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• A novel CTB-4 microbial consortium was formed from creosote-treated birchwood. • Bacterial pretreatment improved the biogas and methane yield by 58.1 and 82.7%. • CTB-4 consortium removed naphthalene and phenol of creosote-treated wood by 100%. • CTB-4 reduced lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose by 19.4, 52.5 and 76.8%. • CTB-4 was effective in BSD decomposition and CRO detoxification with EC 50 > 90%. This study aims to explore distinct bacterial strains from wood-feeding termites and to construct novel bacterial consortium for improving the methane yield during anaerobic digestion by degrading birchwood sawdust (BSD) and removing creosote (CRO) compounds simultaneously. A novel bacterial consortium CTB-4 which stands for the molecularly identified species Burkholderia sp., Xanthomonas sp. , Shewanella sp. , and Pseudomonas mosselii was successfully developed. The CTB-4 consortium showed high efficiency in the removal of naphthalene and phenol. It also revealed reduction in lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose by 19.4, 52.5, and 76.8%, respectively. The main metabolites after the CRO degradation were acetic acid, succinate, pyruvate, and acetaldehyde. Pretreatment of treated BSD mixed with CRO enhanced the total methane yield (162 L/kg VS) by 82.7% and biomass reduction by 54.7% compared to the untreated substrate. CRO showed a toxicity decrease of >90%, suggesting the efficiency of constructed bacterial consortia in bioremediation and biofuel production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common zoonotic pathogens originating from animals consumed as food, especially raw chicken meat (RCM). As far as we know, this might be the first report that explores the efficacy of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs), such as zinc peroxide nanoparticles (ZnO 2 -NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 -NPs) against multidrug resistant (MDR) and/or pandrug resistant (PDR) S. aureus strains with a strong biofilm-producing ability isolated from RCM and giblets. The overall prevalence of coagulase-positive staphylococci was 21%, with a contamination level range between 102 and 104 CFU/g. The incidence of virulence genes See (21/36), pvl (16/36), clfA (15/36), sec (12/36), tst (12/36), and sea (11/36) among S. aureus strains were relatively higher those of seb , sed , fnbA , and fnbB. For antimicrobial resistance gene distribution, most strains harbored the blaZ gene (25/36), aacA-aphD gene (24/36), mecA gene (22/36), vanA gene (20/36), and apmA gene (20/36) confirmed the prevalence of MDR among S. aureus of RCM products. However, cfr (11/36), spc (9/36), and aadE (7/36) showed a relatively lower existence. The data of antibiogram resistance profiles was noticeably heterogeneous (25 patterns) with 32 MDR and four PDR S. aureus strains. All tested strains had a very high MAR index value (>0.2) except the P11 pattern (GEN, MXF, PMB), which showed a MAR index of 0.19. Among the strong biofilm-producing ability (BPA), 14 (70%) strains were isolated from wet markets, while only six strong BPA strains were isolated from supermarkets. The mean values of BPA ranged from 2.613 ± 0.04 to 11.013 ± 0.05. Clearly, ZnO 2 -NPs show significant inhibitory activity against S. aureus strains compared with those produced by the action of ZnO-NPs and TiO 2 -NPs. The results of anti-inflammatory activity suggest ZnO 2 -NPs as a lead compound for designing an alternative antimicrobial agent against drug-resistant and strong biofilm-producing S. aureus isolates from retail RCM and giblets. • The prevalence of S. aureus in raw chicken meat and giblets was evaluated. • Most S. aureus 58.3% (21/36) harbored the staphylococcal enterotoxin e (see) gene. • Most S. aureus 69.4% (25/36) harbored the penicillin-resistance (blaZ) gene. • Out of 36 S. aureus strains, 20 (55.6%) showed strong biofilm-producing ability. • The antimicrobial activity of three metal oxide nanoparticles was evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A new dye-degrading oleaginous yeast consortium MG-Y-SH, was constructed. • FAME of MG-Y-SH could represent a promising alternative to commonly used vegetable oils. • Significant enhancement of lipase activity in MG-Y-SH as catalyst for FAME production. • COD reduction of the dye mixtures by MG-Y-SH suggests its high potential for dye treatment. • MG-Y-SH can efficiently decolorize and detoxify RR120 due to its unique enzyme system. A new lipid-accumulating and cold-adapted oleaginous yeast consortium MG-Y-SH which stands for molecularly identified species Meyerozyma guilliermondii , Yarrowia sp. and Sterigmatomyces halophilus was successfully constructed in this study. Its total saturated fatty acid content (34.64 ± 0.95%) was higher than that of jatropha oil (21.52%). The oil obtained from oleaginous yeast consortium MG-Y-SH is advantageous for biodiesel production, since it contains low amount (21.48 ± 1.1%) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:2 and C18:3). Lipase, which is a biocatalyst for the production of biodiesel by oleaginous yeasts, reached its highest specific activity of 8.35 ± 0.14 U/mg (extracellular) and 7.901 ± 0.12 U/mg (intracellular) after 36 h of incubation compared to the individual strains. Seven dye mixtures, six dyes in each group, were constructed and the maximum decolorization efficiency ranged between 55.81% (mixture III) and 80.56% (mixture VI) within 24 h of treatment with MG-Y-SH at 18 °C and under static conditions. The maximum decolorization efficiency by MG-Y-SH reached 100% at 100 mg/L Reactive Red 120 (RR120) within 3 h. Based on our investigation and analysis on those metabolites drawn from the mass spectrum as well as various induced enzymes, a possible dye biodegradation pathway linked to fatty acid synthesis was proposed. The results of phytotoxicity indicate a capability of MG-Y-SH in converting the toxic azo dye RR120 into some non-toxic metabolites, suggesting MG-Y-SH as a promising multipurpose oleaginous yeast consortium suitable for biodiesel production in the future, while degrading recalcitrant dyes and lignin valorization in cold environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli is a major global foodborne pathogen, infecting a wide range of animals and contaminating their meat products. E. coli , can lead to high morbidity and mortality with a huge economic loss especially if foodborne diseases are associated with multidrug resistant (MDR)- and multivirulent-producing pathogens. Due to the increased resistance to common antimicrobials used to treat livestock animals and human infections, the discovery of new and innovative nanomaterials are in high demand. Recently, metal oxides can be considered as effective inorganic agents with antimicrobial features. Hence, this study might be the first to evaluate the efficiency of metal oxide nanoparticles (MO-NPs) as novel antibacterial agents against MDR/multivirulent E. coli pathogens isolated from chicken meat. The occurrence of pathogenic E. coli was determined in fresh warm chicken meat parts (breast, thigh, liver and gizzard). Ninety-one of 132 (69%) chicken meat parts were Escherichia -positive with E. coli as the only species isolated. Out of identified 240 E. coli strains, 72.5% (174/240) were classified as MDR E. coli strains. Fifty-five profile patterns were obtained. From each pattern, one strain was randomly selected for further analysis of virulence and resistance genes. Extracted DNA was assessed for the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (bla IMP-7 , bla IMP-25 , bla TEM , bla SHV , bla OXA-2 , tet A, aad A, and aac (3)-IV) and virulence genes (stx1, stx2, hlyA, eaeA, aggR, eltB, estIb, papA, afa and hlyD). Clustering analyses revealed that 10 E. coli harboring the highest number of virulence and resistance genes were shifted together into one cluster designated as cluster X. The average activities of zinc peroxide nanoparticles (ZnO 2 -NPs) were higher than that of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 -NPs) by 20% and 29%, respectively. The anti-inflammatory activity of ZnO 2 -NPs in comparison with aspirin was assessed using membrane stabilization, albumin denaturation, and proteinase inhibition methods. Significant anti-inflammatory activity of ZnO 2 -NPs was achieved at concentration levels of 500–1000 μg/ml. It seems that MO-NPs are effective alternative agents, since they exhibited a competitive antibacterial capability against MDR/multivirulent-producing E. coli pathogens isolated from chicken meat. Hence, ZnO 2 -NPs are a promising nanoparticles-based material for controlling foodborne pathogens, thereby valued for food safety applications. Image 1 • One of few studies addressing the presence of drug resistant and virulence factors producing E. coli in chicken meat. • 73% of all tested isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli. • Gentotypic characterization revealed that all tested MDR strains harboring one or more virulence genes. • Significant anti-inflammatory activity of ZnO 2 -NPs was achieved at concentration levels of 500–1000 μg/ml. • ZnO 2 -NPs are a promising nanoparticles-based material for controlling foodborne pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• CS-5 and BC-4 constructed for lignocellulose deconstruction and chlorophenols detoxification. • The achieved weight loss of the CSW induced by CS-5 and BC-4 reached 69.2 and 56.3 %, respectively. • CS-5 and BC-4 would potentially serve as a useful agent for detoxifying CPs. • The synergistic action of CS-5 and BC-4 increased CH 4 production by 113.7 % at the AD peak phase. • Methanosataceae represented 45.1 % of the methanogenic Archaea. Catalpa sawdust (CSW) is a promising biomass-based biofuel. However, the complex lignocellulosic structure limits its efficient utilization in biorefinery applications. It is even more so when chlorophenols (CPs), highly toxic organic substances widely used as wood preservatives, are present. Hence, it is crucial to develop effective and eco-friendly approaches to attain deconstruction of lignocellulose and chlorophenols simultaneously as well as to improve methane (CH 4) production efficiently. This study might be the first to explore the performance of the novel constructed microbial consortia CS-5 and BC-4 on woody biomass degradation and CPs detoxification simultaneously with CH 4 production. After the degradation of CSW and CPs for 15 days by C5-5 or BC-4, significant reduction in lignocellulosic components and CPs mixture was realized with a total weight loss of 69.2 and 56.3 % and CPs degradation of 89 and 95 %, respectively. The toxicity of individual or mixed CPs after 15 days of degradation was reduced by approximately 90 %. The synergistic action of CS-5 and BC-4 enhanced biogas and CH 4 yields over 76 and 64 % respectively, higher than control. Furthermore, CH 4 production increased by 113.7 % at the peak phase of AD process. Methanosataceae represented 45.1 % of the methanogenic Archaea in digester G-III. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two novel microbial consortia constructed for the first time for biomass-based biorefinery. • Chemical structure of catalpa sawdust broken and molecular geometry of lignin destroyed. • Over than 90% of CH 4 obtained within 18 days of AD with the assistance of CS-5 and BC-4. • CS-5 and BC-4 led to the remarkable energy conversion efficiency of 44.3% (218.1 L N CH 4 /kg TS). • CS-5 and BC-4 consortia removed more than 69 and 77% of chlorophenols within 15 days. This study might be the first to explore the novel constructed microbial consortia CS-5 and BC-4 for enhancing methane (CH 4) production during anaerobic digestion (AD) with simultaneous degradation of catalpa sawdust and chlorophenols (CPs). Significant reduction in cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents was achieved after the biodegradation of catalpa sawdust for 15 days by CS-5 and BC-4, with a total weight loss of 69.2 and 56.3%, respectively. The synergistic microbial consortia enhanced cumulative biogas and CH 4 yields by 76.3 and 64.3%, respectively higher than the corresponding control at the end of AD. More than 90% of CH 4 was produced within 18 days of AD as a result of microbial pretreatment of catalpa sawdust. These consortia resulted in remarkably higher energy conversion efficiency of 44.3% (218.1 L N CH 4 /kg TS) over the control. CS-5 and BC-4 removed more than 69 and 77% of the total amount of CPs tested after 15 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Sawdust recalcitrance to biomethanation is a widely known issue. • A novel bacterial consortium pretreatment was constructed to overcome it. • Bacterial pretreatment enhanced the cumulative biogas and CH 4 production by 86.4 and 92.2%. • Methanogenic Archaea produced CH 4 by acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic pathways. • The process can be integrated in existing co-digestion plants to increase efficiency. Anaerobic digestion is widely considered the most cost effective and sustainable technology for bio-waste to energy valorization. Several substrates show a certain recalcitrance to the process evolution, such as sawdust. To this aim, in this study, sawdust has been subjected to a biological pretreatment by means of a novel bacterial consortium before its biomethanation. This novel lignocellulose-degrading bacterial consortium, isolated from several carpentries, has been constructed to predict the sawdust biological pretreatment efficacy. A five days bacterial pretreatment led to a significant reduction in the sawdust cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents, towards the control, of 35.8, 37.1 and 46.2% respectively. Microbial diversity was analyzed by VIT® gene probe. Methanogenesis was carried out through acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic pathways. For a forty days digestion time, the biological pretreatment enhanced the cumulative biogas and biomethane production respectively of 86.4 and 92.2% compared to the control. With respect to the state of art, the use of this constructed novel consortium pretreatment can significantly increase the biomethane yield, making the digestion more effective and consequently improving the processes economic feasibility. Moreover, this process can be easily integrated in existing biogas plants for making co-digestion processes still more elastic with regard to the available feedstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Water hyacinth (WH) digestate remains to challenge hindering aquatic ecosystems. • WH is a potential biomass for biogas generation. • Lupinus termis is one of the most traditional foods for human and animals. • L. termis salinity affects plant growth parameters. • WH/CD compost showed improvements in L. termis growth parameters under salinity. Water hyacinth (WH) is an intractable challenge obstructing the aquatic ecosystems. However, it is a potential lignocellulosic biomass for the production of renewable energy such as biogas using anaerobic digestion (AD). In this study, the effects of pretreated water hyacinth mixed with cow dung (WH/CD) compost on Lupinus termis seedlings under salinity stress (150 mM NaCl) were investigated. Results showed that WH/CD compost amendment had positive effects on the growth and physiological criteria of L. termis. The application of compost led to a significant increase in the root depth, shoot height, leaf area and fresh/dry weight of roots and shoots of seedlings under salinity. It also led to a significant increase in Chl. a, Chl. b and carotenoids to 53.3, 72.1 and 81.3%, respectively over that when under salinity stress. However, this compost led to a significant reduction in catalase activity (75.5%), peroxidase activity (69.2%), ascorbic content (32.4%) and malondialdehyde content (51.6%) over stressed plants. On the other hand, the compost improved the leaf ultrastructure of L. termis as proven by TEM micrographs, showing normal intercellular spaces, normal nuclei with well-defined and evenly distributed chromatin threads, the chloroplast appeared uniform with well-organized grana and clear starch grains comparable with those in the plants under salinity stress. Our results thus demonstrate that the WH/CD compost could be effectively used to alleviate the salinity stress, as well as enhance the growth of L. termis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • Water hyacinth (WH) remains an intractable challenge worldwide hindering aquatic ecosystems. • Mechanical or physical removal of WH is not advantageous. • It is potential biomass for the generation of biogas through anaerobic digestion. • Autoclave pretreated WH showed the highest biogas/methane in a short time. • The microbial communities were tested by using VIT® gene probe. Abstract Water Hyacinth (WH) remains an intractable challenge worldwide hindering the aquatic ecosystems but a potential lignocellulosic biomass for the generation of renewable biogas through Anaerobic Digestion (AD). Here, autoclave pretreatment at 121 °C for 30 min was utilized to pretreat WH in order to enhance its solubilization. Cow Dung (CD), as a source of microorganisms, was mixed with the pretreated WH (1:1 w/w dry basis) followed by mixing with water to form slurry and digested for 50 days to explore its prospective biomethanation. The untreated WH exhibited its highest yield of methane (113 ± 11 mL CH 4 /g VS) on the 35th day whereas for the pretreated WH slurry, this yield was increased to 150 ± 9 mL CH 4 /g VS on the 21st day. Clearly, the autoclave pretreated WH exhibited enhanced CH 4 -containing biogas production as the highest methane yield obtained in a short time. The microbial communities were tested by using VIT® gene probe. The total bacterial communities were quantified by qPCR targeting 16S rRNA genes using a LIVE/DEAD test. The functional gene, mcr A, was used as a target for detecting the most abundant methanogenic Archaea. The results revealed that six bacterial phyla were dominant. Of these, Proteobacteria , Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi were the most abundant phyla (86.1 ± 5.2%). The qPCR showed viable and total cell counts of 2.45E + 09 and 5.11E + 09 cells/mL, respectively. The mcr A gene qPCR decreased by approximately 10.7% viable cells overall after the biomethanation. Using specific gene probes, the methanogenic Archaea were identified as members of the genus Methanosarcina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biopolymers such as chitosan and pectin are currently attracting significant attention because of their unique properties, which are valuable in the food industry and pharmaceutical applications. These properties include non-toxicity, compatibility with biological systems, natural decomposition ability, and structural adaptability. The objective of this study was to assess the performance of two different ratios of pectin–chitosan polyelectrolyte composite (PCPC) after applying them as a coating to commercially pure titanium (CpTi) substrates using electrospraying. The PCPC was studied in ratios of 1:2 and 1:3, while the control group consisted of CpTi substrates without any coating. The pull-off adhesion strength, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial susceptibility tests were utilized to evaluate the PCPC coatings. In order to determine whether the composite coating was the result of physical blending or chemical bonding, the topographic surface parameters were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). PCPC (1:3) had the highest average cell viability of 93.42, 89.88, and 86.85% after 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively, as determined by the cytotoxicity assay, when compared to the other groups. According to the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method for testing antibacterial susceptibility, PCPC (1:3) showed the highest average diameter of the zone of inhibition, measuring 14.88, 14.43, and 11.03 mm after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation, respectively. This difference was highly significant compared to Group 3 at all three time periods. PCPC (1:3) exhibited a significantly higher mean pull-off adhesion strength (521.6 psi) compared to PCPC (1:2), which revealed 419.5 psi. PCPC (1:3) coated substrates exhibited better surface roughness parameters compared to other groups based on the findings of the AFM. The FTIR measurement indicated that both PCPC groups exhibited a purely physical blending in the composite coating. Based on the extent of these successful in vitro experiments, PCPC (1:3) demonstrates its potential as an effective coating layer. Therefore, the findings of this study pave the way for using newly developed PCPC after electrospraying coating on CpTi for dental implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foraminifera are single-celled protists which are important mediators of the marine carbon cycle. In our study, we explored the potential impact of polystyrene (PS) microplastic particles on two symbiont-bearing large benthic foraminifera species—Heterostegina depressa and Amphistegina lobifera—over a period of three weeks, employing three different approaches: investigating (1) stable isotope (SI) incorporation—via 13C- and 15N-labelled substrates—of the foraminifera to assess their metabolic activity, (2) photosynthetic efficiency of the symbiotic diatoms using imaging PAM fluorometry, and (3) microscopic enumeration of accumulation of PS microplastic particles inside the foraminiferal test. The active feeder A. lobifera incorporated significantly more PS particles inside the cytoplasm than the non-feeding H. depressa, the latter accumulating the beads on the test surface. Photosynthetic area of the symbionts tended to decrease in the presence of microplastic particles in both species, suggesting that the foraminiferal host cells started to digest their diatom symbionts. Compared to the control, the presence of microplastic particles lead to reduced SI uptake in A. lobifera, which indicates inhibition of inorganic carbon and nitrogen assimilation. Competition for particulate food uptake was demonstrated between algae and microplastic particles of similar size. Based on our results, both species seem to be sensitive to microplastic pollution, with non-feeding H. depressa being more strongly affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Chitosan and its derivatives possess several unique properties relevant in the field of pharmaceutics and medicinal chemistry. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmaceutical performance of an innovative chitosan derivative, methyl acrylate chitosan bearing p-nitrobenzaldehyde (MA*CS*pNBA) Schiff base.Methods: The antibacterial activity of MA*CS*pNBA was tested against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria using agar-well diffusion method. Anti-biofilm formation was analyzed using a microtitre plate. Antioxidant assays were performed to assess the scavenging activity of MA*CS*pNBA using DPPH, hydrogen peroxide, superoxide together with its reducing power activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by albumin denaturation, membrane stabilization, and proteinase inhibition methods. MA*CS*pNBA was tested for its hemolytic efficiency on human erythrocytes. Cytotoxicity of MA*CS*pNBA was evaluated by MTT assay.Results: MA*CS*pNBA showed a significant performance as an antibacterial candidate against MDR bacteria, anti-biofilm, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biomaterial, evidencing hemocompatibility and no cytotoxicity. It exhibited a significant negative correlation with biofilm formation by the MDR-PA-09 strain. Biological activities were found to be significantly concentration-dependent.Conclusions: the newly chitosan derivative MA*CS*pNBA showed to be promising for pharmaceutical applications, expanding the treatment ways toward skin burn infections since it allied excellent antibacterial, anti-biofilm, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hemocompatibility and absence of cytotoxic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to evaluate the biodiesel (BD) quality in a batch and a packed-bed reactor (PBR), a comparison was carried out in terms of the kinematic viscosity. Waste vegetable oil (WVO) and Burkholderia cepacia lipase were utilized as the main substrate and enzymatic catalyst, respectively. In the batch reactor, a kinematic viscosity of 36.75 mm 2 .s −1 at 20 °C was obtained in the first 2.5 min and 24.78 mm 2 .s −1 after 3 h with the application of ultrasound, without stirring. In the PBR, the lowest kinematic viscosity value was of 7.88 mm 2 .s −1 at 20 °C, and 5.83 mm 2 .s −1 at 40 °C, after 5 doses of 30 mL of methanol per round. The BD in both reactors was mainly produced by esterification of free fatty acids. The final mixture in the PBR met the requirement of kinematic viscosity of ASTM D6751-10, GB/T 19147-2003, and GB/T 265-1988 standards, respectively. Upon comparing the performance in both reactors, despite the limited BD yields, a common pattern of fast reduction in the kinematic viscosities was observed at the first reaction stages (approximately 70–80% reduction). Then flat-shape values were measured in the last reaction stages. At applying further strategies in both reactors, higher BD concentrations could be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, well-constructed 2D active (110) and (111) faceted Cu 2 O nanosheets are in-situ grown on the surface of spindle MIL-88A to form a novel porous MIL88A (Fe)@active faceted Cu 2 O core-shell heterostructure via a facile solvothermal method. The fabricated heterostructure is optimized to be a promising catalyst for the catalytic reduction of various nitrophenol compounds such as P-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenols, as well as the removal of methylene blue dye (MB). The optimal M88@Cu 2 O-2 heterostructure demonstrated an outstanding catalytic performance for reducing nitrophenols, reaching 96.7 % for P-nitrophenol and 96.1 % for 2.4-dinitrophenol. It also achieved excellent photocatalytic activity for MB dye, reaching 95 % through 30 min, compared to 64 % and 72 % for Cu 2 O and MIL-88A, with rate constants (k) reaching 0.1, 0.038, and 0.04 min−1, respectively. The surprising photocatalytic performance of the prepared structure could be attributed to the following aspects: (i) the growth of the active (111) and (110) facets Cu 2 O on the surface of MIL-88A, which could provide various surface energies, reactivates, and crystallographic arrangements, all of which impact the photocatalytic efficiency of the designed M88@Cu 2 O-2 heterostructure, (ii) the construction of an efficient heterojunction between active faceted Cu 2 O and MIL88A, which resists the recombination of e- and h+, improving the migration and separation of charge carriers, and (iii) the core-shell construction could provide more electron transport channels to significantly enhance the suppression of electron-hole pair recombination in the photocatalytic process. Besides that, the M88@Cu 2 O-2 core-shell has great photo-electrochemical performance, reaching 17.68 μA/cm2 for the photocurrent test and 73 mA/cm2 for the LSV test when exposed to visible light. Our study will provide a new vision for developing more hierarchical core/shell MOF-based heterostructures with outstanding multifunctional performance for future industrial practice. [Display omitted] • Constructed 2D (110) and (111) faceted Cu 2 O are in-situ grown on the MIL-88A surface of via a facile solvothermal method. • The growth of Cu 2 O facets on MIL-88A could provide various surface energies, reactivates, and crystallographic. • The core-shell could provide more electron transport channels to enhance the suppression of electron-hole pair recombination. • M88@Cu 2 O-2 showed outstanding efficiency for reducing nitrophenols, reaching 96.7 % for PNP and 96.1 % for 2.4-dinitrophenol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Simultaneous phenol removal and biohydrogen production using fermentative hydrogel immobilized microalgae-alginate beads. • The lag phase of biohydrogen production and phenol removal increased with increasing inhibitory phenol concentration. • New kinetic model was derived to predict microalgal growth while degrading phenol and producing hydrogen molecules. The potential of hydrogel immobilized microalgae-alginate beads to concurrently remove phenol and produce biohydrogen molecules from phenol-containing wastewaters with different phenol concentrations of 0.2 g/L to 1.2 g/L via dark fermentation had been successfully modelled and proven. Highest biohydrogen production and phenol removal were achieved at phenol concentration of 1.2 g/L. The lag phase of biohydrogen production increased with increasing of phenol concentration as the microalgal cells entailed a longer time to acclimatize in inhibitory medium of high phenol strength. The extended period for fermentation could also generate more biohydrogen molecules as compared with batch setup that was easily inhibited due to inadequate acclimatization allocation. Then, a new kinetic model was rederived from the modified Gompertz model and Andrew's inhibition model to describe the relationship between phenol concentration impacting the microalgal growth and subsequent biohydrogen production. Low concentration of phenol could serve as an alternative source of carbon to promote the microalgal growth and development; but high phenol concentration could hinder the growth of microalgae, afflicting the fermentative biohydrogen production. The rederived kinetic model was able to fit the experimental data for all phenol concentrations with coefficients of determination of greater than 0.95. This study had ultimately evidenced that the immobilized microalgae were able to ferment phenol and produce biohydrogen molecules simultaneously from phenol-containing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep/wake cycle-dependent differences in molecular parameters controlling mitochondrial ability to regulate cellular levels of calcium and associated ROS production. [Display omitted] Incidents of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac arrest vary with time of the day, but the mechanism for this effect is not clear. We hypothesized that diurnal changes in the ability of cardiac mitochondria to control calcium homeostasis dictate vulnerability to cardiovascular events. Here we investigate mitochondrial calcium dynamics, respiratory function, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in mouse heart during different phases of wake versus sleep periods. We assessed time-of-the-day dependence of calcium retention capacity of isolated heart mitochondria from young male C57BL6 mice. Rhythmicity of mitochondrial-dependent oxygen consumption, ROS production and transmembrane potential in homogenates were explored using the Oroboros O2k Station equipped with a fluorescence detection module. Changes in expression of essential clock and calcium dynamics genes/proteins were also determined at sleep versus wake time points. Our results demonstrate that cardiac mitochondria exhibit higher calcium retention capacity and higher rates of calcium uptake during sleep period. This was associated with higher expression of clock gene Bmal1 , lower expression of per2 , greater expression of MICU1 gene (mitochondrial calcium uptake 1), and lower expression of the mitochondrial transition pore regulator gene cyclophilin D. Protein levels of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), MICU2, and sodium/calcium exchanger (NCLX) were also higher at sleep onset relative to wake period. While complex I and II-dependent oxygen utilization and transmembrane potential of cardiac mitochondria were lower during sleep, ROS production was increased presumably due to mitochondrial calcium sequestration. Taken together, our results indicate that retaining mitochondrial calcium in the heart during sleep dissipates membrane potential, slows respiratory activities, and increases ROS levels, which may contribute to increased vulnerability to cardiac stress during sleep-wake transition. This pronounced daily oscillations in mitochondrial functions pertaining to stress vulnerability may at least in part explain diurnal prevalence of cardiac pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The sweet sorghum showed different biomass characteristics from the grain sorghum. • The potential roles of gibberellin levels in biomass accumulation and composition of sorghums were proposed. • SbGA20ox1 and SbGA2ox1 were highlighted as key regulating genes in stem biomass. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) is globally evaluated as a key feedstock for bioethanol production due to its high biomass yield. In the present study, the stem biomass characteristics of the sweet sorghum Yajin 1 were revealed and compared with the grain sorghum Aikang 8 at different growth stages. Dynamic analysis of lignocellulosic composition in stems of Yajin 1 and Aikang 8 showed that cellulose content increased and lignin content decreased in the sweet sorghum over development and thus led to a higher saccharification efficiency, which was opposite in the grain sorghum. These varied biomass-associated traits were suggested to be related to changes of bioactive gibberellins GA1 and GA4 levels in young leaves and stems at different growth stages. To investigate the role of gibberellin (GA) metabolism involved in the regulation of stem biomass accumulation and composition in sorghums, a large scale spatio-temporal expression analysis was carried out on the 9 sorghum gibberellin oxidase (SbGAox) genes that encode three classes of key enzymes in the GA biosynthesis. Most of the SbGAox displayed cultivar-, organ-, or stage-preferential expression patterns. Among them, SbGA20ox1 was more specifically expressed in the stem of the sweet sorghum, which was positively related to the stem biomass accumulation and composition, and bioactive GA levels. SbGA2ox1 was more specifically expressed in the grain sorghum than in the sweet sorghum, which was negatively related to the stem biomass accumulation and composition, and bioactive GA levels. As such, these two SbGAox genes may play opposite regulating roles in sorghum stem biomass accumulation and composition by controlling the bioactive GA levels. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the SbGAox gene family in sorghums, offering a valuable resource to develop strategies for genetic improvement of sorghum biomass traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) still poses a threat worldwide which demands continuous efforts to present safer and efficacious treatment options via targeted therapy. Beside kinases' aberrations as Aurora B kinase which controls cell division, BC adopts distinct metabolic profiles to meet its high energy demands. Accordingly, targeting both aurora B kinase and/or metabolic vulnerability presents a promising approach to tackle BC. Based on a previously reported indolinone-based Aurora B kinase inhibitor (III), and guided by structural modification and SAR investigation, we initially synthesized 11 sulfonamide-indolinone hybrids (5a-k), which showed differential antiproliferative activities against the NCI-60 cell line panel with BC cells displaying preferential sensitivity. Nonetheless, modest activity against Aurora B kinase (18–49% inhibition) was noted at 100 nM. Screening of a representative derivative (5d) against 17 kinases, which are overexpressed in BC, failed to show significant activity at 1 μM concentration, suggesting that kinase inhibitory activity only played a partial role in targeting BC. Bioinformatic analyses of genome-wide transcriptomics (RNA-sequencing), metabolomics, and CRISPR loss-of-function screens datasets suggested that indolinone-completely responsive BC cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-468, and T-47D) were more dependent on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) compared to partially responsive BC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, BT-549, and HS 578 T). An optimized derivative, TC11 , obtained by molecular hybridization of 5d with sunitinib polar tail, manifested superior antiproliferative activity and was used for further investigations. Indeed, TC11 significantly reduced/impaired the mitochondrial respiration, as well as mitochondria-dependent ROS production of MCF7 cells. Furthermore, TC11 induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of MCF7 BC cells. Notably, anticancer doses of TC11 did not elicit cytotoxic effects on normal cardiomyoblasts and hepatocytes. Altogether, these findings emphasize the therapeutic potential of targeting the metabolic vulnerability of OXPHOS-dependent BC cells using TC11 and its related sulfonamide-indolinone hybrids. Further investigation is warranted to identify their precise/exact molecular target. [Display omitted] • 11 sulfonamide-indolinone hybrids (5a-k) showed preferential sensitivity to BC cells. • Bioinformatic analyses suggested the dependency of responsive BC cells on mitochondrial OXPHOS. • TC11 impaired mitochondrial respiration and ROS production of MCF7 cells. • TC11 induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of MCF7 BC cells. • TC11 targets the metabolic vulnerability of OXPHOS-dependent BC cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protecting the environment from harmful pollutants has become increasingly difficult in recent decades. The presence of heavy metal (HM) pollution poses a serious environmental hazard that requires intricate attention on a worldwide scale. Even at low concentrations, HMs have the potential to induce deleterious health effects in both humans and other living organisms. Therefore, various strategies have been proposed to address this issue, with extremophiles being a promising solution. Bacteria that exhibit resistance to metals are preferred for applications involving metal removal due to their capacity for rapid multiplication and growth. Extremophiles are a special group of microorganisms that are capable of surviving under extreme conditions such as extreme temperatures, pH levels, and high salt concentrations where other organisms cannot. Due to their unique enzymes and adaptive capabilities, extremophiles are well suited as catalysts for environmental biotechnology applications, including the bioremediation of HMs through various strategies. The mechanisms of resistance to HMs by extremophilic bacteria encompass: (i) metal exclusion by permeability barrier; (ii) extracellular metal sequestration by protein/chelator binding; (iii) intracellular sequestration of the metal by protein/chelator binding; (iv) enzymatic detoxification of a metal to a less toxic form; (v) active transport of HMs; (vi) passive tolerance; (vii) reduced metal sensitivity of cellular targets to metal ions; and (viii) morphological change of cells. This review provides comprehensive information on extremophilic bacteria and their potential roles for bioremediation, particularly in environments contaminated with HMs, which pose a threat due to their stability and persistence. Genetic engineering of extremophilic bacteria in stressed environments could help in the bioremediation of contaminated sites. Due to their unique characteristics, these organisms and their enzymes are expected to bridge the gap between biological and chemical industrial processes. However, the structure and biochemical properties of extremophilic bacteria, along with any possible long-term effects of their applications, need to be investigated further. • Extremophiles provide a promising approach for the removal of heavy metals (HMs). • Extremophilic bacteria have unique enzymatic activities and adaptive capabilities. • Species of bacteria for the tolerance of HMs are reviewed. • Resistance mechanisms of tolerance of HMs by extremophilic bacteria are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Acid hydrolysis optimization to produce hydrolysate suitable for microalgae growth. • High phenolic accumulation from B. braunii biomass in a novel two-stage system. • Rice hull exploitation with microalgae for natural phenolics production. • Two-stage cultivation on rice hull hydrolysate led to high biomass production. • A high phenolic content of 7.44 ± 0.60 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents g−1 DW was achieved. Recently, the rising demand of the industry for natural phenolic antioxidant compounds has turned to the study of microalgae as potential sources. Yet, more economic substrates for microalgal cultivation are sought to lower production costs. To this end, the present work deals with the utilization of rice hull hydrolysate (RHH) as substrate for microalgae Botryococcus braunii through a novel two-stage cultivation system. Initially, RHH was optimized to maximize the contained nutrients while minimizing its inhibitors content. The optimum point was reached under 121 °C, 60 min, 2% (v/v) H 2 SO 4 , 30% (w/v) loading. Next, B. braunii was successfully grown first heterotrophically in RHH (25%, v/v), obtaining high biomass production (6.67 g L-1) and then autotrophically to enhance phenolics accumulation. At the end, a high phenolic content of 7.44 ± 0.60 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents g−1 DW was achieved from the produced biomass, thus highlighting the potential of this novel biotechnological method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report a family of novel microporous polymers constructed through covalent cross linkage of the buckyball and linear dialkyne through Cu-mediated, one-pot synthesis. A novel functionalization-polymerization pathway is described whereby Cu-mediated free radical species, generated in-situ , triggered multiple additions of the ditopic alkyne to C 60 . The multi-functionalized C 60 species act as nodes that afforded microporous networks on extension through proper bridges. Solid-based spectroscopy techniques allowed identification of the chemical composition of the polymers, while gas sorption measurements were utilized to probe the microporosity, surface area, and pore size distribution of the constructed solids. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy demonstrated a free radical pathway for the polymerization reaction. In addition to a relatively unstable diisopropyl nitroxide radical, EPR revealed a quasi-stable, C 60 -derived, organic radical that exhibits an unusually intense MW absorption and long lifetime at room temperature (>5 days). Two of the reported solids were further investigated and demonstrated activity for electrochemical CO 2 reduction. We present here a simple and versatile pathway for using C 60 as a building block in the construction of novel materials, and potentially porous magnetic materials encompassing diverse functionality and manipulable properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulosic biomass is an important source for nutrient management in agricultural systems and has a largely unexploited potential for biogas production. The digestates from the anaerobic digestion (AD) process are widely used in agriculture systems due to their nutrient composition and organic matter, making them a valuable source for plants. As a result, methane (CH 4) production from AD of lignocellulosic biomass waste, such as rice straw, corn stalk, and grape stalk, was determined in this study, and their anaerobic digester residues were studied at various concentrations to investigate their potential on tomato plant growth and fruit yield. The biogas and CH 4 yields of the pretreated rice straw, corn stalk, and grape stalk were determined through the AD process for 72 days, and the results revealed a gradual increase in the cumulative biogas and CH 4 production until the end of the AD process (72 days). The cumulative biogas from rice straw, corn stalk, and grape stalk was 359.3, 309.9, and 215.1 L/kg VS, respectively. However, the biogas production of rice straw was higher than that of corn stalk, and grape stalk by 15.6% and 67%, respectively. The cumulative CH 4 yield of rice straw was higher than that of corn stalk, and grape stalk by 21.1% and 76.3%, respectively. The results also showed that tomato growth significantly increased under grape stem residue (GSR) more than under rice straw residue (RSR) and corn stalk residue (CSR), as well as under untreated control and control infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL). The increase in bioreactor residue concentration resulted in a significant increase in tomato growth parameters, crop yield, and tomato quality. The results confirmed that 20% of GSR increased the tomato's physical and chemical properties compared with control, RSR, and CSR. The soil content of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium gradually increased with the increase in residue concentrations before and after AD, and the maximum concentration was obtained at 25% of GSR. Therefore, anaerobic digestate could be economically viable, which can be a good solution for sustainable lignocellulosic biomass waste management and plant growth. • Rice straw (RS-D) produced the highest biogas and methane yields. • Cumulative biogas of RS-D was higher than corn stalk (CS-D) and grape stem (GS-D). • Cumulative methane yield of RS-D was higher than CS-D and GS-D by 21.1% and 76.3%. • Tomato crop growth parameters and yield were enhanced by grape stem residue (20%). • All bioreactor residues inhibit Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyethylene (PE) is one of the most common synthetic polymers, and PE waste pollution has been an environmental and health concern for decades. Biodegradation is the most eco-friendly and effective approach for plastic waste management. Recently, an emphasis has been placed on novel symbiotic yeasts isolated from termite guts as promising microbiomes for multiple biotechnological applications. This study might be the first to explore the potential of a constructed tri-culture yeast consortium, designated as DYC, isolated from termites for the degradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The yeast consortium DYC stands for the molecularly identified species Sterigmatomyces halophilus, Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and Meyerozyma caribbica. The LDPE-DYC consortium showed a high growth rate on UV-sterilized LDPE as a sole carbon source, resulting in a reduction in tensile strength (TS) of 63.4% and a net LDPE mass reduction of 33.2% compared to the individual yeasts. All yeasts, individually and in consortium, showed a high production rate for LDPE-degrading enzymes. The hypothetical LDPE biodegradation pathway that was proposed revealed the formation of several metabolites, including alkanes, aldehydes, ethanol, and fatty acids. This study emphasizes a novel concept for using LDPE-degrading yeasts from wood-feeding termites for plastic waste biodegradation. [Display omitted] • Plastics-degrading yeast strains were isolated from termite gut. • LDPE-DYC consortium showed a high growth rate on LDPE as a sole carbon source. • LDPE-DYC consortium showed a high production rate for LDPE-degrading enzymes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin is the most abundant heterogeneous aromatic polymer present on planet Earth and is recalcitrant to degradation due to its complex structure, therefore, imposing a challenge to biorefinery procedures. Identifying new microbial strains with the potential to valorize lignin into useful compounds is indispensable to achieving green sustainable consumption. In this study, a novel Pseudomonas strain designated as Hu109A was isolated from the termite gut and the genome was sequenced and analyzed further. The genome contains a circular chromosome with the size of 5,131,917 bp having a GC content of 62.6% and 4698 genes. Genome annotation reveals that the strain possesses lignin-oxidizing enzymes such as DyP-type peroxidases, laccase, dioxygenase, and aromatic degradation gene clusters. The genome also contains O-methyltransferases which function in accelerating the lignin degradation by methylating the free hydroxyl phenolic compounds which in high concentration can inhibit the lignin peroxidase. Furthermore, the genome exhibits two gene clusters encoding the enzymes related to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) synthesis. Pseudomonas strains are generally assumed to produce medium chain length PHAs (mcl-PHAs) only, however, strain Hu109A contains both Class II PHA synthase genes involved in mcl-PHAs and Class III PHA synthase gene involved in short-chain length PHAs (scl-PHAs). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that using 1 g/L lignin as the sole carbon source, the maximum production of PHA observed was 103.68 mg/L, which increased to 186 mg/L with an increase in lignin concentration to 3 g/L. However, PHA production while using glucose as the sole carbon source was significantly lower than the lignin source, and maximum production was 125.6 mg/L with 3 g/L glucose. The strain Hu109A can tolerate a broad range of solvents including methanol, isopropanol, dimethylformamide, and ethanol, revealing its potential for industrial applications. [Display omitted] • Novel Pseudomonas strain was isolated from termite gut and the genome was sequenced. • Genome exhibits the metabolic pathway for bioconversion of lignin to PHA. • The bioconversion potential of the strain was experimentally evaluated. • Pseudomonas strain Hu109A can tolerate a broad range of solvents. • Represents a good candidate for lignin valorization into PHA at a commercial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulosic biomass serves as an alternative renewable feed stock for the production of bioethanol using biochemical platform. Ethanol yield can be improved by adopting strategies such as simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using pneumatic bioreactors, robust yeast and biomass pretreated with hydrothermal process. In the present study two strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae : flocculant (CA11) and non- flocculant (PE-2) were evaluated to grow at temperature. The S. cerevisiae PE-2 was selected for fermentation at 40 ºC for ethanol production and a bubble column bioreactor (BCB) of 3 L was designed and operated for bioethanol production. Hydrothermally pretreated (180 ºC for 30 min) wheat straw rich in cellulose fraction (49.83 g/100 of biomass) with a severity factor (log [ R o ] = 4.04) was used as the substrate for SSF strategy for bioethanol production using in a three-phase (gas–liquid–solid) bubble column bioreactor. The ethanol concentration was 9.31 g/L using 10% (w/v) of pretreated solid loading and 15 FPU/g substrate of enzyme loading in a BCB. The robust yeasts, pneumatic bioreactors and hydrothermal pretreatment are a great alternative in the production of biofuels at an industrial level in terms of second generation biorefineries. • Bubble column bioreactor at solids loading operation is an interesting strategy. • Strains of S. cerevisiae CA11 and PE-2 can convert sugars under unusual conditions. • The hydrothermal process in an effective biomass fractionation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A travelling wave electro-kinetic platform-based DEP phenomenon is presented and discussed. • The proposed microelectrode is implemented using Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology. • TT T TThis study presents a comparison between HCCs, normal liver cells, and Rat's normal muscle cells. • The experimental work asserts the ability of the proposed electro-kinetic platform to manipulate the biological cells. • All results prove the ability of the proposed electro-kinetic platform to distinguish between HCCs and normal liver cells. Liver malignant growth incorporates hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) involving 75 %–85 % of liver patients respectively which is attributed mainly to the lack of early biomarker/s and poor accesses to affordable, simple diagnostic techniques, which is not available in the conventional techniques of HCC diagnosis. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop an alternative simple, rapid HCC diagnostic system. One side of this development is the use of a lab on a chip, which facilitates the detection of cancer cells quickly and efficiently at a lower cost. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) phenomenon is the motion of neutral particles under the effect of the non-uniform electric field. DEP phenomenon is a widely used technique for manipulation and separation of biological cells. The proposed electro-kinetic platform is designed based on travelling wave dielectrophoresis (twDEP) configuration, which is implemented using a printed circuit board (PCB) technology. Herein, we have developed an electro-kinetic platform based on PCB technology to characterize, identify, and detect human liver cancer cells from clinical samples, compared to human normal liver cells. Also, rat's normal muscle cells as a different organism has been tested. The experimental results proved the ability of the developed electro-kinetic platform to differentiate efficiently between HCC and normal liver cells from real clinical samples, and Rat's normal muscle cells, with high specificity, accuracy and sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• ATR-IR biophysical changes in isolated rat cortex synaptic membranes. • The potential therapeutic effect of Lepedium sativum (LS) in treating AD. • AlCl3 experienced oxidative damage that direct affects synaptic membrane lipids. • Al induces imbalance of Ca2+ homeostasis, brain atrophy (MRI) & animal behavior. • NADPH oxidase activation leads to OS & alterations in membrane physical properties. Synaptosomal membrane peroxidation and alteration in its biophysical properties are associated with Aluminium (Al) toxicity that may lead to cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease (AD) like pathogenesis. Here we investigated the therapeutic potential of Lepedium sativum (LS) as a natural anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and as acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor in treating Al induced AD-like in rat model. We utilized ATR-IR spectroscopy to follow the restoration in the damaged membrane structure of isolated rat cortical synaptosomes and its biophysical properties, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping to follow NADPH oxidase activity (NOX), and EPR spin labelling in response to LS treatment after Al intoxication. We measured the concentration of Ca2+ ions in rat cortical tissue by inductively coupled plasma (ICP), the brain atrophy/curing and hydrocephalus by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) besides light microscope histopathology. Our results revealed significant increase in synaptosomal membrane rgidification, order, lipid packing, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and Ca2+ ion concentration as a result of Al intoxication. The dramatic increase in Ca2+ ion concentration detected in AD group associated with the increase in synaptic membrane polarity and EPR-detected order S-parameter suggest that release of synaptic vesicles into synaptic cleft might be hindered. LS treatment reversed these changes in synaptic membranes, and rescued an observed deficit in the exploratory behaviour of AD group. Our results also strongly suggest that the synaptosomal membrane phospholipids that underwent free radical attacks mediated by AlCl3, due to greater NOX activity, was prevented in the LS group. The results of ATR-IR and EPR spectroscopic techniques recommend LS as a promising therapeutic agent against synaptic membrane alterations opening a new window for AD drug developers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium (Al) is reported to promote free radical production, decrease the antioxidant enzyme status and disturb the enzyme activity involved in acetylcholine metabolism leading to cognitive dysfunction that are strongly associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. This work aimed at investigating the effect of Al-toxicity on synaptosomal membrane biophysical properties and lipid peroxidation during 65 days. We utilized ATR-IR spectroscopy to study the changes in membrane biochemical structure and biophysical properties of isolated rat cortical synaptosomes, and EPR spin trapping and labeling to follow NADPH oxidase activity and changes of membrane order parameter, respectively. The results showed increase in membrane fluidity and disorder in early 21d of AlCl 3 treatment, while after 42d the membrane rigidity, packing, and order increased. The late (65d) an increase in the amount of unsaturated fatty acids, the accumulation of lipid peroxide end products, and ROS production were detected in rat cortex synaptosomes mediated by Al toxicity and oxidative stress (OS). A dramatic increase was also detected in Ca2+ level, synaptic membrane polarity, and EPR-detected order S-parameter. These outcomes strongly suggest that the synaptosomal membrane phospholipids underwent free radical attacks mediated by AlCl 3 due to greater NOX activity, and the release of synaptic vesicles into synaptic cleft might be hindered. The adopted spectroscopic techniques have shed light on the biomolecular structure and membrane biophysical changes of isolated cortical synaptosomes for the first time, allowing researchers to move closer to a complete understanding of pathological tissues. Induced AD-like mediated by Aluminum toxicity(Rat animal model). Image 1 • Time-dependent biophysical changes in AD-like rat cortex synaptic membranes by ATR-IR. • AlCl 3 experienced oxidative damage that direct affects synaptic membrane lipids. • Al induces imbalance of Ca2+ homeostasis. • NADPH oxidase activation leads to OS & alterations in membrane physical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Stillingia oil and methanol were catalyzed with immobilized PS lipase. • Biodiesel yield was enhanced by ultrasonic-assisted technologies. • Immobilized PS lipase was able to be reused several times. • Enzymatic biodiesel was produced without solvents in a scaled-up reactor. In East Asia, for thousands of years, the fruit of Chinese tallow tree (Sapium sebiferum) has been used for multiple purposes because of its chemical composition; the presence of high amounts of lipids is remarkable, showing potential to be used as substrate for biodiesel synthesis. Previously have been reported the use of alkaline and enzymatic catalysts, microwave technology and the use of ionic liquids as co-solvents with the lipids of this tree species to produce biodiesel. This study shows the results of the use of Burkholderia cepacia lipase as enzymatic catalyst for transesterification of Chinese Tallow Kernel oil (CTK), extracted from the fruit of Chinese tallow tree, into biodiesel, with the use of ultrasonic assisted technology and without the usage of solvents. The optimal operational parameters were determined and the reactions were developed in a batch reactor with the use of ultrasonic irradiation and emulsification to enhance the mass transfer. The scaled-up experiments, in an especially designed 3 L capacity reactor, showed promising results, obtaining 55.20% biodiesel and a kinematic viscosity of 10.31 mm2.s−1 in only 4 h, in comparison with previously published (in vitro) methods. The valorization of this non-edible source of oil represents an opportunity to use as an alternative source for bioenergy and also to tackle the uncontrolled expansion of this oleaginous tree species in some ecologically fragile ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pervasiveness of microplastics (MPs) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has become a significant environmental concern in recent years. Because of their slow rate of disposal, MPs are ubiquitous in the environment. As a consequence of indiscriminate use, landfill deposits, and inadequate recycling methods, MP production and environmental accumulation are expanding at an alarming rate, resulting in a range of economic, social, and environmental repercussions. Aquatic organisms, including fish and various crustaceans, consume MPs, which are ultimately consumed by humans at the tertiary level of the food chain. Blocking the digestive tracts, disrupting digestive behavior, and ultimately reducing the reproductive growth of entire living organisms are all consequences of this phenomenon. In order to assess the potential environmental impacts and the resources required for the life of a plastic product, the importance of life cycle assessment (LCA) and circularity is underscored. MPs-related ecosystem degradation has not yet been adequately incorporated into LCA, a tool for evaluating the environmental performance of product and technology life cycles. It is a technique that is designed to quantify the environmental effects of a product from its inception to its demise, and it is frequently employed in the context of plastics. The control of MPs is necessary due to the growing concern that MPs pose as a newly emergent potential threat. This is due to the consequences of their use. This paper provides a critical analysis of the formation, distribution, and methods used for detecting MPs. The effects of MPs on ecosystems and human health are also discussed, which posed a great challenge to conduct an LCA related to MPs. The socio-economic impacts of MPs and their management are also discussed. This paper paves the way for understanding the ecotoxicological impacts of the emerging MP threat and their associated issues to LCA and limits the environmental impact of plastic.

Some essential information on gut bacterial profiles and their unique contributions to food digestion in wood-feeding termites (WFT) and soil-feeding termites (SFT) is still inadequate. The feeding type of termites is hypothesized to influence their gut bacterial composition and its functionality in degrading lignocellulose or other organic chemicals. This could potentially provide alternative approaches for the degradation of some recalcitrant environmental chemicals. Therefore, metagenomic analysis can be employed to examine the composition and functional profiles of gut bacterial symbionts in WFT and SFT. Based on the metagenomic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences of gut bacterial symbionts in the WFT, Microcerotermes sp., and the SFT, Pericapritermes nitobei , the findings revealed a total of 26 major bacterial phyla, with 18 phyla commonly represented in both termites, albeit in varying abundances. Spirochaetes dominated the bacterial symbionts in Microcerotermes sp. at 55%, followed by Fibrobacters, while Firmicutes dominated the gut bacteria symbionts in P. nitobei at 95%, with Actinobacteria coming in second at 2%. Furthermore, the Shannon and phylogenetic tree diversity indices, as well as the observed operational taxonomic units and Chao 1 richness indices, were all found to be higher in the WFT than in the SFT deduced from the alpha diversity analysis. Based on the principal coordinate analysis, exhibited a significant distance dissimilarity between the gut bacterial symbionts. The results showed that the gut bacterial composition differed significantly between the WFT and SFT. Furthermore, Tax4Fun analysis evaluated bacterial functions, revealing the predominance of carbohydrate metabolism, followed by amino acid metabolism and energy metabolism in both Microcerotermes sp. and P. nitobei termites. The results implicated that bacterial symbionts inhabiting the guts of both termites were actively involved in the degradation of lignocellulose and other recalcitrant compounds., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The author(s) declared that they were an editorial board member of Frontiers, at the time of submission. This had no impact on the peer review process and the final decision., (Copyright © 2024 Xie, Danso, Sun, Al-Tohamy, Khalil, Schagerl and Ali.)

Biosurfactants are a diverse group of compounds derived from microorganisms, possessing various structures and applications. The current study was seeking to isolate and identify a new biosurfactant-producing fungus from soil contaminated with petrochemical waste. The bioprocess conditions were optimized to maximize biosurfactant production for Aspergillus carneus OQ152507 using a glucose peptone culture medium with a pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 35 °C. The carbon source was glucose (3%), and ammonium sulfate (0.25%) was utilized as the nitrogen source. For Aspergillus niger OQ195934, the optimized conditions involved a starch nitrate culture medium with a pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 30 °C. The carbon source used was sucrose (3.5%), and ammonium sulfate (0.25%) served as the nitrogen source. The phenol-H 2 SO 4 and phosphate tests showed that the biosurfactants that were extracted did contain glycolipid and/or phospholipid molecules. They showed considerable antimicrobial activity against certain microbes. The obtained biosurfactants increased the solubility of tested polyaromatic hydrocarbons, including fluoranthene, pyrene, anthracene, and fluorine, and successfully removed the lubricating oil from contaminated soil and aqueous media surface tension reduction. Based on the obtained results, A. carneus and A. niger biosurfactants could be potential candidates for environmental oil remediation processes., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Environmental pollution poses a critical global challenge, and traditional wastewater treatment methods often prove inadequate in addressing the complexity and scale of this issue. On the other hand, microalgae exhibit diverse metabolic capabilities that enable them to remediate a wide range of pollutants, including heavy metals, organic contaminants, and excess nutrients. By leveraging the unique metabolic pathways of microalgae, innovative strategies can be developed to effectively remediate polluted environments. Therefore, this review paper highlights the potential of microalgae-mediated bioremediation as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to conventional methods. It also highlights the advantages of utilizing microalgae and algae-bacteria co-cultures for large-scale bioremediation applications, demonstrating impressive biomass production rates and enhanced pollutant removal efficiency. The promising potential of microalgae-mediated bioremediation is emphasized, presenting a viable and innovative alternative to traditional treatment methods in addressing the global challenge of environmental pollution. This review identifies the opportunities and challenges for microalgae-based technology and proposed suggestions for future studies to tackle challenges. The findings of this review advance our understanding of the potential of microalgae-based technology wastewater treatment., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

As a unique natural resource, fungi are a sustainable source of lipids, polysaccharides, vitamins, proteins, and other nutrients. As a result, they have beneficial medicinal and nutritional properties. Polysaccharides are among the most significant bioactive components found in fungi. Increasing research has revealed that fungal polysaccharides (FPS) contain a variety of bioactivities, including antitumor, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, and anti-aging properties. However, the exact knowledge about FPS and their applications related to their future possibilities must be thoroughly examined to enhance a better understanding of this sustainable biopolymer source. Therefore, FPS' biological applications and their role in the food and feed industry, agriculture, and cosmetics applications were all discussed in this work. In addition, this review highlighted the mode of action of FPS on human diseases by regulating gut microbiota and discussed the mechanism of FPS as antioxidants in the living cell. The structure-activity connections of FPS were also highlighted and explored. Moreover, future perspectives were listed to pave the way for future studies of FPS applications. Hence, this study can be a scientific foundation for future FPS research and industrial applications., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To analyze the static and dynamic urodynamic parameters of reservoirs and continent conduits in continent cutaneous urinary diversion with catheterizable stoma., Materials and Methods: 76 patients had augmented ileocystoplasty or continent urinary diversion with catheterizable urinary stoma based on Mitrofanoff principle and Yang-Monti procedure using subserous tunnel as continence mechanism. They were followed up for at least 6 months post-operatively for continence through stoma and divided into two groups (continents vs non-continent) according to stomal continence. Both groups had urodynamic assessment performed via the stoma to assess reservoir capacity, pressure and contractions, efferent limb functional length, reservoir overactivity, static and dynamic maximal closure pressures and leak point pressure., Results: Continence rate was 87%. Continent group included 66 patients and incontinent group included 10 patients. In both groups at rest, the reservoir pressure after filling did not exceed 25 cm H2O. During peristaltic contraction, the pressure did not exceed 30 cm H2O and the duct remained continent. After Valsalva maneuver, the reservoir pressure increased up to 34 (+ 7.4) cm H2O and leakage occur in 10 patients (13%). Reservoir (wall) overactivity was recorded in 54 patients, with insignificant rise in intraluminal pressure during the contractions. In both groups, the efferent tract closing pressure was always higher than the reservoir pressure. The mean of maximal closing pressure at Valsalva was 82.5 (+ 4.18) cm H2O in the continent group and 61.66 (+ 8.16) cm H2O in the incontinent group. The mean functional length of the conduit was 4.95 + 1.62 in the continent group and 2.80 + 1.50 cm in the incontinent group., Conclusions: Urodynamic evaluation of continent catheterizable cutaneous stoma after Yang-Monti procedure has a practical significance. Functional length of the conduit seems to be the most influential factor for continence reflecting static & dynamic maximal closure pressure. Higher conduit closing pressure is associated with better continence. Contractions of the pouch and peristaltic contraction of the conduit has no effect on continence mechanism.

Plastic waste discarded into aquatic environments gradually degrades into smaller fragments, known as microplastics (MPs), which range in size from 0.05 to 5 mm. The ubiquity of MPs poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and, by extension, human health, as these particles are ingested by various marine organisms including zooplankton, crustaceans, and fish, eventually entering the human food chain. This contamination threatens the entire ecological balance, encompassing food safety and the health of aquatic systems. Consequently, developing effective MP removal technologies has emerged as a critical area of research. Here, we summarize the mechanisms and recently reported strategies for removing MPs from aquatic ecosystems. Strategies combining physical and chemical pretreatments with microbial degradation have shown promise in decomposing MPs. Microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and specific enzymes are being leveraged in MP remediation efforts. Recent advancements have focused on innovative methods such as membrane bioreactors, synthetic biology, organosilane-based techniques, biofilm-mediated remediation, and nanomaterial-enabled strategies, with nano-enabled technologies demonstrating substantial potential to enhance MP removal efficiency. This review aims to stimulate further innovation in effective MP removal methods, promoting environmental and social well-being., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Microalgae represent a promising renewable feedstock for the sustainable production of biohydrogen. Their high growth rates and ability to fix carbon utilizing just sunlight, water, and nutrients make them well-suited for this application. Recent advancements have focused on improving microalgal hydrogen yields and cultivation methods. This review aims to summarize recent developments in microalgal cultivation techniques and genetic engineering strategies for enhanced biohydrogen production. Specific areas of focus include novel microalgal species selection, immobilization methods, integrated hybrid systems, and metabolic engineering. Studies related to microalgal strain selection, cultivation methods, metabolic engineering, and genetic manipulations were compiled and analyzed. Promising microalgal species with high hydrogen production capabilities such as Synechocystis sp., Anabaena variabilis, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been identified. Immobilization techniques like encapsulation in alginate and integration with dark fermentation have led to improved hydrogen yields. Metabolic engineering through modulation of hydrogenase activity and photosynthetic pathways shows potential for enhanced biohydrogen productivity. Considerable progress has been made in developing microalgal systems for biohydrogen. However, challenges around process optimization and scale-up remain. Future work involving metabolic modeling, photobioreactor design, and genetic engineering of electron transfer pathways could help realize the full potential of this renewable technology., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

This retracts the article "Effect of preoperative ureteral stenting on the surgical outcomes of patients with 1-2 cm renal stones managed by retrograde intrarenal surgery using a ureteral access sheath"  (https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2023.12102) published on December 28, 2023.

The global production and consumption of plastics, as well as their deposition in the environment, are experiencing exponential growth. In addition, mismanaged plastic waste (PW) losses into drainage channels are a growing source of microplastic (MP) pollution concern. However, the complete understanding of their environmental implications throughout their life cycle is yet to be fully understood. Determining the potential extent to which MPs contribute to overall ecotoxicity is possible through the monitoring of PW release and MP removal during remediation. Life cycle assessments (LCAs) have been extensively utilized in many comparative analyses, such as comparing petroleum-based plastics with biomass and single-use plastics with multi-use alternatives. These assessments typically yield unexpected or paradoxical results. Nevertheless, there is still a paucity of reliable data and tools for conducting LCAs on plastics. On the other hand, the release and impact of MP have so far not been considered in LCA studies. This is due to the absence of inventory-related data regarding MP releases and the characterization factors necessary to quantify the effects of MP. Therefore, this review paper conducts a comprehensive literature review in order to assess the current state of knowledge and data regarding the environmental impacts that occur throughout the life cycle of plastics, along with strategies for plastic management through LCA., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves has resulted from their application in the industrial and energy sectors. As a result, substantial efforts have been dedicated to fostering the shift from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources via technological advancements in industrial processes. Microalgae can be used to produce biofuels such as biodiesel, hydrogen, and bioethanol. Microalgae are particularly suitable for hydrogen production due to their rapid growth rate, ability to thrive in diverse habitats, ability to resolve conflicts between fuel and food production, and capacity to capture and utilize atmospheric carbon dioxide. Therefore, microalgae-based biohydrogen production has attracted significant attention as a clean and sustainable fuel to achieve carbon neutrality and sustainability in nature. To this end, the review paper emphasizes recent information related to microalgae-based biohydrogen production, mechanisms of sustainable hydrogen production, factors affecting biohydrogen production by microalgae, bioreactor design and hydrogen production, advanced strategies to improve efficiency of biohydrogen production by microalgae, along with bottlenecks and perspectives to overcome the challenges. This review aims to collate advances and new knowledge emerged in recent years for microalgae-based biohydrogen production and promote the adoption of biohydrogen as an alternative to conventional hydrocarbon biofuels, thereby expediting the carbon neutrality target that is most advantageous to the environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Pectin and chitosan are natural polysaccharides obtained from fruit peels and exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects. They are safe for usage in food products and are renewable and biocompatible. They have further applications as wound dressings, body fat reduction, tissue engineering, and auxiliary agents in drug delivery systems. The healing process is usually long and painful. Adding a new material such as a pectin-chitosan composite to the implant surface or body would create unique biological responses to accelerate healing and delivery of target-specific medication at the implant site. The present study utilized the electrospraying process to create pectin-chitosan polyelectrolyte composite (PCPC) coatings with various ratios of 1:1, 2:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 3:1 on commercially pure titanium substrates. By means of FESEM, AFM, wettability, cross-cut adhesion, and microhardness were assessed the PCPC coatings' physical and mechanical properties. Subsequently, the antibacterial properties of the coating composite were assessed. AFM analysis revealed higher surface roughness for group 5 and homogenous coating for group 1. Group 3 showed the lowest water contact angle of 66.7° and all PCPC coatings had significantly higher Vickers hardness values compared to the control uncoated CpTi samples. Groups 3 and 4 showed the best adhesion of the PCPC to the titanium substrates. Groups 3, 4, and 5 showed antibacterial properties with a high zone of inhibitions compared to the control. The PCPC coating's characteristics can be significantly impacted by using certain pectin-chitosan ratios. Groups 3 (1:2) and 4 (1:3) showed remarkable morphological and mechanical properties with better surface roughness, greater surface strength, improved hydrophilicity, improved adhesion to the substrate surface, and additionally demonstrated significant antibacterial properties. According to the accomplished in vitro study outcomes, these particular PCPC ratios can be considered as an efficient coating for titanium dental implants., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Food-borne pathogenic bacteria are a major public health concern globally. Traditional control methods using antibiotics have limitations, leading to the exploration of alternative strategies. Essential oils such as cardamom possess antimicrobial properties and have shown efficacy against food-borne pathogenic bacteria. The utilization of essential oils and their bioactive constituents in food preservation is a viable strategy to prolong the shelf-life of food products while ensuring their quality and safety. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies that have utilized 1,8-cineole (the main active constituent of cardamom essential oil) as a preservative in meat, so this study might be the first to utilize 1,8-cineole as an antibacterial agent in meat preservation. The application of 1,8-cineole had a significant suppressive impact on the growth rate of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella Typhimurium in meat samples stored for 7 days at 4 °C. Additionally, the surface color of the meat samples was not negatively impacted by the application of 1,8-cineole. The minimum inhibitory concentration was 12.5-25 mg/ml, and the minimum bactericidal concentration was 25-50.0 mg/ml. The bacterial cell membrane may be the target of cardamom, causing leakage of intracellular proteins, ATP, and DNA. The obtained data in this study may pave a new avenue for using 1,8-cineole as a new perspective for dealing with this problem of food-borne pathogens and food preservation, such as meat., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The anticipated increase in the influx of plastic waste into aquatic environments has propelled the identification and elimination of plastic waste into the global agenda. The plastics sector generates a significant volume of materials, which, due to their extended durability, accumulate rapidly in natural ecosystems. Consequently, this indiscriminate utilization, along with the deposition of plastic waste (PW) in landfills and inadequate recycling practices, leads to diverse economic, social, and environmental consequences. Microplastics (MPs) are a type of PW that has been fragmented into particles measuring less than 5 mm. These particles have been found in several environments, including the air, soil, freshwater, and ocean ecosystems, where they accumulate in large quantities. In order to gain insight into the ecological risks and resource implications associated with a plastic product, it is strongly advised to conduct life cycle and sustainability analyses. Therefore, this paper examines various strategies aimed at achieving effective management of MP waste in order to develop a conceptual framework for MPs in circular economy and life cycle assessment (LCA). The findings of this study provides a new avenue for future research and contribution to manage MP waste as well as reduce their environmentally hazardous impact., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.)

The presence of high salinity levels in textile wastewater poses a significant obstacle to the process of decolorizing azo dyes. The present study involved the construction of a yeast consortium HYC, which is halotolerant and was recently isolated from wood-feeding termites. The consortium HYC was mainly comprised of Sterigmatomyces halophilus SSA-1575 and Meyerozyma guilliermondii SSA-1547. The developed consortium demonstrated a decolourization efficiency of 96.1% when exposed to a concentration of 50 mg/l of Reactive Black 5 (RB5). The HYC consortium significantly decolorized RB5 up to concentrations of 400 mg/l and in the presence of NaCl up to 50 g/l. The effects of physicochemical factors and the degradation pathway were systematically investigated. The optimal pH, salinity, temperature, and initial dye concentration were 7.0, 3%, 35 °C and 50 mg/l, respectively. The co-carbon source was found to be essential, and the addition of glucose resulted in a 93% decolorization of 50 mg/l RB5. The enzymatic activity of various oxido-reductases was assessed, revealing that NADH-DCIP reductase and azo reductase exhibited greater activity in comparison to other enzymes. UV-Visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were utilized to identify the metabolites generated during the degradation of RB5. Subsequently, a metabolic pathway was proposed. The confirmation of degradation was established through alterations in the functional groups and modifications in molecular weight. The findings indicate that this halotolerant yeast consortium exhibits promising potential of degrading dye compounds. The results of this study offer significant theoretical basis and crucial perspectives for the implementation of halotolerant yeast consortia in the bioremediation of textile and hypersaline wastewater. This approach is particularly noteworthy as it does not produce aromatic amines., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Seaweeds are a viable bioresource for suffering plants against salt stress, as they abundant in nutrients, hormones, vitamins, secondary metabolites, and many other phytochemicals that sustain plants' growth under both typical and stressful situations. The alleviating capacity of extracts from three brown algae (Sargassum vulgare, Colpomenia sinuosa, and Pandia pavonica) in pea (Pisum sativum L.) was investigated in this study., Methods: Pea seeds were primed for 2 h either with seaweed extracts (SWEs) or distilled water. Seeds were then subjected to salinity levels of 0.0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl. On the 21st day, seedlings were harvested for growth, physiological and molecular investigations., Results: SWEs helped reduce the adverse effects of salinity on pea, with S. vulgare extract being the most effective. Furthermore, SWEs diminished the effect of NaCl-salinity on germination, growth rate, and pigment content and raised the osmolytes proline and glycine betaine levels. On the molecular level, two low-molecular-weight proteins were newly synthesized by the NaCl treatments and three by priming pea seeds with SWEs. The number of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers increased from 20 in the control to 36 in 150 mM NaCl-treated seedlings, including four unique markers. Priming with SWEs triggered more markers than the control, however about ten of the salinity-induced markers were not detected following seed priming before NaCl treatments. By priming with SWEs, seven unique markers were elicited., Conclusion: All in all, priming with SWEs alleviated salinity stress on pea seedlings. Salinity-responsive proteins and ISSR markers are produced in response to salt stress and priming with SWEs., (© 2023. The Author(s).)