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Tumor suppressor miRNAs, miR-15a and miR-16–1, with high-specificity and oncogenic targeting of Bcl-2, can target tumor tissues. Disadvantages of the clinical application of free miRNAs include poor cellular uptake and instability in plasma, which can be partially improved by using nanocarriers to deliver anti-cancer agents to the tumor cell. In this study, cationic niosomes were designed and optimized with the specific formulation. Then, the physical characteristics, the cytotoxicity, the impact of transfected miRNAs on the expression of the Bcl-2 gene, and the apoptosis rate of the different formulation into prostate cancer cell were determined. The optimum formulation containing tween-60: cholesterol: DOTAP: DSPE-PEG2000 at 70:30:25:5 demonstrated that the vesicle size and zeta potentials were 69.7 nm and + 14.83 mV, respectively. Additionally, noisome-loaded miRNAs had higher toxicity against cancer cells comparing with free forms. The transfection of PC3 cells with the combination therapy of nanocarriers loaded of two miRNAs led to a significant decrease in the expression of the Bcl-2 gene and increased the degree of cell death in PC3 cells compared with other treatment groups, and the synergistic effects of co-delivery of miR-15a and miR-16–1 on prostate cancer cells were shown. According to the results, it seems the designed niosomes containing miR-15a and miR-16–1 can target the Bcl-2 gene and provide a cheap, applicable, cost-effective, and safe drug delivery system against prostate cancer.

Optimization is a topic that has always been discussed in all different fields of science. One of the most effective techniques for solving such problems is optimization algorithms. In this paper, a new optimizer called Multi-Leader optimizer (MLO) is developed in which multiple leaders guide members of the population towards the optimal answer. MLO is mathematically modelled based on the process of advancing members of the population and following the leaders. MLO performance in optimization is examined on twenty-three standard objective functions. The results of this optimization are compared with the results of the other eight existing optimization algorithms including Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO), Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA), Emperor Penguin Optimizer (EPO), Shell Game Optimization (SGO), and Hide Objects Game Optimization (HOGO). Based on the analysis of the simulation results on unimodal test functions to evaluate exploitation ability and multimodal test functions in order to evaluate exploration ability, it has been determined that MLO has a higher ability to solve optimization problems than existing optimization algorithms.

Introduction: One of the most important factors in maintaining and promoting health in old age is regular physical activity. Benefiting from self-regulatory strategies is an important part of exercise interventions that have been proven to be important in promoting physical activity. The present study was designed and conducted to determine the effectiveness of physical activity educational program based on self-regulatory theory on quality of life of the elderly. Methods: This interventional and quasi-experimental study was conducted on 64 elderly in in 2020 in Comprehensive Health Centers in Isfahan. The elderly were randomly divided into intervention (n = 34) and control (n = 30) groups. For the intervention group, self-regulated physical activity educational program was performed. The required information was collected using the WHOQOL-BREF Questionnaire and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly before and two months after the intervention. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 using Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, t-test, and covariance. Results: In the intervention group before and after the intervention, the mean score of walking was 7.75 ± 7.35 vs. 15.54±8.01, mild physical activity 2.85±2.87 vs. 5.53±6.23, and low physical activity was 2.86±15.71 vs. 7.86 ± 14.41, respectively. Moreover, the mean of social relationshipswas 61.76 ±17.3 vs. 68.75±9.68 and mental health was 51.1±11.06 vs. 53.67±9.66, respectively before and after the intervention, which was significantly different (P

Background: Mass screening for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in Iran on March 23, 2020, with the purpose of improving early detection of patients for their own health and to prevent onward transmission to others. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the change towards mass screening on new cases reported, cases recovered, and deaths due to COVID-19. Methods: This study analyzed the daily reports on the number of new cases confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, cases recovered, and deaths due to COVID-19 provided to the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran. Changes in trends on these outcomes were evaluated using interrupted time series analysis. Results: From February 19 to May 6, 2020, a total of 519544 COVID-19 tests were done and 101650 diagnoses were made (case/ test ratio 19.6%). For the same period, 6418 deaths due to COVID-19 were reported (case fatality ratio 6.3%). The number of cases detected increased significantly over the period of scale-up of mass screening (P=0.003), as did the number of recovered cases (P=0.001). The number of deaths due to COVID-19 did not change before versus after mass screening. Conclusion: Following the scale-up of mass screening for COVID-19 in Iran, the rate of new cases detected and reported recovered accelerated significantly. Mass screening is likely to have detected many mild and asymptomatic cases that were infectious. Our data support the role that mass screening, coupled with isolation and contract tracing, can have in slowing the COVID-19 epidemic.

In the present work, for the first time, a series of unique zinc-centered metal–organic films with high anti-corrosion potency was fabricated on the steel surface through the covalent/non-covalent bonding/interactions between the natural flavonoid based-molecules (Quercetin) and Zn2+/Fe2+ metal-cations. The visualized steel surface micro-scale microstructure by FE-SEM proved that the Quercetin:Zn based metal–organic film covered the metallic surface significantly. Also, the elemental analysis of the protected surfaces via GIXRD, EDS, and mapping experiments illustrated that the metal–organic compounds sufficiently adsorbed. Tafel curves achievements depicted that the Quercetin:Zn based metal–organic film could efficiently protect the iron surface via both O2 reduction/Fe oxidation mechanisms and the outcomes indicated that in the presence of Quercetin (200 ppm):Zn (600 ppm) inhibitors the most protective film against chloride solution was attained (97% efficiency) after 24 h of iron exposure. Additionally, the theoretically derived outcomes applying MC/MD modeling associated with DFT calculations ascertained the interactions followed by adsorption of complexes over the M-Steel.

Objective (s): Measles is a severe acute respiratory viral infection. The single-stranded RNA morbillivirus from the Paramixoviridea family is easily transmitted among humans through coughing or sneezing droplets. Methods: This was a case-control study that was carried out among people living in cities under coverage of Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran in 2014-2015. Seventy-five patients with confirmed measles (case group) and 150 healthy individuals (control group) were selected for the study. The case group included entered into the study through census method. The control group was randomly selected by simple random sampling from the people who had the inclusion criteria. To control the confounding factors, each case was matched with two persons from the control group for age and gender. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: After adjusting for confounding variables, a significant relationship between measles and, not receiving the vaccine (OR=14.35, CI 95%=7.03-29.27), the history of contact with the definite cases of measles (OR=1.9, CI 95%=1.09-3.43), non-native residents (OR=5.46, CI 95%=1.88-15.78), motherchr('39')s age of older than 30 years at birth (OR=2.8, CI 95%=1.23-6.38) were identified. Conclusion: Based on the findings independent risk factors for developing measles disease were not having measles vaccine, non-native people, history of contact with definite cases of measles and, motherchr('39')s age at birth.

In this paper, a ranking procedure is proposed for the order-of-magnitude qualitative reasoning problem. To this end, a preference degree was suggested for comparing a set of k-dimensional vectors ...

Background Hypertension, known as the silent killer, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Awareness and treatment of hypertension is not appropriate in the world, and this has led to an increase in mortality and morbidity caused by uncontrolled hypertension. This study aims to estimate awareness, treated, and controlled hypertensive and relevant predictors in an adult Iranian population. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 10,000 adults aged 20–69 years in Yazd, Iran. They were selected through multi-stage random cluster sampling in 2015–2016. Blood pressure was measured three-time with standard protocol by trained health workers. Those with a positive history of hypertension and using anti-hypertensive drugs, prescribed by a physician, were considered hypertensive. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP of ≥90 mmHg. Uncontrolled hypertension was defined in accordance with recommended treatment targets by the Joint National Committee (JNC7). Logistic regression was used to assess the predictors of hypertension awareness, treatment and control. Results The prevalence of hypertension was 37.3%, and the prevalence of pre-hypertension was 46.4%. 49.7% of People with hypertension were aware of their disease, and 71.5% of them were using antihypertensive drugs prescribed by physicians. Blood pressure was controlled in 38.9% of the treated patients. In the adjusted model, older age, female sex, and history of diabetes mellitus were positively associated with higher awareness. High physical activity, tobacco smoking, and diabetes are the only predictors of treated high blood pressure. Younger age, female sex, and higher education were determinants of controlled hypertension. Having health insurance was significantly correlated with awareness and control of hypertension. Conclusion Hypertension is a public health problem in this population, which is not well controlled. Half of the patients were unaware. Intervention for increased screening coverage is needed. It should plan to raise public awareness about hypertension and improve hypertension control under the supervision of physicians. Implement a family physician program is recommended in the health system.

Background: Using blood-based biomarkers such as microRNAs (miRNAs) may allow particularly effective and minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis. Objective: We evaluated the differential expression of circulating miRNA-185-5p (miR- 185-5p), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) target genes between endometriosis and healthy women. Materials and Methods: 25 women with a history of endometriosis (grad III-IV) diagnosed by laparoscopy as the case group and 25 women without endometriosis underwent laparoscopy for ovarian cysts or pelvic pain as the control group were enrolled in this case-control study. Blood samples were obtained, and total RNA was used for high-throughput small RNA sequencing, and this was confirmed by means of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: miRNA expression profiling using non-coding RNA sequencing revealed that one miRNA including miR-185-5p was significantly down-regulated in the case group compared with the controls. The qRT-PCR results showed significant downregulation of the expression level of miR-185-5p (p < 0.01) in the plasma of the case group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed the area of miR-185-5p under the ROC curve for endometriosis diagnosis was 0.919 (p < 0.001). The RT-PCR results demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the expression of VEGF and PDGF mRNA of blood samples in the cases compared to the control group (PDGF, p = 0.09 and VEGF, p = 0.36). Conclusion: The low expression of miR-185-5p in the plasma of women with endometriosis could be employed as an important non-invasive biomarker for early detection and screening of endometriosis by blood samples. Key words: Biomarker, miRNA, Diagnosis, Endometriosis, Angiogenesis.

Objective (s): The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a school-based educational intervention on safe crossing of streets in elementary school students. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test/ post test design. A total of 66 elementary school students were randomly selected from two selected schools in Yazd, Iran in 2019. The intervention consisted of theoretical and practical education in the school context. Data were collected by a self-designed checklist containing 12 questions. Data analysis was performed using spss21 software. Results: The results showed that the least safe behavior was related to pedestrian crosswalk and pedestrian bridge crossing. The mean score of street safe behavior before and after the training was 9.24(2) and 11.62(0.75), respectively, which was statistically significant (p

In the present study, comprehensive research efforts were made to experimentally/theoretically examine the corrosion protection capability of Laurus nobilis leaves extract for carbon steel in an acidic medium composed of 1 M HCl. The experimental EIS results evidenced that upon steel exposure to a corrosive electrolyte containing 400 ppm L. nobilis leaves extract the maximum protection performance of 92% was obtained after 2.5 h. The experiments of potentiodynamic polarization proposed a mixed-type anodic/cathodic anti-corrosion action along with small cathodic prevalence. The electronic features established by the DFT approach highlighted that the surface adsorption mechanism could be described by donor-acceptor interactions.

Titration is often used to determine the iron grade in sulfide ores. In this method, HCl is used as the main solvent. If the ore contains iron sulfide minerals, such as pyrite, it cannot be completely dissolved in HCl, and the measurements error will be high. Therefore, roasting is used to determine the iron grade in such cases. But roasting requires special equipment and it is usually time consuming. On the other hand, while HNO3 can dissolve sulfide minerals, the results often contain a high measurement error due to remaining acid during titration. In this study, a new method to determine the iron grade in iron sulfide ores was proposed by using perchloric acid. The iron grade of a high pyrite-containing ore was determined by the new method, and the results were compared to those obtained by the traditional roasting or HNO3 titration. The new method was found to provide iron grade values close to the roasting method. The proposed method was tested on a number of samples with known iron grades. Results showed 0.999 determination coefficient (R2) suggesting this method is reliable and it can be used to analyze iron grade in sulfide mineral-containing ores.

Introduction: Hospitals are the first-line care providers in natural disasters. Nurses, as one of the critical health professional groups, require adequate peroration for responding to natural disasters. Due attention has to be paid to various teaching methods to improve the level of nurses’ preparedness. Objective: This study compared the effect of lecturing and lecturing-tabletop exercise methods on the level of nurses’ preparedness against natural disasters. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 74 nurses were randomly selected from different wards at a hospital in Yazd City, Iran, in 2017. Nurses’ preparedness level was measured with the 72-item Scale for Nurses’ Preparedness against Natural Disasters, including three areas of knowledge, attitude, and performance. The study participants were assigned into group A (lecturing method, n=37) and group B (lecturing-tabletop exercise method, n=37) using a simple random sampling technique. Nurses’ level of preparedness was measured three times (pre- and post-intervention, and follow-up) using the Preparedness for Disasters questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed applying repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Paired Samples t-test. Results: The mean scores of nurses’ knowledge, attitude, and performance were increased by 4.94, 7.38, and 5.59 in group A as well as 6.56, 11.43, and 6.08 in group B. Additionally, the total score of nurses’ preparedness in group B was significantly higher at Pre-test, post-test, and one-month follow-up (107.89±7.50) (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Education ( lecturing and lecturing-tabletop exercise methods) positively affected nurses’ preparedness. However, it was more effective through lecturing-tabletop exercise methods due to having a scenario and the better participation of nurses in the learning process. This finding emphasizes the positive effect of participants’ interactions in the tabletop exercise method on the quality of education, critical skill, and increased level of nurses’ preparedness against natural disasters.

Burn is one of the most significant injuries in industrial and developing societies and is one of the most important traumas leading to hospitalization. The aim of this study was to identify the epidemiology, geographical distribution, and outcome of electric burns in Fars province and to present the distribution map.In this descriptive-analytical study, the study population involved all electrical burn victims admitted to Amir al-Momenin and Ghotbeddin Hospitals from 2008 to 2019 in Fars province in the south of Iran. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 22.Among a total of 246 patients, the average age was 30.78 ± 11.07. The highest frequency among educational levels was among under-diploma patients (38.6%), and the majority were employed (87.4%). Also, most of the patients were from urban areas (70.3%). The majority of burn incidences occurred at the workplace (57.7%). Also, among the high voltage patients, 25 patients (30.9%) had an amputation, while among low voltage only 12 patients (16.2%) had an amputation. Non-surgical treatment was applied in 68 (28%) cases, while Escharotomy was performed in 28 (11.4%) patients. There was also a statistically significant association between burn voltage and amputation (P= 0.039).Based on our report, the rate of electrical burn injuries in Iran is still high, which underlines the need for stronger efforts in effective prevention, such as better public education and the establishment of strict regulations regarding the distribution and use of electricity.

Globally, high-risk illnesses including Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) are major health problems causing considerable impact on health systems. Knowledge and awareness are very important factors for controlling these illnesses in society. Regarding the transmission routes of these viruses, young people are at the highest risk of infection. Therefore, our objectives were to determine the college students’ awareness of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV/AIDS with regard to basic information, transmission, and prevention. A total of 810 students from 7 universities, from September to March 2017, were included in the study. All participants were categorized into three groups (medical, biology, and other fields). The subjects were evaluated by a standardized questionnaire and results analyzed in SPSS software using the χ2 test. In total, 43% of respondents were male and the majority of them were 20 to 25 years old. Our results showed the suitable level of awareness about HBV and remarkable about HIV. In contrast, insufficient level of awareness was indicated about HCV. Given the low levels of awareness or knowledge about HCV, it can be suggested that educational programs for this important disease are necessary especially for university students. On the other hand, high awareness of participants about HBV and HIV/AIDS might be the results of the proper functioning of educational programs for students in Iran.

Background: Adherence to medication adherence plays a vital role in controlling the problems and complications of epilepsy. During the COVID – 19 pandemic and limitations of face-to-face education, the use of distance education can play an important role in providing education to patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is the effect of model 5A self-management training on medication adherence in epileptic patients.Methods: In this single-blind randomized controlled trial, 56 epilepsy patients referred to Shiraz Namazi Hospital were divided into intervention and control groups using random allocation. Thereafter, 5A self - management training sessions were virtually held in 5 sessions in WhatsApp application for intervention group. The data collection tool was Morisky medication adherence scale at two stages of before and two months after intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software.Results: The results of Wilcoxon test showed that in intervention group, the mean drug adherence in patients after intervention significantly increased compared to before intervention (p = 0.005). But in control group, this was not significant (p = 0.909). According to results of Mann-Whitney test, there was no significant difference between intervention and control groups before intervention (p = 0.632). However, by passing two months from intervention, a significant difference was found between intervention and control groups (p = 0.041).Conclusion: Based on results, the implementation of Model 5A can be effective on medication adherence in epilepsy patients. This program can be considered as a suitable method in epileptic patients in during COVID – 19 pandemic.

It has been necessary to use methods that can detect the specificity of a virus during virus screening. In this study, we use a dual platform to identify any spiked virus and specific SARS-CoV-2 antigen, sequentially. We introduce a natural bed-receptor surface as Microparticle Vesicle-Galactins1 (MV-gal1) with the ability of glycan binding to screen every spiked virus. MV are the native vesicles which may have the gal-1 receptor. Gal-1 is the one of lectin receptor which can bind to glycan. After dropping the MV-gal1 on the SCPE/GNP, the sensor is turned on due to the increased electrochemical exchange with [Fe(CN)6]−3/−4 probe. Dropping the viral particles of SARS-CoV-2 cause to turn off the sensor with covering the sugar bond (early screening). Then, with the addition of Au/Antibody-SARS-CoV-2 on the MV-gal1@SARS-CoV-2 Antigen, the sensor is turned on again due to the electrochemical amplifier of AuNP (specific detection).For the first time, our sensor has the capacity of screening of any spike virus, and the specific detection of COVID-19 (LOD: 4.57 × 102 copies/mL) by using the natural bed-receptor and a specific antibody in the point of care test.

Relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) is characterised by the patients' experience of periods of exacerbation in symptoms. The fear associated with the relapse influence the quality of life in patients and their relationship with bodily experiences. Previous studies suggested that health anxiety (HA) contributes to fear of relapse but have not investigated cognitive mechanisms involved in developing and maintaining the fear of relapse in patients and we were interested to test this relationship. We used the online interpretation paradigm to investigate biased interpretation of ambiguous bodily information and its relationship to HA among patients and healthy controls (65 subjects in each group). Patients had higher levels of HA than controls. Patients also interpreted ambiguous bodily information more negatively than controls. There was a significant positive correlation between HA and negative interpretation of information in the whole sample. Among patients, HA mediated the relationship between interpretation bias and fear of relapse. Findings of this study suggest that negative interpretation bias can contribute to higher HA which in turn contributed to more fear of relapse among patients with RRMS. These findings have important implications for improving the quality of life in patients suffering from MS.

Introduction: Chronic conditions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are associated with a decrease in health-promoting behaviors and require appropriate nursing interventions. Due to limitations of face-to-face education during the COVID-19 pandemic, telenursing can play an essential role in providing education to patients. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of self-care education with telenursing approach on health-promoting behaviors in MS patients.Materials and methods: In this clinical trial, 68 patients of the Jahrom MS Society randomly assigned to intervention (n = 34) and control (n = 34) groups. For patients in the intervention group, educational sessions were held three days a week for six weeks. Data were collected using demographic information and Walker's Health-Promoting Lifestyle questionnaires at two stages before and immediately after the intervention. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests using SPSS software (Ver. 21).Results: Based on the findings immediately after the intervention, the mean score of HPBs was significantly higher (p = 0.005) in the intervention group (145.38 ± 26.66) than in the control group (129.18 ± 22.35). Significant differences were observed regarding the mean dimensions of nutrition, exercise, health responsibility, and stress management between the intervention and control groups immediately after the intervention (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Based on the findings, self-care education with the telenursing approach was effective on HPBs in MS patients. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize self-care education with the telenursing approach to control effective behaviors in MS patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background: The prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) is increasing worldwide. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of CHD and related risk factors in the population of Shahedieh cohort in Yazd, central Iran.Method: This cross-sectional analytical study was performed on the data of the first phase of the Yazd Shahedieh cohort study, which started in 2016 and included about 10,000 people from the urban population of 35-70 years old in Yazd Shahedieh – Yazd, Iran. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the variables and Chi-square test and multiple binary logistic regression models were used for analysis by reporting the modified odds ratio. All analyzes were performed in SPSS 19 software with a significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of the CHD was 8.08% (769 patients). The results of multiple binary logistic regression identified aging, low level of education, smoking, female gender, abnormal LDL, family history, diabetes and blood pressure as risk factors for CHD. The odds of getting CHD over the age of 60 was about 6 times than those aged 30-40, in the illiterate people it was about two times than the university. Smoking, family history, hypertension and diabetes increased the odds of getting CHD by 1.67, 1.59, 3.48 and 1.64. Smoking, family history, hypertension and diabetes increased the odds of getting CHD by 1.67, 1.59, 3.48 and 1.64, times than others, respectively.Conclusion: The prevalence of the disease in Iran was relatively high. According to the effect size, the most important risk factors for the disease were age over sixty years and blood pressure.

Burns are among the most common causes of injury and result in long-term morbidity, psychological complications, and reduced quality of life. We aimed to evaluate and compare the results of skin grafting versus nonsurgical treatment in patients with deep second-degree burn wounds of the back and posterior trunk.This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study of patients with trunk and buttock burns admitted to Burn Hospital in Shiraz, Iran from 2017 to 2019. The skin surface with burns and the final repaired tissue was measured. The Vancouver Scar Score (VSS) and pigmentation, vascularity, thickness, and pliability were assessed. VSS, pigmentation, vascularity, thickness and pliability were considered as outcomes.Seventy-five patients met the criteria for participation; thirty-two patients had skin grafts. The mean age was 27.79±20.03 yr and 53 patients (70.7%) were male. Scars were compared based on pigmentation, vascularity, thickness, and pliability, which was also statistically significant (The mean VSS was significantly higher in patients with grade 2 deep burns who received skin grafting than in patients without skin grafting. Due to the lack of donor sites and the need to prioritize skin grafts in burn patients with high total body surface area, it is better to perform skin grafts on the posterior trunk and buttocks in areas with deep grade 2 burns as a last priority and treat this wound with conservative therapy.

Corrosion is a natural process between a metal and its environment that can gradually cause catastrophic damage to the metal equipment, which would have economic implications. Consequently, several protective methods have been utilized to prevent metals from severe degradation. Organic polymeric coatings have been widely used as the most convenient and cost-effective method to boost metals' anti-corrosion properties. Nonetheless, these coatings have a significant amount of solvent, resulting in shrinkage and micro defects in the films during the curing process. Many studies have verified that transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) can form a "labyrinth effect" in the polymeric coatings due to their "nano-barrier effect". Furthermore, based on their sheet-like structures, they can considerably cover the surface defects of the polymeric films. Therefore, the penetration of corrosive elements can be substantially curbed. It is the first review that specifically focused on the new family of 2D nanomaterials, i.e., MXenes, and discussed their applications in corrosion protection systems. The MXenes' pros and cons in the polymeric matrixes as nanofillers will be clarified. Moreover, the synthesis and functionalization methods of the MXenes, their applications, and corrosion protection mechanism will be explored. Subsequently, the MXenes' superiority over other 2D nanomaterials will be highlighted while their future perspectives and industrial applications will be predicted.

It has been necessary to use methods that can detect the specificity of a virus during virus screening. In this study, we use a dual platform to identify any spiked virus and specific SARS-CoV-2 antigen, sequentially. We introduce a natural bed-receptor surface as Microparticle Vesicle-Galactins1 (MV-gal1) with the ability of glycan binding to screen every spiked virus. MV are the native vesicles which may have the gal-1receptor. Gal-1 is the one of lectin receptor which can bind to glycan. After dropping the MV-gal1 on the SCPE/GNP, the sensor is turned on due to the increased electrochemical exchange with [Fe(CN)6] -3/-4 probe. Dropping the viral particles of SARS-CoV-2 cause to turn off the sensor with covering the sugar bond (early screening). Then, with the addition of Au /Antibody-SARS-CoV-2 on the MV-gal1@ SARS-CoV-2 Antigen, the sensor is turned on again due to the electrochemical amplifier of AuNP (specific detection). As a result, our sensor has the capacity of screening of every spike virus, and the specific detection of covid-19 (LOD: 4.57 × 102 copies/mL) by using the natural bed-receptor and a specific antibody in the solid biosensor, for the first time.

Objective: To identify and prioritize the key Components of prehospital emergency system to prevent mortality in road traffic injuries. Methods: A total of 25 emergency medicine practitioners, emergency ward nurses, and managers of prehospital emergency centers participated in this adjusted Delphi study in three rounds. After extracting the primary components through reviewing systematic studies and interviewing experts, the Delphi rounds were performed with the presence of experts. The data were analyzed with both qualitative content analysis and quantitative analysis using SPSS20 software. For the analysis and selection of the final priorities, the coefficient of agreement of over 70% was used. Results: After doing three Delphi rounds, in the final Delphi round, 10 superior components were selected respectively as follows: correct history taking of the victim, examining possible cervical injury, the time spent from the first call to arrival of technicians to the scene, the time spent from arriving at the scene to the time of hospital transport, passing of re-education courses by EMS technicians, coordination among the rescue organizations, police, the Red Crescent, fire station, and healthcare organizations, integrated commandership at scene, police attendance in the scene before EMS arrival at the scene, proper ambulance equipment with respect to the required equipment (A, B, C) on the basis of victim’s condition, and coordination with the target hospital for patient transport. Conclusion: This study determined the most applicable managerial methods of prehospital emergency components pertaining to preventable fatal road traffic injuries through empowerment of EMS systems in the fields of victim assessment, time management indices, personnel training, coordination between the involved organs, and the presence of the main commander in the scene.

Background and Objective: Coping with disease can lead to disease recovery and improve quality of life in people living with multiple sclerosis; therefore, correct definition of this concept is essential. Different dimensions of coping have been emphasized in various studies. This study was aimed to define, clarify and analyzing its concept in people with multiple sclerosis. Materials and methods: In this study, analysis was conducted using the hybrid model in three phases. In the theoretical phase, literature on coping with MS was reviewed until 2016. In the field work phase, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 people with MS. The conventional content analysis was used in two theoretical and field work phases using Graneheim and Lundman stages. Then, the results of two phases were combined in the final analysis phase. Results and Discussion: The literature review in the theoretical phase revealed five features of coping: accepting the current situation, Self-regulation, Self-efficacy, Multi-dimensional, complex and dynamic nature and Maintenance of effect balance. In the field work phase, maintenance and development of human interactions were added to the features of the concept. Conclusion: Considering these characteristics is necessary in planning to improve coping and quality of life for people living with MS. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.19(1) 2020 p.64-72

Background: Schools, as social infrastructure and an integral part of society, play an essential role in creating the resilience of the community to natural disasters. This study aims to systematically review and identify and categorize the components affecting schools’ resilience against emergencies and disasters. Materials and Methods: Without any time limit, we will search the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases using the three keywords of “Disaster”, “School”, “resilience”, and their synonyms according to the MeSH website terms defined in the PubMed database. The inclusion criteria will be the articles related to school resilience, schools and emergencies and disasters, and school safety and resistance to threats. There will be no restrictions on the type of documentation, and all articles, books, and conference papers will be evaluated in this study. Search syntax strategies will be defined based on the guidance of each database. The final version of EndNote X8 is used to manage databases, delete duplicate and irrelevant articles, and extract relevant articles. The evaluation and selection of articles are based on the research question and the PRISMA checklist. Dissemination: The results of this systematic review determine appropriate criteria for school resilience, which are valuable for decision-makers and politicians, researchers in the field of education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Welfare Organization, Red Crescent, and people interested in research in the field of students and schools, especially in the event of emergencies and disasters. Also, according to the criteria extracted from this systematic review, the difference between resilient and non-resilient schools can be shown from an international perspective.

Green/sustainable plant origin organic molecules with structures including polar functional groups, heteroatoms and aromatic rings play a vital role in the adsorption and inhibition effectiveness on metal substance in harsh acidic environments. The components like apigenin, eriodictyol, naringenin, taxifolin in Tamarindus indiaca extract can easily adsorb on the mild steel (MS) surface and sufficiently control its rate of corrosion in contact with aggressive acids. In this paper, the corrosion retardation potentiality of Tamarindus indiaca extract for MS in 1 M HCl was experimentally (EIS, potentiodynamic polarization, SEM, AFM and contact angle) and theoretically (basic atomic/electronic scale tools) explored. EIS outcomes proposed 93% numerical inhibition power for 800 ppm Tamarindus indiaca extract after 2.5 h steel immersion in aggressive media. Potentiodynamic polarization experiment results declared that Tamarindus indiaca extract operated as combined anodic/cathodic green inhibitor with cathodic inhibition prevalence. Final results demonstrated the icorr value reduction from 0.98 µA cm−2 (for bare sample) to 0.14 µA cm−2 (for 800 ppm inhibitor concentration), demonstrating 85% inhibition performance in acidic solution. Also, the weight loss measurements depicted 93% efficiency after 4 h steel exposure to 1 M HCl media (solution temperature = 25 °C). The temperature effect on the inhibitor properties was evaluated in the temperature range of 25 °C to 55 °C and outcomes showed endothermic reactions occurrence for protection. Based on the AFM micrographs it was shown that HCl solution combined with 800 ppm Tamarindus indiaca extract led to the most smoothened MS surface and the average roughness decreased to lower values (average roughness for uninhibited sample = 119 nm and for inhibited sample = 31 nm). Conclusions derived from different isotherms demonstrated that following Langmuir isotherm a mono inhibitive layer of Tamarindus indiaca extract molecules covered the iron substance. Molecular simulations strongly affirmed the preference of Tamarindus indiaca extract molecules for adsorption on the MS substrate. The DFT explorations highlighted that the aromatic rings and oxygen heteroatoms behaved as influential local sites for molecular adsorption.

Background:Ethics development is one of the most important aspects of professional practice in health sciences students. Understanding factors affecting ethics development can enhance clinical and professional performance in students.Objective:This study was conducted to explore students’ perceptions about factors affecting professional ethics development.Research design:This study is a conventional content analysis. Data were collected through 20 semi-structured interviews and two focus group interviews (12 students) during 2017–2018. Data were analyzed concurrently with data gathering, using the conventional content analysis approach of Graneheim and Lundman.Participants and research context:In total, 8 students of nursing, 5 medical students, 4 students of anesthesia and 3 operating room students in individual interviews, and 12 students in two focus group interviews from one university in the south of Iran were selected through purposive sampling.Ethical considerations:The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of one university in the south of Iran.Findings:The findings revealed two themes: personal and background factors. Personal factors consisted of the two categories of individual motivation and tendencies and interpersonal interactions. Background factors consisted of the two categories of role and function of teachers and environmental agents.Discussion and conclusions:According to the findings, both background and individual factors affect development of professional ethics in students. Understanding these factors along with reinforcement of educational planning in this field can improve healthcare services.

An environmentally friendly green inhibitor based on Clove seed aqueous extract was applied for corrosion mitigation of mild steel (MS) surface in 1 M HCl solution. Applying integrated experimental (electrochemical combined with surface morphological) and theoretical (molecular simulation connected with density functional theory) techniques the Clove seed aqueous extract inhibition properties were examined. Through EIS and polarization methods the electrochemical characteristics were probed. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle test the surface morphology of the un-inhibited and inhibited metal specimens was characterized. EIS analysis disclosed notable corrosion inhibition degree (93%) using 800 ppm Clove seed extract after 2.5 h metal immersion, which was ascribed to the inhibitor adsorption on the MS surface as evidenced by SEM micrographs. According to the polarization test results, the corrosion suppression occurred via retardation of combined cathodic and anodic reactions with small cathodic prevalence. The AFM photographs depicted that introducing 800 ppm Clove seed extract into corrosive media gave rise to more smooth steel surface. By following Langmuir adsorption isotherm the Clove seed extract molecules reacted with steel surface, resulting in steel coverage by a monolayer. To complement the experiments, detailed theoretical explorations at microscopic electronic and atomic levels were accomplished employing Monte Carlo (MC) in conjunction with molecular dynamics (MD) and electronic-structure density functional theory (DFT) to fundamentally examine the adsorption possibility and the reactive atomic regions of organic compounds of Clove seed extract playing crucial roles in metallic inhibition manner.

Traditional corrosion inhibitors have been frequently used for metal protection against strong acids. However, most of them are hazardous/toxic compounds with high cost. Therefore, due to the strict environmentally friendly regulation the green and low-cost compounds from renewable sources like plant extracts have gained high consideration in recent applications. In the present study, the aqueous Peganum harmala seed extract, commonly called Esfand, a cost-effective and green source of amine-rich molecules like harmaline, harmalol, harmane, harmol, vasicine and vasicinone, was selected to inhibit mild steel corrosion in 1 mol·L−1 HCl media. The Peganum harmala seed extract composition was investigated by FT-IR and UV–Visible analysis. The Peganum harmala seed extract corrosion inhibition behavior on mild steel in HCl solution was examined through electrochemical methods (EIS and polarization), surface analyses (AFM, SEM and contact angle) and theoretical studies (MD, DFT and MC). The presence of many electron donor atoms based on nitrogen and oxygen in the molecules of Peganum harmala seed extract is responsible for its effective adsorption behavior on metal surface through chelation with iron atoms. Experimental exploration declared that with the increase in Peganum harmala seed extract concentration and time of immersion the inhibition power increased and reached the high value of 95%. Peganum harmala seed extract behaved as a mixed type inhibitor and properly obeyed an adsorption isotherm of Freundlich. Results of AFM and SEM analyses clearly proved that Peganum harmala molecules adsorption on the metallic surface considerably reduced its dissolution rate and resulted in clean and smooth surface. The use of water instead of ethanol for extraction of major organic compounds of Peganum harmala seed, being non-toxic and cost-effective and exhibiting inhibition efficiency much greater than other green inhibitors (which are almost in the range of 80–90%), propose the Peganum harmala seed as a unique green corrosion inhibitor. Furthermore, the detailed theoretical observations elucidated from molecular simulations and density functional theory affirmed the Peganum harmala compounds adhesion via reactive sites.

Introduction: Due to the increasing mortality rate from trauma, determining the severity of injury has a very important role in the prognosis of the injured person. On the other hand, the quality of medical care provided to the casualties is evaluated using the Trauma Scoring System. Various scales were used to determine the trauma severity of injured. In this study, the most commonly used tools are investigated. Methods: This review was conducted by searching throughout the Persian data bases of Magiran, Barakat, SID and English databases of Scopus, Web of sciences, PubMed, and Google scholar. To conduct the search, the following keywords were used: "Severity of Trauma", "Trauma scoring", and "Trauma Scoring System" without considering any time intervals. Our early search resulted in 2125 articles. Finally, 17 articles were analyzed and different functions of traumatic assessment tools were compared and studied. Results: Traumatic assessment methods vary based on the anatomical and physiological parameters and composition of these two methods. In this study, the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and New Injury Severity Score (NISS) were considered as anatomical parameters; Revised Trauma Score (RTS) as physiological parameters; Trauma Score Injury Severity Score (TRISS) and A Severity Characterization of Trauma (ASCOST) were mentioned as a hybrid ranking system. Conclusion: Application of accurate scientific evaluations in trauma severity assessment methods and application of each method in its appropriate position would result in appropriate improvements in the development of trauma care. In addition, these systems can play an important role in providing care to patients with traumatic injuries in the present and future.

The aqueous extract of Chinese gooseberry fruit shell is a green source of various biologically active compounds like sucrose, maltose and folate, which are highly soluble in water and act as inhibiting molecules for carbon steel. The other components like methyl hexanoate, phytosterol and octadecadienoic acid are insoluble or less soluble in water and cannot be extracted from the Chinese gooseberry fruit shell through water-based extraction process. With corrosion inhibitory action in acidic environments. In the present work, the Chinese gooseberry fruit shell was used as a cheap waste material for extraction of green corrosion inhibitors for mild steel corrosion mitigation in subjection to HCl solution. Detailed explorations based on electronic-level density functional theory (DFT) and atomic-level molecular simulations (molecular dynamics and Mote Carlo) combined with electrochemical methods were applied to assess the Chinese gooseberry fruit shell corrosion inhibition characteristics, electronic properties, and interactions over the steel substrate in HCl solution. AFM, SEM, and contact angle test were performed to assess the morphology of the unexposed and exposed metal surfaces. According to EIS results, 92% efficiency was derived using 1000 ppm extract after 2.5 h metal immersion in inhibited HCl solution. The polarization test results clarified a prominent cathodic inhibition activity for this inhibitor with slight impact on the mechanism of hydrogen evolution reaction. The inhibition efficiency of Chinese gooseberry fruit shell extract was additionally evaluated by weight loss experiments at different temperatures and the results disclosed that during 5 h steel immersion at 25 °C the efficiency raised to 94% for 1000 ppm sample. Furthermore, the molecular simulation results clarified that the major active organic compounds of Chinese gooseberry fruit shell extract have a propensity to adsorb on the metal substrate enabling them to construct a corrosion preventing film over the surface, which is in support of experimental findings. The electronic-structure DFT studies evidenced the donor-acceptor interactions of reactive sites of inhibitor molecules. It is noteworthy that among different water-soluble ingredients of the Chinese gooseberry fruit shell extract the N-containing compounds including folate structure can supply more inhibiting activity than sucrose and maltose due to the presence of different polar oxygenated centers (i.e., hydroxyl and carbonyl) and importantly nitrogenous moieties (e.g., imine -N and amine -NH and -NH2). The stronger folate inhibition potentiality was computationally affirmed by DFT-evidenced strongest protonation affinity leading to its possible strongest physisorption and strongest MC/MD-proposed adsorption energies.