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(i) That individualised learning be adopted where this is feasible and that a combination of programming and counselling be adopted that facilitates learning under existing constraints and where possible initiates the learner into the system of self - directed learning (p. 23 here) (ii) That, on an experimental basis, primary French should be taught using an individualised audio - visual process involving the playback of audio- casettes linked to picture books, and periodic conversation with native (or possibly merely fluent) speakers. (p. 28 here) (iii) That primary teacher exchange between France and Scotland be encouraged in the interest of the teaching of primary French. (p. 28 here) (iv) That provision for the non -contractual remuneration of nonteacher native speakers be made. (p.28 here) (v) That group teaching, using a class group of four teachers, be tried at primary level on an experimental basis. (p. 28 here) (vi) That activity schedules be provided, on an individual and negotiated basis, for each learner. (p.31 here) (vii) That each learner maintain and submit for periodic inspection, as a basis for counselling, an activity log book or diary. (p.31 here) (viii)That school facilities form the basis for a socio- educational scheme partly administered by the social work department and operating mostly during out -of- school hours. (p. 44 here) (ix) That formal religious instruction be replaced by the study of comparative religion, the interaction between culture and religion, philosophy, logic, psychology and the humanistic bases of morality. (p.50 here). (x) That children should not receive religious education from merely one teacher, but from a group and that this group should include non -specialists. (p. 50 here) (xi) That actual broadcasts should be used more often both 'live' and recorded by either audio or video tape- recorders. (p.60 here) (xii) That where and whenever feasible, suitable 'live' and recorded network programmes should be incorporated into the Open Programmed System (p.60 here) (xiii)That learners should be introduced to educational broadcasts on television and, more especially, radio. (p.60 here) (xiv) That every school and college take at least one copy of each of the Radio Times and the T.V. Times. (p.60 here) (xv) That a feasibility study be made of the setting up of a local 'piped' audio and video educational transmitting network. (p. 63 here) (xvi) That the boards of governors and management of educational institutions should include learner, staff, and where appropriate (e.g. in schools) parent members, and that these members should be representatives of organised bodies such as student councils, staff associations and parent associations. (p.72 here) (xvii) That at least two members of each such association be members of the board, in order that their weight be more than merely nominal. (p.72 here). (xviii) That such boards of management and governors have professionals such as those well versed in sociology, pedagogy and democracy, amongst their numbers. (p.72 here). (xix) That all individual members of staff, including even headmasters and principals, be exposed to the notion that a learner (of any age) is entitled to respect. (p. 72 here). (xx) That each locality set up a body to which all local institutions involved in adult education (e.g. the education authority, the W.E.A., university and art college extra -mural departments) be invited to send staff and student representatives to discuss their joint and individual policies and practices in the field of adult education. (p.78 here) (xxi) That student -mobility between the formal and informal educational activities of institutions involved in adult education be encouraged and facilitated. (p.78 here) (xxii)That where possible individual learning facilities be integrated into adult education, and that simultaneously the social isolation of the adult learner be eradicated by a properly structured learning situation. (p.78 here). (xxiii) That adult educatees have regular individual discussions with constantly available counsellors who could provide information on mobility within the educational system. (p.78 here) (xxiv) That daytime adult educational facilities be made available to the mothers of children of ages appropriate to attendance at creches, playgroups, nursery schools and kindergartens, and that where possible the adult and children's facilities be adjacent. (p.78 here)

In infertile patients, an inverse relationship between FSH and sperm count or the severity of germ cell depletion in testicular biopsies was confirmed. The application of FSH measurements to the assessment of 100 infertile patients was evaluated. Elevated FSH in those with sperm density under 5 million /ml indicated severe germ cell atrophy. The use of GnRH stimulation and multiple measurements of basal gonadotrophins and testosterone conferred no advantage. In patients with elevated FSH, circulating oestradiol, oestrone and oestrone sulphate were significantly raised. There was preliminary evidence that the oestrogen excess resulted from testicular secretions of oestradiol. Oestrone sulphate was not secreted by the testis, being derived from unconjugated precursors - oestradiol and oestrone. The pathophysiological significance of these findings in male infertility and their relevance to normal intratesticular control mechanisms were discussed. In conclusion, the development and control of adult testicular functions are dependent on a background of pulsatile LH stimulation against which the complex interactions between FSH, Sertoli and Leydig cells ensure a continuous maturation of spermatogonia and the optimal production of testicular steroids. The functional characteristics and control mechanisms of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis were explored by examining the patterns of pituitary and testicular hormone secretion in pubertal subjects and in adults with impaired spermatogenesis. The overnight hormone profile and the pituitary response to repeated GnRH stimulation were studied on 1-4 occasions in 16 patients (mean age 16.3 ± 2.7 years) with delayed sexual development while their clinical progress was followed for a mean duration of 22.4 ± 8.5 months. Changes in testis and genital size were confirmed to be the two physical markers which correlated best with the hormonal patterns. The earliest detectable evidence of pubertal onset was an increase in frequency and amplitude of pulsatile LH secretion during nocturnal sleep. Further progress in puberty was characterized by quantitative and qualitative changes in the pattern of LH secretion resulting from the combined effects of changing frequency of hypothalamic GnRH pulses, of gonadal feedback and possibly other ill-defined central mechanisms. Heightened pituitary responsiveness to GnRH could account for the pubertal rise in LH. Since the estimated amplitude of GnRH pulsatile secretion remained constant, the increase in GnRH pulse frequency was considered to be the prime mover in the activation of pituitary- testicular functions at the onset of puberty. Thus the hypothalamic GnRH frequency modulation of the pituitary provides the basic mechanism for the neuroendocrine control of sexual maturation. The pituitary response to GnRH may be helpful in the endocrine assessment of patients with delayed puberty. In response to a single 10 pg bolus of GnRH, an LH rise of 5 u/l or more was associated with well- defined nocturnal pulsatile LH secretion in subjects who subsequently progressed through puberty spontaneously. However, in those where the GnRH- induced LH rise was under 5 u /1, it was not possible to differentiate between constitutional delayed puberty and hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. The pubertal development of testicular functions was more closely related to the progressive increase in amplitude rather than frequency of pulsatile LH secretion. The roles of FSH and prolactin were less obvious. Exogenous GnRHinduced pulsatile LH secretion failed to stimulate testo- sterone production above the maximal levels in the morning. This implied that the pubertal Leydig cells normally function near to their maximal steroidogenïc capacity.

Thirty years after the signing of the Treaty of Rome, the number of member States of the European Community has increased from six to twelve. In 1987, the Community is a more heterogeneous group than it was in 1957. The policies established to meet the needs of the 'original' six have to be adapted to meet the additional demands of the 'new' six. The process of adaptation is most evident in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the policy which has been described as the 'motor of European integration'. The need to adapt the CAP arises from criticisms of the operation of the policy by some member States and the Community's taxpayers. However, these criticisms should not dictate the process of adaptation. The interests, social, economic, and political, which lie behind the CAP must also be considered. The Community Institutions, therefore, have a delicate balancing out to perform as they adapt the policy in the light of these diverse interests. One element which is missing from this balancing act is the demands of other countries. These countries are affected by the impact the CAP has on the international trading environment and the agricultural concessions they obtained by concluding agreements with the Community. The reason why these demands are not considered is that the Community does not have an explicitly formulated agricultural trade policy. The absence of this policy lessens the impact of a range of external Community policies and retards the full development of other internal policies. Through an analysis of the international trading environment, the association and development cooperation policies of the Community, this paper outlines the negative impact which the CAP has externally. To counter this, the paper develops a Common Agricultural Trade Policy which will allow the Community to, maintain the benefits of integration, enhance the development of other common policies and have a positive impact on agricultural trade and external policies. Just as the CAP has been described as the motor of integration, the common agricultural trade policy may be described as the vehicle for growth, internally and externally.

Reproduction and ageing are processes in which bioiogical order and organization vary over time. Arguably, neither is a biological discipline in its own right but both involve many branches of science: from molecular aspects, through studies of the whole organism to an appreciation of the behaviour of communities. In both fields, therefore, an interdisciplinary attitude is advantageous and has influenced the course of my research programme. Investigations of the ageing reproductive system and the developmental biology of ovarian follicles have involved cytology and cytogenetics, endocrinology, experimental surgery and mathematical modelling. Maternal age is a major factor affecting the prospect and outcome of pregnancy in animals and man. Inbred mice have been used as subjects of most studies for practical reasons and because they are good models for mammalian development and ageing. Pregnancy losses in mid-life are attributable to increased numbers of cytogenetically abnormal embryos and a decreased uterine capacity for maintaining conceptuses to full term. The cause(s) of aneuploidy in older mothers remains unknown although the integrity of the meiotic spindle is in question since it disintegrates during "overripening" of oocytes in the fallopian tube and is altered in preovulatory oocytes of older mothers. Experimental delay of ovulation does not affect the incidence of anomalies but unilateral ovariectomy causes the peak incidence of anomalies and subsequent sterility to occur prematurely, indicating that biological and chronological age can be uncoupled. However, many normal conceptuses fail to thrive in older mothers. The uterus undergoes structural changes as a result of ageing and parity, but the functional significance of these, if any, is not known. The endocrinology of pregnancy requires further study for, while luteal function may be unimpaired, there is mounting evidence of age changes in tissue responsiveness and of detrimental effects of long-term exposure to cycles of ovarian hormone stimulation. Ovarian oocytes disappear continuously throughout life because of recruitment for growth and ovulation, and cell death. Whereas sterility in some rodents is due to inability to produce an ovulatory surge of gonadotrophic hormones, in others it is depletion of oocytes, as in humans, that is primary. The rate of oocyte depletion and the size of the initial store define the ultimate limit for fecundity. Exponential functions which define the rates of follicle attrition change according to age and physiological state. The numbers of follicles at puberty are related allometrically to body weight, and the early age of menopause in our species may have arisen adventitiously as longevity evolved beyond expectations based on body weight. New techniques have been employed to investigate the control of ovarian follicle recruitment, growth /death and morphogenesis of the antrum. Mathematical models indicate that the profile of follicle stages in mice of different ages and genotypes is mainly influenced by death ("atresia") rates which are highest in small and large follicles. The granulosa epithelium, which originates from a small number of clones, controls the formation of the antrum. Antral fluid appears to consist of local metabolites and plasma constituents; its formation probably involves more than one mechanism. Organotypic cultures may provide the best prospect of furthering investigation of morphogenesis of the Graafian follicle and of the cellular basis of follicle dynamics.

The microsomal fraction of both dog and hog gastric mucosa contains a K⁺ activated ATPase. ATP phosphorylates a peptide of c̅ 100,000 Mᵣ in both species, and dephosphorylation is stimulated by K⁺. By a combination of differential and zonal density gradient centrifugation a membrane fraction is produced containing almost exclusively this peptide region. These vesicles, upon the addition of ATP, take up H⁺ and extrude K⁺. The action of ionophores such as nigericin or valinomycin and the uptake of lipid permeable anions such as thiocyanate or anilino-naphthosulfonic acid indicate the lack of a potential difference during transport. Reconstitution of this material into a planar bilayer indicates that ATP activates a K⁺ conductance and hence, in the presence of K⁺ also a low potential difference is observed. These data suggest that this H⁺ pump is non-electrogenic as prepared in the vesicular form. Using an antibody obtained from rabbits immunized with the highly purified membrane fractions, it was demonstrated that this membrane was derived uniquely from gastric parietal cells. Hence, based on the ability of this ATPase to actively transport H⁺, its cellular origin and on the well known K⁺ requirement for acid secretion in amphibia and mammals, it is concluded that this ATPase is a component of the HCl secretory mechanism of gastric mucosa. Paper I Secretion by in Vitro Amphibian Gastric Mucosa. IN: Physiology of Gastric Secretion: NATO Institute, Myren, J., ed, p. 186 -202, Oslo Press, 1968. • Paper II Frog Gastric Mucosal ATPase. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 119: 1023 -1027, 1965. • Paper III Action of SCN on Rat Liver Mitochondria. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 133: 456 -459, 1970. • Paper IV Action of Thiocyanate on Gastric Mucosa in Vitro. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 173: 509 -517, 1969. • Paper V Role of ATP and ATPase in Gastric Acid Secretion. IN: Gastric Secretion, (Sachs, G., Heinz, E., Ullrich, K.J., eds), Academic Press, New York, pp. 321 -343, 1972. • Paper VI Properties of ATPase of Gastric Mucosa. V. Preparation of membranes and mitochondria by zonal centrifugation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 311: 545 -564, 1973. • Paper VII Characterization of Gastric Mucosal Membranes. VI. The presence of channel- forming substances. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 332: 233 -247, 1974. • Paper VIII Characterization of Gastric Mucosal Membranes. Composition of gastric cell membranes and poly - peptide fractionation using ionic and nonionic detergents. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 161: 456 -471, 1974. • Paper IX Pronase Method for Isolation of Viable Cells From Necturus Gastric Mucosa. Gastroenterology 61: 189 -200, 1971. • Paper X Specific Effect of Acetylsalicylic Acid on Cation Transport of Isolated Gastric Mucosal Cells. Am. J. Physiol. 235: E16 -E21, 1978. • Paper XI Studies on Adenyl Cyclase in Necturus Gastric Mucosa. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 143: 123 -126, 1971. • Paper XII Adenyl and Guanyl Cyclase in Rabbit Gastric Mucosa. Am. J. Physiol. 225: 1359 -1363, 1973. • Paper XIII Action of Cholinergic Drugs on Necturus Gastric Mucosa. Am. J. Physiol. 210: 1056 -1060, 1970. • Paper XIV Action of Burimamide, a Histamine Antagonist, on Acid Secretion in Vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 226: 898- 902, 1974. • Paper XV Effects of Sodium Removal on Acid Secretion by the Frog Gastric Mucosa. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 123: 47 -52, 1966. • Paper XVI Ion Transport by Amphibian Antrum in Vitro. I. General Characteristics. Am. J. Physiol. 228: 1188 -1198, 1975. • Paper XVII Quantitation of Conductance Pathways in Antral Gastric Mucosa. J. Gen. Physiology 65: 645 -662, 1975. Paper XVIII Properties of Gastric Antrum. III. Selectivity and modification of shunt conductance. Gastroenterology 72: 72 -77, 1977. • Paper XIX A Molecular Approach to Epithelial Conductance: Gastric Mucosa. Aired Benzon Symp. V. Transport Mechanisms in Epithelia, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp. 257 -274, 1973. • Paper XX Conductance Pathways in Epithelial Tissues. Exp. Eye Res. 16: 241 -249, 1973. • Paper XXI Electrical Properties of Isolated Cells of Necturus Gastric Mucosa. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 241: 261 -272, 1971. • Paper XXII Microelectrode Studies of Gastric Mucosa and Isolated Gastric Cells. Symp. Med. Hoechst. IN: Electrophysiology of Epithelial Cells, p. 257 -279, 1971. • Paper XXIII Microelectrode Studies of Fundic Gastric Mucosa: Cellular Coupling and Shunt Conductance. J. Membr. Biol. 19: 105 -128, 1974, • Paper XXIV The Action of Amytal on Frog Gastric Mucosa. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 143: 522 -531, 1967. Paper XXV Metabolism of Dog Gastric Mucosa. I. Nucleotide Levels in Parietal Cells. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 8321 -8329, 1975. • Paper XXVI Metabolism of Dog Gastric Mucosa. Levels of glycolytic citric acid cycle and other intermediates. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 8572 -8581, 1977. • Paper XXVII Redox Involvement in Acid Secretion in the Amphibian Gastric Mucosa. J. Membr. Biol. 35: 189 -204, 1977. • Paper XXVIII REVIEW: H⁺ Transport by a Non-electrogenic Gastric ATPase as a Model for Acid Secretion. Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmac. 79: 133 -167, 1977. • Paper XXIX Characterization of Gastric Mucosal Membranes. VIII. Localization of peptides by iodination and phosphorylation. J. Biol. Chem. 250: 4802 -2809, 1975. • Paper XXX Characterization of Gastric Mucosal Membranes. IX. Fractionation and Purification of K⁺- ATPase containing vesicles by zonal centrifugation and free flow electrophoresis technique. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 465: 311 -330, 1977. • Paper XXXI A Non -electrogenic H⁺ Pump in Plasma Membranes of Hog Stomach. J. Biol. Chem. 251: 7690 -7698, 1976. • Paper XXXII Proton Transport by Gastric Membrane Vesicles. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 464: 313 -327, 1977. • Paper XXXIII Cation Transport by Gastric H⁺ + K⁺ ATPase. J. Membr. Biol. 32: 361 -381, 1977. • Paper XXXIV Use of l-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate as a Probe of Gastric Vesicle Transport. J. Membr. Biol. 32: 301 -318, 1977. • Paper XXXV Reconstitution of a Proton Pump from Gastric Mucosa. J. Membr. Biol. 35: 285 -301, 1977. • Paper XXXVI Metabolic and Membrane Aspects of Gastric H⁺ Transport. Gastroenterology 73: 931 -940, 1977. • Paper XXXVII Tissue and Cell Localization of Hog Gastric Plasma Membrane by Antibody Technique. Proc. Symp. Gastric. Ion Transport, Special Suppl. Acta Physiol. Scand (Obrink, K.J. and Flemstrom,-G., eds) p. 293 -305, 1978. • Paper XXXVIII Transport Parameters of Gastric Vesicles. Proc. Symp. Gastric Ion Transport, Special Suppl. Acta Physiol. Scand. (Obrink, K.J. and Flemstrom, G., eds) p. 409 -426, 1978. • Paper XL Enzymic Modification of Gastric Transport ATPase. IN: Frontiers of Biological Energetics (Dutton, P.L., Leigh, J., Scarpa, A., eds) Academic Press, New York, Vol. 1, p. 545 -554, 1978. • Paper XLI Transport Characteristics of Frog Gastric Membranes Biochim. Biophys. Acta 551: 432 -447, 1979. • Paper XLII Quantitation of Hydrogen Ion and Potential Gradients in Gastric Plasma Membrane Vesicles. Biochemistry 17: 3345 -3353, 1978.

A 1. The influence on a finite group of its proper abnormal structure. J. London Math. Soc. 40 (1965). 348-61; MR30#4838. • B 2. Abnormal depth and hypereccentric length in finite soluble groups, Math. Z. 90 (1965). 29-40; MR32#141. • C 3. On a splitting theorem of Gaschiitz. Proc. Edinburgh Math. Soc. (20 15 (1966). 57-60; MR33#5708. • A 4. Finite groups with prescribed Sylow tower subgroups. Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 16 (1966). 577-89; MR33#5734. • B 5. Remarks on system normalizers and Carter subgroups. Proc. Intemat. Conf. Theory of Groups (Canberra I965) (1967). 303-5. • B 6. Finite soluble groups with pronormal system normalizers. Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 17 (1967). 447-69; MR35#2967. • C 7. A natural setting for the extensions of a group with trivial centre by an arbitrary group. Enseignement Math. 13 (1967). 167-73; MR3871179. • B 8. Nilpotent subgroups of finite soluble groups. Math. Z. 106 (1968). 97-112; MR40#5736. • B 9. Absolutely faithful group actions. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 66 (1969). 231-7; MR40#1465. • CIO. On the splitting of extensions by a group of prime order. Math. Z. 117 (1970). 239-48; MR43#356. • Cll. Splitting properties of group extensions. Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 22 (1971). 1-23; MR43#7515. • C12. Extensions by a free abelian group of rank 2. Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. 71A (1971). 19-26. MR44#4097 • BI3. A subnormal embedding theorem for finite groups. J. London Math. Soc. (2) 5 (1972) 253-9; MR47#326. • C14. Universal finite group extensions and a non-splitting theorem. Israel J. Math. 15 (1973) 375-83. • A15. Sufficient conditions for the existence of ordered Sylow towers in finite groups. J. Algebra 28 (1974) 116-26. • Cl6. Automorphism groups of groups with trivial centre. Proc. London Math. Soc. • C17. Frattini normal subgroups of finite groups. unpublished. • A18. On finite insoluble groups with nilpotent maximal subgroups. unpublished.

The aim of these experiments has been to find a means of identifying the primary afferent axons from b2c spindle units (b2c afferents) of tandem muscle spindles in the cat. The drug succinylcholine has been used to activate the intrafusal bag fibres of muscle spindles in various muscles. In all the muscles studied, several patterns of afferent response to SCh have been seen, of which one is exactly that predicted for b2c afferents on the basis of the known properties of the bag fibres. Additional support for this identification comes from the fact that these afferents are often diagnosed as primaries on the basis of other tests including the axonal conduction velocity, the coefficient of variation of the resting discharge, the sensitivity to sinusoidal muscle stretch and the sensitivity to small -amplitude, high frequency vibration of the parent muscle, and all this in a number of different muscles: Preliminary histological evidence further supports this conclusion; only one b2c afferent has been found in tenuissimus to date, but the region of the muscle in which it terminated was shown to contain a b2c spindle unit. It is concluded that SCh activation is a simple and reliable means of identifying b2c afferents and that this test can be used to classify afferents which many, if not all, of the other commonly used tests would leave unclassifed. The aim of these experiments has been to find a means of identifying the primary afferent axons from b2c spindle units (b2c afferents) of tandem muscle spindles in the cat. The drug succinylcholine has been used to activate the intrafusal bag fibres of muscle spindles in various muscles. In all the muscles studied, several patterns of afferent response to SCh have been seen, of which one is exactly that predicted for b2c afferents on the basis of the known properties of the bag fibres. Additional support for this identification comes from the fact that these afferents are often diagnosed as primaries on the basis of other tests including the axonal conduction velocity, the coefficient of variation of the resting discharge, the sensitivity to sinusoidal muscle stretch and the sensitivity to small -amplitude, high frequency vibration of the parent muscle, and all this in a number of different muscles: Preliminary histological evidence further supports this conclusion; only one b2c afferent has been found in tenuissimus to date, but the region of the muscle in which it terminated was shown to contain a b2c spindle unit. It is concluded that SCh activation is a simple and reliable means of identifying b2c afferents and that this test can be used to classify afferents which many, if not all, of the other commonly used tests would leave unclassifed.

This thesis reviews fracture treatment from early history to the beginning of the First World War; and treatment of fractures of the femoral shaft from then to the present day. A detailed review of the knowledge of fracture healing in relation to fractures of the femoral shaft is undertaken, with a look at the clinical implica¬ tions which provide a strong argument for cast-bracing. Other factors such as multiple injuries, financial aspects, the recovery of quadriceps function and the different materials and methods are reviewed. The background of the biomechanical aspects are discussed also. Early cast-bracing of fractures of the femoral shaft is shown to be clinically, physiologically and biomechanically a ■sound method of treatment. The clinical study reviews retrospectively the treat¬ ment of these fractures by traction alone and by traction and cast-bracing of the first year of treatment during the years 1974 and 1975; and the experience of cast-bracing in the Orthopaedic Unit during 1976 and 1977. The first year's experience of a prospective study is also reviewed. The less than good results are correlated with any problems or errors in the technique so that they may be avoided in future. The biomechanical study evaluates the off-loading characteri sties of the cast-brace during stance in patients with femoral fractures alone and aged less than 50 years; in those with multiple injuries, and those aged over 50 years. To do this, strain gauged transducers were applied to the cast at the fracture level where it was circumferentiaily split, and to the hinges at the knee. They measured respectively the load transfer between the two portions of the thigh cast, and the thigh cast as a whole, and the below-knee cast; and by subtraction from the total limb load, the skeletal force at the fracture level, and the knee. The clinical results compare favourably with other forms of treatment and with other reports of treatment by early cast-bracing. Fractures at all levels were treated successfully and the management of the multiply injured patient was enhanced. The results of the biomechanical study show that the load carried by the two portions of the thigh cast, and the thigh cast as a whole, was proportion¬ ately high at first and stabilised at from 20 to 501 of body weight. The effects of age and concommitant injuries is elucidated. The biomechanical stability achieved by the brace allows early mobilisation and controlled active motion of the limb with a graded increase in load as union progressed which must be due to a physiological feed-back mechanism. The physiological environment stimulates earlier union and recovery of soft tissue and joint function. The hospital service benefits financially, and the patient, physically, socially and financially.

On the basis of chemical and immunologic evidence, most investigators now believe that Staphylococcus aureus may produce at least four distinct hemolytic proteins. These have been designated alpha, beta, gamma and delta hemolysins. The function of these hemolysins in the economy of the Staphylococcus has not been fully elucidated, but some detail is available with regard to their nature and in vitro mode of action. Agreement on the properties of the four hemolysins has nevertheless been difficult to obtain because of wide variation in methods of purification and choice of strains. Moreover, confusion has existed in many laboratories with regard to the identity of the hemolysin under study. Recent work has permitted a number of generalizations to be made. Amino acid analyses of the hemolysins have revealed that no unusual acids are present. All hemolysins are soluble in water although of somewhat varying stability, and when pure, no carbohydrate, lipid or other accessory materials have been detected. It is also fairly well-established that at least three, the alpha, beta and delta hemolysins, are basic proteins the isoelectric points of which are in the range of 8.5-9.6. Apart from the delta lysin, their molecular weights are less than 100,000 daltons, the majority of observations being in the range of 20,000-50,000 daltons. The mode of action of the hemolysins has generated some debate, but it is accepted that the beta lysin is an enzyme which degrades sphingomyelin, a phospho¬ lipid widely distributed in cell membranes. The view that the delta lysin is also a phospholipase which attacks phosphatidyl-inositol has frequently been challenged but it must be pointed out that until very recently, workers have not clearly distinguished between gamma and delta lysins. The precise mode of action of the latter is unknown but contemporary work indicates that although gamma lysin has no action on sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol or other comnon phospholipids, nitrogen and phosphorus are released from erythrocyte membranes treated with the lysin. Furthermore, it can be shown that hemolysis is inhibited by the membranes when these are added to lysin-red cell suspensions, and that phospholipids extracted from human erythrocytes competitively inhibit the lytic reaction. The mode of action of the alpha lysin has also been elusive but considerable evidence has been compiled which indicates that the lysin is produced by the Staphylococcus as an inactive protease which degrades membranes that contain an activating protease. It has been observed that hemolytic sensitivity of erythrocyte species to alpha lysin is directly correlated with the level of activator present on the membranes. Apart from this, several investigators have demonstrated that the lysin has surface activity, but it is difficult to reconcile the two points of view. No agreement has been reached on the biological properties of the beta, ganma and delta hemolysins in view of the difficulties of purification and definition. Most workers agree, however, that the alpha lysin kills mice and rabbits in doses at the microgram level (although it is thousands of times less toxic than botulinum or tetanus toxins) and that it causes tissue necrosis when injected into the skin. In vivo production of the hemolysins in animals and man has been demonstrated by the detection of circulating antibody in normal and diseased subjects, but until the present, controversy existed over whether the delta lysin was in fact capable of eliciting an antibody response, since serum lipoproteins inhibited its lytic activity. The use of homogeneous preparations of the lysin and purified antibody has conclusively demonstrated its immunogenicity.

Tetraethyl silicate has been hydrolysed under controlled conditions to produce "clear" silicate sols. An investigation of these sols by both trimethylsilylation and reaction with molybdic acid solution did not reveal any major difference between these sols and those produced from fumed silica. However these sols remain clear when heated to temperatures normally used in the synthesis of high silica molecular sieves (353K to 473K) and do not separate into solution plus solid gel as is the case with sols normally used in molecular sieve synthesis. New methods to follow the growth of zeolite crystals have been developed. Since there is no solid gel phase the zeolite crystals can be recovered by filtration and then weighed. Thus crystallization can be followed directly by mass growth measurements. Crystallization from the "clear" sols can also be followed by silicate analysis of the solution phase. These methods are not appropriate for crystallization from gels. Reaction mixtures have been sealed inside glass capillary tubes and the crystals grown at different temperatures. The crystal growth of individual crystals can then be followed by optical microscopy. The effects of temperature and chemical composition on the crystallization of ZSM -5 type zeolites has been examined. Apparent activation energies of growth for the different crystal faces have been calculated from Arrhenius plots. Factors which influence the size and shape of the crystals have been determined. Conditions for the growth of relatively large crystals of ZSM -5 have been established. Similar conditions are found to produce larger crystals of some other high silica molecular sieves (e.g. EU -1, ZSM -39 and ZSM -48). The crystallization of silicalite -1 at 368K from reaction mixtures with the composition 1Na20 20SiO2 1960H2O 80Et0H 2TPABr has been studied in detail, using thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X -ray powder diffraction, pH measurements and crystal mass measurements. The rate of linear crystal growth has been determined by measurement of the largest crystals at various stages of the crystallization. Nucleation curves have been calculated from the final crystal size distribution and the crystal growth curve. The crystal mass growth curve has also been calculated from the crystal growth curve data and the final crystal size distribution. The calculated mass growth curve is found to be in close agreement with the actual mass growth curve obtained experimentally.

In this thesis the rite of anointing the sick with oil blessed for this purpose has been examined in its historic context beginning with the Old Testament background and concluding with writings which have become available in the present year (1973). The Old Testament background and the New Testament use of oil show that the injunction of James implied a union of religious and medical weapons in the fight on illness. This was effected through the use of oil, the medical specific of the age, and prayer, the religious dimension of the rite. Thus it is shown that the use of the, elders and their oil was not a replacement for the use of ordinary care in the face of illness but rather was the combination of all means available in an attempt to overcome the realm of illness and disease. From this period the history of the rite has been traced up to the time of the Protestant Reformation. During these centuries the anointing of the sick came to be regarded as unction of the dying. This transition period threw the ritual of anointing into a state of confusion and this situation has not been reversed until the present day attempt to reinstate the oil of the sick as a sacrament to be sought by the seriously ill rather than by those who are in the actual throes of death. The old idea of oil as a means of conveying restoration to health and wholeness lost popular appeal at this time as the beliefs of the general public were such that the rite was postponed for fear of recovery and the resultant rigorous penitential requirements which were associated with such cases. There were still to be found those who were interested in the use of the rite in terms of James 5 where the purpose appears to be for health and wholeness and not for death and life after death. Thus at the time of the Reformation the position of the rite was very confused. The official Church belief was that the oil was effective in the cure of ills even though the popular belief was that it was to be used at the point of death. With this confusion the Reformers found another area at which to direct their attacks and this they did by comparing the Epistle of James to the practices of the day. Seeing a great deviation from the original meaning of the injunction and regarding the possible superstitions which might evolve from the rite, the ritual carne to be omitted from the religious life of the Protestant Churches. At this time Rome met problems of doctrine and the abuses which were rampant within the Church through the Council of Trent, which met from 1545 until 1563. At this assembly of the Church the sacraments, among other things, were discussed and explained theologically. Extreme unction was defined and commended to the populace of the Roman Catholic Church in terms which were not in keeping with the popular attitudes of the day. This doctrine was to be the official doctrinal position of the Church until the present day revisions which were proclaimed in January 1973. The decisions of Trent are examined and show the teaching of the Church of Rome in reference to this ancient rite. Following a discussion of Trent the modern Church is examined in an attempt to indicate the beliefs which surround this ritual in the present day. The Anglican Church's use of the oil of the sick seems to have been fairly consistent throughout its history and this usage has been in terms of the restoration to health of the patient anointed. A brief sketch of this history will show how the sacramental ministry has been regarded throughout the centuries by the Church in its official and unofficial manifestations. Documents from various periods will indicate the implicit beliefs surrounding the use of this ministry as performed within this denomination of Christianity. Pentecostalist denominations, like several enthusiastic movements in the past, use this ministry to the ill as they attempt to exercise a ministry of healing in the present day. A cursory examination of the roots of this movement of the modern Church indicates that this is not a new phenomenon but a manifestation of a recurring aspect of life within the Christian Church. The literature on and about the healing ministry within this denomination is used to indicate the place and meaning of this rite in the care of the sick. The paucity of information within the writings on the use of chrism as a ministry of the community of faith means that much has to be derived by implication rather than from the content of theological expositions or doctrinal assertions on the rite. The modern Roman Catholic revisions of the sacrament of the sick occupy much of the section devoted to modern Roman Catholic practices. The theology of the Church as regards this rite can be seen from reading the new rites for the sick and these show the movement of the Church towards a new appreciation of the ancient significance of the anointing of the members of the Church who are seriously ill. A perusal of the prayers and liturgy indicate the meaning which is implied in the use of the oil of the sick as it will be administered in the new rites which become effective on January 1, 1974. The modern attitude appears to indicate cross -denominational similarities with the function of the ritual anointing of the sick being regarded by Anglicans, Pentecostals, and Roman Catholics as a means of conveying the Church's ministry of healing to those members of the community of faith who are ill. There are to be found in this sacramental ministry to the sick certain qualities which have not been given the attention which they deserve. Confrontation and mission are to be found in the illness situation and these are not only directed to the member who is ill but also speak to the community of faith in its life and work. The use of suffering as a means of confrontation and mission has been shown to operate effectively under the use of a ritual ministry such as the anointing of the sick. When this is the case the community of faith through the unction of the sick makes of illness a time when there is to be round the opportunity for health and wholeness, the ancient and modern goal of the anointing of the sick. This healing and wholeness have been examined and indicate the similarities between medical wholeness and theological salvation, both of which are psycho -somatic and sociological in nature. The thesis concludes with a brief consideration cf some of the implications of the consideration of this rite to the modern, and especially the Protestant, Church.

The mechanical properties of the large bowel have been largely neglected to date. A method was established using the rat colon to mechanically test colonic tissue. The method involved 10 mm rings of colon being tested mechanically at right angles to the long axis of the colon. Tests chosen to measure "strength" were burst strength and tensile strength. "Stretch" was measured by percentage elongation and width of the colon at burst. The internal diameter of the colon at zero stress and the thickness of the colon wall, at rest were taken as reference dimensions. Viscoelastic properties were measured by stress relaxation and hysteresis in the rat and stress -relaxation in the human. Post-mortem material was the only practical source of non -diseased colonic tissue across the spectrum of age. The tests used were not affected significantly by death or time after death. Because colons required to be transported from Uganda to be tested in Edinburgh, a method of preserving mechanical properties during storage had to be devised. The method of choice was salt, mechanical properties as tested being well preserved for at least 35 days. Twenty -tw adult Edinburgh colons (age range 19 to 81) and 17 adult Kampala colons (age range 14 to 62) were studied. In addition, 10 Edinburgh children's colons (age range 28 weeks gestation to 4 years) and 3 Kampala children's colons (age range 36 to 40 weeks gestation) were tested. Segments from an ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colons were tested in each case. The tensile strength of the human colon declined with age (P < 0,05). Once adult life was reached its capacity to stretch remained fairly constant, except in the sigmoid colon, where there was a fall in stretch capacity with age (P

Sir Frank Mears has been acknowledged as one of the pioneers of Scottish Planning. His career encompasses the period of the emergence of statutory planning, the formation of the Town Planning Institute and the passing of the Town and Country Planning (Scotland) Act 1947. From the mid nineteen-thirties until his death in 1953, he was planning consultant to numerous Scottish local authorities and many of the early techniques of Scottish planning were worked out in his office or with his students at Edinburgh College of Art, where he taught for many years. Several of that first generation of planning graduates whom Mears influenced later went on to take up prominent positions in practice in Scotland. Despite this, little has been written about him and he remains an obscure and enigmatic figure. There is no doubt that he has been overshadowed by his father-in-law and early mentor, Sir Patrick Geddes and by his more flamboyant contemporary, Sir Patrick Abercrombie. Geddes' visionary ideas and boundless energy have earned him an international reputation as a founding father of modern town and country planning and Abercrombie's bold development plans for some of the major cities of the British Isles set the tone for much subsequent physical planning throughout the United Kingdom and beyond. With the exception of two notable episodes in the twenties, it was to Scottish planning problems that Mears addressed himself and it was within Scotland that he ultimately gained pre-eminence. Nevertheless, he has subsequently suffered the neglect which Scots so frequently accord their native prophets, a fate to which his own modest and retiring nature must unfortunately have contributed. This thesis attempts a critical assessment of Mears' career, seeking to identify the influences which shaped his approach to planning and examine the significance of his work, both 1 in relation to the development of modern planning theory and practice in the United Kingdom and to social and cultural devel opments in Scotland and the wider world in the first half of this Century.

A small proportion of elliptical and lenticular galaxies show evidence of well-defined dust-lanes when examined on deep survey plates. New near-infrared (JHK) observations of 46 dust-lane galaxies are presented and compared with those for a sample of 24 morphologigally normal systems. Infrared excesses are found preferentially in galaxies which exhibit at least weak signs of a stellar disc ; the physics of the emission mechanism is discussed in the light of additional 3.5 y observations and published optical spectra. The most extreme properties are those of the heavily obscured edge-on galaxy NGC7172. In this case, the infrared emission is variable on a timescale ^0.5 yrs. New optical spectra are also discussed and support the identification of the hard X-ray source H2158-321 with this galaxy. A restricted sample of 'elliptical-like' galaxies with dust-lanes, but containing no significant luminous disc, has been defined. It is demonstrated that these galaxies cannot be distinguished from a comparable sample of morphologically normal ellipticals on the basis of UBV colours or luminosity. Four examples have been selected for a detailed study of their structure and dynamics. Rotation curves and velocity dispersion profiles have been derived from long-slit spectra using Fourier analysis techniques ; surface photometry was obtained from large-scale photographic plates. The data reduction and analysis techniques are discussed in some detail. In three cases the angular momentum axis of the dust-lane is different from that of the stellar component, favouring an external origin for the dust and gas. Two of the galaxies rotate as rapidly as oblate models with isotropic velocity dispersions ; this property is characteristic. of the luminous bulges in disc systems. The orientation of the dust-lane favours a prolate geometry for one of these bulges. It is demonstrated that the kinematics are inconsistent with two recently published models of prolate.galaxies.

Seven years after hospitalisation for acute lower respiratory tract infection in infancy, 200 children and their case -controls were assessed for respiratory status and epidemiological characteristics. The index group comprised 100 cases where respiratory syncytial virus had been responsible for the index illness (RSV +) and 100 cases in whom this organism had not been found (RSV -). No differences were noted between index and control children with respect to birth weight and gestational age, although breast feeding was more frequently observed in control children. Index children reported more respiratory symptoms and asthma as well as other indices of respiratory illhealth. Although index children appeared to be a socially disadvantaged group, parental respiratory symptoms and smoking habits were comparable in both groups of children. The atopic background was similar in index and control populations. At follow -up, index children were shorter than controls, although their weights were comparable. Tests of respiratory function were diminished in index children, who also had evidence of bronchial hyperreactivity. RSV+ and RSV- index children showed similar clinical characteristics and atopic background. No significant differences were found in the age at which the index illness occurred, or in the proportion who were breast -fed. The results of tests of respiratory function and exercise test were comparable in RSV+ and RSV- children. Children who had suffered bronchitis, bronchiolitis or pneumonia had similar clinical characteristics compared to their controls, with the exception that fewer children who had bronchiolitis were breast -fed, and children who suffered pneumonia were of lower birth weight. All three sub -groups of index children reported more respiratory symptoms and ill health than their controls. Social and family factors were less favourable when compared to control children. The atopic background was similar between the three disease categories, and also between index and control children. Tests of respiratory function were significantly reduced only in children who had bronchiolitis, although the trend in the bronchitis and pneumonia children was also towards poorer function. A one -way analysis of variance between disease categories on the differences between case and control for each respiratory function measurement showed that differences within a disease category was geater than the differences between disease categories. Following the index illness, children were reported to cough, wheeze or remain asymptomatic. Those with symptoms were almost identical in terms of clinical, social and family characteristics, as well as atopic background; but differed from their controls. Tests of respiratory function were diminished in both groups of symptomatic children, with evidence of bronchial hyper- reactivity. The asymptomatic index children did not differ from the symptomatic children with respect to social factors, suggesting that these contribute little to the occurrence of respiratory symptoms. Asymptomatic children were of similar height to their controls. Respiratory function was also comparable although there was a slight trend to hyper- reactive airways. Children whose index illness was attributed solely to acute infections (RSV +, non -atopic) reported similar occurrences of respiratory symptoms to their controls. Respiratory function was also comparable. When there was a background history of atopy, children reported more respiratory symptoms and had significantly lower tests of respiratory function as well as evidence of bronchial hyperreactivity when compared with controls. The results suggest that atopy is a determinant of poor respiratory function, but they may have also been influenced by the discrepancy in numbers. Bronchial reactivity was present in excess in atopic and non -atopic index cases, despite being significant only in the atopic children. Index children with bronchial reactivity showed similar clinical, atopic, social and family characteristics to those without evidence of hyperreactive airways, but these two groups differed clinically and in social and family background from control children. Those with bronchial reactivity wheezed more, and there was a greater percentage of asthmatics. Respiratory function was significantly diminished compared to controls. There was no excess of atopic disorders in the index children with hyperreactive airways. Children without evidence of hyperreactive airways also reported more respiratory symptoms, but bronchitis rather than asthma was diagnosed in these children. Except for a lower PEFR, all other tests of respiratory function were similar between index and control children. Ventilatory dysfunction paralleled bronchial reactivity. It is not clear which is of primary importance, or if there is any relationship between the two. Acute respiratory infection may have caused both these abnormalities, or they could have predated the event, rendering children more susceptible to infection.

Soil workability days, as determined from an existing soil moisture model, can be used to specify the actual finish date constraints for field operations. Cone penetration resistance (cone index) is strongly a function of soil moisture content, specific weight and clay ratio (soil type). A cone index can be predicted from these properties over a wide range of soil types with a high level of accuracy and can be used to specify the average soil strength at the median depth of a segment. Cone indices were found to be a satisfactory measure of soil strength for inclusion in the equation predicting both tractor performance and plough draught. The characterisation of plough draught by the cone index, specific weight of soil, moisture content, depth and cut width of the plough body, speed and tail angle is confirmed. Dynamic load transfer on the tractor due to implement draught is included in the analysis of tractor -implement performance. A simulation of crop yield losses from untimely establishment for eight crops over a period of 30 years in U.K. was developed. A satisfactory prediction of crop yield loss related to the sowing date was found to be a function of the square of the time duration from the operation sowing date for both early and late establishment. The optimum crop sowing date (day number) and peak yield of each crop were specified for the U.K. as a whole and for particular sites in Scotland and England. A discounting cash flow costing procedure was mod fied to involve the effect of taxation, Government tax allowance and tax relief and used to calculate the annual cost of a machine ownership for the machinery selection programme. The selection of single and multiple combinations of tractors and implements demonstrates the feasibility of the suboptimisation sequence for farm operations (tillage and sowing). The "MSP" machinery selection computer model includes a tractor implement performance model to select a tractor fleet matched with proper sizes of ploughs. Each of the technically feasible combinations is added together to give the total machinery complement. A specific job during the workdays available within a specific calendar period; and the costing routine is used to identify only those tractor -implement combinations which are economically viable. The final choice of the appropriate system is dependent on whole farm constraints of labour team size, level of capital investment. Timeliness penalties have a major impact on the machinery selection. For an inadequate machinery system, the timeliness penalties were very high and could exceed the cost of the machinery system itself. Once the machinery complement was sufficient to complete the work on time, the increase in costs for oversize machines was relatively small. Labour and fuel costs are calculated within the machinery selection model for each sequence of field operation. As tractor size increases, the labour cost of the operation declines and fuel cost increases. The total tractor operating costs (including fuel and labour) are surprisingly constant over a wide range of tractor sizes for a given area.

Chronic asthmatics norrally respond to oral corticosteroid therapy with an increase in their ventilatory function. However, Grant and his co- workers identified a small proportion of severe chronic asthmatics who did not improve their ventilatory function when given oral corticosteroid. These patients were termed "corticosteroid resistant ". This thesis describes the in vitro and in vivo effects of the corticosteroid, Ilethylprednisolone (INS), on monocytes and Tcells from Corticosteroid Sensitive (CS) and Corticosteroid Resistant (CR) asthmatics. In vitro colony formation by mononuclear cells (MNC) from CS asthmatics was found to be significantly more inhibited by 10⁻⁸ N MPS than was colony formation by MNC from CR asthmatics. This in vitro assay of corticosteroid sensitivity was subsequently used diagnostically to discriuina_te between CS and CR asthmatics. It was demonstrated that the unresponsiveness of MNC from CR asthmatics to MPS in vitro was attributable to the monocytes from these patients. Defects in the corticosteroid sensitivity of T-cells, eosinophils and polymorphs were also observed in vivo and in vitro; their relationship to the monocyte defect was not clarified. Monocytes are thought to affect the Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction seen in asthma by the production of many factors. Two of these factors are of particular relevance to this thesis: lipomodulin, which inhibits prostanoid synthesis and is induced by corticosteroid and Interleukin 1, which supports T- lymphocyte proliferation and is inhibited by corticosteroid. There is therefore reason to believe that the defect in corticosteroid responsiveness demonstrated in monocytes from CR asthmatics in vitro could reduce the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs in patients with this condition. If this is so, these findings emphasise the importance of the actions of corticosteroid on monocyte function in the commoner CS asthma. Further investigation of this phenomenon may have wider implications for other developmental and pathological processes.

A theory of the mechanism of the production of stimulus artefact in three dimensional preparations has been advanced, in which the artefact is regarded as being composed of four major components. That it has been possible to demonstrate these four components separately, and to reduce a large artefact to below the system noise level using methods based on the theory, would support the view that these four components represent the only ones of practical significance. The theory is quantitative in that, if values are assigned to the various transfer functions involved, the amplitude and waveform of the artefact produced in as given system is predictable. It has been found that where the transfer functions involve the electrode impedances, in many cases a sufficiently close approximation to the true transfer function can be obtained by regarding the electrode impedance as either a pure resistance, or a shunt combination of resistance and capacitance. Values of resistance and capacitance corresponding to the various electrodes used in this laboratory have been indicated, and it has been shown that these can be used to evaluate the overall transfer functions of the recording system and stimulating circuit. A knowledge of the transfer impedances associated with the preparation completes the information required to estimate the amplitude and waveform of the artefact to be 130 - expected in a given situation. The lower limit of one of transfer impedances, (Ce ), is set by the earth elec- (P) trode impedance, but the other three can assume any value, including zero, over a very wide range. Since the other transfer functions, associated with the electrode networks, and the stimulating and recording apparatus, can also vary within very wide limits, the resultant artefact, being a function of all these variables, can assume an enormous variety of amplitudes and waveforms. It is because the artefact is a function of so many variables, most of which can effect a change of several order of magnitude in one or more of the artefact components, that the importance of viewing the stimulating/preparation/record ing system as a whole, when considering stimulus artefact, can hardly be overstressed. The usefulness of a quantitative theory of stimulus artefact becomes apparent when an attempt is made to reduce the artefact arising in a practical situation. Thus a proper appreciation of the mechanism of artefact production should enable the various components present to be recognised, and make it possible to diagnose which parts of the system are responsible. Steps can then be taken to improve the performance of the relevant parts of the system using the techniques and apparatus described here and elsewhere. Consideration of possible methods of reducing stimulus artefact in general has shown that three out of the four major components could be reduced indefinitely by sufficient improvement in the isolation of the stimulator, and in the common mode rejection of the recording system. Thus it has been argued that the best way in which the 'Escape' components of the artefact can be controlled is to reduce to a minimum the capacitance to earth of the stimulator circuit. The disadvantages of the conventional, passive way of fulfilling this requirement, using a radio frequency isolating unit, can be overcome by the active system using the Low Capacitance Stimulator described. It has been shown possible to construct such an instrument having substantially less capacitance to earth than the best R.F. units published, yet retaining all the advantages of a conventional earthed stimulator, exemplified in this case by the provision of constant current output pulses of up to 20 mA. Measurements of the maximum value of the escape component likely to be observed when using a conventional stimulator, were used to assess the required capacitance to earth of an 'ideal' stimulator giving escape artefacts below the recording system noise level in all circumstances. This ideal capacitance was estimated to be approximately one pF. - the value chosen as the design target in the development of the Low Capacitance Stimulator. The conclusion that this value represents the limit to which the capacitance to earth of a stimulator may be usefully reduced, is supported by the complete absence of escape artefact components always observed when the stimulator was used under normal stimulating conditions, i.e. not specially arranged to demonstrate escape components. Nevertheless, the stimulator described here is not presented as a fully engineered equipment, but rather as an experimental apparatus, constructed to demonstrate the feasibility of the active technique which it embodies. There would therefore seem to be no reason why advantage should not be taken of the possibility of further reduction in stimulator capacitance, should this be considered desirable, by using a miniature, transistorised construction, and more sophisticated servo amplifiers in place of the auxiliary cathode followers. In this way a standard of stimulus isolation might be attained which would be quite unapproachable by any passive technique. Similar remarks as to the experimental nature of the High Rejection Ratio recording amplifier described in chapter six can also be made. No doubt an improvement in its performance could be obtained by increasing the complexity of its auxiliary servo amplifier to increase its gain and bandwidth while retaining adequate stability with high 'resistance recording electrodes, but it is questionable whether a further increase in common mode rejection, already over a hundred times that of a conventional system, could often be employed. Certainly it can be said that when normal stimulation was used, as distinct from the injection of artificially large common mode potentials into the preparation, the common components of the artefact obtained with the smallest electrodes used in this laboratory were always reduced to below the recording system noise level. An additional advantage of the much higher rejection of common mode interference obtainable under practical conditions with this recording system, is the enhanced rejection of 'in- phase' potentials induced in the preparation from the supply mains, and of unwanted biological signals appearing as common mode potentials at the recording electrodes. There would appear to be other applications for such a purely 'differential' amplifier in instrumentation in non-biological fields. A system using both the Low Capacitance Stimulator and the High Rejection Ratio amplifier might be said to be capable of reducing to below noise level three of the components of any artefact likely to be met with in practice. Were it possible to make a similar claim for the Differential Attenuator Unit in dealing with the fourth component, a combination cf the three units might have been held to constitute an 'ideal' anti-artefact system. Unfortunately, there seems little chance that the Differential Attenuator Unit could ever be relied on to reduce every Differential Direct artefact component encountered to below noise level, indeed experience has shown that it is not always possible, with arbitrary electrode positions, to achieve the standard of rejection obtained in Fig. 7.3.1. On the other hand, it has been demonstrated that, using non-polarizable electrodes in an artificial resistive 'preparation', a much higher standard of rejection of the whole artefact can be attained, so that the disappointing results with real tissue can reasonably be ascribed to the properties of the tissues themselves. This being so, there is little to be gained by further development of the Differential Attenuator Unite Although the combination of the three units developed in the course of this study falls short of forming an 'ideal' anti -artefact system, in the sense of being able to eliminate any conceivable artefact, it may be argued that such a system comes near to being an optimum one in which further development of the apparatus would yield no significant improvement of the anti-artefact performance.

The pancreas has two chief functions viz. the production of an alkaline juice which, by virtue of its enzymes, performs the greater part of the process of digestion, and secondly, that of pouring into the blood stream the hormone insulin, which is absolutely essential for carbohydrate metabolism. Strictly speaking then, this essay should embody only the history of the discovery of those two functions and matters of anatomy, biochemistry of digestion, isolation of the various enzymes, and of the hormone should be set aside as irrelevant. I have, however, included some data of this nature for the sake of coherency, and also with the hope of making the essay more readable. I must confess that I have been torn between the Scylla of wanton brevity and the Charybdis of irrelevant detail with what result the reader will soon discover. I propose to discuss the matter roughly under the following headings: - (1) The gradual evolution of the appreciation of the importance of the pancreatic juice in digestion. - The earlier work, up to and including Claude Bernard. (2) The work of the German Schools (especially Kuhne) on the three enzymes. (3) The Mechanism of the Pancreatic Secretion. (4) The discovery of the presence of an internal secretion of the Pancreas. (5) The allocation of this hormone to the islets of Langerhans. (6) The history of the isolation of insulin. (7) The mechanism of insulin secretion.

1. Serious psychoses occurring as complications of heart disease are not common. 2. All the patients under observation had suffered from advanced and recurring heart failure, and the development of the confusional state coincided with the period of severe decompensation. So the exciting cause of these psychoses, or at least a constant factor in them, is the presence of advanced cardiac failure. 3. These mental disturbances are independent cf the type of heart affection. 4. All the patients were over forty years cf age. The greatest incidence occurred in the seventh, the least in the eighth decade of life. 5. Both sexes were equally affected. 6. It might be safe to assume that these psychoses are determined, in some cases at least, by inadequate nutrition of the brain and special centers consequent on the disordered circulation. 7. Generalized and cerebral arteriosclerosis are of decisive importance in some cases, at any rate. 8. High arterial blood pressure, with one exception, was common to all. 9. Digitalis poisoning may be held responsible in unusual cases for the development of a psychopathic outbreak. 10. Exhaustion from long standing heart disease is another important factor in the etiology of the cardiac psychoses. 11. The most important and frequent manifestations of these disorders are: (a) A state of mental confusion. (b) Hallucinations of sight, sound, and rarely of taste. (c) Delusions of persecution, rarely those of grandeur. (d) A state of excitation. (e) A depressive mood. (f) Insomnia - a constant symptom. 12. The occurrence of psychoses in patients with far advanced and recurring cardiac failure is of grave prognostic significance.

1. The pathological diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonal is discussed and criteria suggested. 2. The pathological, clinical, and electrocardiographic findings in 100 cases of uncomplicated chronic cor pulmonale are described. Necropsy with separation and weighing of right and left ventricles was carried out in 43 cases. 3. It was found that many cases of chronic cor pulmonale die from anoxia before right ventricular hypertrophy is detectable, and with minimal heart failure. 4. It is suggested that two processes are at work, one tending to produce anoxia and the other right ventricular hypertrophy. The relative importance of the two processes varies from case to case. It is suggested that the rate of progress of the lung disease may determine which process predominates. 5. The diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of chronic cor pulmonale is discussed. The importance of recognising occult acute respiratory infection and the value of antibiotics in treatment is stressed. 6. The magnitude of the problem of chronic lung disease in large industrial areas is pointed out. Improvement can only be brought about by an amelioration in the town-dweller's environment, in which reduction of atmospheric pollution is the most important factor.

In conclusion, some inferences may be made regarding the ecological status of Nardus on these Southern Scottish sheep gratings. In relation to the grassland communities and to heather, the role of Nardus is quite certainly that of invader. Under conditions of sheep grazing that have prevailed on these hills for at least two hundred years, the species is able to make an entry into almost any community and, with the exception of a few of the most competitive, eventually to reach a state of dominance. It may be argued from this that since the effect of selective grazing is to modify the competitive balance of the species within the community, that it is likely that this factor is of importance. However, it is equally probable that while this may be true for some communities, in others, the competitive resistance may be low enough - even in the absence of grazing - for Nardus to be able to invade successfully. Amongst the communities studied, those dominated by Deschampsia flexuosa appeared to offer the least resistance to Nardus and it is at least possible that selective grazing is not an important factor in the invasion of these swards, although it may be so in other communities. The manner by which invasion takes place varies from one vegetation type to another, but one characteristic that they have in common is the extreme slowness of the succession. This is particularly well brought out in the invasion of Callunetum, where an advance by Nardus seems to be co- incident with the burning of heather at excessively long intervals, intervals of perhaps fifteen or twenty years or more. It is probable that it may require four, five or more such cycles of growth and burning before Nardus becomes wholly dominant, so that the succession may take anything from sixty to a hundred years(or more to complete. Nardus stricta is not a species of woodland or shade conditions and it is possible that the present tendency towards Nardus dominance is part of a succession that was initiated when the original woodland of the area was destroyed and grazing became general. In this respect, the succession may be parallel to the spread of bracken at the present time in many areas, which is another example of a succession originating in the destruction of woodland. As has already been shown in the account of the past history of land use of the area (p.26), the greater part of the timber on Sourhope must have been destroyed at the latest, by the year 1550 and, in the same locality, many areas have a grazing history going back to the twelfth century. Sheep farming in something like its present day form has been in existence since about 1700. It seems, therefore, that the abundance of Nardus in the vegetation of the Southern Uplands, may be related not so much to the intensity of sheep grazing, as has been suggested by Fenton 1937, as to the length of time that has elapsed since the forest disappeared and grazing, together with its associated management practices, became widespread.

According to the Apostle Paul , the two comprehensive features of the present age which make it an evil age (Gal. 1 : 4) are sin and death - of which the first is cause and the second is effect . The rebellion of Adam made possible the entrance of sin' s power into the very substance of the cosmos , resul ting in the corruption (death) of the whole of God ' s good creation. In the Pauline letters no aspect of death is ever treated as natural . Death is always the work of sin . -Death ' s power is in no way distinct from sin's power nor any less extensive . Wherever there is resis tance to God' s will , there is death; and de th is the "last enemy" because it will be finally destroyed only when the last resistance to Christ ' s reign is overcome. Sin' s special stronghold is in the flesh . That is why Paul speaks of the fleshly body as a 1body of sin" and a 11body of death" . Sin's power is so great in every person ' s ;'!members" that his "inDer man" is inevitably overwhelmed and , joining in Adam ' s sin, he dies spirituall y. A measure of sin' s power in the flesh is the f act that when t he Law challenges sin' s presence the Law i tsel_f is made an i nstrument of sin to deceive and to kill. Even when by union with Christ the believer becomes , through the power of the Roly Spirit, spiritually alive with the life of the coming age o~ glory, his body remains under the power of death. The body will become liberated from death ' s power only at the Parousia, when by Christ ' s power it will be transformed i nto a a-~f'~ rri f ur~~i~t ~. In the intermedi ate stat e the man in Christ, though he is with Christ and at rest from the bitter tension and conflict between the Spirit and the flesh which he experienced as long as he was in a body of s i nful flesh, awaits in hope the full life of glory whi ch he will receive - - together with all the sons of God and with all the wrc'

I. EFFECTS OF VITAMINS A AND B ON THYROID AND SUPRARENALS: 1. vitamin A containing diet affects the thyroid similarly to thyroid feeding in small doses, causing inactivity whereas deficiency leads to increased activity on the part of the gland. 2. A resting gland can exert its detoxicating function more than an actively secreting one. This is why vitamin A-fed animals can resist toxins better than the deficient ones. 3. vitamin A acts specifically against Acetonitril like thyroid extract, as is shown by an increased number of phagocytic cells in the gland. The gland is kept in a resting phase so that it can counteract toxins. But when the glands become exhausted by active secretion under the influence of toxin, death takes place. 4. The growth promoting property of the vitamin A may be explained by diminished metabolism caused by producing the resting phase of the gland. 5. The growth promoting nature of vitamin B may be also explained by the diminished metabolism it causes. 6. The deficiency of vitamin B caused more increased secretion and ultimately hyperplasia of the thyroid. 7. vitamin E. is not antitoxic. 8. There is a striking similarity between the effects of vitamins A and B upon the thyroid gland (with the exception of the specific action of the vitamin A in resisting toxins). 9. vitamin A or B deficiency alone cannot cause a complete absence of lipoid content of the cortex of the suprarenal gland. 10. Adrenaline content of the suprarenals is increased by vitamin A deficiency, whereas vitamin B deficiency produces a smaller amount than normal. 11. vitamin B deficiency ultimately leads to an acute insufficiency of the medulla of the suprarenals. II. EFFECTS OF VITAMIN C ON THYROID AND SUPRARENALS: 1. Deficiency of vitamin C leads to an increase in the amount of secretion by the thyroid. °Thus the antiscorbubic factor has an action on the thyroid similar to but less in amount than vitamins A and B. 2. vitamin C like the other water soluble factor B is not antitoxic to acetonitril. 3. Adrenaline content of the suprarenals is diminished by a deficiency of vitamin C: in this respect it resembles vitamin B. 4. vitamin C deficiency does not lead to any appreciable change in the lipoid content of the suprarenal cortex. III. EFFECTS OF VITAMIN D ON THYROID AND SUPRARENALS: 1. Vitamin D behaves towards the thyroid exactly as vitamins A,B and C. It promotes a resting condition of the gland and in this respect, substances like cod liver oil and irradiated milk which contain the antirachitic factor, or ultra violet rays which produce it, contribute towards the resting phase, proportional to the amount of the antirachitic substance they contain or are capable of producing. Deficiency of vitamin D leads to an actively secreting condition of the gland. 2. vitamin D, although it is a fat soluble factor and is almost always closely associated with vitamin A, is not antitoxic to acetonitril. 3. deficiency of vitamin D leads to a slight diminution in the adrenaline content of the suprarenal glands. 4. ultra violet radiation leads to a scanty amount of adrenaline in the medulla of the suprarenals. This effect is probably due to the direct effect of the rays rather than to the chemical substance vitamin D, which is produced under their influence. 5. vitamin D deficiency alone does not lead to any appreciable difference in the lipoid content of the cortex of the suprarenal glands.

It may be concluded that 3-keto-2:3-dihydrobenz-1:4-thiazine and its derivatives, with the exception of the unsubstituted compound itself and the 6-nitroso-derivative both of which have a slight stimulant effect, have no effect on the 'intermediate' preparations of Ascaris. All but six, namely the 6-arsonic and stibonic acids, the 6-mercuric chloride compound, the 6-amino compound coupled with phloroglucinol and salicylic acid, and 6:6'-bis-(3-keto-2:3-dihydrobenz-1:4-thiazine), have a paralysant effect on liver fluke, the 6-amino and 6-thiol compounds being almost lethal at a concentration of 1 in 1000. We may, therefore, conclude that certain atoms or groups increase the activity, whilst others decrease the activity of 3-keto-2:3-dihydrobenz-1:4-thiazinne towards liver fluke. The inactivity towards Ascaris may be partly due to the inability of the compounds to penetrate the Ascaris cuticle, a difficulty which it might be possible to overcome by using a suitable wetting agent.

[Hand-written]

1. Case of cerebral atheroma • 2. Case of myocardial infarction • 3. Case of rheumatic fever • 4. Case of hypertensive failure • 5. Case of syringomyelia • 6. Case of sarcoidosis and thyrotoxicosis

(1) The superficial fasciae of the groin and perineal regions have been investigated. in great detail in the male subject from foetal life to old age. (2) Certain hitherto unsuspected anatomical features of great practical importance have been disclosed by the research, particularly in regard to the fasciae of Scarpa and of Colles . (3) An undescribed layer of fascia in the perineum has been named the deep fascia of the perineum. (4) The complicated method whereby the scrotum is slung is analysed in detail and serves to throw some light on the cause of the inequality in rate of growth of hernia. (5) Certain fasciai pockets exist e in the perineum and groin in a large percentage of cases. These pockets are proportionately. better marked in the foetus than in the adult. (6) A third orifice is described in the inguinal region which has been named the third: in uinal riz . This presents the form of. a ring in 5O of cases, and the shape of a funnel in the remaining cases. it is of vast importance in connection with imperfect .descent of the testis. It is easily felt clinically. (7) No evidence has been forthcoming in this research which lends the least support to:- (a) the supposed+"excavating" function of the guberna:ulum, (b) the +traction" function of this band, (c) the existence of the gubernacular tails of Lockwood, (8) It is shown that the spermatic cord lies as a rule 1/2" lateral to the pubic tubercle and not medial to it, (9) Extravasation of urine is shown to extend largely as an infiltration of the superficial fasciae rather than as an extravasation deep to them, (104 Femoral hernia may emerge above or below the attachment of .Scarpa's fascia in the groin. The size of the hernia and the direction it takes may be dependent on its relationship to this fascia. (ii) The literature of imperfect extra-abdominal testicular descent is reviewed, (12) A new explanation of this imperfection is put forward, It is based on anatomical findings and may fittingly be called the "anatomical explanation'', Partial descent and ectopia are due to one or more of the following factors (a) congenital anomalies or absence of the third ring. (b) congenital fasci.al pockets. (c) congenital fascial ridges. It is impossible to exclude as further possible causes such factors as shortness of the mesoblastic elements of the cord, or adhesions. It is however pointed out that such occurrences may be secondary and not primary. (13) The anatomical explanation of the various types of ectopies is entered into in considerable detail, and the genesis is explained.

1. A method has been devised for estimating the amount of reduced silver, formed by the action of pure sugar charcoal on silver nitrate solutions. 2. Determinations have been made of (1) adsorption of silver, and (2) reduced silver, and (3) the acid liberated. 3. The influence of the following factors has been investigated: - (1). concentration of silver nitrate. (2). Acidity of the solutions. (3). Period of contact of the charcoal with the silver nitrate. (4). Treatment with air, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide,at different temperatures. 4. Determinations of the adsorption of (i.) nitric acid, (2) sodium hydroxide, and (3) iodine, have been made in the case of certain of the charcoals. 5. A hypothesis has been advanced to correlate the results obtained.

It has been shown that substances which do not associate, or do so only to a slight extent, yield melting point curves for their optical isomers which either definitely show the absence of a racemic compound, or show that it is unlikely to be present to any large extent. Secondly, substances which are definitely known to associate show the existence of a racemic compound from the investigation of their melting point curves, and the theoretical curves, which have been drawn, agree well with the assumption that the dextro isomer is associated with itself in the pure isomer to the same extent as it is associated with the laevo isomer in the racemic compound.

When a sudden increase in the discharge occurs in an open channel, a surge wave is formed. This body of water appears to move along the initial surface. Depending on the discharge this surge can be undular, breaking undular, or steep fronted as the discharge increases. A theoretical expression has been derived for the undular form, but no allowances have been made in the theory for the effect of forces that cause the waves to break. To simplify matters the surge was assumed to have been arrested, by superimposing on it a velocity equal and opposite to that of the mean velocity of the head of the surge. Then it appears as an undular hydraulic jump, with moving boundaries. The expression for the profile is derived for permanent flow,^if solved alone, with no allowance for friction gives a solitary wave profile. Hence two further expressions have been derived for the changes in energy and momentum. After simplifying and assuming that the channel bed is horizontal and the channel cross section is rectangular, the resulting non dimensional equations are:- 1/6 (dY/dX)² = EY² - Y/2³ +1/2 - $Y (41) dY/dX is the slope of the water surface. E refers to energy, $ to momentum, and Y to depth (y = ycY. yc - critical depth). d$/dX = g/E²[1/Y₀ - 1/Y]²[1 + 2y/l] (71) C - coefficient of friction. Suffix ₀ - initial conditions. l - width of channel. y - depth of water. dE/dX = g/YC²[1/Y₀ - 1/Y]²[1 + 2y/l] (72) With the small channel used in the experiments, allowances had to be made for wall friction (1 + 2Y/l). Benjamin and Lighthill show that this undular form of surge is not possible unless losses in energy and momentum occur. The waves are termed 'cnoidal' waves because the profile can be represented, to a very close approximation by, the graph of the square of the Jacobean elliptic function cn x. The term 'cnoidal' was coined by Korteweg and de Vries. The Equations 41, 71 and 72 were then obtained in a form suitable for computation, and a number of numerical examples were solved. The resulting profiles were checked by experiment, and the agreement between the results was considered to be good. It is believed that if the calculations were made for greater initial depths then those possible in the model channel, that there would be greater agreement with recorded values. This is because of the uncertainty of the determination of the value of the coefficient of friction at low Reynolds numbers. At high values of R the friction coefficient can be determined more accurately. It is thought that probably the values derived from the Bazin, Manning, or Gauckler-Strickler formulae would then be suitable. A considerable number of experimental determinations of wave profiles were made, and the results listed in graphical and tabular form. The curves show that until breaking occurs there is a definite dependence between wave length and amplitude of the waves. Probably the most significant result of this study of the undular surge, is the realisation of the importance of the effect of friction on the shape of the waves constituting the surge. In a rough-sided channel for a given Y₀, the crest height is greater and increases more rapidly from wave to wave, and the wave length is shorter than in a channel with a smoother surface.

That genetic mechanisms involving balanced selection pressures play a part in population dynamics has been advanced by Chitty (1960, 1965). He suggests that, as the population size increases, a "high density" genotype becomes selected, well adapted to the social stresses, which high density engenders. This genotype is, however, less well adapted to the normal selective pressures imposed by adverse environmental conditions. Severe weather conditions do not alone cause a population to crash. (Chitty 1957). However, according to Chitty's theory the higher the population density, and with it the greater the prevalence of high density genotype, the less severe need be the winter, in order to precipitate a crash. It is probable that the "high density" genotype will involve a large number of loci, each making some contribution to the ability of the animal to survive in crowded conditions. Since the theory also calls for the high density genotype to be less well suited to adverse environmental conditions, these will tend to select out those alleles responsible for the high density genotype. Thus, in fact, a system of balanced selection will exist, and the loci involved will be maintained in a polymorphic condition. Although it is unlikely that the Es -1 locus plays a major part in controlling the population processes, it is interesting to speculate on the possibility. In such a case the E₁ negative animals constitute Chitty's high density genotype since they show an increase in frequency when the population is high. That E₁- negative animals are less well adapted than E₁-positive animals to winter conditions, it is clear from the results of the preceding chapter. It may be shown that Chitty's theory appears equally plausible expressed in reverse. Rapidly increasing populations are generally exposed to fairly limited selective pressures. For instance, in the first study area described in the previous chapter, no systematic changes in phenotypic frequencies were observed during the initial stages of the population increase before the crash. It is probable that the normal selective pressures are those operative during normal winters. If this is so, then each year, as the optimum phenotype becomes more common, winter mortality would be reduced and the population present at the start of each successive breeding season would increase, with a corresponding great increase in the population level attained towards the end of the breeding season. Presumably a year would be reached when social stress would exert strong selective pressure. The population size would be reduced, during which time the animals best adapted to stress would tend to survive. If, in fact, these animals were susceptible to severe climatic conditions, the winter months would tend to reduce the population still further. In the spring the population density would therefore be much lower than normal; the population would have "crashed." Chitty (1965) suggests methods by means of which his theory might be checked. These would consist of setting up a series of artificial populations of the same size, using either animals from an expanding population (high density genotypes) or a declining one. His theory would then predict that the first population should continue to expand, while the second one would not. Further populations of the first type should prove less well adapted to adverse weather conditions. These predictions are reversed in the case of the reversed form of Chitty's theory. According to it, an increasing population is one in which gradual adaptation to winter conditions has taken place, while the declining populations are the survivors of a density dependent selection process, and are therefore likely to be well adapted to high population density. If suitable parameter for selective pressures and population growth rate could be estimated from field studies, it ought to be possible to produce a computer programme to simulate the natural population processes.

The Fifth International Conference on Poliomyelitis was held in Copenhagen, Denmark, from the 26th - 28th July 1960. Over a thousand delegates from 47 countries attended this conference. It might legitimately be asked why poliomyelitis alone among the virus diseases has acquired this honour and importance when some other diseases with greater morbidity and mortality rates have not been deemed worthy of this distinction. The answer lies in the fact that the changes in the pattern of this disease during the last hundred years have caused great anxiety and concern in the minds of epidemiologists and public health authorities all over the world. The relatively uncommon 'infantile paralysis' of the 19th century has become the epidemic poliomyelitis of the 20th century. Contrary to expectations and to the behaviour of most of the other intestinal infections, epidemics of poliomyelitis began to appear after the role of defective sanitation in the spread of enteric infections was recognised. Where the new ideas of sanitation were put into effect with much vigour, poliomyelitis epidemics became more frequent. Thus poliomyelitis presents itself as a threat in epidemic form to all countries which have and aspire to have improved standards of hygiene and living conditions unknown in the early part of the nineteenth century. Besides this change from an endemic to an epidemic pattern, the disease has evolved in another direction also. Over a hundred years ago, as the name 'infantile paralysis' suggests, poliomyelitis was mainly a disease of the lowest age group (under 5) in the community. But a shift, showing a significant incidence of the disease in higher age groups, with case -paralysis and case -mortality rates which are very much more pronounced than among the under -five group, has occurred. The inexorable tendency of notification figures to rise in almost every country presents the disease as a menace of world-wide significance.

A historical sketch of poliomyelitis is given. The clinical manifestations, treatment and results in cases of poliomyelitis are described. The results of cases reported to have been treated by serum are analysed and the conclusion reached that serum is of no value in the treatment of the disease. There is no known method of successful prophylaxis. 80% of the adult population are immune to the disease. Subclinical attacks are common. The tracing of case to case infection is rare. The necessity for early splintage and movement is emphasised. children who are so severely paralysed as to require the use of a respirator have a very bad prognosis as to life and also as to function. The grading of muscle power is described and charts submitted showing the progress of cases in the acute stage, three months after the acute stage, and of cases admitted years after the acute stage. The chances of individual muscles recovering are given and the importance of muscle charts in assessing prognosis is shown. most of the recovery takes place in the first year under efficient treatment. Recovery may take place under treatment in cases hitherto untreated after many years. Complications are described. A bibliography is appended.

Substituted paraconic acids in the benzene and naphthalene series were prepared in a pure-white state. These wore converted to the α-naphthols by heating under standard conditions and the yields of the naphthols compared with a view to determining the effects of substituonts on the ring-closure. Whilst the theory of steric influence satisfactorily predicts the effect of substituents on the ease of ring-closure in the benzene series, no postulate per se is sufficient to explain in entirety the observed facts arising from ring-closure of the compounds in the benzene and naphthalene series studied in these researches.

This study is an investigation of the role of income taxation since its first imposition as a temporary measure till it "became a reformative tool for social ends It contains three parts dealing with income taxation, as part of the fiscal structure in War and Peace; how it is technically conducted; and what are its impacts, incidence and social effects. The field of research is limited to the development of the existing income taxes in Britain, Egypt and Prance. Britain is the pioneer in imposing income taxation which has proved to he of great economic as well as social significance. Prance followed in the British footsteps hut only after a long time of reluctance and hesitation. In Egypt the tax is a novelty in the social framework and some people are taking it as an "Aladdin's lamp" which can "bring them everything they need and take them along the right path.

The general field- theory of Schouten and van Dantzig forms an important step in the solution of the unification problem of the gravitational and electromagnetic phenomena in Physics. This theory depends on the use of a projective geometry employing five homogeneous coordinates. In the first part of this thesis an attempt is made to make a contribution to this unified field- theory by finding the identical relations between the field- equations in this theory. We have also shown the connection between these identities and the identities found by Professor E.T. Whittaker between the field- equations of Einstein's general relativity. In the second part of the thesis we first develop certain series and integral properties of Legendre functions in a direction, which has received little attention till now. The import - á.nce of the properties of Rₘ -functions developed towards the end of the second part may be seen from the following remark of Professor E.T. Whittaker in his well -known paper (The Bulletin of the American Yathematical Society, volume 10, [1903 -04,] page 133) in which he defines the function Wᵣ,ₘ (3): "There are other members of the family of functions Wᵣ,ₘ (3) which have not been noticed, but which give promise of interesting properties. Among these may be mentioned the families of functions for which rn, = 0 and those for which m = 1/2 ". The Rₘ -functions considered correspond to the case m = 1/2, the associated differential equation having arisen recently in the theory of turbulence in researches of W. Tollmien and Th. von Kármán and also in the wave- mechanical theory of the α -particles by Theodor Sexl.

PREMIÈRE PARTIE: I. Seizième siècle • II. Les collèges du XVIIe siècle • III. Port-Royal • IV. L'Education de la Femme • V. Mme. de Maintenon et Saint-Cyr • VI. L'Education princière • VII. Le libertinisme au XVIIe siècle • • DEUXIÈME PARTIE: VIII. Ouvrages pédagogiques de la première moitié du siècle • IX. Pédagogues du début du siècle, précurseurs de Rousseau • X. Le mouvement philosophique de 1730 et 1760 • XI. L'Encyclopédie • XII. Rousseau avant l'Émile • XIII. L'Émile • XIV. L'Education de la Femme • • TROISIÈME PARTIE: XV. La publication de l'Emile • XVI. Suites de la Publication • XVII. Littérature pédagogique des années 1762-1770 • XVIII. Accueil fait par les philosophes à l'Emile • XIX. L'Influence. Philosophes à partir de de 1770 • XX. Rousseau et les partisans de l'éducation publique • XXI. Le rôle des parents • XXII. Défense des anciennes méthodes et avant- coureurs révolutionnaires • XXIII. Madame Roland • • QUATRIÈME PARTIE: XXIV. L'idéal révolmtionnaire • XXV. L'Assemblée Constituante • XXVI. L'Assemblée Législatirue • XXVII. La Convention • XXVIII. A partir du 9 thermidor • XXIX Conclusion

1. On the Ionic Solubility product. From the PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY, A, VOL. 85, 1911. • 2. THE VELOCITY OF THE HYDROGEN ION, AND A GENERAL DISSOCIATION FORMULA FOR ACIDS. From the Transactions of the Chemical Society, 1912 Vol. 101. • 3. THE PROBLEM OF STRONG ELECTROLYTES. (PRELIMINARY NOTE.) From the Proceedings of the Chemical Society, 1912. Vol. 28. • 4. THE DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS. MEDDELANDEN FRAN K. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIENS NOBELINSTITUT BAND 2. N:o 38. • 5. The Extension of the Dilution Law to Concentrated Solutions. Reprinted from the Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. XXXVI. No. 6. June, 1914.] • 6. THE SOLUBILITY OF CALCIUM CARBONATE IN WATER. From the PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE for June 1912. • 7. THE VISCOSITY OF BINARY MIXTURES. MEDDELANDEN FRAN K. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIENS NOBELINSTITUT BAND 2. N:o 25. • 8. THE PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS AS FUNCTIONS OF THE CRITICAL CONSTANTS. MEDDELANDEN FRAN K. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIENS NOBELINSTITUT BAND 2. N:o 29. • 9. THE HEAT OF VAPORIZATION OF ASSOCIATED LIQUIDS. MEDDELANDEN FRAN K. VETENSKAPSAKADEMIENS NOBELINSTITUT BAND 2. N:o 36. • 10. The Addition Compounds of Organic Acids in Pairs. Reprinted from the Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol. XXXVI, No. 8. August, 1914. • 11. The Addition Compounds of Dimethylpyrone with Organic Acids. Reprinted from the Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol. XXXVI. No. 6. June, 1914. • 12. The Heat of Vaporization of Normal Liquids. Reprinted from the Journal of the American Chemical Society Vol. XXXVI, No. 8. August, 1914.

Dr Crichton Miller wrote that the conclusions of the Dynamic Psychologists 'have often reaffirmed those which the experience of mankind has long ago evolved and treasured,' adding: 'It is undeniable that analytical psychology repeats a good deal of the wisdom of the nursery ... and it often follows with slow feet to a goal which the insight of poets and prophets reached at a bound'. With slow feet, paths have been followed through out this study, leading, in the end, to the reiteration of a. statement, which many a mother might have made: 1. LET US WELCOME THE INTRODUCTION OF METHODS that appeal to the 'child's active powers, to his capacities in construction, production, and creation; LET THE ACTIVITIES 'contribute to the welfare of the community'; LET THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT use their own intelligence (as well as the knowledge they can gain from books and observation) in building up Creed and pattern for conduct; LET THEM DO SOCIALLY VALUABLE, PRODUCTIVE WORK, and so 'compensate' for any feeling of inferiority they may have, and realise their natural goal in life -- to be a complete human being -- instead of suppressing their imaginative and constructive tendencies. When It is asked, How are these methods to be introduced? the answer of the educationist is: 2. THE EDUCATOR MAY MANIPULATE TIC ENVIRONMENT; the child's freedom must be respected. When a further question is presented, May not the educator demand obedience? the reply is: 3. WHILE CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO SEE THAT THE CHILD IS NOT DISCOURAGED AND ' BLOCKED ON ALL SIDES', YET THE CHILD WILL HAVE, IN LIFE, TO SUBMIT (OR 'ADJUST HIMSELF') TO SOCIETY, HIS PARTNER IN THE HOME, AND THE ETERNAL: AND IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT HIS SUBMISSIVE INSTINCT SHOULD FUNCTION FROM EARLIEST INFANCY. 4. THE PARENT OR NURSE, HAS THREE METHODS OF ENFORCING OBEDIENCE, AND WILL EMPLOY EACH IN ITS PROPER PLACE AND TIME, viz., (i) PHYSICAL STRENGTH, (ii) 'CONDITIONING' , OR PUNISHMENT, OR NATURAL REWARDS, (III) PUBLIC OPINION ('IT'S NOT DONE', &c.) . LATER, THE CHIT fl' S INTELLIGENCE WILL HELP. What of THE INSTINCTS? 5. THE PARENTS HAVE A CHANCE TO MANIPULATE THE CHILD'S ENVIRONMENT SO THAT SOME MAY DEVELOP, SOME MAY. BE INHIBITED BY DRAINAGE, AND SOME INHIBITED BY SELF - RESPECT, REASON, LOVE. What of the CINEMA and LITERATURE that does not conform to the highest moral standards? 6. IT IS DESIRABLE THAT HOME, SCHOOL, CHURCH, PRESS., BROADCAST, CINEMA, etc., should ALL SPEAK WITH ONE VOICE, and THAT THERE SHOULD BE EXCLUDED FROM THE CHILD' S ENVIRONMENT ALL THAT SPEAKS WITH A CONTRADICTORY VOICE, UNTIL THE CHILD REACHES YEARS OF DISCRETION. What of the child's company? 7. THE CHILD IS CHANGED BY THE COMPANY HE KEEPS: HE IMITATES, RESPONDS TO SUGGESTION; IS 'SYMPATHETIC' HE ' IMITATES' THE 'FEELINGS' OF OTHERS) : HE OBEYS THE DICTATES OF THE COMMUNITY TO AN EXTENT SELDOM APPRECIATED: CO-OPERATIVE WORK UNDER LEADERSHIP WILL APPEAL TO HIM AFTER HE IS ABOUT ELEVEN YEARS OF AGE. What of religion? 8. 'CERTAIN RELIGIOUS CONVICTIONS, NOT FOUNDED ON REASON, ARE A NECESSITY OF LIFE FOR MANY PERSONS' (Dr Jung); 'THE DEEPER PERSONAL NECESSITIES OF MEN AND WOMEN, WHO FEEL, A SENSE OF INCOMPLETENESS IN THE DEEPEST RECESSES OF PERSONALITY,' COMPEL THEM TO REACH OUT 'TOWARDS SOME LARGER EXISTENCE' (Mr Trotter); IT REMAINS FOR THE EDUCATOR TO ARRANGE THE ENVIRONMENT SO THAT THE DEVELOPING CHILD MAY COME TO FIND 'THAT PRACTICAL RELATIONSHIP with God, as revealed by Jesus Christ, which enables the believer to overcome even death itself; THAT FELLOWSHIP WITH'HIM which gives happiness and peace; THAT SATISFYING VIEW OF EXISTENCE as a whole, THAT SPIRITUAL VALUATION of human life, THAT MORAL IDEAL that towers above custom and convention, WHICH HAVE BEEN SEEN TO BE OF THE ESSENCE OF RELIGION'.

The line of thought followed in this thesis was suggested by the observation and study of a tuberculous family, details of which will be considered under the appropriate section. Although I do see occasional cases of pneumonokoniosis ( miner's phthisis) here, true pulmonary tuberculosis is rare, and I have the greatest difficulty in persuading the natives to come into hospital unless they are acutely ill, as they wish to get back to their homes to attend to their cattle or lands. In consequence, I have not the opportunity for clinical trial of the method herein advocated, and must therefore confine myself mostly to theoretical discussions and the drawing of logical conclusions. Tuberculosis is generally regarded as a general systemic disease, and, by many authorities, as primarily involving the lymphatic system, from whence it may spread to bones, lungs, or to any organ, but it is when the lungs become the chief seat of the disease, that the real danger to life arises, in that it gradually deprives the patient of vital organs, namely the lungs, so that he would be bound ultimately to die from want of them, if his life were not brought to an untimely end by one of the natural terminations of the disease, such as haemorrhage or toxaemic intoxication. Up to a certain point, the disease as it affects the lungs, appears, as it progresses, to run a more and more chronic course, presumably owing to nature's protective and reparative efforts; and, but for the inevitable spread of the disease throughout the lungs, this reparative process would undoubtedly effect a cure; no less than it does when the disease manifests itself in such structures as bone or lymphatic glands, aided merely by more or less conservative treatment. The pulmonary form of the disease is much the commonest clinically, and the cause of, by far the greatest amount of morbidity — and highest mortality — amongst the human race. If tuberculosis of the lungs could be regarded as of no more serious moment than that of other structures, much would have been attained. This, at least, I venture to believe, is within the realms of possibility.

An introductory study is made of the physiological function of the nose as the first line of defence of the air passages. These consist essentially of an upper part formed by the nose and naso-pharynx and a lower part comprising the larynx, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. Interference with the proper functioning of the nose may have injurious results in the lower respiratory tract and therefore the interests of the physician and the rhinologist meet on common ground. The ciliary-mucus defence mechanism of the nose is outlined in the case of infective organisms invading the nose and its accessory sinuses. If the defence is overcome the progress of an acute sinusitis is followed and it is shown how in a rigid- walled space such as the antrum, Nature's method of overcoming the infection is by means of re- establishing its drainage and aeration through its natural ostium, and by the attempt at replacement of damaged lining membrane by one having normal ciliated epithelium.. It is then shown that in the presence of certain adverse factors in the nose, such as deviated septum, the complete opening of the ostium is interfered with and the infection in the sinus becomes chronic. The sinus now becomes a suppurative focus, giving rise to toxic discharges which pass into the nose and throat, and from which toxic products and bacteria may pass directly into the blood-stream. The maxillary antrum lends itself to study since it is the sinus most often infected and which for a long time may remain the only sinus infected. In addition, its infection often dates from childhood. The rhinologist follows the principle of drainage and aeration whatever his treatment of the sinusitis may be,but in chronic infection he aids the reparative process of nature by removing the diseased)and often disorganised lining membrane, and by making an artificial drainage opening into the nose. This opening is situated nearer the floor of the antrum and is of more favourable size than the natural ostium. Following a short historical review tracing the evolution of the method used, a description of the method of access and drainage is given as embodied in the classical Caldwell-Luc operation with certain modifications such as the high gingivo-labial incision and the formation of a mucosal flap which is laid into the antrum. The method of anaesthesia, and the precautions taken to safeguard the lower respiratory tract it against blood or secretions flowing town into it are outlined. A clinical study then follows of 70 cases of chronic maxillary sinusitis. The local effects are traced to see in how far the procedure succeeded not only in removing the disease and promoting drainage and aeration of the antrum, but also how this was accomplished along the lines of the physiological principles of the nose, so that a healthy nose and antrum may remain. The studies first of all showed that the antrum does not become obliterated after removal of its lining membrane, but retains its form and shape and becomes, in fact; lined with a newly - formed membrane. Support of this finding and reports of the histological examination of this membrane are given from the literature to show that the desired ciliated epithelium is regenerated in 3 to 5 months. When this has occurrred the antral cavity can again assist at its own drainage. The functions of the artificial antronasal opening are outlined by a study of cases where it had closed and it was concluded that it has a primary function of drainage and aeration of the antrum in the first 3 to 5 months before the regeneration of its epithelium after which no ill effects would follow its closure provided no adverse factors are present in the nose that favour re-infection of the antrum in which case its continued use would be highly desirable. It is also shown from cases that where certain adverse factors are present in the nose or recur,the presence of an opening tends to reduce their ill effects on the patient. With reference to cases the optimum size of the opening is discussed in the light of the desired functional results. It is shown that nothing is gained by making . the opening too wide as much of the suction - drainage effect on the antrum would be lost. The role of the mucosal flap is shown to be that of providing a convenient nidus for the outgrowth of new ciliated epithelium into the antrum and secondly of helping to maintain the patency of the antro -nasal opening especially at its important rounded ant.- inferior angle. The effect on the inf. turbinate is studied in the light of its important function of shaping the inspired air -stream in its arched course in the nose and thereby being an integral part in the method of suction - drainage of the accessory sinuses. Interference with this structure at operation should be minimal and even if somewhat enlarged there is a tendency for it to shrink afterwards. In addition, atrophy of the nasal mucosa produced by the old disease often persists giving a roomy nasal chamber where the presence of a reduced inf. turbinate Tould the more disturb the direction and force of the inspiratory air-current. A clinical estimation then follows of the results of this method of drainage on the antral infection and the associated changes it had produced in the nose. The aim of this method and the principles it embodied was to render the patient free of symptoms and gain a normal antrum and nasal cavity free of abnormal secretions. Using this desired result as standard 45.7% of cases were "cured ", 21.4% were "much improved", 14.3% were "somewhat improved" and 18.6% derived no local benefit. The causes for the less favourable results were studied in detail and were shown to be due to certain adverse factors present chief of which were, first and foremost, residual ethmoidal (and sphenoidal) infection and secondly the persistence of the allergic diathesis with recurrence of polypi. The persistence of the latter caused less favourable results in 14.3% of all the cases (or 26.3% of the "uncured "). Where septal deformity was present polypi tended to recur and a poorer result followed. Apart from the further treatment of septal deformities and hypertrophies the patient should receive general medicaltreatrnent directed against the allergic diathesis failing which, the effect of radium application might be tried. Residual ethmoiditis (and sphenoiditis) was the adverse factor present in 20% of all cases (or in 30.7% of the "uncured "). The potential danger of its persistence in causing severe complications after opera tion is stressed. In the "not improved" group it was the factor responsible in 70% of them and its persistence was associated with the persistence of severe types of headache, nasal- discharge and re- infection of antrum and remote symptoms of toxic origin. Methods were discussed to minimise the difficulties attendant on adequately dealing with ethmoidal infection at the time of the antral operation, and amongst others, the transantral method of approach to the ethmoid was discussed, whereby using the usual method of ether anaesthesia both the antrum and the ethmoid could be dealt with through the one approach. The effect of the operation in producing possible damage to the nerve- supply of the teeth and gums and of producing severe swelling or infection of the cheek, or after - neuralgia of the cheek, is studied in this seriesof cases. It was found to be minimal and not sufficient to detract from its superior advantage as a physiological procedure. The effect of the antral treatment on the Rasta chien tube was shown to result in the cure of an appreciable proportion of cases of tinnitus and deafness. In the case of the tonsils only two cases were found where a healthier -looking tonsil resulted afterwards. Tonsil sepsis was still present in 62.8% of all the cases and even if originally caused by antral suppuration sepsis would most likely persist unchanged. The important symptom of headache was present in 60% of cases before treatment and was completely relieved afterwards in half of these and greatly relieved in another quarter. Headache that persisted unchanged was entirely of the frontal type and was largely associated with the presence of septal deformity and ethmoiditis. It was shown that all but 2 cases experienced definite improvement in their general health after oper ation which pleased them very much even where the local result was not entirely favourable. This occurred after an average interval of 3 months during which the patient's general condition and resistance must be considered, as regards the imposition of further stresses, to be in a "refractory phase ". Diseases of the lower respiratory tract were present in 15.7% of these cases. The modes by which antral infection produces these diseases were outlined and the results obtained are given when the causal condition is removed. Four out of five cases of chronic bronchitis cleared up completely with the cure of the antral disease. Three cases of bronchiectasis were met with. One showed dramatic improvement,clinically and radiologically, after antral drainage and the other two ware much irnproved,especially as regards their 'general condition. In this connection it is pointed 87. out that all chest cases including those of pulmonary tuberculosis, would benefit by the removal of co-existent, if not causal, sinus infection. Cases of asthma were less promising since sensitivity existed, both as the result of the bronchial infection and as the result of underlying allergy. In the first type the sensitivity may persist even after antral infectio is removed. Yet based on the results, seen in the 3 cases studied,and from the reported literature/one might help the physician in advising treatment by stating that the majority of asthmatic patients obtain improvement. Whilst a few are cured/in many the attacks become less severe and their general condition is so much improved4 that they can the better carry the burden of the disease. The pathology of antral infection in causing remote complications is outlined. Cases are quoted from this series of affections of the gastro -intestinal tract, brain function, peripheral nerves, joints and the eye. It was shown that following removal of the antral infection most of these, if in relationship to the infection, may be expected to clear up completely of or, if of too long standing, at least become improved. This relationship was especially studied in one case of peripheral neuritid and tachycardia, and using it as an object lesson it was shown that the antrum/as the possible focus of infection might easily be overlooked when examined by the usual radiological and clinical methods because of the.type and latency of the pathological pro- process present. Chronic antral infection should be more widely recognized as a point of focal infection, when its significance may be revealed. as being not much less than that of tonsillar sepsis.

Several lines of enquiry which would have been of special interest were closed for lack of greater numbers of subjects. For example, although one of the five lower middle-class schools was Roman Catholic, the question whether religious affiliation entered significantly into the development of leadership potential and popularity in children could not "be pursued. The question whether the tendency for a majority of Edinburgh parents to have authoritarian attitudes is typical of the rest of Britain is obviously outside the scope of this study, but it is one of considerable sociological interest. Gorer (1955), in his enquiry into different aspects of English character, found marked regional differences in attitudes to paternal authority, punishment, etc. It is difficult to draw any conclusions from this data about the distribution of underlying authoritarian attitudes. Some of his generalisations are clearly relevant, e.g. 'the great majority of English parents...have most decided views on the suitability or unsuitability of specific punishments, quite regardless of any differences in the children's temperaments or characters', and 'the majority disapprove (of inflicting severe pain on children as punishment) .... but the emphasis with which such disapproval is voiced suggests the possibility that there is an unconscious temptation against which such defences have to be erected. In many other societies I very much doubt whether such heat and indignation would be engendered on the subject of severe punishment of children '. On the whole it would probably be true to say that social class differences are more significant than regional differences in influencing parents' attitudes to parent-child relationships; in particular, Gorer suggests, this applies to the 25% of the population other than the straight middle- and working-class, i.e. the lower middle- and upper working-class and the upper middle and lower working-class. Some regional differences may he peculiarly relevant to authoritarianism, however, e.g. the fact that in the North-East and North of England paternal authority is at its highest and that there are the greatest number of all-male associations, whereas in the North-West women have greater authority in their family and greater independence than in any other part of England. Scotland was not included in Gorer's survey, and one can only speculate on these matters. The greater use of the tawse in Scottish schools than of corresponding forms of corporal punishment in English schools is often remarked upon. 'Even 50 years ago, beating with the tawse was so common that practically no parent had any sympathy for a child who complained of it', writes Douglas Young in an article in the 'News Chronicle Dispatch' (25/3/58) in reference to the book by Hugh Millar, 'My Schools and Schoolmasters'. A revealing remark is made by Dr. M. A. S. Ross in an article entitled 'Staff-Student Relationships at Edinburgh University' in the University Gazette No. 15 (1957):- 'A most important factor in discussion tutorials is the 'diffidence' of the Scottish student - his unwillingness to speak in the presence of authority'. Indications of a similar kind that an authoritarian background may be one of the characteristic features of Scottish life are frequently encountered. And indeed, on the basis of some of the findings of the present research concerning leadership, may not this be a factor in Scotland's traditional facility for producing a triumphant pioneering spirit in her sons, as well as considerable powers of leadership? This may well be so; but it should be remembered that non-authoritarian upbringing equally produces leaders and that just possibly they may have something in common with Anderson's 'integrative' leaders, in contrast to those of a more 'dominative' kind. Lastly, the question of the practical implications of this research remains to be considered. In the absence of specific evidence as to which kind of leadership the two types of upbringing tend to foster, it must be assumed that 'leadership in general' is the outcome of both, but that authoritarian upbringing is especially likely to produce it. From this point of view authoritarian upbringing no doubt has much to commend it. On the other hand, authoritarian upbringing is demonstrably more prone to produce unpopular children, and this must surely call for disapproval, especially if it can be shown that unpopularity is in fact associated with some form of 'ego-weakness'. On balance it may perhaps be thought that the advantages are on the side of nonauthoritarian upbringing. But if so, what follows? Robb (1954) points out the obviously broad scope of this problem at the conclusion of his book, 'Working-Glass Anti-Semites', after he has shown that anti-Semitism is not so much an intellectual system of beliefs about Jews as the fulfilment of certain inner psychological needs in personalities of a definite type. The problem is essentially the same, all the work done in this field confirms that anti-Semitism and authoritarianism in its extreme form are different expressions of the same personality-formation. This is not to say that anti-Semitism characterises half of Edinburgh's population of parents, of whom only a tiny proportion could be regarded as extreme authoritarians. But all the parents who come in the intermediate part of the F-scale range, and probably most of the high-scorers too, could no doubt be comprehensively described as 'having authoritarian leanings', and as far as their relationships with their children are concerned, their failings could perhaps best be summed up as 'tending not to respect their children as individuals, with rights and feelings of their own'. This may well describe the average parent in the country as a whole. Mueller (1945) surveys the literature on paternal domination in different cultures in order to make a comparison with the position in the U.S.A. and concludes, 'In Europe the tradition of paternal superiority and control is still the accepted pattern; children are trained to a more deferential attitude and a more military-like obedience to their father than in the United States....'. The results of the present research show that the matter is not an unimportant one. The question is, how can people be brought to modify their attitudes, in so far as those attitudes are deleterious? Robb (1954) says, 'the conclusion would seem inescapable that in the long run the most effective attack on anti-Semitism and prejudice generally is along the lines of prevention.... efforts designed to promote the growth of well-adjusted personalities offer one of the chief long-range hopes of producing a marked and lasting reduction in prejudice'. The same is surely true for authoritarianism. Among such efforts might be included the publication of relevant findings, such as Robb's own work, in the hope that they will be read by parents of young children. Will not there be greatest resistance to insight from precisely those parents who are in greatest need of it? That is so, but let Adorno et al. have the last encouraging word: 'Techniques for overcoming resistance, developed mainly in the field of individual psychotherapy, can be improved and adapted for use with groups and even for use on a mass scale. Let it be admitted that such techniques could hardly be effective with the extreme ethnocentrist, but it may be remembered that the majority of the population are not extreme but, in our terminology, 'middle' '.

This thesis describes the author^ investigation of ice-limits and raised shorelines in the Lorn and eastern Mull areas of western Scotland. Criticism of many of the methods used by previous workers led to the adoption of the following techniques in this study» detailed morphological aerial photograph mapping of all identifiable raised marine and fluvioglacial landforms at the 1:10,560 scale followed by careful checking and modification in the field; stratigraphic investigations involving the study of sections, augering and the use of a limited amount of borehole data; accurate levelling from bench marks of the shorelines and other terraces at close intervals; the use of radiocarbon dates, pollen analyses and macrofossil investigations; analysis of the height data using height/ distance diagrams and employing linear regression and trend surface analysis. By using principally these techniques the following sequence of events has been established. The first definitely recognisable shoreline to be formed was the Main Rock Platform which probably dates from a late inter-glacial period. Despite its age it is very well developed and associated with it are some very impressive examples of raised marine erosion. The main trend of the shoreline is a westward slope from 10.5 m O.D. at Connel to 5 m O.D. at Carsaig and Salen on Mull, a gradient of 0.16 m/km, though it is distorted by a number of bends and one possible fault. Most of the deformation is probably explicable in terms of tectonic movement, and long distance correlation of rock platforms is therefore unwise. Lithology and exposure have been important factors in influencing the height and development of the platform and related landforms. Higher and lower rock benches exist but these pose problems of origin, correlation and chronology. Ice-limits related to high sea levels are found at and south of Oban but probably mark only brief, diachronous halts during deglaciation from a more extensive ice cover, possibly the Perth Readvance. As the ice retreated, relative sea level was falling rapidly and lateglacial beaches are therefore only poorly developed and can rarely be correlated. How far sea level fell and the ice retreated are unknown. Ice readvanced during the Zone III or Loch Lomond Readvance. On the mainland glaciers reached the seaward ends of lochs Etive and Creran and advanced to the head of Loch Feochan, while on Mull a small ice-cap and several separate corrie and valley glaciers existed. Sea-level at this time was below 13-14 m O.D. at lochs Etive and Creran and below about 10 m O.D, at Glen Forsa and Loch Ba on Mull, During retreat from the maximal extent of this readvance massive outwash spreads were deposited particularly at Loch Etive and Loch Creran. Around 6,500 B.P. relative sea level reached its post-glacial maximum and formed the Main Post-glacial Shoreline (PSl) which is the best developed depositional shoreline in the study area. It slopes from 14 m O.D, at Glennoe on Loch Etive to 12 m O.D. at Flshnish Bay and the head of Loch Buie on Mull, a gradient of 0.05 m/km. During the fall of relative sea level from the Main Post-glacial Shoreline to its present level two fairly clear shorelines were formed at about 8 m O.D. (PS3) and 4 m O.D. (PS5) with gradients of only about 0.01 ra/km. The influence of exposure and the Connel rock bar on the heights of the post-glacial shorelines and present high water mark has been considered. There are also traces of 2 vague post-glacial shorelines (FS2 and FS4) between the three well marked ones. The sequence of events identified in this study compares reasonably well with the work in S.E. Scotland but previous work in the study area has been criticised and several alternative interpretations have been put forward, The thesis concludes by stressing the need for further detailed studies of this type.

Paper 1. Theoretical Aspects of the Effect of Pressure on Gas -Condensed Phase Equilibria. This paper has been accepted for presentation at the Symposium of the Faraday Society in April 1953. • Paper 2. Continuation of Paper 1. Unpublished. • Paper 3. The Effect on Water Vapour Pressure of Superimposed Air Pressure. J.S.0.I.1950,69, p.343. • Paper 4.(a) The Effect of Indifferent Gases on the Vapour Pressure of Carbon -dioxide. Proc. Eighth International Congress of Refrigeration(1951) (b) British Patent Application No. 24989/51. • Paper 5. The Influence of Pressure on the Equilibrium between Carbon-dioxide and Air. Proc. Roy.Soc.- A.Vol.214, pp.61-71. Aug.7th 1952. Paper 6. A New Type of Electrical Hygrometer. Unpublished. British Patent. Application No.8180 /51.

FISHERY BOARD FOR SCOTLAND SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS 1937 No. I The Surface Water Drift in the Northern and Middle Areas of the North Sea and in the Faroe -Shetland Channel PART II, Section 3 : A Cartographical Analysis of the Results of Scottish Surface Drift - Bottle Experiments of the Year 191 z ; with a Discussion on some Hydrographical and Biological Implications of the Drift -Bottle Results of 1910, 1911 and 1912, including Statement of a Theory of the Upper Water Circulation of the Northern and Middle North Sea. CONSEIL PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL POUR L'EXPLORATION DE LA MER EXTRAIT DU RAPPORTS ET PROCÈS- VERBAUX, VOL. LXXXIX, 1934 8. Surface Drift- Bottle Results in Relation to Temperature, Salinity and Density Distributions in the Northern North Sea. By JOHN B. TAIT CONSEIL PERMANENT INTERNATIONAL POUR L'EXPLORATION DE LA MER EXTRAIT DU RAPPORTS ET PROCÈS- VERBAUX, VOL. XCIV, 1935 8. Recent High Salinity Records from the Northern North Sea. By JOHN. B. TAIT JOHN B. TAIT SALIENT FEATURES OF THE HYDROGRAPHY OF THE NORTHERN NORTH SEA AND THE FAROE- SHETLAND CHANNEL IN 1935 EXTRAIT DU JOURNAL DU CONSEIL INTERNATIONAL POUR L'EXPLORATION DE LA MER VOL. XI. NO. 2. 1936 HYDROGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESULTS OF SURFACE DRIFT -BOTTLE EXPERIMENTS IN THE FAROE -SHETLAND CHANNEL. By JOHN B. TAIT FLUCTUATIONS IN THE INTTSITY OF THE OCEANIC INCURSION INTO THE FAROE-SHETLAND CHANNEL. By JOHN B. TAIT

• Recent and Fossil Viviparidae: A Study in Distribution, Evolution and Palaéogeography. MEMOIRS of the INDIAN MUSEUM: Vol. VIII, No. 4, pp. 153 -251. • The Mantle and the Shell of the Viviparidae. MEMOIRS of the INDIAN MUSEUM: Vol. VIII, No. 4, pp. 253 -319.

(i) ELECTROTRANSPORT IN METALS The effects of an applied electric field on diffusion in metals is discussed. Frequently, under high current densities, and for temperatures in the diffusion range, a directed displacement of the diffusion species results. This mass transport is described by the term electrotransport. The major theoretical considerations relevant to the development of this topic are described, with particular emphasis on derivations which have been applied to the interpretation of experimental results. Previous experimental investigations of electrotransport in metals are reviewed. The results of experiments on electrotransport of indium, using a radioactive isotope technique, are presented. The investigations are concerned with the electrotransport of the isotope In114m in solid gold, thin gold films and thin indium films. Electrotransport phenomena in thin films have not previously been investigated in any detail. The results are amenable to interpretation in terms of the interaction of electrons with an activated complex associated with the diffusing species. (ii) ELECTROLUMINESCENCE IN ZINC TELLURIDE This section reports on the electroluminescent properties of the II VI semiconducting compound zinc telluride. Previous investigations into the preparation of zinc telluride crystals and the optical, electrical and electroluminescent properties of the material are reviewed. The results of an experimental programme concerned with the preparation of zinc telluride crystals and the electroluminescent properties of devices fabricated from several forms of the material are presented. Relatively simple contacting and processing techniques are utilised and the electroluminescence is primarily associated with metal :semiconductor junctions and contact barrier regions. Particular emphasis is placed on the observation of room- temperature electroluminescence in zinc telluride as this has not been the subject of previous detailed investigation. The incorporation of oxygen in the crystals results in radiative recombinations in which temperature quenching of the emission is not pro- nounced. This results in considerable improvement in room- tempera- ture emission efficiencies; the associated emission is located in the red region of the visible spectrum. Other forms of zinc telluride investigated include nominally undoped and semi -insulating single crystals and also polycrystalline material. The potential of electroluminescent devices based on these various forms of zinc telluride as room -temperature visible emitters is evaluated. Possible mechanisms of electroluminescence are discussed.

[Hand-written]

There occurs in sheep, in districts where louping ill is prevalent, a disease of unknown etiology, characterized by the appearance of an acute febrile reaction in the affected sheep. The causal agent of the disease is transmitted by nymphal and female ticks, The larva appears to be unable to transmit the causal agent. This disease has been called tick-borne fever. It bears no immunological relationship to louping ill of sheep. The virus of louping Ill has been recovered from ticks which fed on sheep reacting to the disease, and from nymphal ticks which resulted from larvae gorged on in experimentally induced case of Louring Ill. Louping Ill has been produced in three sheep by the agency of the tick. In one of these sheep, a thermal reaction developed, followed by trembling, partial paralysis, and prostration. The virus of leaping Ill was recovered from its tissues. Another sheep developed a thermal reaction followed by death, without the appearance of clinical symptoms. The virus was recovered from its tissues. The third developed a thermal reaction and recovered. The virus was recovered from its blood, and it was shown on recovery, to be immune to louping Ill infection. In another sheep a thermal reaction was produced by the agency of ticks, and the evidence suggests that this reaction was due to a louping Ill infection. Three sheep developed a thermal reaction when infested with ticks, but the relation of this reaction to louping Ill was not determined. Of the reactions assumed to be due to louping Ill infection, the two which were followed by death were caused by nymphs, the two, from which the sheep recovered, by females in the one case, and by females and larvae in the other. The three reactions of an undetermined nature were caused by larvae. The possibility of biological transmission of louping Ill by the tick may therefore be regarded as proven. In a number of experiments: ,with nymphs and larvae which were presumed to be infected, no reactions were obtained in the experimental sheep. The possible explanations of the negative nature of these results are discussed. From the evidence obtained, a tentative hypothesis is put forward of the role of the tick in the transmission of the disease in nature.