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The aim of this work is to provide a full description of how air temperature and solar radiation induce changes in the land cover over an Antarctic site. We use shortwave broadband albedo (albedo integrated in the range 300–3000 nm) from a spaceborne sensor and from field surveys to calculate the monthly relative abundance of landscape units. Field albedo data were collected in January 2019 using a portable albedometer over seven landscape units: clean fresh snow; clean old snow; rugged landscape composed of dirty snow with disperse pyroclasts and rocky outcrops; dirty snow; stripes of bare soil and snow; shallow snow with small bare soil patches; and bare soil. The MODIS MCD43A3 daily albedo products were downloaded using the Google Earth Engine API from the 2000–2001 season to the 2020–2021 season. Each landscape unit was characterized by an albedo normal distribution. The monthly relative abundances of the landscape units were calculated by fitting a linear combination of the normal distributions to a histogram of the MODIS monthly mean albedo. The monthly relative abundance of the landscape unit consisting of rugged landscape composed of dirty snow with dispersed clasts and small rocky outcrops exhibits a high positive linear correlation with the monthly mean albedo (R2 = 0.87) and a high negative linear correlation with the monthly mean air temperature (R2 = 0.69). The increase in the solar radiation energy flux from September to December coincides with the decrease in the relative abundance of the landscape unit composed of dirty snow with dispersed clasts and small rocky outcrops. We propose a mechanism to describe the evolution of the landscape: uncovered pyroclasts act as melting centers favoring the melting of surrounding snow. Ash does not play a decisive role in the melting of the snow. The results also explain the observed decrease in the thaw depth of the permafrost on the island in the period 2006–2014, resulting from an increase in the snow cover over the whole island. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, climate change has demanded more and more attention. Consumers have the power to influence the carbon footprint of goods and services through their purchasing decisions, but to do this they need to learn more. To address this need, it is necessary to develop online questionnaires able to make people aware of which activities have a greater environmental impact in their daily lives. Focusing on this goal, we formulated two tools for quantifying an individual's carbon footprint over a year. The innovativeness of these tools lies in being user-friendly and providing online open access to compilers, as well as using specific emission factors for the reference context. Specifically, we focused on the main emission sources: gas and electricity consumption, mobility, food, and waste. During these last years, the tools have been proposed to Italian students at different levels of education and to employees of Italian and international companies. The responses from 3260 users revealed an average annual direct carbon footprint per capita of about 5600 kg CO2-eq, which, integrated with the estimate of indirect emissions, provides an estimate in good agreement with the value provided by the Italian National Inventory of greenhouse gases. With the developed tools, people are able to observe which sectors have the greatest impact and consequently are stimulated to emit less by adopting more sustainable behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soilless cultivation of potatoes often utilizes organic coconut peat and inorganic vermiculite as growing substrates. The unique microbial communities and physicochemical characteristics inherent to each substrate significantly influence the microecological environment crucial for potato growth and breeding. This study analyzed environmental factors within each substrate and employed Illumina sequencing alongside bioinformatics tools to examine microbial community structures, their correlation with environmental factors, core microbial functions, and the dynamics of microbial networks across various samples. These included pure coconut peat (CP1) and pure vermiculite (V1), substrates mixed with organic fertilizer for three days (CP2 and V2), and three combinations cultivated with potatoes for 50 days (CP3, V3, and CV3—a 1:1 mix of coconut peat and vermiculite with organic fertilizer). Vermiculite naturally hosts a more diverse microbial community. After mixing with fertilizer and composting for 3 days, and 50 days of potato cultivation, fungal diversity decreased in both substrates. Coconut peat maintains higher bacterial diversity and richness compared to vermiculite, harboring more beneficial bacteria and fungi, resulting in a more complex microbial network. However, vermiculite shows lower bacterial diversity and richness, with an accumulation of pathogenic microorganisms. Among the 11 environmental factors tested, water-soluble nitrogen (WSN), total nitrogen (TN), available potassium (AK), total organic carbon (TOC) and air-filled porosity (AFP) were significantly associated with microbial succession in the substrate.The nutritional type composition and interaction patterns of indigenous microorganisms differ between vermiculite and coconut peat. Adding abundant nutrients significantly affects the stability and interaction of the entire microbial community, even post-potato cultivation. When using vermiculite for soilless cultivation, precise control and adjustment of nutrient addition quantity and frequency are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Various studies have demonstrated the causal relationship between gut microbiota and efficacy of chemotherapy; however, the impact of gut microbiota on breast cancer has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the associations between the gut microbiota before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its consequent efficacy in breast cancer., Methods: This prospective observational study included patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy for primary early breast cancer at eight institutions between October 1, 2019, and March 31, 2022. We performed 16S rRNA analysis of fecal samples and α and β diversity analyses of the gut microbiota. The primary endpoint was the association between the gut microbiota and pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy., Results: Among the 183 patients, the pCR rate after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 36.1% in all patients and 12.9% (9/70), 69.5% (41/59), and 29.6% (16/54) in those with the luminal, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and triple-negative types, respectively. The α diversity of the gut microbiota did not significantly differ between patients with pCR and those without pCR. Among the gut microbiota, two species (Victivallales, P = 0.001 and Anaerolineales, P = 0.001) were associated with pCR, and one (Gemellales, P = 0.002) was associated with non-pCR., Conclusion: Three species in the gut microbiota had potential associations with neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficacy, but the diversity of the gut microbiota was not associated with response to chemotherapy. Further research is needed to validate our findings., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

The genomic revolution has fueled rapid progress in synthetic and systems biology, opening up new possibilities for using live biotherapeutic products (LBP) to treat, attenuate or prevent human diseases. Among LBP, bacteria-based therapies are particularly promising due to their ability to colonize diverse human tissues, modulate the immune system and secrete or deliver complex biological products. These bacterial LBP include engineered pathogenic species designed to target specific diseases, and microbiota species that promote microbial balance and immune system homeostasis, either through local administration or the gut-body axes. This review focuses on recent advancements in preclinical and clinical trials of bacteria-based LBP, highlighting both on-site and long-reaching strategies., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Developing effective probiotic consortia requires a comprehensive understanding of strain interactions. While traditional methods focus on direct interactions of the participating microbes, the role of microbial metabolites remains largely unexplored. Present study introduces a novel approach of evaluating the impact of strains as well as their secondary metabolites on compatibility during co-culture by assessing the antagonistic and synergistic attributes for multi-strain probiotic formulation. Assessment of antagonistic activity by spot method indicated suppressive nature of PIG1FD and PIG1IR on other strain's growth, hence not appropriate for consortia formulation. Findings of synergistic attribute demonstrated growth promoting role of cell supernatants from isolates PIG6IR and PIG5CI significantly, as it accelerated the entry of all other isolates into the log phase by 5-6 h and 0-2 h, respectively. By employing this methodology, we identified PIG5CI and PIG6IR (isolates identified as Bacillus spizizenii BAB 7915 and Bacillus subtilis BAB 7918 by 16S RNA sequencing method) as promising candidates for consortium formation due to their ability to enhance the growth of other strains through metabolite production. By attempting to elucidate the microbial interactions and metabolite-mediated effects, this research contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of probiotic consortia dynamics and offers valuable insights for future translational studies., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Members of the genus Bifidobacterium are among the first microorganisms colonizing the human gut. Among these species, strains of Bifidobacterium breve are known to be commonly transmitted from mother to her newborn, while this species has also been linked with activities supporting human wellbeing. In the current study, an in silico approach, guided by ecology- and phylogenome-based analyses, was employed to identify a representative strain of B. breve to be exploited as a novel health-promoting candidate. The selected strain, i.e., B. breve PRL2012, was found to well represent the genetic content and functional genomic features of the B. breve taxon. We evaluated the ability of PRL2012 to survive in the gastrointestinal tract and to interact with other human gut commensal microbes. When co-cultivated with various human gut commensals, B. breve PRL2012 revealed an enhancement of its metabolic activity coupled with the activation of cellular defense mechanisms to apparently improve its survivability in a simulated ecosystem resembling the human microbiome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, consumers, manufacturers, and researchers have been more interested in functional foods, which include probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics. Probiotics are live microbes that, when regulated in enough quantities, provide health benefits on the host, while the prebiotics are substrates that host microorganisms selectively use. Postbiotics are metabolites and cell-wall components that are beneficial to the host and are released by living bacteria or after lysis. Postbiotic dietary supplements are more stable than probiotics and prebiotics. Many bioactivities of postbiotics are unknown or poorly understood. Hence, this study aims to present a synopsis of the regular elements and new developments of the postbiotics including health-promoting effects, production, conceptualization of terms, bioactivities, and applications in the field of food safety and preservation. Postbiotics aid in bio preservation and the reduction of biofilm development in food due to their organic acids, bacteriocins, and other antibacterial activities. The present study examines the production of postbiotic metabolites in situ in food and the effects of external and internal food components. The antimicrobial roles, removal of biofilms, and its applications in preservation and food safety have also been discussed. This paper also explored the various aspects like manipulation of postbiotic composition in the food system and its safety measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akkermansia muciniphila is a gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human gut, making up 3-5% of the human microbiome. A. muciniphila is a promising next-generation probiotic with clinical application prospects. Emerging studies have reported various beneficial effects of A. muciniphila including anti-cancer, delaying aging, reducing inflammation, improving immune function, regulating nervous system function, whereas knowledge on its roles and mechanism in infectious disease is currently unclear. In this review, we summarized the basic characteristics, genome and phenotype diversity, the influence of A. muciniphila and its derived components on infectious diseases, such as sepsis, virus infection, enteric infection, periodontitis and foodborne pathogen induced infections. We also provided updates on mechanisms how A. muciniphila protects intestinal barrier integrity and modulate host immune response. In summary, we believe that A. muciniphila is a promising therapeutic probiotic that may be applied for the treatment of a variety of infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akkermansia muciniphila is considered the "paradigm for next-generation beneficial microorganisms" and has been reported to help alleviat immunerelated diseases. Evidence shows that herbal medicine can treat disease by regulating the abundance of A. muciniphila. Recent studies have revealed a link between A. muciniphila and immune-related diseases. Here, we systematically reviewed the association between A. muciniphila, herbal medicine, and immune-related diseases (including inflammatory bowel disease, human immunodeficiency virus, cancer immunotherapy, and immune-related liver injury). We also summarize the potential mechanisms of action of A. muciniphila and offer perspectives for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) exert a key pathogenic role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Thanks to its abundance in bioactive compounds, the microalga Arthrospira platensis (spirulina, SP) is proposed as a nutritional supplement. Here, we investigated the potential anti-glycating properties of SP enriched with zinc (Zn-SP) and the following impact on diet-induced metabolic derangements. Thirty male C57Bl6 mice were fed a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat high-sugar diet (HFHS) for 12 weeks, and a subgroup of HFHS mice received 350 mg/kg Zn-SP three times a week. A HFHS diet induced obesity and glucose intolerance and increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and transaminases. Zn-SP administration restored glucose homeostasis and reduced hepatic dysfunction and systemic inflammation. In the liver of HFHS mice, a robust accumulation of AGEs was detected, paralleled by increased expression of the main AGE receptor (RAGE) and depletion of glyoxalase-1, whereas Zn-SP administration efficiently prevented these alterations reducing local pro-inflammatory responses. 16S rRNA gene profiling of feces and ileum content revealed altered bacterial community structure in HFHS mice compared to both SD and HFHS + Zn-SP groups. Overall, our study demonstrates relevant anti-glycation properties of Zn-SP which contribute to preventing AGE production and/or stimulate AGE detoxification, leading to the improvement of diet-related dysbiosis and metabolic derangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk is a source of many valuable nutrients, including minerals, vitamins and proteins, with an important role in adult health. Milk and dairy products naturally containing or with added probiotics have healthy functional food properties. Indeed, probiotic microorganisms, which beneficially affect the host by improving the intestinal microbial balance, are recognized to affect the immune response and other important biological functions. In addition to macronutrients and micronutrients, biologically active peptides (BPAs) have been identified within the amino acid sequences of native milk proteins; hydrolytic reactions, such as those catalyzed by digestive enzymes, result in their release. BPAs directly influence numerous biological pathways evoking behavioral, gastrointestinal, hormonal, immunological, neurological, and nutritional responses. The addition of BPAs to food products or application in drug development could improve consumer health and provide therapeutic strategies for the treatment or prevention of diseases. Herein, we review the scientific literature on probiotics, BPAs in milk and dairy products, with special attention to milk from minor species (buffalo, sheep, camel, yak, donkey, etc.); safety assessment will be also taken into consideration. Finally, recent advances in foodomics to unveil the probiotic role in human health and discover novel active peptide sequences will also be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is widely used in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), but its anti-inflammatory mechanism is complex and has not been fully understood. DSS model was used to test the effect of 5-ASA. Tight junction and Ki-67 were detected by western blot, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry or qPCR. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of gut microbiota and subsequent bioinformatics and statistical analysis were performed to identify the specific bacteria which were associated with the treatment effect of 5-ASA. GC-MS was performed to test short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Antibiotic-treated mice were used to demonstrate the key role of endogenous gut microbiota. Here, we found that 5-ASA alleviated dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. Moreover, 5-ASA significantly repaired the intestinal barrier. At the molecular level, 5-ASA markedly raised the expression of tight junction proteins including JAM-A and occludin and cell proliferation marker Ki-67 in mice. In addition, bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatics analysis showed that 5-ASA significantly modulated the DSS-induced gut bacterial dysbiosis. In detail, it stimulated the growth of protective bacteria belonging to Faecalibaculum and Dubosiella, which were negatively correlated with colitis parameters, and blocked the expansion of pro-inflammatory bacteria such as Escherichia-Shigella and Oscillibacter, which were positively correlated with colitis in mice. Meanwhile, 5-ASA increased the cecal acetate level. Most notably, 5-ASA was no longer able to treat colitis and reverse gut barrier dysfunction in antibiotic-treated mice that lacked endogenous gut microbiota. Our data suggested that the anti-inflammatory activity of 5-ASA required the inherent intestinal flora, and the gut microbiota was a potential and effective target for the treatment of ulcerative colitis., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Epothilones are 16-membered macrolides that act as microtubule-targeting agents to tackle cancer. Many synthetic analogues have been investigated for their activity, yet often based on macrolide structures. A notable exception is Ixabepilone, an azalide whose metabolic stability and pharmacokinetics are significantly improved. Exploiting the amide-triazole bioisosterism, in this work we report the synthesis of the first generation of epothilones lacking the macrolide or azalide structure, with the ester or amide linkage replaced by a triazole unit. Together with the synthesis of this new analogue, computational and biological evaluations have been performed too., (© 2024 Wiley-VCH GmbH.)

Bifidobacteria are commensal microorganisms that typically inhabit the mammalian gut, including that of humans. As they may be vertically transmitted, they commonly colonize the human intestine from the very first day following birth and may persist until adulthood and old age, although generally at a reduced relative abundance and prevalence compared to infancy. The ability of bifidobacteria to persist in the human intestinal environment has been attributed to genes involved in adhesion to epithelial cells and the encoding of complex carbohydrate‐degrading enzymes. Recently, a putative mucin‐degrading glycosyl hydrolase belonging to the GH136 family and encoded by the perB gene has been implicated in gut persistence of certain bifidobacterial strains. In the current study, to better characterize the function of this gene, a comparative genomic analysis was performed, revealing the presence of perB homologues in just eight bifidobacterial species known to colonize the human gut, including Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum strains, or in non‐human primates. Mucin‐mediated growth and adhesion to human intestinal cells, in addition to a rodent model colonization assay, were performed using B. bifidum PRL2010 as a perB prototype and its isogenic perB‐insertion mutant. These results demonstrate that perB inactivation reduces the ability of B. bifidum PRL2010 to grow on and adhere to mucin, as well as to persist in the rodent gut niche. These results corroborate the notion that the perB gene is one of the genetic determinants involved in the persistence of B. bifidum PRL2010 in the human gut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to providing certain health advantages to the host, a bacterial strain must possess a clearly defined safety profile to be regarded as a probiotic. In this study, we present a thorough and methodical assessment of the safety of a novel strain of bacteria, Akkermansia muciniphila PROBIO, which was isolated from human feces. Firstly, we examined the strain's overall features, such as its gastrointestinal tolerance and its physiological and biochemical traits. Next, we verified its genotoxic properties through bacterial reverse mutation and in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus assays. The drug sensitivity of A. muciniphila PROBIO was subsequently examined through an analysis of its antibiotic resistance genes. Additionally, the toxicological impact was verified through acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies. A genome-based safety assessment was conducted to gain further insights into gene function, including potential virulence factors and pathogenic properties. Finally, we assessed whether moxifloxacin resistance in A. muciniphila PROBIO is transferred using in vitro conjugation experiments. A. muciniphila PROBIO exhibited superior gastrointestinal tolerance, with no observed hematological or histopathological abnormalities. Moreover, the outcomes pertaining to mutagenic, clastogenic, or toxic impacts were found to be negative, even at exceedingly high dosages. Moreover, no adverse effects associated with the test substance were observed during the examination of acute and sub-chronic toxicity. Consequently, it was plausible to estimate the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) to be 6.4 × 1011 viable bacteria for an average individual weighing 70 kg. Additionally, only three potential drug resistance genes and one virulence factor gene were annotated. A. muciniphila PROBIO is naturally resistant to moxifloxacin, and resistance does not transfer. Collectively, the data presented herein substantiate the presumed safety of A. muciniphila PROBIO for its application in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streptococcus thermophilus is widely used as a starter culture in the dairy industry and has garnered attention as a beneficial bacterium owing to its health-promoting functionalities in humans. In this study, the probiotic potential of S. thermophilus MCC0200 isolated from a dairy product was investigated through a combinatorial approach of in vitro and in silico studies. MCC0200 demonstrated the ability to survive harsh gastrointestinal (GI) transit, adhere to intestinal mucosa and exert health-promoting traits in in vitro studies. These findings were corroborated with in silico evidence, wherein, MCC0200 genome harboured genes associated with tolerance to GI conditions, intestinal adhesion and colonization. Genome mapping also highlighted the ability of MCC0200 to produce compounds advantageous for the host (folate, bacteriocins), to release antioxidant enzymes that can quench the free radicals (superoxide dismutase, NADH peroxidase), and to metabolize food components that can be harmful to sensitive people (lactose). MCC0200 also demonstrated a positive effect on reducing cholesterol levels, proving to be a potential candidate for food and pharmaceutical applications. The absence of transmissible antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes underscored the generally regarded as safe (GRAS) nature of MCC0200. This study explored the potential of Streptococcus thermophilus for its probable applications as a probiotic beyond the dairy industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term postbiotic was defined by the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) as "a preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host." Although the ISAPP definition is widely cited, some concerns were aired after publication, and alternative definitions of postbiotic, as well as different terms for inactivated microbes, have been previously suggested. This paper addresses questions about the ISAPP definition that have been raised in different forums, including scientific meetings, social media commentary and personal communications. We focus on the rationale, scope, wording, composition and commercial implementation, as well as what is expected of postbiotics regarding safety, efficacy, quantification and mechanisms of action. We hope that exploring these questions will further clarify the definition and its scope and support a common understanding of the concept of postbiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanobodies are highly specific binding domains derived from naturally occurring single chain camelid antibodies. Live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) are biological products containing preparations of live organisms, such as Lactobacillus, that are intended for use as drugs, i.e. to address a specific disease or condition. Demonstrating potency of multi-strain LBPs can be challenging. The approach investigated here is to use strain-specific nanobody reagents in LBP potency assays. Llamas were immunized with radiation-killed Lactobacillus jensenii or L. crispatus whole cell preparations. A nanobody phage-display library was constructed and panned against bacterial preparations to identify nanobodies specific for each species. Nanobody-encoding DNA sequences were subcloned and the nanobodies were expressed, purified, and characterized. Colony immunoblots and flow cytometry showed that binding by Lj75 and Lj94 nanobodies were limited to a subset of L. jensenii strains while binding by Lc38 and Lc58 nanobodies were limited to L. crispatus strains. Mass spectrometry was used to demonstrate that Lj75 specifically bound a peptidase of L. jensenii, and that Lc58 bound an S-layer protein of L. crispatus. The utility of fluorescent nanobodies in evaluating multi-strain LBP potency assays was assessed by evaluating a L. crispatus and L. jensenii mixture by fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and colony immunoblots. Our results showed that the fluorescent nanobody labelling enabled differentiation and quantitation of the strains in mixture by these methods. Development of these nanobody reagents represents a potential advance in LBP testing, informing the advancement of future LBP potency assays and, thereby, facilitation of clinical investigation of LBPs. Key points: Lc38, Lc58, Lj75, and Lj94 exhibit sub-species-level binding specificity. Lj75 and Lc58 bind strain-specific epitopes on cell surface-exposed proteins. Fluorescent Lj75 and Lc58 allow enumeration of Lactobacillus strains in mixture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review elucidates the profound relationship between the human microbiome and breast cancer management. Recent findings highlight the significance of microbial alterations in tissue, such as the gut and the breast, and their role in influencing the breast cancer risk, development, progression, and treatment outcomes. We delve into how the gut microbiome can modulate systemic inflammatory responses and estrogen levels, thereby impacting cancer initiation and therapeutic drug efficacy. Furthermore, we explore the unique microbial diversity within breast tissue, indicating potential imbalances brought about by cancer and highlighting specific microbes as promising therapeutic targets. Emphasizing a holistic One Health approach, this review underscores the importance of integrating insights from human, animal, and environmental health to gain a deeper understanding of the complex microbe–cancer interplay. As the field advances, the strategic manipulation of the microbiome and its metabolites presents innovative prospects for the enhancement of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. However, rigorous clinical trials remain essential to confirm the potential of microbiota-based interventions in breast cancer management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bioactive properties of the combination of microencapsulated cell-free supernatant (CFS) from Streptococcus thermophilus and thyme extract on food-related bacteria (Photobacterium damselae, Proteus mirabilis, Vibrio vulnificus, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, and Salmonella Paratyphi A NCTC13) were investigated. The microencapsulated CFS of S. thermophilus, in combination with ethanolic thyme extract, had a particle size in the range of 1.11 to 11.39 µm. The microencapsulated CFS of S. thermophilus had a wrinkled, spherical form. In the supernatant, especially at 2% (v/w), the thyme extract additive caused a decrease in the wrinkled form and a completely spherical structure. A total of 11 compounds were determined in the cell-free supernatant of S. thermophilus, and acetic acid (39.64%) and methyl-d3 1-dideuterio-2-propenyl ether (10.87%) were the main components. Thyme extract contained seven components, the main component being carvacrol at 67.96% and 1,2,3-propanetriol at 25.77%. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the inhibition zones of the extracts on bacteria. The inhibitory effect of thyme extract on bacteria varied between 25.00 (P. damselae) and 41.67 mm (V. vulnificus). Less antibacterial activity was shown by the microencapsulated CFS from S. thermophilus compared to their pure form. (p < 0.05). As a result, it was found that microencapsulated forms of CFS from S. thermophilus, especially those prepared in combination with 2% (v/w) thyme extract, generally showed higher bioactive effects on bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, renewable sources of energy have been sought due to the environmental impacts associated with fossil fuels, such as greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. A promising alternative is biodiesel, particularly when obtained using yeast, as they offer certain advantages over other microorganisms due to their resilience to grow in various conditions, short reproduction times, and lower susceptibility to bacterial infections because they thrive at lower pH levels and have the ability to utilize a wide variety of substrates. Furthermore, biodiesel produced with yeast is composed of methyl ester fatty acids (FAME), providing it with good quality and performance in internal combustion engines, resulting in reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional diesel. The production of biodiesel using yeast involves six general stages, which offer various methodological alternatives with different degrees of sustainability. The objective of this review is to assess the sustainability degree of various methodologies employed in each of the stages of yeast-based biodiesel production through environmental and economic sustainability indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Numerous studies have emphasized the significance of providing starter feed to lambs in order to foster their growth and development. However, there has been a scarcity of research evaluating the capacity of fermented feed to supply lambs with the necessary nutrients for their development. This study aimed to assess the potential of fermented feed to regulate lamb development and influence their rumen microbial communities. Our findings indicate that incorporating fermented feed can enhance the average daily weight gain and final weight of lambs, facilitate rumen and small intestine development, optimize the rumen flora structure of lambs, and contribute to their overall growth and development. This lays a solid foundation for the healthy and rational feeding of lambs post-weaning and beyond. This study explored the impact of integrating fermented feed into the starter diet of lambs, focusing on growth, health, serum antioxidants, immune markers, rumen fermentation, and microbial communities. Thirty-six ten-day-old female Tail Han lambs were randomly divided into three experimental groups, which were separately fed with alfalfa hay (LA group), tail vegetable fermented feed (LB group), and tail vegetable fermented feed supplemented with 0.1% microbial inoculants (LC group) during the experimental period. This study assessed the influence of fermented feed on various parameters, including growth performance, fiber degradation, rumen fermentation, enzymatic activities, and ruminal histomorphology. The results indicate that compared to the control group, the addition of fermented feed can increase the daily weight gain of lambs. Simultaneously, the addition of fermented feed can enhance the total antioxidant capacity of serum (p < 0.05). The addition of fermented feed promoted the increased height of villi in the duodenum or jejunum of lambs (p < 0.05), and the ratio of villi height to crypt depth in the LB and LC groups was also improved (p < 0.05). The addition of fermented feed increased the richness and diversity of the rumen microbial community in lambs (p < 0.05), primarily increasing the relative abundance of Ruminococcus_1, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Lachnospiraceae, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a four-carbon and nonprotein amino acid, made by various microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and probiotics. GABA has various physiological roles, for instance, insomnia, depression, hypotensive activity as well as diuretic effects. The production of GABA-based foods is a favorable result from GABA's biological and functional properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate different methods of improving GABA production in probiotics and LAB to select the superlative method and bacterial strain. Design/methodology/approach: In this review paper, all articles from five electronic databases containing Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct were considered from 2000 to January 11, 2023, with keywords "Optimization" OR "Enhance" OR "Increase" AND "Gamma-aminobutyric acid" OR "GABA" AND "Probiotics" OR "Lactic acid bacteria" and selected according to the purpose of the study. Findings: It seems that among all the investigated methods, an effective fermentation procedure with optimal conditions including fermentation medium, 5 L; glutamic acid, 295 g/L; incubation temperature, 32°C; inoculum, 10% (v/v); and agitation, 100 rpm, after 48 h of fermentation led to producing 205,800 mg/L of GABA from the effective bacterial strain Lactobacillus brevis NCL912. Originality/value: With a simple but optimized fermentation, L. brevis NCL912 can be used for the efficient GABA production in the pharmacy and food factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red cabbage (RC), a cruciferous vegetable rich in various bioactive substances, can significantly reduce the risk factors of several non-communicable diseases, but the mechanism underlying the biological effects of RC remains unclear. Furthermore, mechanisms that operate through the regulation of gut microbiota also are not known. Given the relationships between diet, gut microbiota, and health, a diet-induced mice obesity model was used to elucidate the influence of RC on gut microbial composition and bacteria–bacteria interactions in mice. After 24 h of dietary intervention, a high-fat (HF) diet with the intake of RC led to increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratios in the feces of mice. RC also reduced the relative abundance of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, and Akkermansia muciniphila in mice fed a low-fat (LF) diet. After 8-weeks of dietary intervention, RC significantly changed the structure and the ecological network of the gut microbial community. Particularly, RC inhibited an HF-diet-induced increase in AF12 in mice, and this genus was positively correlated with body weight, low-density lipoprotein level, and fecal bile acid of mice. Unclassified Clostridiales, specifically increased via RC consumption, were also found to negatively correlate with hepatic free cholesterol levels in mice. Overall, our results demonstrated that RC modulating gut microbial composition and interactions are associated with the attenuation of HF-diet-induced body weight gain and altered cholesterol metabolism in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gluten consumption causes several immunological and non-immunological intolerances in susceptible individuals. In this study, the dextran-producing Weissella cibaria BAL3C-5 and its derivative, the riboflavin-overproducing strain BAL3C-5 C120T, together with a commercial bakery yeast, were used to ferment gluten-free (GF)-doughs obtained from corn and rice flours at two different concentrations and supplemented with either quinoa, buckwheat, or chickpea to obtain laboratory-scale GF bread. The levels of dextran, riboflavin, and total flavins were determined in the fermented and breads. Both strains grew in fermented doughs and contributed dextran, especially to those made with corn plus quinoa (~1 g/100 g). The highest riboflavin (350–150 µg/100 g) and total flavin (2.3–1.75 mg/100 g) levels were observed with BAL3C-5 C120T, though some differences were detected between the various doughs or breads, suggesting an impact of the type of flour used. The safety assessment confirmed the lack of pathogenic factors in the bacterial strains, such as hemolysin and gelatinase activity, as well as the genetic determinants for biogenic amine production. Some intrinsic resistance to antibiotics, including vancomycin and kanamycin, was found. These results indicated the microbiological safety of both W. cibaria strains and indicated their potential application in baking to produce GF bread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are known to promote human health either precautionary in healthy individuals or therapeutically in patients suffering from certain ailments. Although this knowledge was empirical in past tomes, modern science has already verified it and expanded it to new limits. These microorganisms can be found in nature in various foods such as dairy products or in supplements formulated for clinical or preventive use. The current review examines the different mechanisms of action of the probiotic strains and how they interact with the organism of the host. Emphasis is put on the clinical therapeutic use of these beneficial microorganisms in various clinical conditions of the human gastrointestinal tract. Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and particularly any malfunction and inflammation of the intestines seriously compromise the health of the whole organism. The interaction between the probiotic strains and the host's microbiota can alleviate the clinical signs and symptoms while in some cases, in due course, it can intervene in the underlying pathology. Various safety issues of the use of probiotics are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vancomycin-resistant (VR) Enterococcus spp. can be detected in high concentrations in wastewaters and pose a risk to public health. During a one-year study (September 2022–August 2023), 24 h composite raw wastewater samples (n = 192) of a municipal wastewater treatment plant were investigated for cultivable enterococci. After growth on Slanetz–Bartley agar (SBA), a mean concentration of 29,736 ± 9919 cfu/mL was calculated. Using MALDI-TOF MS to characterize randomly picked colonies (n = 576), the most common species were found to be Enterococcus faecium (72.6%), E. hirae (13.7%), and E. faecalis (8.0%). Parallel incubation of wastewater samples on SBA and VRESelect agar resulted in a mean rate of VR enterococci of 2.0 ± 1.5%. All the tested strains grown on the VRESelect agar (n = 172) were E. faecium and carried the vanA (54.6%) or vanB gene (45.4%) with limited sequence differences. In susceptibility experiments, these isolates showed a high-level resistance to vancomycin (>256 µg/mL). Concentration of vancomycin was determined in 93.7% of 112 wastewater samples (mean: 123.1 ± 64.0 ng/L) and varied between below 100 ng/L (the detection limit) and 246.6 ng/L. A correlation between the concentration of vancomycin and the rate of VR strains among the total enterococci could not be found. The combination of incubation of samples on SBA and a commercial vancomycin-containing agar applied in clinical microbiology with a multiplex PCR for detection of van genes is an easy-to-use tool to quantify and characterize VR Enterococcus spp. in water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Targeting the microbiome, microbiota-derived metabolites, and related pathways represents a significant challenge in oncology. Microbiome analyses have confirmed the negative impact of cancer treatment on gut homeostasis, resulting in acute dysbiosis and severe complications, including massive inflammatory immune response, mucosal barrier disruption, and bacterial translocation across the gut epithelium. Moreover, recent studies revealed the relationship between an imbalance in the gut microbiome and treatment-related toxicity. In this review, we provide current insights into the role of the microbiome in tumor development and the impact of gut and tumor microbiomes on chemo- and immunotherapy efficacy, as well as treatment-induced late effects, including cognitive impairment and cardiotoxicity. As discussed, microbiota modulation via probiotic supplementation and fecal microbiota transplantation represents a new trend in cancer patient care, aiming to increase bacterial diversity, alleviate acute and long-term treatment-induced toxicity, and improve the response to various treatment modalities. However, a more detailed understanding of the complex relationship between the microbiome and host can significantly contribute to integrating a microbiome-based approach into clinical practice. Determination of causal correlations might lead to the identification of clinically relevant diagnostic and prognostic microbial biomarkers. Notably, restoration of intestinal homeostasis could contribute to optimizing treatment efficacy and improving cancer patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to examine the effects of supplementation of postbiotics derived from Streptococcus thermophilus (ST) and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (LB) in cheese whey (CW) and skim milk (SM) on antioxidant activity, viability of yoghurt starters, and quality parameters of low-fat yoghurt during 22d ays of storage. The LB-CW (L delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus postbioticcontaining cheese whey) sample exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, with 18.71% inhibition (p > 0.05). This sample also showed the highest water holding capacity (77.93%; p < 0.05) and a trend toward receiving the most favorable sensory attributes (p > 0.05) compared to the other samples. The LB-CW and LB-SM yoghurt samples exhibited significantly higher body and texture scores compared to the ST-SM-fortified yoghurt (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the overall acceptability of the LB-SM and ST-SM yoghurt samples across both starters (p > 0.05). Such findings highlight the potential of postbiotics as functional ingredients to enhance the nutritional and sensory aspects of yoghurt, further contributing to its appeal as a health-promoting product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of beneficial microorganisms as probiotics targets a broad range of intended uses, from maintaining health and supporting normal bodily functions to curing and preventing diseases. Currently, three main regulatory fields of probiotic products can be defined depending on their intended use: the more similar probiotic foods and probiotic dietary supplements, and live biotherapeutic products. However, it is not always straightforward to classify a probiotic product into one of these categories. The regulatory nuances of developing, manufacturing, investigating and applying each category of probiotic products are not universal, and not always apparent to those unfamiliar with the various global probiotic regulatory guidelines. Various global markets can be significantly different regarding legislation, possible claims, market value and quality requirements for the development and commercialization of probiotic products. Furthermore, different probiotic product categories are also linked with variable costs at different stages of product development. This review outlines the current landscape comparing probiotic foods, probiotic dietary supplements, and live biotherapeutics as probiotic products from a regulatory lens, focusing on product development, manufacturing and production, and clinical research agenda. The aim is to inform and promote a better understanding among stakeholders by outlining the expectations and performance for each probiotic product category, depending on their intended use and targeted geographical region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer cell dissemination involves invasion, migration, resistance to stressors in the circulation, extravasation, colonization, and other functions responsible for macroscopic metastases. By enhancing invasiveness, motility, and intravasation, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process promotes the generation of circulating tumor cells and their collective migration. Preclinical and clinical studies have documented intensive crosstalk between the gut microbiome, host organism, and immune system. According to the findings, polymorphic microbes might play diverse roles in tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and therapy response. Microbial imbalances and changes in the levels of bacterial metabolites and toxins promote cancer progression via EMT and angiogenesis. In contrast, a favorable microbial composition, together with microbiota-derived metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), can attenuate the processes of tumor initiation, disease progression, and the formation of distant metastases. In this review, we highlight the role of the intratumoral and gut microbiomes in cancer cell invasion, migration, and metastatic ability and outline the potential options for microbiota modulation. As shown in murine models, probiotics inhibited tumor development, reduced tumor volume, and suppressed angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, modulation of an unfavorable microbiome might improve efficacy and reduce treatment-related toxicities, bringing clinical benefit to patients with metastatic cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of gut commensals to adhere to the intestinal epithelium can play a key role in influencing the composition of the gut microbiota. Bifidobacteria are associated with a multitude of health benefits and are one of the most widely used probiotics for humans. Enhanced bifidobacterial adhesion may increase host-microbe, microbe-nutrient, and/or microbe-microbe interactions, thereby enabling consolidated health benefits to the host. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) to enhance bifidobacterial intestinal adhesion in vitro. This study assessed the colonisationpromoting effects of HMOs on four commercial infant-associated Bifidobacterium strains (two B. longum subsp. infantis strains, B. breve and B. bifidum). HT29-MTX cells were used as an in vitro intestinal model for bacterial adhesion. Short-term exposure of four commercial infant-associated Bifidobacterium strains to HMOs derived from breastmilk substantially increased the adherence (up to 47%) of these probiotic strains. Interestingly, when strains were incubated with HMOs as a four-strain combination, the number of viable bacteria adhering to intestinal cells increased by >90%. Proteomic analysis of this multi-strain bifidobacterial mixture revealed that the increased adherence resulting from exposure to HMOs was associated with notable increases in the abundance of sortase-dependent pili and glycosyl hydrolases matched to Bifidobacterium bifidum. This study suggests that HMOs may prime infant gut-associated Bifidobacterium for colonisation to intestinal epithelial cells by influencing the expression of various colonization factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data assimilation techniques that integrate available observations with snow models have been proposed as a viable option to simultaneously help constrain model uncertainty and add value to observations by improving estimates of the snowpack state. However, the propagation of information from spatially sparse observations in high-resolution simulations remains an under-explored topic. To remedy this, the development of data assimilation techniques that can spread information in space is a crucial step. Herein, we examine the potential of spatio-temporal data assimilation for integrating sparse snow depth observations with hyper-resolution (5 m) snow simulations in the Izas central Pyrenean experimental catchment (Spain). Our experiments were developed using the Multiple Snow Data Assimilation System (MuSA) with new improvements to tackle the spatio-temporal data assimilation. Therein, we used a deterministic ensemble smoother with multiple data assimilation (DES-MDA) with domain localization. Three different experiments were performed to showcase the capabilities of spatio-temporal information transfer in hyper-resolution snow simulations. Experiment I employed the conventional geographical Euclidean distance to map the similarity between cells. Experiment II utilized the Mahalanobis distance in a multi-dimensional topographic space using terrain parameters extracted from a digital elevation model. Experiment III utilized a more direct mapping of snowpack similarity from a single complete snow depth map together with the easting and northing coordinates. Although all experiments showed a noticeable improvement in the snow patterns in the catchment compared with the deterministic open loop in terms of correlation (r=0.13) and root mean square error (RMSE = 1.11 m), the use of topographical dimensions (Experiment II, r=0.63 and RMSE = 0.89 m) and observations (Experiments III, r=0.92 and RMSE = 0.44 m) largely outperform the simulated patterns in Experiment I (r=0.38 and RMSE = 1.16 m). At the same time, Experiments II and III are considerably more challenging to set up. The results of these experiments can help pave the way for the creation of snow reanalysis and forecasting tools that can seamlessly integrate sparse information from national monitoring networks and high-resolution satellite information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairments, such as learning and memory deficits, may occur in susceptible populations including the elderly and patients who are chronically ill or have experienced stressful events, including surgery, infection, and trauma. Accumulating lines of evidence suggested that peripheral inflammation featured by the recruitment of peripheral immune cells and the release of proinflammatory cytokines may be activated during aging and these conditions, participating in peripheral immune system-brain communication. Lots of progress has been achieved in deciphering the core bridging mechanism connecting peripheral inflammation and cognitive impairments, which may be helpful in developing early diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and prevention methods based on peripheral blood circulation system sampling and intervention. In this review, we summarized the evolving evidence on the prevalence of peripheral inflammation-associated neurocognitive impairments and discussed the research advances in the underlying mechanisms. We also highlighted the prevention and treatment strategies against peripheral inflammation-associated cognitive dysfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swiss-type artisanal cheese is highly appreciated sensorially, its flavor is often associated with the lactic acid bacteria involved in its production, which in many cases are indigenous. Three artisanal Swiss-type cheeses of greatest preference in the market of Huaraz (Ancash) were selected. The main LAB were isolated and identified and their safety properties and technological potential for their application in new cheeses were verified in vitro and evaluated by consumers. Eleven strains were confirmed as LAB by Gram-positive and catalase- negative biochemical tests; according to 16S rDNA, seven strains belonged to Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (KQ3, EQ1, CQ1, YQ1, LQ2, GQ2 and TQ1), three strains to Lentilactobacillus parabuchneri (BQ2, OQ2 and RQ3), and one to Lactiplantibacillus sp. (QQ3). In safety assays, LAB did not exhibit gelatinase or hemolytic activities. In addition, L. paracasei KQ3, GQ2 and L. parabuchneri BQ2 effectively inhibited pathogens such as S. aureus, E. coli and L. monocytogenes. Antibiotic susceptibility was variable among strains. L. paracasei CQ1, EQ1, KQ3, TQ1 and Lactiplantibacillus sp. QQ3 showed high milk acidification capacity (0.16-1.44%) and reduced pH from 6.6 to 3.5 after 72 h of incubation. L. paracasei CQ1, Lactiplantibacillus sp. QQ3 and L. paracasei KQ3 showed the highest casein degradation zones (20.8-11.5 mm). All strains showed lipolytic activity, with Lactiplantibacillus sp. QQ3, L. paracasei CQ1 and L. parabuchneri BQ2 standing out with halos of 30.8-36.3 mm. Lactiplantibacillus sp. QQ3 and L. paracasei TQ1 showed ability to produce diacetyl. The best strains were tested in cheese production where L. paracasei CQ1 showed the best sensory qualities. Finally, the native BAL strains showed a high potential for the production of natural, safe and sensorially acceptable dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has advanced considerably over the past two decades. In particular, immune checkpoint inhibitors are widely used for treating NSCLC. However, the overall cure and survival rates of patients with NSCLC remain low. Therefore, continuous investigation into complementary treatments is necessary to expand the clinical advantages of immunotherapy to a larger cohort of patients with NSCLC. Recently, the distinctive role of the gut microbiota (GM) in the initiation, progression, and dissemination of cancer has attracted increasing attention. Emerging evidence indicates a close relationship between the gut and lungs, known as the gut-lung axis (GLA). In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge regarding the connection between the GM and the outcomes of immunotherapy in NSCLC, with particular focus on the recent understanding of GLA. Overall, promising GM-based therapeutic strategies have been observed to improve the effectiveness or reduce the toxicity of immunotherapy in patients with NSCLC, thus advancing the utilization of microbiota precision medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Probiotics are the largest non-herbal/traditional dietary supplements category worldwide. To be effective, a probiotic strain must be delivered viable at an adequate dose proven to deliver a health benefit. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the various technologies available for probiotic enumeration, including a general description of each technology, their advantages and limitations, and their potential for the future of the probiotics industry. The current “gold standard” for analytical quantification of probiotics in the probiotic industry is the Plate Count method (PC). PC measures the bacterial cell’s ability to proliferate into detectable colonies, thus PC relies on cultivability as a measure of viability. Although viability has widely been measured by cultivability, there has been agreement that the definition of viability is not limited to cultivability. For example, bacterial cells may exist in a state known as viable but not culturable (VBNC) where the cells lose cultivability but can maintain some of the characteristics of viable cells as well as probiotic properties. This led to questioning the association between viability and cultivability and the accuracy of PC in enumerating all the viable cells in probiotic products. PC has always been an estimate of the number of viable cells and not a true cell count. Additionally, newer probiotic categories such as Next Generation Probiotics (NGPs) are difficult to culture in routine laboratories as NGPs are often strict anaerobes with extreme sensitivity to atmospheric oxygen. Thus, accurate quantification using culture-based techniques will be complicated. Another emerging category of biotics is postbiotics, which are inanimate microorganisms, also often referred to as tyndallized or heat-killed bacteria. Obviously, culture dependent methods are not suitable for these products, and alternative methods are needed for their quantification. Different methodologies provide a more complete picture of a heterogeneous bacterial population versus PC focusing exclusively on the eventual multiplication of the cells. Alternative culture-independent techniques including real-time PCR, digital PCR and flow cytometry are discussed. These methods can measure viability beyond cultivability (i.e., by measuring cellular enzymatic activity, membrane integrity or membrane potential), and depending on how they are designed they can achieve strain-specific enumeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been studies on antibiotic use concerning lung cancer and its potential impact on carcinogenesis and microbiome. However, subsequent research has failed to support these associations consistently. In terms of the potential carcinogenic of antibiotics on lung cancer, the available evidence has not been sufficient to draw any definitive conclusions. Maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing pathogen invasion is critically dependent on the microbiome. The subtle balance of the body microbiota, including the lungs, is susceptible to disruption by antibiotic use. There is an association between disruptions of the lung microbiome and respiratory diseases, including lung cancer, and decreased efficacy of treatments. Patients with lung cancer are often indicated for antibiotic treatment due to respiratory infections or other comorbidities. Pulmonary infections in the area of undetected lung tumors are not uncommon. They can be an early sign of malignancy, which may explain the association between antibiotic use and lung cancer diagnosis. Antibiotic use can also affect the effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Studies suggest that antibiotic use can impair the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in lung cancer patients, particularly around the time when treatment is initiated. These findings require further study, understanding underlying mechanisms, and identifying microbiota signatures associated with treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diverse bacterial populations within the symbiotic microbiota play a pivotal role in both health and disease. Microbiota modulates critical aspects of tumor biology including cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. This regulation occurs through mechanisms like enhancing genomic damage, hindering gene repair, activating aberrant cell signaling pathways, influencing tumor cell metabolism, promoting revascularization, and remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment. These microbiota‐mediated effects significantly impact overall survival and the recurrence of tumors after surgery by affecting the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy. Moreover, leveraging the microbiota for the development of biovectors, probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics, in addition to utilizing antibiotics, dietary adjustments, defensins, oncolytic virotherapy, and fecal microbiota transplantation, offers promising alternatives for cancer treatment. Nonetheless, due to the extensive and diverse nature of the microbiota, along with tumor heterogeneity, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of microbiota in cancer remain a subject of intense debate. In this context, we refocus on various cancers, delving into the molecular signaling pathways associated with the microbiota and its derivatives, the reshaping of the tumor microenvironmental matrix, and the impact on tolerance to tumor treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This exploration aims to shed light on novel perspectives and potential applications in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of shrimp producers utilize probiotics derived from terrestrial sources as part of their aquaculture management. The beneficial effects of terrestrial probiotics on shrimp may be affected due to environmental differences between the cultivated species and the source of the probiotics. To ensure maximum effects on the host, it is essential to use probionts derived from the host or the environment of the cultured organism. Consequently, the objective of this study was to isolate and characterize potential probionts from brackishwater by enriching the water with organic sources containing a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N). Six 10-li containers were filled with brackishwater from an estuary for a mesocosm experiment. To stimulate bacterial growth, water was enriched with either molasses or brown sugar at a C:N ratio of 15. After twenty days, all heterotrophic bacteria in the enriched water were enumerated. The in vitro antagonistic activities of distinct bacterial colonies against Vibrio harveyi, a crustacean pathogen, were evaluated on fresh Nutrient Agar plates containing 1% sodium chloride. There were 10 bacterial isolates with in vitro antibacterial activity. These bacterial isolates are categorized as belonging to the putative genera Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Sphingobium, and Rheinheimera. The implications of this study suggest that enriching brackishwater with organic carbon sources at high C:N ratios may increase the likelihood of isolating and developing potential probionts for shrimp aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Aging can be characterized by increased systemic low-grade inflammation, altered gut microbiota composition, and increased intestinal permeability (IP). The intake of polyphenol-rich foods is proposed as a promising strategy to positively affect the gut microbiota-immune system-intestinal barrier (IB) axis. In this context, we tested the hypothesis that a PR-dietary intervention would affect the presence of bacterial factors in the bloodstream of older adults., Methods: We collected blood samples within a randomized, controlled, crossover intervention trial in which older volunteers (n = 51) received a polyphenol-enriched and a control diet. We quantified the presence of bacterial DNA in blood by qPCR targeting the 16S rRNA gene (16S; bacterial DNAemia). Blood DNA was taxonomically profiled via 16S sequencing., Results: Higher blood 16S levels were associated with higher BMI and markers of IP, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. PR-intervention did not significantly change bacterial DNAemia in the older population (P = 0.103). Nonetheless, the beneficial changes caused by the polyphenol-enriched diet were greatest in participants with higher bacterial DNAemia, specifically in markers related to IP, inflammation and dyslipidemia, and in fecal bacterial taxa. Finally, we found that the bacterial DNA detected in blood mostly belonged to γ-Proteobacteria, whose abundance significantly decreased after the polyphenol-rich diet in subjects with higher bacterial DNAemia at baseline., Conclusions: This study shows that older subjects with higher bacterial DNAemia experienced a beneficial effect from a polyphenol-rich diet. Bacterial DNAemia may be a further relevant marker for the identification of target populations that could benefit more from a protective dietary treatment., Registration: This trial was retrospectively registered at www.isrctn.org (ISRCTN10214981) on April 28, 2017., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.)

Objectives: The aim of this work was to rapidly produce in plats two recombinant antigens (RBDw-Fc and RBDo-Fc) containing the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein from SARS-CoV-2 variants Wuhan and Omicron as fusion proteins to the Fc portion of a murine IgG2a antibody constant region (Fc)., Results: The two recombinant antigens were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, engineered to avoid the addition of N-linked plant-typical sugars, through vacuum agroinfiltration and showed comparable purification yields (about 35 mg/kg leaf fresh weight)., Conclusions: Their Western blotting and Coomassie staining evidenced the occurrence of major in planta proteolysis in the region between the RBD and Fc, which was particularly evident in RBDw-Fc, the only antigen bearing the HRV 3C cysteine protease recognition site. The two RBD N-linked glycosylation sites showed very homogeneous profiles free from plant-typical sugars, with the most abundant glycoform represented by the complex sugar GlcNAc 4 Man 3 . Both antigens were specifically recognised in Western Blot analysis by the anti-SARS-CoV-2 human neutralizing monoclonal antibody J08-MUT and RBDw-Fc was successfully used in competitive ELISA experiments for binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor to verify the neutralizing capacity of the serum from vaccinated patients. Both SARS-Cov-2 antigens fused to a murine Fc region were rapidly and functionally produced in plants with potential applications in diagnostics., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)