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El objetivo principal de esta investigación es descubrir si el turismo rural es realmente una buena herramienta para frenar la despoblación del medio rural y fijar población en el mismo y de qué manera. Se entiende por turismo rural, en este trabajo, como una actividad que promueve el contacto con la población local y sus tradiciones, la naturaleza, la sostenibilidad y la aventura, y no se limita a la simple prestación de alojamiento en una localidad rural., Grado en Turismo

El turismo es un fenómeno cultural, social y económico que engloba las actividades con fines profesionales, personales o de negocio que efectúan las personas fuera de su entorno, a través de sus viajes y permanencia en diversos lugares (UNWTO, 2021). En base a las preferencias del consumidor, podemos diferenciar distintos tipos de turismo. En cuanto a los más habituales, destacan el turismo de sol y playa, turismo cultural, turismo religioso, turismo de montaña o el turismo rural, entre otros. No obstante, se han ido desarrollando otras tipologías de turismo con otros objetivos como pueden ser el turismo gastronómico o el ecológico, entre otros. La actividad turística ha ido evolucionando con el paso de los años. Hoy en día, ha ido desarrollándose hasta convertirse en uno de los sectores que mayor crecimiento ha sufrido en el mundo, en diversos países y localizaciones. Sin embargo, ha seguido destacando por su creciente diversificación y expansión. Su gran auge se debe principalmente a dos factores: por un lado, un público cada vez más exigente que provoca una mayor rivalidad entre los destinos turísticos y, por otro lado, una oferta globalizada (Nieto González et al, 2016). Centrándonos en España, el turismo siempre ha tenido una gran aportación en la economía del país según Statista (2022), alrededor de 84 millones de turistas procedentes de otros países decidieron visitar España en 2019, alcanzando unas cifras que antes no se habían logrado. Sus principales mercados son Francia, Alemania y Reino Unido. De estos países procede más del 50% de nuestros visitantes anuales. En España, casi el 75% del Producto de Interior Bruto (PIB) procede del sector terciario. Prueba de ello son sus cifras en 2019, antes de la pandemia, donde el PIB ligado a este sector supuso el 12,4% del total, llegando a los 154.487 millones de euros. Además, se situó como un sector con una gran fuerza laboral, acumulando un 12,9% del total del empleo y alcanzando los 2.72 millones de puestos lab, Grado en Turismo

Item does not contain fulltext, Nucleic acid therapeutics is a growing field aiming to treat human conditions that has gained special attention due to the successful development of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Another type of nucleic acid therapeutics is antisense oligonucleotides, versatile tools that can be used in multiple ways to target pre-mRNA and mRNA. While some years ago these molecules were just considered a useful research tool and a curiosity in the clinical market, this has rapidly changed. These molecules are promising strategies for personalized treatments for rare genetic diseases and they are in development for very common disorders too. In this chapter, we provide a brief description of the different mechanisms of action of these RNA therapeutic molecules, with clear examples at preclinical and clinical stages.

Com hem urbanitzat l’àrea metropolitana de València i com l’estem gestionant ens dona com a resultat el model de mobilitat actual. Internament als municipis, el principal protagonista de la mobilitat és el vianant, tot i que no disposa ni de la quantitat ni de la qualitat d’espai públic que per demanda li correspon. Per als desplaçaments interurbans, el cotxe és hegemònic, ja que el 74 % dels desplaçaments es fan en aquest mode de transport. Aquests patrons de mobilitat tenen un impacte clar en la qualitat de l’aire de l’àrea metropolitana de València, que és manifestament millorable. Reduir els desplaçaments, potenciar un canvi modal cap als modes més sostenibles i aprofitar les noves tecnologies per a gestionar la mobilitat han de ser les tres línies de treball que, junt amb el lideratge polític i la governança metropolitana, ens permetin millorar la qualitat de l’aire que respirem., The current mobility patterns in the metropolitan area of València are the result of the urbanization and mobility management processes. Internally to the municipalities, the main character that defines Valencia’s urban mobility are pedestrian. All of it despite they don’t have either the quality or the quantity of public space that correspond to them due to the consequent demand. For metropolitan trips, the car is hegemonic, with 74 % of daily trips being made in this mode of transport. This mobility pattern has a high impact on the air quality of Valencia’s metropolitan area, which can clearly be improved. Reducing trips, promoting a modal share towards sustainable modes and using new technologies to manage urban and metropolitan mobility must be the three lines of work that will allow us to improve the quality of the air we breathe, together with political leadership and metropolitan governance enhancement., Cómo hemos urbanizado el área metropolitana de València y cómo la estamos gestionando nos da como resultado el modelo de movilidad actual. Internamente a los municipios, el principal protagonista de la movilidad es el peatón, a pesar de que no dispone ni de la calidad ni de la cantidad de espacio público que por demanda le corresponde. Para los desplazamientos interurbanos, el coche es hegemónico, pues el 74 % de los desplazamientos se realizan en este modo de transporte. Estos patrones de movilidad tienen un impacto claro en la calidad del aire del área metropolitana de València, que es manifiestamente mejorable. Reducir los desplazamientos, potenciar un cambio modal hacia los modos sostenibles y aprovechar las nuevas tecnologías para gestionar la movilidad han de ser las tres líneas de trabajo que, junto al liderazgo político y la gobernanza metropolitana, nos permitan mejorar la calidad del aire que respiramos.

Pollock Pollachius virens (also known as Saithe) modify their feeding habits when including in their diet uneaten feed pellets from salmon aquaculture sea cages. To determine the influence of salmon farms on Pollock, multivariate and univariate analyses were conducted on the trace element signatures from muscle and liver tissues. Sample fish were caught in the vicinity of salmon farms and in control areas (>3-km distance from the farms) on the coast of Hitra Island (western Norway) over two consecutive years (2012 and 2013). The hepatosomatic index was calculated as a proxy of fish body condition and was higher in Pollock captured near the salmon farms in both years. Variations in specific trace element profiles revealed the influence of farming on the Pollock assemblages (i.e., arsenic, manganese, and copper in muscle; vanadium and manganese in liver). Differences in element composition between sampling years were notable and may, in addition to influence from salmon feed, reflect temporal variation in Pollock migrations or natural food availability. Multivariate analyses of each sampling year showed significant differences in trace element composition of both tissue types among the Pollock groups. Therefore, trace element assessment is a potential tool for determining the influence of aquaculture on Pollock populations, although other natural sources of variation must be taken into account when considering future aquaculture and fishery management strategies.

The effects of stocking density on fish welfare are complex and involve many interacting parameters. This complex relationship between fish welfare, stocking density and influencing factors make it challenging to define a specific optimal (“golden”) stocking density. Indeed, previously published recommendations on stocking density for different species of aquaculture interest are incredibly variable even at the same life stage, and can also vary widely within a rearing unit. Production density can be estimated quite accurately if the farmer has good biomass control and a known water volume, but it is difficult to set minimum and maximum stocking density levels that will protect welfare. However, there is little doubt that stocking densities that are too low or too high can have negative impacts on welfare and/or production. Here, we propose how to select density on captive fish and monitor its potential effects integrating 1) solid welfare assessment based on operational welfare indicators and 2) good management practices. Regulation directly limiting stocking density is likely to be unworkable and ineffective, and a more rational option might be to prescribe acceptable levels of different welfare indicators (e.g., water quality, health, nutritional condition and behavioral indicators), which together with a positive economic balance of the company, allow to estimate the most suitable range of fish density for each particular species, life-stage and production systems.

Nowadays, microplastics (MPs) and adsorbed pollutants are considered a global thread to marine ecosystems. This study describes the effects of pollutants and MPs ingestion on fish brains through the assessment of oxidative stress biomarkers and monoaminergic neurotransmitters using gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) as fish model. Juveniles were experimentally exposed to three different dietary treatments for 90 days: Control treatment (C) consisted of standard feed; Virgin treatment (V) contained feed enriched with 10% of MPs; and Exposed treatment (E) consisted of feed with 10% of MPs that were exposed to seawater in an anthropogenically impacted area for 2 months in order to enrich the plastic with the pollutants within the water column. Sampling was made at the start of the experiment (T0), at the end of the dietary treatments (T90) and after a posterior detoxification period of 30 days (T120). Results evidenced that a MPs and pollutants enriched diet increases the activity of some of the oxidative stress biomarkers (e.g. CAT and GST), and it was shown for the first time alterations on dopaminergic and serotonergic system activity on seabream brains, indicating potential neurofunctional effects associated to MPs and pollutants ingestion. In addition, results showed a tendency to recover enzymatic and brain monoaminergic neurotransmitter levels after a 30-day detoxification period. In conclusion, MPs and pollutants exposure for 90 days induced oxidative stress and changes on monoaminergic activity in the brain of S. aurata.

Structural enrichment is considered a useful tool to improve the welfare conditions of captive fish by deliberately increasing the physical heterogeneity and complexity of captivity environments. However, the potential effects of structural enrichment on the stress response at the group level and on social interactions have not been well studied yet. In this study, we demonstrate that suspended vertical structures (U-shaped ropes) can reduce behavioural variability among fish groups (tank level) of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Differences in behavioural responses during group risk-taking tests (e.g., number of passes per fish) between treatments were detected, and these responses in seabass in enriched captive conditions were more homogeneous among tanks compared to fish from non-enriched tanks. These results suggest a positive effect of the structural enrichment on social stabilisation and response to stressful events at the tank level in seabass. However, further research is still needed to improve the knowledge of the potential effects of structural enrichment on fish welfare and aquaculture management, considering different enrichment designs, intensities, and strategies according to farming conditions, biological needs, and preferences of the fish species and life-stage reared in captivity.

Pollock Pollachius virens (also known as Saithe) modify their feeding habits when including in their diet uneaten feed pellets from salmon aquaculture sea cages. To determine the influence of salmon farms on Pollock, multivariate and univariate analyses were conducted on the trace element signatures from muscle and liver tissues. Sample fish were caught in the vicinity of salmon farms and in control areas (>3-km distance from the farms) on the coast of Hitra Island (western Norway) over two consecutive years (2012 and 2013). The hepatosomatic index was calculated as a proxy of fish body condition and was higher in Pollock captured near the salmon farms in both years. Variations in specific trace element profiles revealed the influence of farming on the Pollock assemblages (i.e., arsenic, manganese, and copper in muscle; vanadium and manganese in liver). Differences in element composition between sampling years were notable and may, in addition to influence from salmon feed, reflect temporal variation in Pollock migrations or natural food availability. Multivariate analyses of each sampling year showed significant differences in trace element composition of both tissue types among the Pollock groups. Therefore, trace element assessment is a potential tool for determining the influence of aquaculture on Pollock populations, although other natural sources of variation must be taken into account when considering future aquaculture and fishery management strategies.

Accurate and precise monitoring of the absolute density (i.e., number of fish per area or volume unit) of exploited fish stocks would be strongly advisable for deriving stock status and for designing proper management plans. Moreover, monitoring should be achieved at relevant (i.e., sufficiently large) temporal and spatial scales. This objective is particularly challenging for data-poor fisheries, as is often the case for recreational fisheries. Therefore, the feasibility of underwater video monitoring (vertical unbaited cameras) for estimating, as a proof of concept, the absolute density (and its ecological drivers) of a coastal sedentary fish species is demonstrated. The absolute density of a small serranid (Serranus scriba) targeted by recreational fishing was estimated along the southern coast of Mallorca Island (nearly 100 km). The median fish density ranged between 111 ind/km2 (Es Molinar) and 14,110 ind/km2 (Cabrera). Absolute density was correlated with fishing exposure, habitat, and depth. Site specific, seemingly long-term, effects of fishing exposure were negatively correlated with fish density, but short-term effects (assessed by the interaction between fishing exposure and before/after the season when recreational fishing occurred in the study area) were not detected. We suggest that the short-term effects of fishing may remain undetected because highly exploited sites could contain fish that are already not vulnerable to recreational fishing gear, irrespective of the short-term fishing pressure exerted. Such a process may explain some hyper-depletion patterns and should preclude the use of fisheries-dependent data for monitoring fish density. The results reported here indicate that monitoring fish abundance with vertical unbaited cameras at large spatial and temporal scales can be a reliable alternative for many species.

Com hem urbanitzat l’àrea metropolitana de València i com l’estem gestionant ens dona com a resultat el model de mobilitat actual. Internament als municipis, el principal protagonista de la mobilitat és el vianant, tot i que no disposa ni de la quantitat ni de la qualitat d’espai públic que per demanda li correspon. Per als desplaçaments interurbans, el cotxe és hegemònic, ja que el 74 % dels desplaçaments es fan en aquest mode de transport. Aquests patrons de mobilitat tenen un impacte clar en la qualitat de l’aire de l’àrea metropolitana de València, que és manifestament millorable. Reduir els desplaçaments, potenciar un canvi modal cap als modes més sostenibles i aprofitar les noves tecnologies per a gestionar la mobilitat han de ser les tres línies de treball que, junt amb el lideratge polític i la governança metropolitana, ens permetin millorar la qualitat de l’aire que respirem., The current mobility patterns in the metropolitan area of València are the result of the urbanization and mobility management processes. Internally to the municipalities, the main character that defines Valencia’s urban mobility are pedestrian. All of it despite they don’t have either the quality or the quantity of public space that correspond to them due to the consequent demand. For metropolitan trips, the car is hegemonic, with 74 % of daily trips being made in this mode of transport. This mobility pattern has a high impact on the air quality of Valencia’s metropolitan area, which can clearly be improved. Reducing trips, promoting a modal share towards sustainable modes and using new technologies to manage urban and metropolitan mobility must be the three lines of work that will allow us to improve the quality of the air we breathe, together with political leadership and metropolitan governance enhancement., Cómo hemos urbanizado el área metropolitana de València y cómo la estamos gestionando nos da como resultado el modelo de movilidad actual. Internamente a los municipios, el principal protagonista de la movilidad es el peatón, a pesar de que no dispone ni de la calidad ni de la cantidad de espacio público que por demanda le corresponde. Para los desplazamientos interurbanos, el coche es hegemónico, pues el 74 % de los desplazamientos se realizan en este modo de transporte. Estos patrones de movilidad tienen un impacto claro en la calidad del aire del área metropolitana de València, que es manifiestamente mejorable. Reducir los desplazamientos, potenciar un cambio modal hacia los modos sostenibles y aprovechar las nuevas tecnologías para gestionar la movilidad han de ser las tres líneas de trabajo que, junto al liderazgo político y la gobernanza metropolitana, nos permitan mejorar la calidad del aire que respiramos.