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In the current study, the effects of fluidic parameters with entropy generation properties on velocity, temperature, and entropy numbers of non‐Newtonian fluid flowing through the porous channel are investigated. The complex system of fluid equations is handled with analytically and numerically. The first‐order perturbation expansion is employed on both velocity and temperature to obtain the approximate analytical solution. A comparison of the analytical solution is made with numerical results that are obtained by discretizing the system of boundary value problems. The pseudo‐spectral collocation method was used for the discretization, and the Newton method was to get the solutions to the complex differential equations. In the Newton method, the finite difference approximation of Jacobian is utilized. The pseudo‐spectral solutions are in good agreement with the analytical findings. The order of accuracy in temperature and velocity profiles is of order 10−6 which will be compared in the future with the experimental results of given non‐Newtonian fluid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the open economy macroeconomic indicators such as the balance of trade and exchange rate interact with the economic and environmental indicators, it is worthy of delving into their interactive linkages. This study investigates the long-run and short-run dynamic interactive links among the balance of trade, aggregate economic output, real exchange rate, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Pakistan. Bayer and Hanck's combined cointegration and the auto-regressive distributed lag method are applied on annual time-series data from 1970 through 2018. The key findings are: (1) Balance of trade and real exchange rate imparted the CO2 emissions mitigation influence in both the long run and the short run. In contrast, the aggregate economic output exhibited the CO2 emissions driving influence in the long run and short run. (2) Balance of trade and real exchange rate induced enhancing and impeding influence on aggregate economic output, respectively, in the short run. However, they exposed the aggregate economic output strengthening influence in the long run. Besides, CO2 emissions produced a neutral influence on the aggregate economic output in the short run, whereas it put forward the aggregate economic output hampering influence in the long run. (3) Aggregate economic output revealed a balance of trade improvement influence for both the long run and short run. Nevertheless, the real exchange rate showed the balance of trade deterioration (improvement) influence in the short run (long run), confirming the J-curve hypothesis in Pakistan. Furthermore, (a) a bidirectional causality existed between CO2 emissions and aggregate economic output, and balance of trade and aggregate economic output. (b) A unidirectional causality existed from real exchange rate to balance of trade and aggregate economic output, and from the balance of trade and real exchange rate to CO2 emissions. The diversification of exports and energy mix is recommended to improve the balance of trade, economic aggregates, and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Intestinal perforation is the serious complication of intestinal tuberculosis with high morbidity & mortality. Objectives: To determine the frequency of intestinal tuberculosis in patients of intestinal perforation presenting in Surgical Emergency, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Study design: Descriptive, cross-sectional. Study duration: 1st November 2020 to 31st October 2021. Settings: Department of Surgery, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur Material & Methods: A total of 106 patients with intestinal perforation of age 20-50 years and both genders were included. Patients with clinical features of duodenal perforation, intestinal perforation due to malignancy and traumatic perforation were excluded. Laparotomy was performed in all selected patients and tissue was sent to laboratory for histopathology. Clinical & laboratory findings of all patients were entered in pre-designed proforma in term of intestinal tuberculosis. Results: Mean age was 36.90±8.16 years. Majority of the patients 58(54.72%) were between 36 to 50 years of age. Out of the 106 patients, 69(65.09%) were male and 37(34.91%) were females with male to female ratio of 1.9:1. Frequency of intestinal tuberculosis in patients of intestinal perforation was found in 19 (17.92%) patients, whereas there was no intestinal tuberculosis in 87 (82.08%) patients. Conclusion: The study concluded that frequency of intestinal tuberculosis in patients of intestinal perforation is quite high in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the development of the service sector and renewable energy reduce fossil-based energy consumption which mitigates CO2 emissions and this nexus provides a better understanding of the environmental sustainability. Considering the substantially increasing contribution of service sector and tremendous potential for renewable energy in ASEAN5 countries, leaning forward from ASEAN's energy and growth nexus, this study examines the impact of service sector contribution and renewable energy on the environmental quality of ASEAN5 using annual data from 1990 to 2018. The results of the fully modified ordinary least squared, dynamic ordinary least squared, and canonical co-integrating regressions depicted that the service sectors of Thailand, the Philippines, and Singapore augment CO2 emissions; however, the service sectors of Malaysia and Indonesia could reduce CO2 emissions. The increasing share of renewable energy can enhance environmental quality, but its magnitude varies in ASEAN5 economies; non-renewable energy, population, and economic development deteriorate the environment. Our results confirm the existence of environmental Kuznets curve in all the ASEAN5; the Gregory-Hansen test confirmed that results are robust. Finally, the Granger causality designated that economic development and non-renewable energy have a significant causal relationship with CO2 emission of ASEAN5 countries. These findings suggest that the ASEAN5 economies need to optimize their economic structure for promoting sustainable development in the long run. Graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzed the long-run (LR) and short-run (SR) effects of renewable and non-renewable energy (RE and NRE) usage, economic development (ED), agricultural value-added (AVA), and forestry area (FA) on the environmental quality (EQ) in China spanning from 1990 to 2015. The autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) bounds testing method and the Johansen cointegration approach are applied to produce empirical estimates. The empirical results of the ARDL and the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) estimators established that renewable energy usage and forest area reduce CO2 emissions and improve the environmental quality, while non-renewable energy consumption, economic development, and agricultural output increase the level of CO2 emissions in China. The robustness of outcomes is checked through the Granger causality test, impulse response function (IRF), and variance decomposition method (VDM) suggesting that fossil fuel usage in the agriculture production process is mainly accountable for China's CO2 emissions. These findings have inherent policy implications for the central and local Chinese government, which are exhibited in the "Conclusions" section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the long-run (LR) and short-run (SR) impacts of climatic and non-climatic factors, i.e., CO2 emissions (CO2e), average level of temperature (ALT), average level of precipitation (ALP), area harvested of wheat and rice crops (AHW and (AHR), domestic credit (DCR), and agricultural labor (ALB) on wheat and rice production (WP and RP) in Turkey by using annual time series data ranging from 1980 to 2016 and by employing several econometric techniques. The autoregressive distributed lag-bounds (ARDL) approach and the Johansen and Juselius cointegration (JJC) test confirmed a valid long-term connection among underlying variables. The estimation results from the ARDL model reveal that climatic factors such as CO2 emissions and temperature adversely affected wheat production in the long run as well as in the short run, whereas precipitation positively improved wheat production in both periods. Further results indicate that non-climatic factors like area harvested of wheat and domestic credit positively and significantly enhanced wheat production in the long run and short run. Similarly, CO2 emissions also adversely affected rice production in both periods, while temperature and precipitation positively contributed towards rice production in both cases. In addition, area harvested of rice positively and significantly boosted rice production in the long run as well as in the short run, while domestic credit negatively influenced rice production in the long run but in the short run positively improved rice production. Additionally, the outcomes of the VECM Granger Causality for both rice and wheat production confirm that both climatic and non-climatic variables have a strong influence on the production of both crops. This study found that climate change has a deleterious influence on both wheat and rice production; therefore, the study suggests that temperature-resistant varieties of both crops should be developed and introduced by agricultural research institutions. In addition to this, up-to-date information is more needed related to climate change, and in the farming communities, it should be provided by agricultural extension workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important production factor, land resources significantly impact green technology innovation. However, the misallocation of land resources caused by the government's "second-hand" land supply strategy has become increasingly prominent, which will adversely affect green technology innovation by affecting the allocation of innovative elements. Based on the research data of 252 cities in China from 2008 to 2017, this paper uses panel space measurement estimation and panel threshold estimation empirical methods to test the theoretical hypothesis of the impact of misallocation of land resources on green technology innovation. The study finds that local or neighboring land resources' misallocation has a hindering effect on local green technology innovation. Furthermore, the misallocation of land resources has a threshold effect on the impact of green technology innovation. The relatively high level of local economic development and environmental regulation reduces the restraining effect of the misallocation of land resources on green technology innovation, and vice versa. Therefore, local governments should optimize the allocation of innovative elements, accelerate the construction of an efficient and market-oriented green technology innovation system, reduce the excessive intervention in land resources, and enhance the vitality of innovation entities to improve the level of green technology innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the demand for fodder and berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L) seed in Pakistan current field study was carried out to evaluate the influence of cutting intervals on fodder production, seed vigor, yield and income of three berseem varieties. The experiment was conducted at research area of Fodder Research Institute Sargodha, Pakistan during three winter seasons from 2015 to 2018. Split plot design comprising three main plot treatments of berseem varieties i.e. super late, Agaiti berseem, Punjab berseem/SB11 and subplot treatments of five last cutting dates (i.e., March, 10, 20 & 30 and April, 10 & 20) was adopted with three replications. The results showed significant variations in the period of flowering and yield attributes. It was noted that quality and production of seed reduced while the fodder tonnage increased with delay in last cut for fodder, thus last cut taken on 20th April resulted in more number of cuts and significantly higher green fodder yield but low seed yield and total income. Last cutting of Agaiti berseem taken on 10th March, Super late & Punjab Berseem cut on 20th March produced significantly higher number of seeds per head, seed yield, 1000 grain weight and number of tillers-m-2. It was concluded that all three varieties gave optimum production (0.73-0.95 T-ha-1) of quality seed while taking the last cut between March, 10 & 20 with minimum temperature ranging from 8.66-22.33 °C, maximum temperature ranging from 25.91-39.79°C and relative humidity ranged from 46.30 to 64.40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]