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International audience; Ce papier propose un processus de qualification de produits bois basé sur l'exploitation de leur représentation virtuelle (avant le sciage de la matière première). Grâce à l'utilisation d'un tomographe à rayons-X et d'un logiciel ad-hoc, nous avons la possibilité de digitaliser la matière et de virtualiser le processus de sciage afin d'extraire une représentation virtuelle des produits qui seront potentiellement obtenus dans la matière première. Du fait du caractère imparfait de l'information à fusionner et de la décision à prendre, nous nous sommes orientés vers l'utilisation de la théorie des possibilités et de ses opérateurs. Ainsi nous évaluons dans un premier temps l'impact des singularités grâce aux intégrales de Choquet, puis nous fusionnons ces impacts pour obtenir une mesure de l'esthétique des produits. Cette caractérisation permettra aux processus divergents, et en particulier aux scieries, de prévoir au plus tôt leur production et de réduire "l'effet boîte noire " pénalisant aujourd'hui leurs systèmes de gestion industrielle.

International audience; This paper intends to provide an overview of the design approaches of simulation and modelling in Intelligent Manufacturing System (IMS) context. We focus on adaptive capability of the simulation models pushed by the introduction of new paradigms, i.e. intelligent product and Internet of Things. A Capability Maturity Model will be proposed for adaptive capability assessment and will be illustrated from our past researches. We will conclude discussing a set of challenging prospects.

National audience; This paper present a new paradigm in which the wood material could become communicating. We decide to use Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance to mass marking the wood. We imagine a new method to create identification codes. At first, we examine the feasibility of this mass marking method by impregnating wood to obtain a specific marking signal. In parallel, we study the interest to abide information provided by this marker to control the supply chain. We model the supply chain (e.g. the information/decisional flow) to understand which information is important and how to use it.

International audience; It is not uncommon today to use intelligent products for ensuring an information continuum all along the product lifecycle. However, it is not that easy to identify what information should be stored on the product, in particular because of the large number of persons who are concerned by it. This paper proposes to use fuzzy AHP to select context-sensitive information from the database, that must be stored on the product. Through our approach, points of view from different actors are aggregated thanks to the fuzzy logic.

This editorial introduces the special issue of the Springer journal, Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, on intelligent distributed production control. This special issue contains selected papers presented at the 13th IFAC Symposium on Information Control Problems in Manufacturing - INCOM'2009 (Bakhtadze and Dolgui, 2009). The papers in this special issue were selected because of their high quality and their specific way of addressing the variety of issues dealing with intelligent distributed production control. Previous global discussions about the state of the art in intelligent distributed production control are provided, as well as exploratory guidelines for future research in this area., Comment: Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing (2011) 7

International audience; The idea of using intelligent products to ensure an information continuum all along the product life cycle (PLC) is more and more shared today. However, it is not that easy to identify what information should be stored on the product. To answer this question, we propose a data dissemination process to select context-sensitive information from the database, that must be stored/replicated on the product. Our approach uses the fuzzy-AHP theory for aggregating points of view from different actors.

International audience; Sawmill production is characterized by divergent processes and coproduction. In this context, it is difficult for a production manager to establish a production plan which meets customer demand. This is one of the reasons why the North American lumber industry produces with a mainly make-to-stock strategy. The aim of this research is to evaluate the impact that a better classification of the raw material (logs) would have on sawmill agility. Using a mathematical model to create production plans, we evaluate the performance of the mill to meet the demand in light of the knowledge it has of the raw material. The process of softwood lumber production is one that shows interesting characteristics. Felled trees that have been limbed and cut to length arrive at a sawmill which then transforms this raw material (logs) into various products (lumber) of different standard 1 sizes and lengths. The sawing of a single log generates an assortment of different products (divergent process) simultaneously (coproduction). In North America, there is generally little classification of logs prior to sawing, whether at the log yard (location where the logs are stored before entering sawmill) or along the forest roads.

International audience; The first objective of this paper is to highlight some new Product Driven Systems (PDS) issues. Effectively, several possibilities have been proposed to give to products or objects capacities to react to environment modifications (especially in manufacturing and logistics context here). In particular, bio-inspired approaches are now promising. All these new perspectives lead putting products in action according to collected information. That's why all technics leading to exploit and organize data are necessary. The main objective of the paper is addressed in a second part, where we highlight why learning machines could be seen as a new way to do that.

International audience; Cylindrical pieces of wood which can be placed in 10mm o.d. NMR sample tubes have been impregnated by an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite (NaNO2). They were subsequently dried and examined by 14N quadrupole resonance. To our surprise, we were able to observe a signal at the right frequency (4.64 MHz, the highest frequency NaNO2 line). This implies that the material has been properly embedded but also that sodium nitrite was properly recrystallized. This latter point was more than speculative. Anyway, we could observe that it works for spruce, beech, ash, maritime pine, but not for oak (which is known to be difficult to impregnate). Instrumental parameters have been optimized for reducing the duration of the experiment. If the first measurements required around four hours, we obtain at the present time acceptable results in about four minutes or less. In addition, we have designed a simple NLLS (Non Linear Least Squares) algorithm by which the spectral parameters of the NQR signal can be retrieved even if the peak is hardly visible in the frequency domain. Extensive measurements have been performed on NaNO2 recrystallized in spruce. They show, among other things, that the totality of NaNO2 which has penetrated the material has actually recrystallized and seemingly for ever. Various assays have been carried out as a a function of impregnation and drying conditions. The evolution of the width of the NaNO2 line reflects defects in the crystal lattice of NaNO2 due probably to alteration of the wood structure.

Universal access to clean energy is a major worldwide concern which has been reaffirmed when 2012 was declared by the United Nations as the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All. With this goal in mind, multinational corporations are developing inclusive business approaches targeting low-income populations. To be considered successful, these strategies must participate in development, be sustainable, and impact as many people as possible. We describe the case of Schneider Electric’s BipBop programme which aims to promote access to reliable, affordable and clean energy to the people who need it the most. We present key factors contributing to a broader effectiveness of poverty eradication and protection of the environment by multinational corporations: engagement of top management; programme alignment with the strategy of the firm; incorporation of the Groups’ entities; balancing global and local actions; and measuring social and environmental results. L’accès universel à une énergie propre, préoccupation majeure dans le monde entier, est à l’honneur cette année, les Nations Unies ayant proclamé 2012 comme l’Année Internationale de l’Energie Durable pour Tous. Dans cette perspective, les multinationales élaborent des approches d’activité durable destinées aux populations à faible revenu. Pour porter leurs fruits, ces stratégies doivent participer au développement, être durables et concerner le maximum de personnes. Nous décrivons le cas du programme BipBop de Schneider Electric qui vise à promouvoir l’accès à une énergie fiable, abordable et propre pour les populations qui en ont le plus besoin. Nous présentons les principales initiatives des multinationales qui contribuent à une éradication de la pauvreté et à une protection de l’environnement plus larges et plus efficaces : engagement de la direction ; alignement des programmes sur la stratégie de l’entreprise ; incorporation des entités des Groupes ; équilibre entre actions mondiales et locales ; et mesure des résultats sociaux et environnementaux. El acceso universal a una energía limpia es un importante motivo de preocupación en todo el mundo que se ha reafirmado con la declaración, por parte de Naciones Unidas, del año 2012 como el Año Internacional de la Energía Sostenible para Todos. Para lograr este objetivo, las multinacionales están desarrollando planteamientos empresariales integradores destinados a las poblaciones más desfavorecidas. Para ser consideradas satisfactorias, estas estrategias deben participar en el desarrollo, ser sostenibles y llegar al mayor número posible de personas. Describimos el caso del programa BipBop de Schneider Electric, que tiene como objetivo fomentar el acceso a una energía segura, asequible y limpia de las personas que más lo necesitan. Presentamos los factores claves que contribuyen a una mayor eficacia de la erradicación de la pobreza y la protección del medio ambiente por parte de las multinacionales: participación de los altos directivos; coordinación del programa con la estrategia de la empresa; incorporación de las entidades del Grupo; equilibrio entre las acciones globales y locales; y medición de los resultados sociales y medioambientales.

International audience; The amount of data output into our environment is increasing each day, and the development of new technologies constantly redefines how we interact with this information. It is therefore necessary to control the different ways information is diffused. To do so, a four-step data dissemination methodology in the framework of the Supply Chain Management (SCM) is introduced in this paper. On the one hand, the methodology aims to determine which information could be stored on the manufactured product (during its lifecycle) and, on the other hand, to assess what would be their relevance (according to the context).

In new Intelligent Manufacturing Systems, product-driven systems (PDS) architectures require emulation tool (Thomas, A., Genin, P., and Lamouri, S., 2008. Mathematical programming approaches for stable tactical and operational planning in supply chain and APS context. Journal of Decision Systems, 17, 425–455) to be developed. Discrete events simulation is often used to build such an emulation tool, nevertheless this remains complex because of large-scale problems. The goal of this article is to propose a way to design a simulation model by reducing its complexity. According to the theory of constraints, we build reduced models composed exclusively of bottlenecks and a neural network. In particular, a multilayer perceptron is used. The structure of the network is determined using a pruning procedure. This study highlights the impact of discrete data on the computational results. An application to a sawmill internal supply chain is suggested to validate the proposed approach.

International audience; Simulation is often used to evaluate supply chain or workshop management. This simulation task needs models, which are difficult to construct. The aim of this work is to reduce the complexity of a simulation model design. The proposed approach combines discrete and continuous approaches in order to construct speeder and simpler reduced model. The simulation model focuses on bottlenecks with a discrete approach according to the theory of constraints. The remaining of the workshop must be taken into account in order to describe how the bottlenecks are fed. It is modeled through a continuous approach thanks to a neural network. In particular, we use a multilayer perceptron. The structure of the network is determined by using a pruning procedure. For validation, this approach is applied to the modelisation of a sawmill workshop.

International audience; Today, more and more new technologies of information and wireless communication are useful for social, economic and industrial life. Auto-ID technologies such as RFID are a good example of that. The actual limits of these new systems are relative to their granularity, since items are the smallest parts of an ubiquitous system (Internet of things). In this paper we propose a "communicating material" new paradigm. Working on the credibility of this concept since some years, we highlight here its main technological and research perspectives

International audience; We present a tree-ring-based reconstruction of last millenium summer temperature from Briançonnais in the northern French Alps. The sample material is derived from multi-centennial living trees and also includes larch (Larix decidua Mill.) series from historical construction timbers. The Regional Curve Standardization method was applied to preserve interannual to multicentennial variations in this high-elevation dataset. The proxies are inferred using a linear model and calibrated using the June to August mean temperatures from the last revised version of the HISTALP database spanning the 1760-2003 and adjusted to take into account warm bias before 1850. The transfer function has cross-validated coefficients of correlation (r) of 0.48 (0.42), reductions of error (RE) of 0.21 (0.27) and coefficients of efficiency of 0.20 (0.16). The concordance of the Briançonnais temperature reconstruction with other Alpine records suggests that the transfer function has successfully reconstructed past summer temperature during the last two millennia. Evidence was found of a warm episode between and 900 and 1200AD, and a cold phase between 1500 and 1850AD. These events were possibly correlated to the so-called 'Mediaeval Warm Period' (MWP) and 'Little Ice Age' (LIA). model reconstructed a summer temperature decrease more than 2°C for the LIA compared with the temperature prevailing during the MWP.

To date, in the Alps, only three reconstructions extend back prior to 1000 AD. This lack is related to the scarcity of wood material in the western and southern parts of the Alps, especially during the early part of the last millennium. On the basis of a dense tree-ring width network (34 unpublished multi centennial larch chronologies), this paper attempts, for the first time, a reconstruction of the summer temperatures over the French Alps. This network combine 548 tree-ring width series from living trees, dead trees and construction wood. All sites sampled are located near tree-line in high-altitude forest stands. The Adaptative Regional Growth Curve standardization method was applied to preserve interannual to multicentennial variations in this high-elevation proxy data-set. The proxies are calibrated using the June to August mean temperatures from the last revised version of the HISTALP database. The method combines an analogue technique, which is able to extend the too short tree-ring series, an artificial neural network technique for an optimal non-linear calibration including a bootstrap technique for calculating error assessment on the reconstruction. About 50% of the temperature variance is reconstructed. The proxy record evidences a prolonged Medieval Warm Period persisting until 1500 with warm periods that resemble twentieth century conditions but also cold phases before 1000 synchronous to the Swiss glacier advances. The Little Ice Age is rather mild until 1660 if compared to other alpine reconstructions. Then, summers are 0. 7°C cooler than the 1961—1990 mean until 1920., Dans les Alpes, trois reconstructions de températures estivales, issues de chronologies de largeurs de cernes couvrent les 1000 dernières années. Aucune reconstruction millénaire n 'avait été spécifiquement consacrée aux parties méridionale et occidentale de la chaîne, en raison, principalement, de la rareté du matériel dendrochronologique au début du dernier millénaire. Cette lacune est comblée ici. Un réseau de 34 chronologies pluri-centenaires a été utilisé afin de reconstruire les températures estivales dans les Alpes françaises. Ce réseau combine 548 séries individuelles de largeurs de cernes provenant de prélèvements réalisés au niveau de la limite supérieure de la forêt, sur des arbres vivants ou morts ainsi que sur des bois de construction. Ces séries ont été standardisées au moyen d'une courbe de croissance régionale adaptative afin de préserver au mieux les variabilités de basse et moyenne fréquences. Une fonction de transfert a été établie entre les données standardisées et les températures estivales (JJA) homogénéisées du réseau HISTALP. Cette fonction combine la technique des analogues, afin de reconstituer les séries trop courtes, l'utilisation d'un réseau de neurones, pour une calibration non linéaire optimale et une quantification de la marge d'erreur au moyen de la méthode bootstrap. 50% de la variance des températures est reconstituée par cette méthode. La reconstruction met en évidence un optimum climatique médiéval qui se prolonge jusqu'en 1500 mais également des phases froides synchrones avec l'avancée des glaciers suisses, avant l'an mille notamment. Le petit âge glaciaire (PAG) est relativement doux jusqu'en 1660 comparé aux autres reconstructions alpines puis les températures diminuent fortement jusqu 'en 1920 (-0, 7°C par rapport à la moyenne 1961-1990)., Corona Christophe, Edouard Jean-Louis, Guibal Frédéric, Guiot Joël, Bernard Sylvain, Thomas André, Denelle Nicole. Reconstruction des températures estivales dans les alpes françaises au moyen de données dendrochronologiques (749-2008 AD). In: Collection EDYTEM. Cahiers de géographie, numéro 11, 2010. Panorama de la dendrochronologie en France. pp. 69-76.

International audience; This paper proposes a new interpretation of stigmergy, where cooperation between production actors is achieved thanks to attributes (informational pheromones) attached to products. From this interpretation is introduced a new design pattern that can be used to develop product-driven systems. Agent-oriented components which implement it are presented, and then applied on an experimental platform.

International audience; Simulation is useful for the evaluation of a Master Production/distribution Schedule (MPS). Also, the goal of this paper is the study of the design of a simulation model by reducing its complexity. According to theory of constraints, we want to build reduced models composed exclusively by bottlenecks and a neural network. Particularly a multilayer perceptron, is used. The structure of the network is determined by using a pruning procedure. This work focuses on the impact of discrete data on the results and compares different approaches to deal with these data. This approach is applied to sawmill internal supply chain

The dendrochronological signature of the Little Ice Age (1560-1850) is studied in the French Alps through seventeen long chronologies of high mountain larches and cembro pines, from the Maurienne, in the North, to the Mercantour, in the South. The study of correlation matrices reveals the two species reacted differently to the climatic worsening of the LIA. The spatial homogenization of the dendrochronological signal observed for the larch seems connected to a reduction of the local thermal contrasts. For the cembro pine, less stressful hydric conditions could explain the very strong heterogeneousness of the signals and the absence of significant teleconnexion. On a regional scale, the aggregation of populations indicates the absence of a marked gradient between the Maurienne-Briançonnais block and the Mercantour. In the Alpine scale, the variations of the average chronologies of larches correspond to glacial fluctuations, historical data and also the climatic reconstructions realized in the Swiss Alps., La signature dendrochronologique du Petit Age Glaciaire (1560-1850) est étudiée, dans les Alpes françaises, au moyen de 17 longues chronologies de mélèzes et de pins cembro de haute altitude, réparties depuis la Maurienne au nord jusqu’au Mercantour, au sud. L’étude des matrices de corrélation et des téléconnexions inter-sites révèle des réactions différentes des deux espèces à l’égard de la péjoration climatique du PAG . L’homogénéisation spatiale du signal dendrochronologique observée pour le mélèze semble liée à une réduction des contrastes thermiques locaux. Pour le pin cembro, des conditions hydriques moins stressantes pourraient expliquer la très forte hétérogénéité des signaux et l’absence de téléconnexion significative. A l’échelle régionale, l’agrégation des populations montre l’absence de gradient marqué entre le bloc Maurienne-Briançonnais et le Mercantour. A l’échelle alpine, les variations des chronologies moyennes de mélèzes sont concordantes avec les fluctuations glaciaires, les données historiques et les reconstructions climatiques réalisées dans les Alpes suisses., Denelle Nicole, Guibal Frédéric, Thomas André, Corona Christophe, Edouard Jean-Louis. Le Petit Age Glaciaire dans les cernes de croissance des arbres des Alpes françaises. Approche dendrochronologique. In: Archéologie du Midi médiéval. Tome 27, 2009. pp. 169-177.

International audience; The economic context leads companies to answer quickly to the unpredictable changing customer demands. Advanced Planning Systems (APS) are useful tools to set up quickly Sales and Operations Planning (SOP) and Master Production Schedules (MPS). The problem is to obtain stable plans and schedules in spite of the unstable demand. In this paper, we propose a special procedure based on mathematical programming modelling to obtain stable MPS on the basis of a stable and robust SOP. The MPS process is built in two steps. The first leads to implement a SOP with a “reference plan policy”. In the second step, SOP (quantity per family per month) is broken down into quantity of finished products per month, and then, into quantity of finished products per week (MPS). As we observe unstable MPS using Bitran and Hax procedure (1981), we propose a demand levelling stochastic treatment leading to better stability.

In this paper, we propose a theoretical model for the error propagation phenomenon generated by a frame loss in a distributed video coding framework. Using rate-distortion functions, we analyze the impact of a frame loss on the average distortion of a group of pictures depending on the position of the lost frame within the GOP, as well as the level of motion in each frame and the quantization errors in the key frames and the Wyner-Ziv frames. This theoretical analysis is fur- ther confirmed by a practical implementation of the DVC framework using different configurations of frame losses.

This paper addresses the problem of tactical planning robustness of a three-level multi-facilities supply chain. Robustness to uncontrollable factors such as demand is an increasing concern because of the key role played in supply chain planning. This study aims at proposing an approach based on an experimental design and the use of signal to noise ratio as developed by Taguchi when establishing tactical plans. A linear programming (LP) model, such as those used in advanced planning systems, is developed to solve tactical planning concerns. By adjusting policy parameters, such as overtime, inventory level costs, and so on, a decision-maker can determine an optimal tactical plan while taking into account the robustness to uncertain demand. This approach enhances the compromise between minimised costs and improved robustness. This methodology has been applied to a case study of an aggregate plan based on a Vallourec steel tube company.

International audience; In this paper, we address a way to improve a classic kanban control system, by using kanban cards as an informational/decisional entity in order to enrich shop-floor information/decision. The real-time information collected and the simulation tool proposed enable to coordinate distributed decision according to a unique and global performance indicator. Our proposition consists in enabling any shop-floor decision maker to evaluate different kanban priority scenarios according to a unified objective, taking into account the global situation of the workshop. Models of the data collection and decision support system are presented. A generic information system enables to provide a relevant view of shop-floor status. Such information will be useful to efficiently feed a real-time simulation tool in order to evaluate solutions .The application is illustrated using the case of an industrial furniture manufacturer.

Long chronologies were developed in the French Alps South from subfossiles wood, timber, and trees live on subalpine species mainly Pinus cembra and Larix decidua, in the form of floating yet chronologies for the period Holocene until the first millennium AD and a new chronology covering the period from 750 AD to present in the Briançonnais. The analysis of wood and series growth ring, suggests perennial mountain forests with varied age structure and very old trees over the millennia, and in the last millennium strongly influenced by human impact with cutting trees used for traditional habitat., De longues chronologies ont été développées dans les Alpes françaises du Sud à partir des bois subfossiles, des bois de construction, et des arbres vivants sur les espèces subalpines principalement Pinus cembra et Larix decidua, sous forme de chronologies encore flottantes pour la période holocène jusqu 'au premier millénaire de notre ère et d 'une nouvelle chronologie couvrant la période 750 AD à aujourd'hui dans le Briançonnais. L'analyse des bois et des séries de cernes suggère des forêts d'altitude pérennes à structures d'âge variés, comportant de très vieux arbres au cours des millénaires, et pendant le dernier millénaire fortement perturbées par l 'impact de l 'homme comme le mettent en évidence les abattages d 'arbres utilisés dans les constructions traditionnelles., Edouard Jean-Louis, Thomas André. Cernes d'arbres et chronologies holocènes dans les Alpes françaises. In: Collection EDYTEM. Cahiers de géographie, numéro 6, 2008. Du climat à l’homme, dynamique holocène de l’environnement dans le Jura et les Alpes. pp. 179-190.

International audience; Simulation is often used for the evaluation of a Master Production Schedule (MPS). Also, the goal of this paper is the study of the design of a simulation model by reducing its complexity. According to theory of constraints, we want to build reduced models composed exclusively by bottleneck and, in order to do that, a neural network, particularly a multilayer perceptron, is used. Moreover, the structure of the network is determined by using a pruning procedure. This approach is applied to a sawmill flow shop case

International audience; Pour répondre aux exigences croissantes de gestion de la variété des produits, dans un environnement de plus en plus incertain, des approches de pilotage par le produit ont été formulées. Cependant, leur développement tant scientifique qu'industriel nécessite des outils d'évaluation permettant l'expérimentation, la validation et la réalisation de démonstrations à destination des industriels et ce, en tenant compte de la dimension et de la complexité de ces contextes industriels. Cet article présente un tel outil, permettant en particulier d'assister un scientifique ou un industriel dans les choix devant être faits lors d'un projet de mise en œuvre d'un pilotage par le produit. Après un état de l'art sur l'évaluation des performances des systèmes de pilotages « intelligents », nous présenterons les particularités de l'évaluation d'un tel pilotage. Ensuite, nous spécifierons une méthodologie d'évaluation accompagnant le projet de pilotage par le produit au cours de ses phases successives, puis nous présenterons un prototype à base de composants logiciels permettant de mettre en œuvre cette méthodologie. Enfin, quelques applications seront présentées.

International audience; no abstract

International audience; This work aims at studying new opportunities held by Auto-ID technologies in the operation and logistic management. On the one hand, these new information technologies will speed up information flows, and on the other hand, doing the shop floor and the product flow more visible will allow to reconsider centralised decision making processes. In this paper, a quick presentatio n of the RFID technology is done, after what drawbacks of classical centralized control systems are pointed out. Then the possible production control issues with Auto-ID and real-time sensors are highlighted according to the Simon generic decision model. Potential contributions are studied, and a case study is proposed, implementing a distributed decision framework.

International audience; Based on linear and linear integer programming techniques, Advanced Planning Systems (APS) enable a tactical plan to be established each time the plan deviates from reality. Thus, planning is more reactive but may lead to a loss of robustness when making a decision. This article presents a specific approach to increase robustness and stability for tactical plans. Several methods have already been discussed to achieve this robustness target. This proposed new policy is called the "reference plan".

Operations’ planning requires strategic decisions on inventories levels, on demands and operations constraints. The importance of these decisions leads to elaborate and optimise Sales and Operations Plans on a planning time fence at least as long as the budget. Models using linear programming give the “optimal” strategy but do not resist frequent changes in parameters. Other mathematical tools as well as Taguchi methods are approaches to achieve a simple but robust compromise.

International audience; In this paper, we present the result of a cooperative work between a furniture manufacturer and the Tracilog1 team belonging to the Research Center for Automatic Control, in Nancy. This work led to develop a simulation test bed, enabling both validation and improvement of the currently used planning process, and testing of new control structures, emerging from research works. A cutting plan evaluation tool and a workshop scheduling evaluation tool are presented. The main objective of the developed tool was to obtain a better control of led times and work in process. Finally, the modelling structure, enabling to use different control system, is evoked.

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Untersuchung von Wechselwirkungen niedermolekularer Verbindungen auf Oberflächen durch fluoreszenzmikroskopische Methoden. Ziel war es dabei, spezifische Methoden für die Anbindung von Molekülen auf Oberflächen zu untersuchen. Dabei stand die Verwendung von Mikroarrays im Vordergrund, um mehrere Wechselwirkungen möglichst parallel betrachten zu können. Zur Lösung der Fragestellung wurden zwei Methoden gewählt, die unterschiedliche Anbindungsmethoden an die Oberfläche erlauben. Zum einen wurde erstmals die native chemische Ligation auf Oberflächen angewandt, die eine sehr chemoselektive, kovalente Anbindung von Proteinen und Peptiden über ein N-terminales Cystein erlaubt. Zum anderen wurde die bekannte, selektive, koordinative und reversible Bindung zwischen Oligohistidinen und Ni2+-NTA-Komplexen angewendet. Beide Methoden erwiesen sich als robust und konnten erfolgreich für die selektive Anbindung unterschiedlicher Moleküle im Mikroarrayformat etabliert werden. Für die koordinative Bindung wurde gezeigt, dass Unterschiede in der Selektivität bei gleichem Bindungsmotiv (Oligohistidin) existierten, falls die Länge des Oligohistidins variiert wurde. Um ein Maß für die Stabilität der Bindung der Oligohistidine an die Ni2+-Multichelatoren zu erhalten, wurden die Oligohistidine durch Titration mit dem Kompetitor Imidazol von den Chelator-Spots abgelöst. Längere Oligohistidine waren wesentlich stabiler auf den Oberflächen immobilisiert als kurzkettige, und benötigten zur Ablösung von der Oberfläche höhere Konzentrationen an Imidazol. Die Stabilitätsunterschiede bei der Anbindung zwischen langkettigen und kurzkettigen Oligohistidinen wurden durch den Einsatz von Multichelatoren noch vergrößert. Interessanterweise wurde der Stabilitätsunterschied bei gleichzeitiger Inkubation von kurzkettigem Hexahistidin und langkettigem Dekahistidin noch deutlicher. Somit war die Selektivität der Anbindung eines Oligohistidins abhängig von der Anwesenheit des anderen Oligohistidins. Die Untersuchung der Oligohistidin-NTA-Wechselwirkung mit Hilfe von simulierten molekulardynamischen Methoden (molecular modeling) zeigte, dass keine energetisch stark begünstigten Konformationen bestimmter Koordinationen existieren. Dies wurde durch experimentelle Ergebnisse von Kooperationspartnern bestätigt. Die chemoselektive, gerichtete, kovalente Anbindung über die native chemische Ligation stellt eine sehr spezifische Immobilisierungsmethode dar. Die als Positiv- und Negativkontrollen eingesetzten Peptide zeigten durch ihre Anbindung und Nichtanbindung an die Oberfläche Übereinstimmung mit dem Bindungsmechanismus der nativen chemischen Ligation. Es konnten nur Peptide an die Oberfläche anbinden, die über ein N-terminales Cystein verfügten. Die Immobilisierungsmethode war kompatibel für Anwendungen im Bereich von Proteinmikroarrays, da spezifisch angebundene Proteine auf definierte Art immobilisiert sind, und ihre räumliche Orientierung damit festgelegt ist. Die physiologisch relevanten Eigenschaften des auf diesen Oberflächen getesteten Proteins blieben erhalten was durch die selektive Erkennung eines Phosphopeptides durch die intakte SH2-Domäne eines immobilisierten SHP-2C-Proteins nachgewiesen werden konnte. Die bereits etablierte Methode zur Beschichtung von Mikrocantilever Arrays mit Cystein-Peptiden konnte durch den Einsatz eines Nanopipettier-Roboters weiter verbessert werden. Einzelne Cantilever eines Mikrocantilever Arrays ließen sich mit Hilfe des Nanopipettier-Roboters selektiv mit einem antikörperbindenden Cystein-Peptid beschichten. Durch Immunfluoreszenzfärbung konnte gezeigt werden, dass die durch den Roboter mit Peptidlösung getroffenen Cantilever scharfkantig beschichtet waren, und das Peptid stabil immobilisiert war. Referenzcantilever mussten bei dieser Methode nicht nachträglich erzeugt werden. In this thesis, interactions of low molecular weight compounds on surfaces using fluorescent microscopy were studied. The objective of this study was to apply different immobilization techniques for the attachment of specific molecules to the surface. The work focused on the application of microarrays to study a variety of protein interactions in parallel. To address the problem of specific immobilization, two different immobilization techniques were chosen. For the first time, the application of the native chemical ligation on surfaces was established, allowing a chemoselective covalent linkage of proteins and peptides via their N-terminal cysteine residues. Additionally, a selective, coordinative and reversible binding of oligohistidines and Ni2+-complexes was used to link proteins to artificial surfaces. Both methods proved to be reliable and robust and have successfully been applied to the immobilization of different molecules in the microarray format. Depending on the length of the oligohistidine, differences in the coordinative binding of the same binding motif (oligohistidines) were demonstrated. To test the stability of the oligohistidine binding to Ni2+-multichelators, immobilized oligohistidines on chelator spots were titrated with the competitor Imidazole. Longer oligohistidines showed a higher affinity to the surface molecules than shorter ones and higher concentrations of the Imidazole compound was needed for the replacement of the oligohistidines from the spots. The differences in the surface affinity of shorter or longer oligohistidines were increased by the application of multichelators. Interestingly, the differences in the stability between short chained hexahistidines and long chained decahistidines increased when both histidines were simultaneously spotted on the arrays. Thus, the selective binding of one oligohistidine appears to depend on the presence of the other oligohistidine. Molecular modelling revealed that the interaction of oligohistidines with NTA does not depend on an energetically privileged coordination between histidines and their chelators, as it was confirmed by experimental results with cooperative partners (His14 for example has a higher affinity than His10). The chemoselective, directed, covalent attachment via native chemical ligation has shown to be a very specific and reproducible immobilization technique. Binding and non-binding of the respective control peptides was equivalent to the binding characteristics of the native chemical ligation. Only peptides containing an N-terminal cysteine were able to bind to the surface. Thus, the chemical ligation technique can be applied to the area of protein microarrays, since the spatial orientation of the proteins is fixed and a specifically directed attachment is easily achievable. Relevant physiological properties such as surface conformation of the tested proteins, can be maintained as it was demonstrated by selective recognition of a phosphopeptide via the intact SH2-domain of an immobilized SHP-2C protein. The formerly established method of coating microcantilever arrays with cysteine-peptides was substantially improved by applying a nanopipetting device. This device allowed single cantilevers of a microcantilever array to be selectively coated with an antibody binding cysteine-peptide. Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that cantilevers hit with the peptide solution by the nanopipetting device were coated in a sharp-edged fashion and the peptide was immobilized on the surface in a stable manner. Moreover, the latter introduction of reference cantilevers was unnecessary.

International audience; New developments in production control can be grouped around two modes: distributed and centralised control. Interaction between these control modes can be seen as a B2M issue. We propose in this paper an alternative B2M architecture, using holonic products, in order to nable cooperation between centralised business and distributed manufacturing decision systems. We will first give the requirements of such a system, then outline the structure of the holonic product and finally study the possible interaction protocols between the products and the decision system.

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The highest level of planning and control system is necessary, because production and logistics systems are not so flexible to follow, from day to day, sales evolutions. The companies are therefore held to standardize the good practices concerning the elaboration of their Sales, Inventories and Operations Planning (SIOP). The SIOP makes it possible to implement the strategic objectives defined by Top Management at the time of the Business Plan. It is the link between sales and manufacturing planning. The objectives of each of those depend on the specificity of their trade: the Sales Department will go for a maximum sales whereas Production will endeavor to keep industrial cost prices as low as possible while the Finance Department will try to optimize the use of available funds. There are several tools for this optimization: Graphical method and linear programming. Today, the economic context requires robust optimization.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.