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Complex organic molecules (COMs) have been identified toward high- and low-mass protostars as well as molecular clouds. Among them, sugar-like and polyol two carbon-bearing molecules such as glycolaldehyde (GA) and ethylene glycol (EG) are of special interest. Recent laboratory experiments have shown that they can efficiently be formed via atom addition reactions between accreting H-atoms and CO molecules or via energetic processes (UV, electrons) on ice analogues containing methanol or formaldehyde. In this study, we report new laboratory experiments on the low-temperature solid state formation of complex organic molecules – the first sugar glyceraldehyde and its saturated derivative glycerol – through VUV photolysis performed at three different temperatures (15, 50, and 90 K) of astrochemically relevant ices composed of water and formaldehyde. We get evidence that the species production depends on the ice temperature during photolysis. The results presented here indicate that a general scheme of aldose and polyol formation is plausible and that heavier COMs than GA and EG could exist in interstellar environments. We propose a general pathway involving radical-formaldehyde reactions as common initiation step for aldose and polyol formation. Future telescope observations may give additional clues on their presence in star-forming regions as observations are currently limited because of the detection thresholds.

International audience; Parahydrogen (pH2) quantum solids are excellent matrix isolation hosts for studying the rovibrational dynamics and nuclear spin conversion (NSC) kinetics of molecules containing indistinguishable nuclei with nonzero spin. The relatively slow NSC kinetics of propyne (CH3CCH) isolated in solid pH2 is employed as a tool to assign the rovibrational spectrum of propyne in the 600–7000 cm–1 region. Detailed analyses of a variety of parallel (ΔK = 0) and perpendicular (ΔK=±1) bands of propyne indicate that the end-over-end rotation of propyne is quenched, but K rotation of the methyl group around the C3 symmetry axis still persists. However, this single-axis K rotation is significantly hindered for propyne trapped in solid pH2 such that the energies of the K rotational states do not obey simple energy-level expressions. The NSC kinetics of propyne follows first-order reversible kinetics with a 287(7) min effective time constant at 1.7 K. Intensity–intensity correlation plots are used to determine the relative line strengths of individual ortho- and para-propyne rovibrational transitions, enabling an independent estimation of the ground vibrational state effective A″ constant of propyne.

It is known that the dipole moments of the neutrino lead to important astrophysical and cosmological effects. In this regard, within the context of a $U(1)_{B-L}$ model, we develop and present novel analytical formulas to assess the effects of the anomalous magnetic moment and electric dipole moment of the neutrino on the stellar energy loss rates through some common physical process of pair-annihilation $e^+e^-\to(\gamma, Z, Z^{\prime})\to\nu\bar\nu$. Our results show that the stellar energy loss rates strongly depends on the effective magnetic moment of the neutrino, but also on the parameters which characterize the adopted $U(1)_{B-L}$ model., Comment: 28 pages, 11 figures

This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. This article appeared in (Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A 38.3 (2020): 033209) and may be found at (https://avs.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1116/6.0000080), The effects of thermal annealing on the concentration of cationic vacancies in p-type semiconducting NiO thin films have been studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the O 1s threshold. This technique proves to be very sensitive to the amount of Ni vacancies through the intensity of a prepeak observed below the absorption threshold, associated with Ni ions in a high oxidation state. Samples with different vacancy concentrations were obtained by radio frequency magnetron sputtering with different O2/Ar ratios in the plasma. Thermal effects have been studied both during thin film growth and after postprocessing annealing. In both cases, the observed effects were very similar, showing a depletion of cationic vacancies with temperature. By changing the surface sensibility of the x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements, the authors could find out that the transition to stoichiometric NiO begins at the surface, This work was partially supported by the Spanish MICINN, under Project No. ENE2010-21198-C04-04 and by the Comunidad de Madrid under Project No. NANOMAGCOSTCM-P2018/ NMT4321. The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007–2013) under Grant Agreement No. 312284

We explore the physics expected sensitivity at the Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC) and the Future Circular Collider-hadron electron (FCC-he) to search for the anomalous quartic $WW\gamma\gamma$ couplings in single $W$-boson production in association with a photon. We study the process $ep \to e^-\gamma^* p \to eW\gamma q'X$ via the subprocess $\gamma^* q \to W\gamma q'$. The center-of-mass energies and luminosities of the LHeC are assumed to be $\sqrt{s}=1.30, 1.98$ TeV, ${\cal L}=10-100$ ${\rm fb^{-1} }$ and for the FCC-he $\sqrt{s}=3.46, 5.29$ TeV and ${\cal L}=100-1000$ ${\rm fb^{-1} }$. With these energies and luminosities, we estimate bounds on the anomalous quartic $WW\gamma\gamma$ couplings at $95\%$ C.L., which can be an order of magnitude stringent than the experimental limits report by ATLAS and CMS Collaborations at the LHC., Comment: 28 pages, 10 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1211.3100 by other authors

We conducted a study on measuring $W^+W^-$ production and on the sensitivity limits at $95\%$ Confidence Level on thirteen anomalous couplings obtained by dimension-8 operators which are related to the anomalous quartic $WW\gamma\gamma$ couplings. We consider the main $e^-p \to e^-\gamma^*\gamma^*p \to e^-W^+W^-p$ reaction with the sub-process $\gamma^*\gamma^* \to W^+W^-$ at the Large Hadron electron Collider (LHeC) and the Future Circular Collider-hadron electron (FCC-he). For the LHeC, energies of the $e^-$ beams are taken to be $E_e =60$ and 140 GeV and the energy of the $p$ beams is taken to be $E_p = 7$ TeV. For the FCC-he, energies of the $e^-$ beams are taken to be $E_e =60$ and 140 GeV and the energy of the $p$ beams is taken to be $E_p = 50$ TeV, respectively. It is interesting to notice that the LHeC and the FCC-he will lead to model-independent limits on the anomalous quartic $WW\gamma\gamma$ couplings which are one order of magnitude stringent than the CMS Collaboration limits, in addition to being competitive with other limits reported in the literature., Comment: 28 pages, 10 Figures and 13 Tables

Con el número 50 (enero-junio de 2020) la Revista Agroalimentaria formalmente arriba los 25 años ininterrumpidos de actividades de difusión y vulgarización de la investigación especializada. Fue en septiembre del año 1995 cuando vio la luz su Nº 1, una publicación impresa de 88 folios que abría con una contribución especial “Estrategias y políticas agroalimentarias en Venezuela. La importancia de la formación, la investigación y la concertación”, de Gérard Ghersi y que completaban 5 artículos científicos, 5 reseñas de libros y 2 notas institucionales. Abierta desde sus inicios a todos los investigadores del orbe en ciencias sociales relacionadas específicamente con estudios sobre la y alimentación, es hoy una publicación cuyo espectro de temas abarca también a la agricultura, la alimentación, el desarrollo rural, la nutrición y aquellos relacionados con el ambiente y la sustentabilidad de los sistemas alimentarios. Como celebración del 25º Aniversario y de manera análoga a lo ocurrido en el pasado con los hitos quinquenales, para este año 2020 en Agroalimentaria hemos decidido reivindicarlo en ambos números del Volumen: cada uno de ellos, además de su sección tradicional (constituida por tres manuscritos remitidos para su publicación regular), incluye una sección especial (en este número 50, conformada por 12 artículos), cuyos autores fueron convocados de manera extraordinaria para abordar temas y líneas de investigación relevantes en nuestra área y –de modo particular–, para países y regiones que habitualmente constituyen el núcleo de lectores de la Revista.

Objetivo: Esta investigación buscó establecer la distribución espacial de la morbimortalidad atribuible a la contaminación del aire ambiental por materia particulada (particulate matter 2.5) (pm2.5) en Medellín entre 2010 y 2016. Métodos: Se planteó un estudio ecológico. Se estandarizaron las direcciones de residencia de los pacientes atendidos y las defunciones por eventos de interés. Se emplearon mapas de calor, mediante el análisis de densidad de Kernel, por núcleos domiciliarios para áreas de 10 000 m2. Resultados: Se encontraron 45 487 y 2743 casos y defunciones, respectivamente, atribuibles a la contaminación del aire ambiental por pm2.5 con datos de localización geográfica. La zona suroccidental de la ciudad presentó las mayores densidades de eventos atribuibles por todas las causas estudiadas y por grupo de eventos, con algunas áreas pequeñas en otros lugares. Por su parte, la zona suroriental, con las mejores condiciones socioeconómicas, manifestó la menor concentración de eventos atribuibles. Conclusión: La información geocodificada de la morbimortalidad por núcleos domiciliarios posibilitó establecer la distribución de casos y muertes atribuibles a la contaminación ambiental del aire por pm2.5 en Medellín, con mayor concentración al suroccidente de la ciudad, lo que permite evidenciar la presencia de disparidades territoriales de este fenómeno.

In this work, we present a low-cost computer controlled, Arduino-based automation of the mass flow controllers for a chemical vapor deposition system. The major goal of the system is to provide the possibility to produce flow ramps of several gases for material synthesis. We used an Arduino Due board that only has the possibility to control two signals and increased this with a multiplexor so we could control 4 signals. The control board is based on the Arduino open source electronics prototyping platform, Labview software and Matlab's Simulink software. We quantify the quality of our automation system by comparing the Raman spectra of our graphene samples obtained after using our Arduino system, the manual method and using a National Instrument board. The results are very good as our 50 dollars system show similar results with the National Instrument system and the manual method.

Llopis, I.A.; Echeverria, A.G.; Trimble, S.; Brannstrom, C., and Houser, C., 2018. Determining beach user knowledge of rip currents in Costa Rica. Rip currents account for over 50 drownings a year in Costa Rica, with most drownings involving young single male students at beaches in close proximity to San Jose. The hazard posed by a rip current in Costa Rica and elsewhere depends in part on beach user knowledge of the rip current hazard and their ability to identify the situations in which there is the potential for drowning or need for rescue. This study describes the results of beach user surveys (n = 171) completed in English and Spanish at Jaco Beach on the central Pacific coast and Cocles Beach on the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica in 2013 and 2014. Rip current knowledge amongst national (domestic) and foreign tourists was estimated on both beaches. Results suggest that the amount of time spent in the water, activities on the beach, and self-assessment of swimming abilities help to explain why...

We have studied the growth, interface and chemical stability of ultra-thin CoO films supported on different single crystal oxides as substrates, namely SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO. The films have been grown by reactive evaporation of Co in an oxygen atmosphere at room temperature and analyzed in situ by photoemission spectroscopy. Analysis of the Co 2p 3/2 photoemission spectra, supported by theoretical cluster model calculations, reveals size effects for coverages below 5 equivalent monolayers for all substrates. In the case of the Al2O3 substrate, the predicted charge transfer from the substrate to the CoO ultra-thin-film has been experimentally observed. The way of growth of the ultra-thin films is dictated by the crystalline structure of each substrate in terms of the lattice mismatch. It has been found that the quality and stability of the films depend more on the structural parameters of the oxide substrates rather than on their covalent/ionic character. The chemical stability of the films upon air exposure and aggressive oxidizing thermal annealing has also been studied. The most suitable substrate to grow ordered and stable CoO ultra-thin-films is MgO whereas nanoclusters of CoO formed at the early stages of growth on SiO2 appear also to be very stable.

We study the production sensitivity of Higgs bosons h and H, in relation to the possible existence of Z′ boson and a top quark pair at the energy scales that will be reached in the near future at projected e+e- linear colliders. We focus on the resonance and no-resonance effects of the annihilation processes e+e-→(γ,Z,Z′)→tt-h and e+e-→(γ,Z,Z′)→tt-H. Furthermore, we develop and present novel analytical formulas to assess the total cross section involved in the production of Higgs bosons. We find that the possibility of performing precision measurements for the Higgs bosons h and H and for the Z′ boson is very promising at future e+e- linear colliders.

We analyze Uruguyan measurements, focusing on gusts at turbine hub height. Large gusts, exceeding 15 m/s, are observed to occur when the surface layer (as assessed by the bulk Richardson number R i ) is neutral, and are uncommon when the layer is stable or even unstable. Gust factors (the ratio of the gusts to the mean winds) are inversely related to the mean winds but increase as the atmosphere becomes more unstable. Numerical simulations using different planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes and mesoscale grid resolutions are employed in the development of a gust parameterization (GP) utilizing forecasts of surface layer R i and winds above hub height. The GP, which provides gust factors to be applied to predicted turbine-level winds, provides higher skill at relatively coarser resolution than a simpler algorithm based solely on surface layer information, although its success is strongly dependent on the PBL and surface layer schemes selected.

Introduction and objectives: There is little evidence on the optimal strategy for bifurcation lesions in the context of a coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO). This study compared the procedural and mid-term outcomes of patients with bifurcation lesions in CTO treated with provisional stenting vs 2-stent techniques in a multicenter registry. Methods: Between January 2012 and June 2016, 922 CTO were recanalized at the 4 participating centers. Of these, 238 (25.8%) with a bifurcation lesion (side branch >= 2 mm located proximally, distally, or within the occluded segment) were treated by a simple approach (n = 201) or complex strategy (n = 37). Propensity score matching was performed to account for selection bias between the 2 groups. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) consisted of a composite of cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and clinically-driven target lesion revascularization. Results: Angiographic and procedural success were similar in the simple and complex groups (94.5% vs 97.3%; P = .48 and 85.6% vs 81.1%; P = .49). However, contrast volume, radiation dose, and fluoroscopy time were lower with the simple approach. At follow-up (25 months), the MACE rate was 8% in the simple and 10.8% in the complex group (P = .58). There was a trend toward a lower MACE-free survival in the complex group (80.1% vs 69.8%; P = .08). After propensity analysis, there were no differences between the groups regarding immediate and follow-up results. Conclusions: Bifurcation lesions in CTO can be approached similarly to regular bifurcation lesions, for which provisional stenting is considered the technique of choice. After propensity score matching, there were no differences in procedural or mid-term clinical outcomes between the simple and complex strategies. (C) 2017 Sociedad Espanola de Cardiologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U. All rights reserved.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos Hay escasa evidencia sobre el tratamiento de lesiones en bifurcacion en relacion con una oclusion coronaria cronica total (OCT). Este estudio analiza los resultados inmediatos y a medio plazo de pacientes con lesiones en bifurcacion en OCT tratados con 1 stent provisional frente a 2 stents en un registro multicentrico. Metodos Entre enero de 2012 y junio de 2016, se recanalizaron 922 OCT en los 4 centros participantes. De ellas, 238 (25,8%) con lesion en bifurcacion se trataron mediante estrategia simple (n = 201) o compleja (n = 37). Se calculo la puntuacion de propension emparejada para detectar sesgos entre ambos grupos. Los eventos adversos cardiovasculares mayores (MACE) se definieron como muerte cardiaca, infarto y revascularizacion de la lesion diana. Resultados Los exitos angiografico y del procedimiento fueron similares con la tecnica simple (el 94,5 frente al 97,3%; p = 0,48) y con la compleja (el 85,6 frente al 81,1%; p = 0,49), aunque la cantidad de contraste, la dosis de radiacion y el tiempo de fluoroscopia fueron menores con la tecnica simple. Al seguimiento (25 meses), la tasa de MACE fue del 8% de los pacientes con la tecnica simple y el 10,8% de los tratados con 2 stents (p = 0,58). En este grupo hubo tendencia a una menor supervivencia libre de MACE (el 80,1 frente al 69,8%; p = 0,08). Despues del analisis de propension, no se observaron diferencias entre los grupos en los resultados inmediatos ni al seguimiento. Conclusiones Las LB en OCT pueden tratarse de modo similar que las demas bifurcaciones, para las que el stent provisional es la tecnica de eleccion. Despues de la puntuacion de propension emparejada, no hubo diferencias en los resultados inmediatos y a medio plazo entre ambos grupos.

The impact of obesity on vascular smooth muscle (VSM) Ca2+ handling and vasoconstriction, and its regulation by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase C (PKC) were assessed in mesenteric arteries (MA) from obese Zucker rats (OZR). Simultaneous measurements of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) and tension were performed in MA from OZR and compared to lean Zucker rats (LZR), and the effects of selective inhibitors of PI3K, ERK-MAPK kinase and PKC were assessed on the functional responses of VSM voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ channels (CaV1.2). Increases in [Ca2+]i induced by α1-adrenoceptor activation and high K+ depolarization were not different in arteries from LZR and OZR although vasoconstriction was enhanced in OZR. Blockade of the ryanodine receptor (RyR) and of Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) markedly reduced depolarization-induced Ca2+ responses in arteries from lean but not obese rats, suggesting impaired Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) from SR in arteries from OZR. Enhanced Ca2+ influx after treatment with ryanodine was abolished by nifedipine and coupled to up-regulation of CaV1.2 channels in arteries from OZR. Increased activation of ERK-MAPK and up-regulation of PI3Kδ, PKCβ and δ isoforms were associated to larger inhibitory effects of PI3K, MAPK and PKC blockers on VSM L-type channel Ca2+ entry in OZR. Changes in arterial Ca2+ handling in obesity involve SR Ca2+ store dysfunction and enhanced VSM Ca2+ entry through L-type channels, linked to a compensatory up-regulation of CaV1.2 proteins and increased activity of the ERK-MAPK, PI3Kδ and PKCβ and δ, signaling pathways.

Resumen Introduccion y objetivos El papel de la circulacion colateral ( CC ) en la cardiopatia isquemica continua siendo controvertido. Su influencia en el caso de los infartos de miocardio evolucionados >24 h (IAMe) ha sido muy poco estudiada. Nuestro objetivo es determinar si la CC se relaciona con la viabilidad y la fraccion de eyeccion del ventriculo izquierdo (FEVI) en este contexto y su relacion con la ECG y los parametros analiticos. Metodos Se trata de un estudio ambispectivo ciego multicentrico, en el que incluimos consecutivamente a 138 pacientes con IAMe y oclusion trombotica (TIMI 0) de vaso principal evidenciada mediante angiografia. La CC se categorizo segun las clasificaciones Rentrop y Werner. Un total de 12 pacientes fueron seguidos prospectivamente y el movimiento segmentario de la pared (MSP) fue calculado por 2 expertos cardiologos de modo ciego para los 16 segmentos ventriculares basalmente y a los 2-4 meses. Se realizo ECG y analisis bioquimico con enzimas cardiacas previamente al cateterismo y durante el seguimiento. Resultados Del total de pacientes incluidos, 67 (49%) tenian Rentrop 0-1 y 71 pacientes (51%) Rentrop 2-3. La concordancia interobservador para el MSP (r = 0,99; p = 0,001) fue buena. El exito de la revascularizacion se alcanzo en un 74% (84/113) y no se relaciono con la FEVI ni con MSP (p > 0,05). La viabilidad miocardica del territorio responsable se confirmo en el 56% (65/116) y se relaciono con buena CC (78 vs. 33,9%; p Conclusiones El desarrollo de CC en IAMe se relaciono con la viabilidad miocardica y con la FEVI.

A mechanical system consisting of a hoop and a pole is considered, for which the corresponding dynamic model represents an underactuated system subject to second-order nonholonomic constraints. The pursued goal is to simultaneously track a trajectory in the unactuated coordinates and to stabilize the actuated ones. For the model under consideration, the well-known noncollocated partial feedback linearization algorithm fails since the corresponding zero dynamics is unstable. In this work, we show that the actuated coordinates, i.e., the pole can be stabilized by exploiting the null space of the coupling inertia matrix without affecting the performance in the underactuated coordinates tracking. We present a formal mathematical analysis, which guarantees ultimate boundedness of all coordinates. Performed simulations bolster the proposed approach.

ZnO thin films have been grown by e-beam evaporation in the range from room temperature to − 120 °C on two types of substrates, Al2O3 (0001) and Si (100). Although the ZnO/Al2O3 system has been thoroughly characterized, including optical and electrical techniques, the morphological, structural and chemical properties show no significant differences between both substrates. Thus, the general features of the ZnO growth mode at low temperature can be generalized. The relatively low growth temperatures reduce the diffusion of atoms at the surface, which leads to morphological and chemical changes. As the temperature decreases, the growth mode changes from a van der Drift model to a gradual bilayer system composed of an interfacial layer in contact with the substrate and a second columnar-based layer. This second well-ordered film disappears for the lowest temperatures while a Zn-rich interface in contact with the substrate emerges. Precisely from this interface, Zn-rich whiskers develop under the ZnO film and cause the loss of adhesion at temperatures below − 100 °C. These extreme temperatures also affect the crystal size, lattice strain, and total amount of oxygen vacancies. The behavior of the optical and electrical properties in terms of band gap, transparency, electrical resistivity, and Seebeck coefficient is discussed in the light of structural and chemical characterization. Samples grown at 0 °C exhibit an enhanced transmittance compared to those grown at room temperature while preserving similar electrical resistivity values and natural n-type doping. These results open a promising route to enhance ZnO films properties below the typical high temperature window, This investigation has been funded by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades of Spain through the FIS2015-67367-C2- 1-P project and by the Comunidad de Madrid through the NANOMAGCOST-CM P2018/NMT4321 project. One of the authors (C.M.) thanks Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deportes for FPU014/02020 grant

International audience; The chelated enol isomer of 2-chloromalonaldehyde (2-ClMA) is experimentally characterized for the first time by IR and Raman spectroscopies. The spectra are obtained by trapping the molecule in cryogenic matrices and analyzed with the assistance of theoretical calculations. Experiments were performed in argon, neon and para-hydrogen matrices. The results highlight puzzling matrix effects, beyond site effects, which are interpreted as due to a tunneling splitting of the vibrational levels related to the proton transfer along the internal hydrogen bond (IHB). 2-ClMA is thus one of the very few molecules in which the H tunneling has been observed in cryogenic matrices. The comparison with its parent molecule (malonaldehyde) shows experimentally and theoretically the weakening of the IHB upon chlorination, with a reduced cooperative effect in the resonance assisted hydrogen bond. In addition, the Cl substitution induces an important stabilization of two open enol conformers. These two open forms appear in the spectra of as-deposited samples, meaning that, in contrast with other well-studied molecules of the same family (b-dialdehydes and b-diketones), they are present in the gas phase at room temperature.

El consumo de sustancias psicoactivas es una práctica que acompaña al ser humano desde que se tiene memoria histórica. Sin embargo, en México, a partir de finales del siglo XX, el uso y abuso de drogas, incluyendo alcohol y tabaco, es un problema que se ha incrementado en la sociedad de manera general. Para afrontar esta problemática emergieron, a lo largo y ancho del territorio nacional, Asociaciones Civiles que por iniciativa propia han construido diversos espacios de rehabilitación. Una de esas Asociaciones Civiles es Drogadictos Anónimos, la cual emplea como método la capacidad terapéutica de la palabra para atender a drogodependientes en Villahermosa, Tabasco, pero la esencia de ese programa de recuperación se encuentra en la epiméleia socrática.

Diatoms are microscopic algae with intricate shell morphologies and features ranging from the nanometer to the micrometer scale, which have been proposed as templates for drug delivery carriers, optical devices, and metamaterials design. Several studies have found that diatom shells show unique mechanical properties such as high specific strength and resilience. One hypothesis is that these properties stem from the structural arrangement of the material at the nanometer and micrometer length scales, challenging the concept between what constitutes a "material" versus a "structure". In this work, we have conducted a systematic simulation-prototyping study to shed light on the mechanics of diatom-inspired hierarchical microstructures. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to replicate three-dimensional diatom shells under compressive forces. The intricate hierarchical shell structure of the Coscinodiscus sp. diatom frustule observed in nature was reproduced in detail. Simulation parameters were selected to reproduce compression experiments, with a force distributed on the surface of the diatom shell. A frustule diameter of 50 μm was used with pore diameters ranging from 0.25 to 1.2 μm across different layers. A "unit cell" FEM model was also created to focus on the basic structural element of a diatom frustule. Both of these models were used to elucidate the relation between morphology and mechanical response. Additionally, select designs were prototyped using 3D Direct Laser Writing (DLW) lithography to evaluate the feasibility of manufacturing diatom-inspired devices at the micro-scale. Distinct correlations between pore size in each frustule layer, or pore shape in the basal layers, and the mechanical response of the diatom shell were established in this study. The 3D-DLW prototypes exhibit a similar level of intricate morphological traits observed in real diatoms, opening the possibility of a simulation-based process for the design and fabrication of diatom-inspired microdevices. This research helps explain how morphology features are central to the mechanical performance of hierarchically arranged structures and biomaterials in general, and it represents a step toward the manufacture of emerging metamaterials and microarchitectures.

International audience; Molecules of the b-diketone and b-dialdehyde families were trapped in solid parahydrogen (pH 2) to investigate the vibrational behavior of systems containing an intramolecular hydrogen bond (IHB). In the simplest b-diketone, acetylacetone (AcAc), H transfer related to the IHB is coupled with methyl torsions. In pH 2 , the study of nuclear spin conversion (NSC) in methyl groups allows the characterisation of the influence of these large amplitude motions on the vibrational modes. The deuteration of the OH group involved in the IHB has important consequences on the vibrational spectrum of the molecule and evidence of NSC in methyl groups is difficult to obtain. In the chlorine derivative (3-chloroacetylacetone), the H-transfer is no longer coupled with methyl torsion, and NSC has undetectable effects on the IR spectrum. A search of H tunnelling splitting in the IR spectra of b-dialdehydes trapped in pH 2 was performed. A few modes of 2-chloromalonaldehyde appear as doublets and were assigned to tunnelling levels. The spectroscopic results related to large amplitude motions are detailed and discussed, highlighting puzzling effects.

Background: Around 15% of adult GIST are wild type for KIT/PDGFRA mutations (KPWT), usually have SDH deficiencies, and are resistant to imatinib (IM). The underlying mechanisms include overexpression of HIF1α in SDH deficient-GIST, high IGFR signaling through MAPK, BRAF mutation or STAT3 activation. Regorafenib (RE), targeting these pathways, could be more active as upfront therapy in KPWT GIST. Methods: Patients (pts) >18, with advanced non pretreated KPWT GIST were eligible after central confirmation by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Eligible pts received RE at 160mg/d for 21/28d cycles. Primary end-point was disease control rate (DCR) at 12 weeks (RECIST 1.1 ) by central radiological assessment (CRA). Secondary objectives were PFS, OS, ORR (RECIST,Choi), safety and QoL. An amendment allowed previous IM (adjuvant). Statistical assumptions [H0 73% and H1 90% (α 0.1 and β 0.2)], defined a sample size of 20 pts. Results: From May 2016 to October 2020, 30pts with KPWT GIST (by Sanger) underwent central molecular screening. Among the 15 non-eligible pts, 8 harbored KIT exon 11 mutations, 3 exon 9 and 3 PDGFRA exon 18 by NGS. The remaining 16 (53.3%) molecularly eligible pts were enrolled and started RE except one pt due to COVID-19 pandemic. The trial was prematurely closed due to low recruitment, especially after COVID outbreak. Demographics and treatment details in the table. Based on CRA, 12w-DCR was 86.7%. With a median (m) FU of 26 (5-44) months (mo), 10/15 pts progressed, with a mPFS of 10.8 mo (95% CI 6.9-14.8). 6 mo, 9 mo and 12 mo PFS rates were 65%, 48% and 29% respectively. 2 pts were PD-free at 25 and 43 mo from start of RE. 6/15 pts died, with a mOS of 33.5 mo (95% CI NR). [Formula presented] Conclusions: The study results approach the prespecified activity threshold. The low recruitment rate could have affected this attainment. Other analysis of secondary endpoints are ongoing. The high percentage of overlooked mutant GIST by Sanger raises the need of NGS in presumed KPWT GIST. Clinical trial identification: NCT02638766. Legal entity responsible for the study: Spanish Group for Research on Sarcoma (GEIS). Funding: Bayer. Disclosure: J. Martin Broto: Financial Interests, Personal, Expert Testimony, Honoraria: Lilly;Financial Interests, Personal, Expert Testimony, Honoraria: PharmaMar;Financial Interests, Personal, Expert Testimony, Honoraria: Eisai;Financial Interests, Personal, Expert Testimony, Honoraria: Bayer;Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: PharmaMar;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: PharmaMar;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Eisai;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Novartis;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: IMMIX Biopharma;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Lixte;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Karyopharm;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Bayer;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Celgene;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Pfizer;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: BMS;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Blueprint;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Deciphera;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Nektar;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: FORMA;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Amgen;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Daiichi Sankyo;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Lilly;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: AROG;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: Adaptimmune;Financial Interests, Institutional, Invited Speaker: GSK. N. Hindi: Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: PharmaMar;Financial Interests, Personal, Advisory Board: PharmaMar;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: PharmaMar;Financial Interests, Institutional, Sponsor/Funding: PharmaMar;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Nova tis;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Eisai;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Immix Bio;Financial Interests, Institutional, Sponsor/Funding: Bayer;Financial Interests, Institutional, Sponsor/Funding: Deciphera;Financial Interests, Institutional, Sponsor/Funding: Daychii;Financial Interests, Institutional, Sponsor/Funding: Blueprint;Financial Interests, Institutional, Sponsor/Funding: Adaptimmune;Financial Interests, Institutional, Sponsor/Funding: GSK;Financial Interests, Institutional, Sponsor/Funding: Karyopharm;Financial Interests, Institutional, Sponsor/Funding: Celgene;Financial Interests, Institutional, Sponsor/Funding: AROG. J. Lavernia: Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: PharmaMar;Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: BMS. C. Serrano: Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: Bayer;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Bayer. D. Moura: Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Novartis;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Eisai;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: PharmaMar;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Immix Bio. J. Blay: Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Bayer;Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: Bayer;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Novartis;Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: Novartis;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Roche;Financial Interests, Personal, Invited Speaker: Roche;Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Deciphera;Financial Interests, Personal, Research Grant: Deciphera. E.R. Fumagalli: Financial Interests, Institutional, Research Grant: Bayer. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Large variations in wind energy production over a period of minutes to hours is a challenge for electricity balancing authorities. The use of reliable tools for the prediction of wind power and wind power ramp events is essential for the operator of the electrical system. The main objective of this work is to analyze the wind power and wind power ramp forecasting at Brazil and Uruguay. To achieve this goal the wavelet decomposition applying 48 different mother wavelet functions and deep learning techniques are used. The recurrent neural network was trained to perform the forecasting of 1 h ahead, and then, using it, the trained network was applied to recursively infer the forecasting for the next hours of the wind speed. After this computational procedure, the wind power and the wind power ramp were predicted. The results showed good accuracy and can be used as a tool to help national grid operators for the energy supply. The wavelet discrete Meyer family (dmey) demonstrates greater precision in the decomposition of the wind speed signals. Therefore, it is proven that the wavelet dmey is the most accurate in the decomposition of temporal wind signals, whether using signals from tropical or subtropical regions.

Sr. Editor: El impacto negativo de la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2 en la salud pública no solo se debe a la infección propiamente dicha, sino a los efectos del confinamiento, así como al impacto negativo de la percepción de la población sobre los riesgos derivados de acudir a centros médicos por motivos de salud. Prueba de ello son las repetidas observaciones de un descenso evidente en el número de pacientes tratados de infarto de miocardio durante la pandemia1,2. Es muy plausible que lo que ya vimos con la cardiopatía isquémica también haya sucedido con otras patologías, cardiovasculares o no. Es bien sabido que las poblaciones de mayor edad y los pacientes con factores de riesgo vascular o enfermedad cardiovascular han sido los más castigados por la pandemia3. Este estudio evaluó el impacto de la pandemia sobre la población de pacientes mayores de 75 años con enfermedad coronaria conocida. El estudio incluyó, a tal efecto, a un subgrupo de todos los pacientes inscritos en el registro en curso EPIC SIERRA 75 publicado en ClinicalTrials.gov (identificador: NCT03567733). El EPIC...

El consumo de sustancias tóxicas es una práctica que acompaña al ser humano desde que se tiene memoria histórica. Sin embargo, desde finales del siglo XX en México, el uso de alcohol, mariguana, tabaco, cocaína, heroína, metanfetaminas, anfetaminas y otras drogas, es un problema que se ha agudizado en la sociedad de manera general. Ante los servicios médicos deficientes ofrecidos por el Estado, han surgido Asociaciones Civiles en el territorio nacional, que por iniciativa propia han construido diversos espacios de rehabilitación. Para cumplir su objetivo, dichos actores sociales se han reapropiado, en mayor o menor medida, del método terapéutico de Alcohólicos Anónimos, pero la esencia de este programa de recuperación no está basada en la medicina clínica sino en el campo religioso.

A master–slave teleoperation system is considered, in which the slave manipulator is interacting with a rigid surface with unknown geometry. It is assumed that neither force nor velocity measuremen...

We present a new protocol to grow large-area, high-quality single-layer graphene on Cu foils at relatively low temperatures. We use C60 molecules evaporated in ultra high vacuum conditions as carbon source. This clean environment results in a strong reduction of oxygen-containing groups as depicted by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Unzipping of C60 is thermally promoted by annealing the substrate at 800 °C during evaporation. The graphene layer extends over areas larger than the Cu crystallite size, although it is changing its orientation with respect to the surface in the wrinkles and grain boundaries, producing a modulated ring in the low energy electron diffraction (LEED) pattern. This protocol is a self-limiting process leading exclusively to one single graphene layer. Raman spectroscopy confirms the high quality of the grown graphene. This layer exhibits an unperturbed Dirac-cone with a clear n-doping of 0.77 eV, which is caused by the interaction between graphene and substrate. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that this interaction can be induced by a coupling between graphene and substrate at specific points of the structure leading to a local sp3 configuration, which also contribute to the D-band in the Raman spectra., Financial support from EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 696656 (GrapheneCore1-Graphene-based disruptive technologies) and Spanish MINECO (grants MAT2014-54231-C4-1-P,MAT2014-52405-C2-2-R, CSD2009-00013, MAT2015-64110) is acknowledged. JA and NR are supported by the FPI program from MINECO (BES-2012-058600 and BES-2015-072642, respectively). CM and JIM acknowledge the financial support by the “Ramón y Cajal” Program of MINECO (RYC-2014-16626 and RYC-2015-17730, respectively). JIM and GS acknowledge funding from the ERC-Synergy Program (grant ERC-2013-SYG-610256 Nanocosmos). JIM thanks CTI-CSIC for use of computing resources. MK and VV acknowledge funding from ERC-CZ (LL1301) project. GO-I acknowledges FCT for his grant (SFRH/BPD/90562/2012).

La Agroindustria Pesquera representa una cadena de producción de gran importancia en la economía mundial, sin embrago, grandes cantidades de subproductos se generan anualmente, lo que redunda en pérdidas económicas y en impactos negativos sobre el medio ambiente. No obstante, los residuos pueden ser utilizados de manera eficiente para múltiples propósitos: mejorar las propiedades funcionales de los alimentos, como potentes antioxidantes, proteger la salud de las personas y proporcionar los nutrientes esenciales. La tecnología de la hidrólisis permite el procesamiento integral del pescado con el fin de lograr estos propósitos. Esto ha despertado el interés de los investigadores y las industrias de todo el mundo mediante el estudio de nuevas especies, procesos y tecnologías que conduzcan a materializarse en productos con potencial de mercado. El objetivo de esta revisión es presentar la producción, beneficios y nuevos desarrollos sobre los hidrolizados de pescado desde un aspecto tecnológico, nutricional y funcional.

The contact kinematics of a robotic hoop and a pole system is obtained by using the Montana’s equations, considering the case of contact without slipping. The resulting kinematic model is completely nonholonomic. After some mild assumptions, a set of Pfaffian constraints is established. Then, a dynamic model of the system is developed by employing the Lagrange– d’Alembert formulation. This dynamic model, which represents an underactuated mechanical system, is later used to design a controller which does not need velocity measurements. The proposed method, and its robustness against model uncertainties, is validated through numeric simulations.

Resumen Aquí realizamos un inventario de tsunamis registrado por mareógrafos en la costa del Pacífico de Costa Rica. Este documento también revela nueve registros de tsunamis que no se habían publicado antes, en el indicador de mareas de Puntarenas correspondiente al tsunami de Colombia de 1979 y en el indicador de mareas de Quepos correspondiente a los tsunamis gemelos de México de 1985, los tsunamis de Chile de 2010, 2014 y 2015, el tsunami de Tonga de 2006 , el tsunami de Japón de 2011 y el tsunami de las Islas Salomón de 2013. El registro original del tsunami de Cóbano de 1990 en Quepos se digitalizó nuevamente a una resolución más alta y se volvió a procesar. La llegada de los tsunamis de 1979, 1985, 2006 y 2014 a Costa Rica no figura en los catálogos de tsunamis. La altura máxima del tsunami obtenida aquí después de procesar los registros de 1990, 2011 y 2013 fue mayor que la informada en los catálogos. Lo contrario sucedió con el tsunami de 2010. Se analizó el registro del indicador de Quepos para enero de 2007, ya que parecía haber registrado el tsunami de las Islas Kuriles, pero los resultados no fueron concluyentes debido a la baja tasa de muestreo y la pequeña amplitud del tsunami, si la hubiera. Todos esos once tsunamis fueron modelados y los resultados comparados con los registros. Se obtuvo un buen acuerdo para el indicador de Quepos, aunque los tsunamis modelados de 2011 y 2013 tuvieron una diferencia de 8 minutos en la hora de llegada. Se obtuvo un acuerdo aceptable para el indicador de Puntarenas para el tsunami de 1979, considerando que se pierden al menos las primeras 4 h de la caligrafía. Here we perform an inventory of tsunamis recorded by tide gauges in the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. This paper also reveals nine tsunami records that had not been published before, at Puntarenas tide gauge corresponding to the 1979 Colombia tsunami and at Quepos tide gauge corresponding to the 1985 Mexico twin tsunamis, the 2010, 2014 and 2015 Chile tsunamis, the 2006 Tonga tsunami, the 2011 Japan tsunami and the 2013 Solomon Islands tsunami. The original record of 1990 Co´bano tsunami at Quepos was digitized again at a higher resolution and re-processed. The arrival of 1979, 1985, 2006 and 2014 tsunamis to Costa Rica is not listed on tsunami catalogs. The maximum tsunami height obtained here after processing 1990, 2011 and 2013 records was higher than reported on catalogs. The opposite happened for the 2010 tsunami. Quepos gauge record for January 2007 was analyzed as it seemed to have registered the Kuril Islands tsunami, but the results were not conclusive due to the low sample rate and the small tsunami amplitude if any. All those eleven tsunamis were modeled and the results compared with the records. A good agreement was obtained for the Quepos gauge, although the modeled 2011 and 2013 tsunamis had a difference of 8 min on the arrival time. An acceptable agreement was obtained for the Puntarenas gauge for 1979 tsunami, considering at least the first 4 h of the marigram is lost. SINAMOT

Tooth enamel is the hardest tissue in the body. The organic matrix configuration is provided by the main proteins amelogenin, ameloblastin and enamelysin (MMP20), an enzyme that helps to shape the matrix. The aim of this study was to determine by histochemistry the expression of amelogenin and enamelysin through the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the late stages of amelogenesis, and its expression in the Complexus golgiensis (Golgi complex / Golgi apparatus) in the early stages in human fetuses. In early stages a colocalization of both proteins inside the Golgi apparatus was found, being more evident the relationship between Golgi and amelogenin (99.92 %). In the late stage, a colocalization of both proteins and rugged endoplasmic reticulum was found. With enamelysin being more evident in relation with rough endoplasmic reticulum (99.95 %). Our findings demonstrated the presence of amelogenin and enamelysin in odontoblast and ameloblast. However, the presence of these two proteins in odontoblast remains unknown.

International audience; Internal dynamics of 2-chloromalonaldehyde (2-ClMA) molecule, possessing strong internal hydrogen bond (IHB) was examined by means of matrix isolation spectroscopy in a soft host: para-hydrogen (pH2). 2-ClMA is a chlorinated derivative of malonaldehyde (MA), a model molecule in hydrogen transfer studies, better suited to low temperature experiments than its parent molecule. The infrared absorption spectra of 2-ClMA isolated in pH2 exhibit temperature dependent structures which are explained as transitions occurring from split vibrational levels induced by hydrogen tunneling. The doublet components associated with higher and lower energy levels are changing reversibly with the increase/decrease of the matrix temperature. The ground state splitting is measured to 7.90.1 cm-1. The presence of oH2 impurities in pH2 matrix close to the neighborhood of the 2-ClMA molecule is found to quench the H tunneling. The data provide a powerful insight into the dynamical picture of intramolecular hydrogen tunneling in a molecule embedded in a very weakly perturbing environment.

International audience; Electronic phosphorescence and infrared absorption spectra of methylcyanodiacetylene (CH3C5N) are revisited using matrix isolation in solid parahydrogen and neon. Band assignments previously found for Ar, Kr, Xe, and N2 low-temperature host media were updated, with certain ambiguous attributions being resolved. A combined analysis of both dispersed phosphorescence and phosphorescence excitation spectra observed in different environments provides a means to estimate the singlet-triplet separation for the gas-phase and pure solid compound, where phosphorescence could not be observed.

We report on the magnetization reversal measured in two ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic (F/AF) bilayer series: Fe/NiO/Al2O3 (nanoporous membranes, series N) and Fe/NiO/Si (wafers, series W). The Fe and NiO layers were deposited by pulsed laser ablation and magnetron sputtering, respectively. In both series different oxygen partial pressures were implemented in the Ar plasma during the NiO growth. The morphologies of both series (as imaged by atomic force microscopy) reflect those of their substrates and, particularly, the series N samples exhibit a six-fold columnar growth around each one of the membranes nanopores. The in-plane hysteresis loops measured upon field cooling the samples down to different temperatures in the range from 50 K up to 290 K evidenced i) 50 K, 0% oxygen coercivities that decreased markedly in both series samples with the increase of the Fe layer thickness (particularly the Fe 5 nm, series N sample exhibited a coercivity larger than the Fe magneto-crystalline anisotropy field), ii) a decrease of the coercivity with the increase of the NiO deposition oxygen partial pressure, observed in both series independently of the Fe layer thickness, iii) low temperature coercivities larger in the series N samples than in the series W ones. Our data are analyzed in correlation to the deposits morphology and in terms of the occurrence of either propagation mediated reversal (collective mode linked to spatially averaged interactions at the F/AF interface) or localized switching (defect ruled mechanism taking place in a spatially confined environment). It is concluded that i) the magnetization reversal mechanism active in series W samples corresponds to a weak pinning regime propagation of walls interacting with uncompensated moments at the F/AF interface, ii) in series N samples, the magnetization reversal does not involve propagation, and iii) in the latter series the reversal events are spatially restricted to the dot-like tops of the NiO columns surrounding the membrane pores, The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the Spanish Research Agency under grant no. MAT2016-80394-R

The development of graphene (Gr) spintronics requires the ability to engineer epitaxial Gr heterostructures with interfaces of high quality, in which the intrinsic properties of Gr are modified through proximity with a ferromagnet to allow for efficient room temperature spin manipulation or the stabilization of new magnetic textures. These heterostructures can be prepared in a controlled way by intercalation through graphene of different metals. Using photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we achieve a nanoscale control of thermally activated intercalation of a homogeneous ferromagnetic (FM) layer underneath epitaxial Gr grown onto (111)-oriented heavy metal (HM) buffers deposited, in turn, onto insulating oxide surfaces. XPS and STM demonstrate that Co atoms evaporated on top of Gr arrange in 3D clusters and, upon thermal annealing, penetrate through and diffuse below Gr in a 2D fashion. The complete intercalation of the metal occurs at specific temperatures, depending on the type of metallic buffer. The activation energy and the optimum temperature for the intercalation processes are determined. We describe a reliable method to fabricate and characterize in situ high-quality Gr-FM/HM heterostructures, enabling the realization of novel spin-orbitronic devices that exploit the extraordinary properties of Gr, This research was supported by the Regional Government of Madrid through projects P2018/NMT-4321 (NANOMAGCOST-CM) and P2018/NMT-4511 (NMAT2D) and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through projects RTI2018-097895-B-C42, FIS2016-78591-C3-1-R, PGC2018-098613-B-C21, PGC2018-093291-B-I00, FIS2015-67367-C2-1-P, and PCIN-2015-111 (FLAGERA JTC2015 Graphene Flagship “SOgraph”). IFIMAC acknowledges support from the ″Maria de Maeztu″ programme for units of Excellence in R&D (MDM-2014-0377). IMDEA Nanoscience is supported by the “Severo Ochoa” programme for the Centres of Excellence in R&D, MINECO (grant number SEV-2016-0686)

espanolLas innovaciones en los constantes cambios tecnologicos hacen que las competencias en tecnologias de la informacion y la comunicacion, sean indispensables para poder desarrollarse en el campo profesional. Estudios evidencian que algunos estudiantes de posgrado no tienen competencias en el uso de estas tecnologias. El objetivo es estudiar las competencias sobre el uso de las tecnologias de informacion y comunicacion en los estudiantes de postgrados de Educacion a Distancia de Mexico y Colombia, que estudian en la Universidad Cuauhtemoc, Plantel Aguascalientes. La metodologia fue descriptivo-comparativa y diseno no experimental, transversal. Los participantes fueron 635 estudiantes inscritos en dichos postgrado. La encuesta exploratoria evaluo las competencias en el conocimiento de las tecnologias descritas y datos sociodemograficos como genero, pais de residencia, ademas del programa academico; realizando pruebas X2 y p, a fin de saber la significancia entre las variables de estudio que corresponde a los conocimientos por genero y pais de residencia. Los datos revelan asociacion en los alumnos respecto al nivel de conocimientos y frecuencia de uso en capacidades. Se concluye que las competencias en tecnologias de informacion y comunicacion de los estudiantes de postgrado al estar en una modalidad de ensenanza mediada por tecnologia, son indispensables y deben desarrollarse. EnglishInnovations in constant technological changes make skills in information and communication technologies essential to be able to develop in the professional field. Studies show that some graduate students do not have skills in the use of these technologies. The objective is to study the competences on the use of information and communication technologies in distance education postgraduate students from Mexico and Colombia, who study at the Cuauhtemoc University, Aguascalientes Campus. The methodology was descriptive-comparative and non-experimental, cross-sectional design. The participants were 635 students enrolled in these postgraduate courses. The exploratory survey evaluated skills in knowledge of the technologies described and sociodemographic data such as gender, country of residence, in addition to the academic program; performing X2 and p tests, in order to know the significance between the study variables that corresponds to knowledge by gender and country of residence. The data reveal an association in the students regarding the level of knowledge and frequency of use of skills. It is concluded that the competences in information and communication technologies of postgraduate students, being in a mode of education mediated by technology, are essential and should be developed.