 grid.

ÖZET1979'da İran'da gerçekleşen İslam Devrimi'nden sonra ABD ile İran arasındaki iyi ilişkiler, devrimden sonra bozulmuştur. İlişkilerin bozulmasıyla günümüze kadar devam eden ve halen çözülemeyen sorun; İran'ın barışçıl nükleer teknolojiye sahip olma hakkının olduğu iddia ederek buna sahip olma arzusu, ABD'nin ise çıkarları için bölgede nükleer güç ve bununla beraber balistik füze teknolojisine sahip bir bölgesel aktörü istememesi gibi hususlar, nükleer sorunun başlıca temelini oluşturmuştur. ABD baskılarına karşı İran'ın direnmesi bölgesel ve küresel alanda sorun olmaya devam etmiştir. Bu bağlamda İran'ın ABD'nin öncülüğünde, bölgesel ve küresel güçlerin yaptırımına rağmen nükleer programını devam ettirme politikası, ABD'nin buna karşı yaptırımlarla İran'ı bu politikasından vazgeçirme mücadelesi devam etmektedir. İran'ın askerî, ekonomik ve siyasi olarak bölgede ve dünyada hareket kabiliyetini kısıtlamak için yaptırımları sertleştirmesi sınırdaşı olan Türkiye'yi etkilemiştir. Bölgede iki gücün karşı karşıya gelmesi Türkiye'ye konjonktürel menfi etkileri yanında bölgesel ve küresel fırsatlarının da olabileceğini ortaya koymayı hedeflemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İran, ABD, Bölgesel Güç, Türkiye, Yaptırımlar. ABSTRACTAfter the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran, good relations between the USA and Iran has continuously been deteriorated. The problems could not be solved since then which can be summed up as Iran's desire to reach nuclear technology while the US policy denies it for several reasonings. The USA does not want nuclear capable regional actor with ballistic missile technology. On the other hand, Iran repels the U.S. pressures that leads problems in the regional and global arena. In this context, the policy of Iran to keep up its nuclear program despite the sanction threats the USA versus the USA's eagerness to deter Iran from by the diplomacy of sanctions struggles. This long-lasting competition, at the edge of conflict, affected Turkey. Turkey has faced risks and enjoyed opportunities among a regional power, Iran, and the global power the USA.Keywords: Iran, The USA, Nuclear, Turkey, Risk, Opportunity 0

Jaya algorithm is a newly proposed stochastic population-based metaheuristic optimization algorithm to solve constrained and unconstrained continuous optimization problems. The main difference of this algorithm from the similar approaches, it uses best and worst solution in the population in order improve the intensification and diversification of the population, and this provides discovering potential solutions on the search space of the optimization problem. In this study, we propose discrete versions of the Jaya by using two major modifications in the algorithm. First is to generate initial solutions by using random permutations and nearest neighborhood approach to create population. Second is the update rule of the basic Jaya algorithm rearranged to solve discrete optimization problems. Due to characteristics of the discrete optimization problem, eight transformation operators are used for the discrete variants of the proposed algorithm. Based on these modifications, the discrete Jaya algorithm, called DJAYA, has been applied to solve fourteen different symmetric traveling salesman problem, which is one of the famous discrete problems in the discrete optimization. In order to improve the obtained best solution from DJAYA, 2-opt heuristic is also applied to the best solution of DJAYA. Once population size, search tendency and the other parameters of the proposed algorithm have been analyzed, it has been compared with the state-of-art algorithms and their variants, such as Simulated Annealing (SA), Tree-Seed Algorithm (TSA), State Transition Algorithm (STA) Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Black Hole (BH). The experimental results and comparisons show that the proposed DJAYA is highly competitive and robust optimizer for the problem dealt with the study.

Suriye'deki çatışma Suriyeliler için ağır maliyetler doğurarak, yaşamlara, mülklere ve altyapıya zarar vererek ülkenin zaten kırılgan ekonomisinin çöküşüne neden olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, çatışma er ya da geç bitecektir. Bu nedenle önümüzdeki yeniden yapılanma çabaları, çatışmaya yol açan sosyo-ekonomik nedenleri dikkate alarak, Suriye halkının temel ihtiyaç ve haklarına cevap vermelidir.Bu çalışmanın ilk bölümü giriş niteliğinde olup, araştırmanın içeriğini açıklamaktadır. İkinci bölümde, çalışma, kavramını ve boyutlarını açıklayan yeniden yapılanmanın kavramsal bir çerçevesini çizmektedir. Sonra da çalışma, bu çalışmayı gerçekleştirmenin amaçlarını ve hedeflerini göstermektedir. Üçüncü bölüm, çatışmada büyük bir rol oynayan Suriye halkının karşılaştığı sosyal ve ekonomik sorunları analiz etmektedir. Dördüncü bölüm, Suriye ekonomisinin bazı ana sektörlerinde yeniden yapılanma maliyetinin objektif vizyonlarını ve görüntülerini sunmaktadır. Daha sonra çalışma, bu sektörlerin performansını öncekinden daha iyi hale getirmeyi amaçlayan iş planlarını ve gelecekteki projeleri sunmaktadır.Şimdiki aşamada yeniden yapılanma planlamasının önemine rağmen, planlayıcılar savaşın yıktığı ülkenin göze alamayacağı fonları temin edileceğinin sorusuna karşı karşıyadır. Suriye'nin birçok uluslararası ve bölgesel etkileyenler için bir savaş alanı haline gelmesine bağlı olarak çalışma, beşinci bölümde Suriye krizinde birçok ülkenin varlığına ışık tutmaya çalışıp, Suriye'de ve bölgede onları harekete geçiren etmenleri ve onların çıkarlarını analiz etmek ve böylece yeniden yapılanma sürecinde gelecekteki rollerini kestirmektir. Son olarak çalışma, çatışmaya neden olan sosyo-ekonomik faktörleri dikkate alarak, benzer vakalardan alınan derslere dayanarak sağlam bir yeniden yapılanma gerçekleşmesi için birkaç kural koymuştur. Altıncı bölüm, araştırmanın sonucudur. The conflict in Syria has exacted heavy costs for the Syrians, causing damage to lives, properties and infrastructure, and a collapse in the country's already fragile economy. However, the conflict will finish sooner or later. Therefore, the subsequent reconstruction efforts should address the basic needs and rights of the Syrian people, taking into account the socio-economic causes that led to the conflict. The First Chapter of this study is an introduction, explains the content of the research. In the second chapter, the study draws a conceptual framework of the reconstruction, explaining its concept and dimensions, then the study points out the aims and the objectives of conducting this work. The third chapter analyzes the social and economic problems that Syrian people were facing, which had a great rule in the conflict happened later. The fourth chapter presents objective visions and images of the cost of reconstruction in a number of main sectors of the Syrian economy. Then the study submits work plans and future projects aimed at improving the performance of these sectors better than before.Despite the importance of the planning for reconstruction at the current stage, however planners face the crucial question of securing the funding that the war-torn country can not afford. Based on the fact that Syria has become a battleground for many international and regional players, the study tries in the fifth chapter to shed light on the presence of a number of countries in the Syrian crisis. Analyzing their motives and interests in Syria and the region, and thus expecting their future role in the reconstruction process. Finally, the study set several rules for healthy reconstruction based on lessons from similar cases, taking into account the socio-economic factors that caused the conflict. The sixth chapter is a conclusion of the research. 163

ÖZETSoğuk Savaş'ın sona ermesiyle 1990'lı yıllardan itibaren terörizm basit bir kavram ve olgu olmaktan çıkarak küresel ve siyasi bir aktöre dönüşmüştür. Küreselleşme olgusu terörizmi küresel bir güce dönüştürmüş, bunun karşısında ise istihbarat küresel bir misyona, vizyona ve stratejiye sahip olmak durumunda kalmıştır. Bu durumun sonucu olarak 'terörizm ve istihbarat' kavramları küresel terörizm olgusunun güç kazanmasıyla beraber birbirinden ayrılmaz bir yapıda faaliyet göstermeye başlamıştır. Bu faaliyetlerin sonucunda istihbarat ile terörizm arasında döngüsel bir diyagram ortaya çıkmıştır.Terörizm ruhu, mantalitesi, dinamikleri itibariyle bütün klasik istihbarat algılarını ve yaklaşımlarını adeta yerle bir etmiş, istihbarat devrimi kaçınılmaz bir süreç olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. İstihbaratın bu dönüşüm sürecinin her aşamasında bilim ve teknolojinin etkileri görülmüş; araştırma, geliştirme ve inovasyon faaliyetleri ağırlık kazanmıştır.Bu çalışma ile terörizmin etkisiyle istihbaratın yaşadığı dönüşüm sürecinin tüm dinamiklerinin ve bileşenlerinin analiz edilerek sürecin anlamlandırılması amaçlanmıştır. Böyle bir çalışmanın ülkemiz istihbarat disiplinine akademik derinlik katacağı, istihbarat disiplinin gelişimine katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.Anahtar kelimeler: terörizm, istihbarat, küreselleşme, teknoloji, analiz. ABSTRACTWith the end of the Cold war, since the 1990s, terrorism has evolved from a simple concept and a phenomenon to a global and political actor. The phenomenon of globalization has transformed terrorism into a global input, and in the face of it, intelligence has remained a global mission, vision and strategy. As a result of this situation, the concepts of 'terrorism and intelligence' have begun to operate in an integral structure, with the fact that the phenomenon of global terrorism is gaining power. As a result of these activities, a circular diagram has emerged between intelligence and terrorism.The spirit of terrorism has almost destroyed all the classical intelligence perceptions and approaches ABSTRACTWith the end of the Cold war, since the 1990s, terrorism has evolved from a simple concept and a phenomenon to a global and political actor. The phenomenon of globalization has transformed terrorism into a global input, and in the face of it, intelligence has remained a global mission, vision and strategy. As a result of this situation, the concepts of 'terrorism and intelligence' have begun to operate in an integral structure, with the fact that the phenomenon of global terrorism is gaining power. As a result of these activities, a circular diagram has emerged between intelligence and terrorism.The spirit of terrorism has almost destroyed all the classical intelligence perceptions and approaches as of its mantality, dynamics, and the intelligence revolution has emerged as an inevitable process. Science and technology have been seen at every stage of this transformational process of intelligence; research, development and innovation activities have gained weight.The aim of this study is to analyze all the dynamics and components of the transformation process experienced by the impact of terrorism and to understand the process. Such a study will contribute to the development of intelligence discipline, which will add academic depth to the intelligence discipline of Turkish intelligence community.Keywords: Terrorism, intelligence, globalization, technology, analysisas of its mantality, dynamics, and the intelligence revolution has emerged as an inevitable process. Science and technology have been seen at every stage of this transformational process of intelligence; research, development and innovation activities have gained weight.The aim of this study is to analyze all the dynamics and components of the transformation process experienced by the impact of terrorism and to understand the process. Such a study will contribute to the development of intelligence discipline, which will add academic depth to the intelligence discipline of Turkish intelligence community.Keywords: Terrorism, intelligence, globalization, technology, analysis 76

Tarihsel süreçte güvenlik terimine farklı anlamlar yüklenildiğini görmekteyiz. Günümüzde ise küreselleşmenin de etkisiyle kavramın yeni çeşitleriyle karşılaşmaktayız. Bu kavramın değişmesinin yanında terör unsurlarının da değiştiğini yeni yöntemler geliştirerek taktik değişikliğine gittikleri ortadadır. Tabi bu taktik değişikliğine karşı, devletlerin buna nasıl karşılık verdiği, klasik yöntemlerle mi yoksa Türkiye'nin de yaptığı gibi yeni yöntemlerle mi mücadele verdiği önemlidir. Çalışmada PKK'nın Türkiye'nin güvenliğinin bozulmasında bir paravan olarak nasıl kullanıldığını araştırarak; Türkiye'de ki hangi gelişmelerin PKK'nın kullanılmasına sebep olduğu araştırılmıştır. İç güvenlikle birlikte ülke güvenliğine de olumsuz sonuçları sebep olan PKK'yı, PKK'yla mücadelede değişen, yerlileşen ve millileşen silah envanteriyle birlikte konsept; sorunun arkasındaki asıl amacın devletin güvenliğinin ve bekasının hedef alındığı araştırılmıştır. PKK'nın, Türkiye'nin ulusal ve bölgesel alanda daha etkin ve bağımsız kararlar alan bir devlet olmasının engellenmesinde kullanıldığı ortaya konulmuş olup, konu dünya konjonktürüyle birlikte incelenmiştir.Anahtar kelimeler: PKK/KCK, Proje Örgüt PKK, PYD/YPG, PKK'ya Verilen Dış Destek We see that 'security' term has been attributed different meanings in historical process. Today, with effect of golabalization, we encounter with new varieties of notion. Besides change of this notion, it is obvious that terror factors have changed and they ring the changes of tactics by developing new methods. Of ourse it is important that how the states respond to this tactical change; with classic methods or with new methods as Turkey practiced. In this study, it was investigated which developments caused being used of PKK by researching how being used as a screen on Turkey's security deterioration. PKK which caused negative results for internal security and country security, on fight with PKK by changed, indigenizated and nationalized weapon inventory the concept; it was investigated that main purpose behind the prıoblem is targeting security and survivability of the state. It was revealed that PKK was used for preventing Turkey being a state who takes decisions more efficient and indepented at national and regional area and the matter was investigated with world conjuncture.Key words : PKK, Project Organization PKK, PYD/YPG, External Support for PKK 177

Jaya is a population-based heuristic optimization algorithm proposed for solving constrained and unconstrained optimization problems. The peculiar distinct feature of Jaya from the other population-based algorithms is that it updates the positions of artificial agent in the population by considering the best and worst individuals. This is an important property for the algorithm to balance exploration and exploitation on the solution space. However, the basic Jaya cannot be applied to binary optimization problems because the solution space is discretely structured for this type of optimization problems and the decision variables of the binary optimization problems can be element of set [0,1]. In this study, we first focus on discretization of Jaya by using a logic operator, exclusive or - xor. The proposed idea is simple but effective because the solution update rule of Jaya is replaced with the xor operator, and when the obtained results are compared with the state-of-art algorithms, it is seen that the Jaya-based binary optimization algorithm, JayaX for short, produces better quality results for the binary optimization problems dealt with the study. The benchmark problems in this study are uncapacitated facility location problems and CEC2015 numeric functions, and the performance of the algorithms is compared on these problems. In order to improve the performance of the proposed algorithm, a local search module is also integrated with the JayaX. The obtained results show that the proposed algorithm is better than the compared algorithms in terms of solution quality and robustness. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.