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Przedsiębiorczość jednostki staje się szczególnie ważna w chwili przejścia z etapu nauki do pierwszej stałej pracy zawodowej. Ten czas determinuje jej decyzje dotyczące aktywności zawodowej w przyszłości. Za kluczowe dla powodzenia inicjowanych przez jednostkę przedsięwzięć uznać należy jej wewnętrzne uwarunkowania, które koncentrują się na jej podmiotowych możliwościach, predyspozycjach do przejawiania przedsiębiorczej inicjatywy, pokonywania trudności czy radzenia sobie ze stresem. Celem opracowania jest ocena postaw przedsiębiorczych studentów ekonomii. Artykuł zawiera rozważania teoretyczne oraz wyniki badań empirycznych o charakterze pilotażowym. Badania ankietowe przeprowadzono na grupie studentów Wydziału Ekonomii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego, przechodzącej z systemu edukacji na rynek pracy. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań dowodzą, że respondenci deklarują cechy charakterystyczne dla osób przedsiębiorczych – swoje dyspozycje do bycia osobą przedsiębiorczą większość z nich ocenia na poziomie co najmniej przeciętnym. W celu skorzystania z potencjału młodych osób niezbędne jest wspieranie inicjatyw przedsiębiorczych przez kreowanie określonych warunków zarówno na poziomie makroekonomicznym, jak i wewnątrz organizacji, zwłaszcza jednak w ramach systemu edukacji.

Introduction: Nowadays, computers, personal telephones (smartphones) and other electronic devices are widely used in many areas of everyday life, making them indispensable tools in the workplace, as well as other environments, e.g. at home. Studies from recent years have shown that the mere use of a computer keyboard for many hours carries the risk of pain in the hand, forearm, arm, shoulder girdle, neck and other parts of the motor organs. Aim: The aim of the literature review carried out in this work was to determine what potential threats are posed by standard keyboards and smartphone touch keypads, as well as the comparison of standard and ergonomic keyboards. Material and methods: The following databases were searched: PubMed, ResearchGate and Cochrane Library, in which 13 articles meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were found (6 regarding standard keyboards, 3 concerning ergonomic keyboards and 4 related to smartphone keypads). Results: The results of these studies indicate exposure to dysfunctions of the musculoskeletal system associated with typing on keyboards, especially when writing fast, with high pressure, in unnatural positions of the wrists and forearms and during long-term writing. Ergonomic keyboards can be a good alternative to standard keyboards, especially for those who use one for more than four hours a day. This literature review indicates the need for more research, especially randomized clinical trials among a large population. Conclusions: 1. The use of keyboards of selected electronic devices with different ergonomic characteristics has an adverse effect on the functionality of the shoulder girdle and upper limb, mainly generating painful symptoms with different clinical characteristics. 2. The most important influence on the occurrence of functional disorders and pain complaints concerning the shoulder girdle and upper limb when using a keyboard with different ergonomic characteristics regards the strength of pressure on the keys, speed of typing as well as long-lasting and forced positioning of the wrists and forearms. Keyboards, ergonomics, pain

The relationship of muscle strength symmetry with the symmetry of dynamic activities such as vertical jump (CMJ) and with symmetry of ranges of motion is ambiguous. Therefore, the aim of the current investigation was to assess the relationship between the flexor/extensor strength ratio and the range of motion of the knee joints and VGRF during jump in a sample of young healthy men. The sample consisted of 64 healthy, active men. The flexor and extensor torques and ranges of active and passive mobility of both knee joints were measured. Vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) was measured using two platforms. There were no significant correlations between the symmetry of muscle strength and the symmetry of ranges of motion and the symmetry of the VGRF. Therefore, using the cluster analysis, 4 subgroups were distinguished due to the size of the flexor/extensor ratio (H/Q ratio). Significant differences were found in the level of strength of the knee flexors between the clusters. Detailed analysis of muscle strength symmetry and VGRF symmetry seem to confirm the Leading Joint Hypothesis theory of motion control in multi-joint systems. It was found that the process of controlling movement by the nervous system compensates for the small asymmetries in the level of muscle strength in the knee flexors and extensors, as well as small asymmetries of VGRF.

Cereal monocultures are very susceptible to many pests, especially to those living on leaves, which largely affects yield by decreasing its quality. The most dangerous of them is the cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus L.). In cases of heavy infestation by its larvae, the surface of plants may be reduced by 50%, and sometimes even by 80%, with a main yield loss of 10–25%. The aim of the presented study was to assess the efficiency of a native isolate of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev, 1934) and commercial preparation Larvanem (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1975)) in controlling the larvae of O. melanopus, and to reduce crops damage in the field. Nematodes were applied in a dosage of 2 million IJs/m2 as a suspension of 11 litres per square metre. A hand sprinkler with field lance and flat-stream nozzles was used for applications at the lowest working pressure of 3000 hPa. The effectiveness of both nematode species was moderate: 47.8% for S. feltiae isolate and 49.5% for H. bacteriophora. The biggest reduction in leaf damage was found in crops treated with the commercial preparation, where the index of leaf infection was 32%, being more than twofold smaller than that for the control.

Motivation: In a knowledge-based economy, the competitiveness of companies is increasingly determined by an ability to use their resources to respond to changes. A particular role is attributed to intangible assets which become basic, while other factors are beginning to take on a complementary role. In today’s business the talent — a talented employee s strategically important.However, resources are not valuable in themselves, but they are important in terms of activities aimed at achieving a competitive advantage. Recruiting and retaining talented employees is one of the biggest challenges in many businesses because of their outstandingness. Taking into account their specific characteristics, needs and expectations, an ability to pursue a career becomes the key issue.Aim: The purpose of this article is to show the importance of career talents for the competitive advantage of a modern company. Its realization will be made by presenting the talent as a source of competitive advantage. The importance of contemporary career models for talented individuals as well as the company perspective will be shown.Results: Traditional organizational careers are not a thing of the past — careers continue to be a means to accomplish strategic goals of the organization, especially during the ongoing talent war. Temporarily employment relationships and the high mobility of talented individuals mean that for this group of employees organizations should strive to build long-term relationships as a result of managing their careers within the organization. Such career development will contribute to the company’s strategic intentions.

This paper focuses on the issues of young people’ proactivity and self-efficacy of young people making the transition from the studies onto the employment market, in the context of career planning. These issues are especially important for a group of people planning and starting their own career. Decisions taken during the start of the professional activity have a significant impact on the further life – both personal and professional. Responsibility for the shape and course of a contempo-rary career has been shifted in the direction of the individual as the executor. The research involved 133 undergraduates of University of Rzeszow. The Questionnaire of Scale of Proactive Behaviours in a Career and General Self-Efficacy Scale were used in the research. The results were statistical analyzed using selected methods.

Introduction : Creation of a fenestration during completion of a total cavo-pulmonary connection (TCPC) has been associated with a reduction in early mortality and morbidity. However, the long-term benefits are negated by an associated limitation in exercise tolerance and the potential risks of thrombo-embolic complications. We sought to describe the safety and efficacy of an Amplatzer Duct Occluder II (ADO II) for transcatheter fenestration closure following TCPC. Material and methods : Between January 2000 and July 2014, 102 patients underwent percutaneous closure of extra-cardiac TCPC fenestrations with a range of devices. Patients in whom fenestration closure was performed with an ADO II and who had at least 6 months of follow-up were included in this study. Results : Forty-seven patients had successful fenestration occlusion with an ADO II. The mean oxygen saturation and mean systemic venous pressures increased from 84.8 ±6.1% before to 97.6 ±2.9% (p < 0.001) after and from 14.2 ±2.15 mm Hg before to 15.6 ±2.2 mm Hg after closure (p < 0.001). Eight patients developed heart failure symptoms, managed by optimization of medical therapy, with 1 patient requiring device removal to reopen the fenestration. Color Doppler transthoracic echocardiography demonstrated residual flow across the device in 18 (38%), 10 (22%), 5 (11%) and 4 (9%) patients before discharge, at 1 and 6 months, and at the latest outpatient visit, respectively. Conclusions : The ADO II can be safely and effectively used to close fenestrations in extra-cardiac type Fontan completions. Many of the design features of this device confer potential benefit in this population.

The subject of the article is the non-plasticity of intuition, understood as the low susceptibility of intuition to modification even when the subject of the intuition gets acquainted with other evidence that is not consistent with intuition. The purpose of the article is to indicate possible interpretations of the non-plasticity of intuition – in what aspect intuition can be modified, and the importance of non-plasticity of intuition for distinguishing intuition from belief.

Specyfika usług implikuje konieczność monitorowania ich jakości. Stale poszukiwane są metody oceny usług nieangażujące konsumentów. Jedną z nich jest metoda tajemniczego klienta. Celem publikacji jest diagnoza procedur stosowanych w badaniach marketingowych, a w szczególności wykorzystanie metody tajemniczego klienta w której ocena jest prowadzona przez zespół osób. Dla sprawdzenia tego podejścia zastosowano ocenę jakości usług gastronomicznych w wybranych placówkach sieci restauracji, takich jak: Pizza Hut, Pizzeria Da Grasso, Bobby Burger i Bierhalle. Innowacją w badaniu było wykorzystanie grupowej oceny usługi. Przyjęta metodyka pozwoliła na przeprowadzenie badania w zbliżonych do rzeczywistych warunków, gdyż zwykle ludzie idą do restauracji w kilka osób. Budowanie zespołów, które wspólnie oceniałyby jakość usług, daje również możliwość redukcji zróżnicowanej percepcji i różnych doświadczeń osób uczestniczących w badaniu.

ABSTRACT: Entomopathogenic nematodes ( Steinernematidaeand Heterorhabditidae) were studied in Polish soils according to the: season, habitat and altitude. In total, 167 soil samples were taken from 111 localities in Poland along north-south transect. Entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated from 53 soil samples (31.7%). Nematodes species were identified genetically from 16 samples, and in all other 37 samples nematodes were determined to the genus level. Three species of the genus Steinernema ( Steinernema kraussei, S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae) and one of the genus Heterorhabditis( Heterorhabditis megidis) were recorded. Steinernema feltiaewas the most common species. There was not a significant association between the occurrence of nematodes and season or altitude. The type of habitat significantly (P

The largest group of cabbage plant pests are the species in the owlet moth family (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the most dangerous species of which is the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae L.). In cases of heavy infestation by this insect, the surface of plants may be reduced to 30%, with a main yield loss of 10–15%. The aim of the present study was to assess the susceptibility of M. brassicae larvae to nine native nematode isolates of the species Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and Heterorhabditis megidis Poinar, Jackson and Klein under laboratory conditions. The most pathogenic strains were S. feltiae K11, S. feltiae K13, S. feltiae ZAG11, and S. feltiae ZWO21, which resulted in 100% mortality at a temperature of 22 °C and a dosage of 100 infective juveniles (IJs)/larva. The least effective was H. megidis Wispowo, which did not exceed 35% mortality under any experimental condition. For most strains, there were significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) in the mortality for dosages between 25 IJs and 50 IJs, and between 25 IJs and 100 IJs, at a temperature of 22 °C. Statistical analysis of the effect of temperature on mortality showed that only strain H. megidis Wipsowo exhibited significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) when applied at dosages of 50 IJs and 100 IJs.

Crystalline urea undergoes polymorphic phase transition induced by high pressure. Form I, which is the most stable form at normal conditions and Form IV, which is the most stable form at 3.10 GPa, not only crystallize in various crystal systems but also differ significantly in the unit cell dimensions. The aim of this study was to determine if it is possible to predict polymorphic phase transitions by optimizing Form I at high pressure and Form IV at low pressure. To achieve this aim, a large number of periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed using CASTEP. After geometry optimization of Form IV at 0 GPa Form I was obtained, performing energy minimization of Form I at high pressure did not result in Form IV. However, employing quantum molecular isothermal–isobaric (NPT) dynamics calculations enabled to accurately predict this high-pressure transformation. This study shows the potential of different approaches in predicting the polymorphic phase transition and points to the key factors that are necessary to achieve the success.

Introduction: Breathing disorders during sleep in adults have an adverse influence on the circulatory system and promote the development of hypertension, among other disorders. A large number of literature data confirm the view that sleep-disordered breathing can increase the risk of the development of hypertension in childhood as well. The aim of the study was to evaluate blood pressure values in children with adenoid or tonsillar hypertrophy and sleep-related breathing disorders such as snoring or apnoea. Material and methods: Fifty-one children participated in the study (17 girls and 34 boys). Anthropometric measurements (body height and weight, body mass index, waist and hip circumference) and blood pressure values were analysed. The intensity of sleep-related breathing disorders was evaluated using a questionnaire administered to the children’s parents. The results obtained were compared to normative values established by a Polish population study (OLAF). Results: Children from the study group have body dimensions comparable with those of the whole children population. Blood pressure in the children from the study group is also within normal range, but in boys we found it to be slightly higher than in girls by comparing the Z-score values. Conclusions: We did not confirm the hypothesis that children who snore due to adenoid/tonsillar hypertrophy who were qualified to surgery had hypertension in comparison to the whole population of Polish children. However, it was observed that snoring had a greater impact on boys’ blood pressure.

Celem artykułu jest diagnoza i ocena stylu życia polskiego społeczeństwa. W artykule wykorzystano wyniki badań CBOS z lat 1987 - 2015. Przyjęto, za badaniami CBOS, że głównym cechami stylu życia Polaków są następujące postawy: szczęście, poczucie bezpieczeństwa osobistego, partycypacja w kulturze, spędzanie czasu z rodziną i przyjaciółmi, dobroczynność oraz sposoby gospodarowania (pozyskania) pieniędzy. Przedstawiono istotę „stylu życia” jako kategorii pojęciowej wykorzystywanej zarówno w naukach ekonomicznych, jak i społecznych. W wyniku obserwacji stwierdzono, że Obserwacja wyników badań skłaniać może do sformułowania następujących wniosków dotyczących stylu życia: liczba Polaków, których spotkało szczęście, którzy czują się bezpieczni wzrasta (przynajmniej od 2004 roku). Polacy są zamożniejsi dlatego wzrasta odsetek osób spędzających czas z rodziną w restauracji - do wejścia Unii Europejskiej było to 60% Polaków oraz wzrasta aktywności kulturalnej (w projekcjach filmowych, koncertach i wystawach). Rośnie korzystanie z Internetu „w celach poza zawodowych” oraz odsetek osób „czytających książki dla przyjemności” Poza tymi zmianami w stylu życia Polaków dominującym sposobem wsparcia na cele dobroczynne było „przekazanie pieniędzy” (I miejsce) a następnie „przekazanie rzeczy, np. ubrań, książek” (II miejsce), a także zmniejszenie się odsetka osób zaciągających zobowiązania finansowe w „instytucjach finansowych”.

The aim of the article is to present and evaluate promotional campaigns of the city of Lublin. The city of Lublin was selected for testing because of the originality of the promotion, which is reflected in winning numerous awards marketing. The research was carried out by diagnostic survey using the questionnaire technique (CAWI) and interview techniques and direct telephone. In addition, benefited from the strategic documents of the city of Lublin, statistical data, reports on the implementation of the municipal budget and literature. City Lublin conducts original and unconventional promotional campaigns, including advertising. Especially noteworthy are primarily advertising environment “Hitchhikers” and “Lost Memories”, using elements of guerrilla marketing and word of mouth. The effectiveness of the promotion of the city provides, among others, increase tourist traffic in the city and recognition of the promotional slogan “Lublin. City inspired” by the Polish population.

The aim of the study was characteristic regional tourism in Lubelskie Voivodeship, which implemented the Marshal Office. The desk research method was used in the paper. Lubelskie Voivodeship has several strategies, in which one of the important element is the tourism sector. In a short time, it will be released dedicated exclusively to tourism ”Programme for the tourist development of in the Lubelskie Voivodeship by 2020 with the prospect of 2030”. For the few years Departments in the Marshal Office were caring for the formation of a positive image and promotion Voivodeship in the Polish and international market. Their actions encourage tourists to visit the area. Many tasks associated with increasing tourist attractiveness of the Voivodeship, modernization of tourist development and respect for the environment, natural and anthropogenic values appeared in the Strategies. With available for the Voivodeship new EU-programs will be made part of measures to increase the competitiveness of the regions in Poland.

Noctuinae are a challenge for effective control in vegetable crops. The species most dangerous for agricultural crops in central Europe are: Agrotis segetum, A. exclamationis, Xestia c-nigrum. The aim of presented study was to assess the sensitivity of A. exclamationis to 8 native strains of entomopathogenic nematode srepresenting two species: Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and Heterorhabditis megidis (Poinar, Jackson & Klein) in laboratory conditions. Presented study showed markedly higher effectiveness of strains Steinernematidae over the strain of H. megidis. Obtained results show that in the attempts to control A. exclamationis, selection of strain and nematode dose are equally important.

Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań empirycznych w 60 gospodarstwach rolnych województwa lubelskiego na temat konstrukcji podatku rolnego. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań wykazują, że stosowane ulgi i zwolnienia w podatku rolnym nie wywierały istotniejszego wpływu zarówno na powiększenie obszaru lub zakładanie nowych gospodarstw, jak i na decyzje inwestycyjne. Badani rolnicy ocenili zwolnienie z podatku najsłabszych użytków rolnych (klas V i VI) oraz zwolnienie na trzy lata gruntów, na których zaprzestano produkcji rolniczej, jako niesłuszne i niesprawiedliwe. Aż 85% badanych rolników było przeciwnych zastąpieniu podatku od gruntów podatkiem dochodowym, gdyż obawiali się wzrostu wymiaru podatku i konieczności prowadzenia ksiąg rachunkowych. Pozostałe 15% opowiedziało się za takimi zmianami w podatku rolnym.

Poland is one step closer to the full legal recognition of birth certificates that include same-sex parents. In a landmark court ruling of 10 October 2018, the Supreme Administrative Court in Warsaw (SAC) found that registry offices in Poland cannot refuse the registration of foreign birth certificates of children based on the sexual orientation of their parents.