Search

In the following text, I seek to analyze the Divine Narcissus's loa and auto by finding correspondences between them through the image of water and two fundamental concepts: the Unknown God of Saint Paul mentioned in the loa, and baptism which appears in the loa and finally materializes in the auto. I will address how sor Juana is constantly subverting the notion of "image and likeliness" and the way in which this concept travels from the loa's analogy between the Eucharist and the Teocualo to the auto's mirroring relationship between Narcissus and Human Nature. Lastly, I will try to demonstrate how the author constructs the auto as a perfect love story with two possible versions that become one: unrequited love (Eco and Narcissus) and the consummation of love (Narcissus and Human Nature), transforming the auto into an evocation of the Eucharist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The characteristics of the water lines of dental units (LAUD) allow the creation of biofilm that can cause cross infections between patients and health personnel. The use of chlorinated antimicrobial solutions added to the water tank for other purposes has been recommended. Purpose: To evaluate the antimicrobial effect of chlorinated solutions in tanks and LAUD of Dental offices in Barranquilla (Colombia). Methods: Descriptive study, conducted in 13 Dental units where the presence of microorganisms and the effect of the chlorinated solution on the microorganisms found after 14 days of use of the solution were observed from a first sample. Results: In the first sample, mesophilic growth greater than 200 CFU was observed in 66.6 %, total coliforms greater than 2 CFU in 58 %, E. Coli in 16 %, Pseudomonas in 33 % and fungal growth in syringe spray in 66.6 %. In the second sample, 25 % mesophilic growth was observed in the triple syringe. In the sprayer syringe 8.3 % and in the high part 8.3 %, no growth of total coliforms or coliforms was observed. E. coli, growth of pseudomonas was observed in 16 % in triple syringe and of fungi in 8.3 %. Conclusions: The chlorinated solution had an antimicrobial effect in the water tanks of the dental units included in this study. The microorganisms isolated in the present study are of clinical importance because they are associated with cross infections and different types of infections in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years Brazil has become one of the largest agricultural producers and exporters in the world. At the same time, there was a significant increase in the use of pesticides to increase productivity at harvest. In this context, there is great concern about human health, fauna, and flora, since the inputs can go through different chemical processes and migrate through various environmental compartments. In this context, this paper addresses a review of studies that have reported the presence of pesticides in various environmental compartments such as water (surface and irrigation), soil, and food. The detected concentrations, Maximum Residue Limit (MRL), current legislation, and the values of Estimated Daily Intake (ADI) or Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) are presented. In general, it was observed that DDTs and their metabolites were reported at concentrations beyond the MRL, followed by atrazine. Regarding intake estimates, there is a greater concern with children as they are more vulnerable, due to their low body weight when compared to adults. Finally, studies that consider the cumulative effect are needed to better assess the different chemical components in the human diet and the potential adverse effects on the health of the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Brazil, the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) created the Program for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food (PARA) in 2001 with the purpose of evaluating pesticide residue levels reaching the consumer’s table. Currently, all Brazilian states participate in this program, except for Paraná, which established its own program in 2011 and ceased to participate in ANVISA’s analyses in 2016. In this context, this article aimed to analyze the results of pesticide residue monitoring in food in the state of Paraná and discuss the advances and limitations within the state program. The methodology relied on exploratory documentary research, analyzing reports from the Program for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food coordinated by ANVISA and the State Program for Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food (PARA/ PR), made available on the website of the Paraná State Health Department (SESA/ PR). Additionally, bulletins and reports from the Surveillance and Health Care Plan for Populations Exposed to Pesticides in the State of Paraná (PEVASPEA) were also examined. It was identified that, on average, 60% of food samples analyzed in Paraná between 2001-2019 contained some level of pesticide contamination. The most frequently detected irregularities were found in samples of bell peppers, strawberries, cucumbers, and grapes. There are indications of multiple exposures, as some foods, such as strawberries, presented an average detection of up to eight different active ingredients per sample. The most detected pesticides belong to the dithiocarbamate group, as well as carbendazim, imidacloprid, and tebuconazole. Thus, this study intends to raise awareness about the essential need to consider and demand less harmful methods for the environment and human health in food production, while promoting strategies for proper nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Reverse osmosis (RO) is a method for purifying water. Ir separates water from incrustations, through semi-permeable membranes; absorption of scales can cause damage to the membranes, affecting the process. Injecting antifouling removes and inhibits its overproduction. The objective of this scientific article is to learn about antiscalants, using as a method the bibliographic review of previous works that have operated with these, through the analysis of their processes and conclusions, to study how they vary from each other and which one implies better results. Objective: To analyze the most common antifoulings today through a bibliographic review, where compounds that have metaphosphates and polymers as a chemical base are studied. Materials and Methods: The review of 3 original publications that posed as the main topic the use of different antiscalants and their action on the membranes of reverse osmosis equipment was carried out. The reviewed articles were published in the 2018-2021 period, taking into consideration the quality and nature of the publications. Results and Discussion: According to the comparative analysis of the chosen antiscalants, the effect they have with respect to the membranes of reverse osmosis equipment was monitored. To analyze the results, aspects of function, dosage, injection point and conclusions obtained from each one were considered. Conclusions: Compared to phosphinocarboxylic acid and the modified base, sodium hexametaphosphate has shown better results in the industry with respect to reverse osmosis membranes in water purification processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the importance of native bacteria in the bioremediation of sites affected by oil spills. Hydrocarbons released in oil spills are a source of contamination for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems due to their persistence in the environment and are considered highly toxic, causing serious damage to human health as well as to the flora and fauna of the affected sites. In order to mitigate the negative effects caused by oil This article highlights the importance of native bacteria in the bioremediation of sites affected by oil spills. Hydrocarbons released in oil spills are a source of contamination for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems due to their persistence in the environment and are considered highly toxic, causing serious damage to human health as well as to the flora and fauna of the affected sites. In order to mitigate the negative effects caused by oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This article provides inputs in the generation of knowledge about conflicts on natural resources in Costa Rica, continuing the field of research that has addressed the complex relationship between Costa Rican citizens and its Welfare State in the second half of the 20th century. Objective. To identify the main social and political events that were generated in the province of Heredia as a result of the administration of the aqueduct between Heredia Municipal Council and National Service of Aqueducts and Sewers in the mid-1970s. Method. It was used a qualitative methodology based on the analysis of primary sources, such as newspapers and Heredia Municipal Council's minutes, between 1973 and 1975. Results. Between 1973 and 1975 one of the decade's fiercest conflicts against the National Service of Aqueducts and Sewers occurred in Heredia, as a result of some causes: infrastructural (poor physical conditions in the aqueduct distribution network), administrative (technical inability of the Municipality to guarantee drinking water service), and politicalsocial (opening of political opportunities within a cycle of protest against the SNAA and development of a framework for collective action). Conclusions. This case study shows local resistances samples in the struggle for natural resources control among various social actors and public institutions, such as National Service of Aqueducts and Sewers, in the midst of boom years of the Costa Rican Welfare State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, urban developers, politicians, and public water utilities have invented Los Angeles as a semitropical oasis in a dry climate. During the California drought of 2011 through 2016, however, the city's residential gardens became a new frontier of water conservation policy. Water agencies started to subsidize the replacement of lushly irrigated lawns with California Friendly® landscapes, thereby endorsing a technology-centered "infrastructuring" of gardens to increase water conservation. This approach contrasts with California native plant gardening promoted by nature conservationists, which uses vernacular horticultural techniques to restore native plant biodiversity and reduce irrigation. The article shows that each approach has important political implications for urban space and water use, the value accorded to nature and gardening work, and relations between citizens and experts. Analyzing the differences between these approaches, we critically interrogate Los Angeles's modern infrastructure regime that shapes water conservation policy. Particular attention is paid to how new material objects, knowledges, and practices in gardening recompose relationships between water, plants, technology, humans, and urban space. We argue that the notion of infrastructuring gardens offers a fruitful lens for ascertaining how expert cultures shape urban environmental change and how alternative gardening practices (re)produce urban nature differently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informe Gepec is the property of Informe Gepec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ambiente e Água is the property of Revista Ambiente e Agua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Universitaria is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato/Acta Universitaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cauriensia: Revista Anual de Ciencias Eclesiásticas is the property of Instituto Teologico San Pedro de Alcantara de Caceres and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Oral Folk Literature / Estudis de Literatura Oral Popular is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gestão e Regionalidade is the property of Universidade Municipal de Sao Caetano do Sul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Internacional de Cooperación y Desarrollo is the property of Universidad de San Buenaventura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Criterio Libre is the property of Revista Criterio Libre and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scienze del Territorio is the property of Firenze University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Filología Francesa is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Campos en Ciencias Sociales is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente is the property of Universidade Federal do Parana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of PARC Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Construção is the property of Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Portal de Periodicos Eletronicos Cientificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper explores the relationship between water infrastructures and the identity dimension of citizenship. By combining concepts from urban political ecology and Foucault's work on governmentality, this paper offers an analytical framework of hydro-social regimes of water access, which acknowledges both the material and discursive dimensions of urban infrastructures. This framework is used to analyse water access in the self-built neighbourhoods of Antofagasta, Chile. It is argued that urban infrastructures are crucial to the identity construction of urban dwellers as citizens, as they produce subjects with a particular sense of social belonging. This paper thus contributes to debates on urban infrastructures and citizenship in the context of self-built housing on the urban periphery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria is the property of Asociacion Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario (AIDA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Latin American & Caribbean Anthropology is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El presente artículo describe el marco jurídico institucional del reconocimiento del derecho humano al agua en el Ecuador, con el propósito de contar con el sustento cualitativo para el diseño de una metodología que permita medir la implementación de dicho derecho. Para ello, analiza las circunstancias que influyeron en su consagración y la manera en que las normas deberían emplearse a la hora de garantizar su contenido. La investigación utiliza como base el informe de la Organización de los Estados Americanos sobre el abordaje del derecho humano al agua en algunos países de Centroamérica y lo adapta a la realidad ecuatoriana, así como otros en relación con la inclusión de la población vulnerable. Además, lleva a cabo un análisis exegético, haciendo un recorrido histórico de la protección del agua en Ecuador a nivel constitucional y legal, así como un recuento de los diarios de debates de la Asamblea Constituyente de 2008. Los resultados del estudio se presentan en función de las variables diseñadas por el Relator Especial del Derecho Humano al Agua y al Saneamiento. El trabajo concluye que si bien existe un reconocimiento normativo del derecho al agua, la debilidad institucional influye de manera negativa para su efectiva realización.

Objetivo. Identificar los enfoques sobre la inocuidad y calidad del agua en los documentos que describen los programas de alimentación escolar en los países de América Latina y el Caribe (ALC). Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, transversal y exploratorio de los documentos sobre alimentación escolar en los países y territorios de ALC. Se realizó el análisis documental y se determinaron a priori cuatro categorías: “agua para el consumo”, “agua para la higiene”, “agua para la preparación”, y “agricultura local/familiar” según el uso del agua en la alimentación escolar. Los documentos fueron buscados durante 2018-2019 en los sitios web oficiales de los países y territorios de ALC, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y Agricultura y el Programa Mundial de Alimentos. Se obtuvieron las frecuencias absolutas y relativas de los datos cuantitativos y para los datos cualitativos se aplicó el análisis de contenido del tipo temático. Resultados. Se analizaron 114 documentos, de los cuales 29 eran elegibles. Los enfoques de las categorías “agua para el consumo”, “agua para la higiene” y “agua para la preparación” solo atribuían al agua la característica de ser potable. En la categoría “agricultura local/familiar” no se encontraron enfoques sobre el agua para el riego. Conclusión. Los documentos abordan el agua, pero no se centran en su inocuidad y calidad. Los gobiernos y autoridades locales deben revisar sus documentos y garantizar la unanimidad de los enfoques a partir del apoyo y diálogo intersectorial para alcanzar las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.

Poluentes orgânicos foram identificados em diferentes matrizes ambientais: água, sedimento e organismos de nível trófico secundário. A identificação ocorreu em nove sites ao longo de três zonas, durante os meses de dezembro de 2017 e junho de 2018 em dois períodos amostrais, respectivamente estiagem e chuvoso. A área de estudo foi o Estuário do Rio Mamanguape, localizado no bioma Floresta Atlântica no estado da Paraíba-Brasil, a qual faz parte de uma Área de Preservação Permanente. Foram identificados 62 poluentes nas matrizes ambientais durante os dois períodos amostrais. As substâncias identificadas são utilizadas para diversos fins, como: Agentes de produtos industriais 53%, Fármacos 24%, Agrotóxicos 16% e Produtos de cuidado pessoal 6%. Durante os dois períodos houve diferença significativa da ocorrência dos poluentes orgânicos, com α< 0,05 para a água e o sedimento, sendo o período de estiagem o com maior diversidade de poluentes. No entanto, o mesmo comportamento não foi encontrado para os organismos de nível trófico secundário.

Este artigo trata da governança adaptativa da água na Macrometrópole Paulista. Iniciamos discutindo criticamente o conceito de governança adaptativa proposto pela abordagem da resiliência de Carl Folke, para, na sequência, a partir de uma revisão crítica da literatura, definir as principais características da governança adaptativa da água. Posteriormente, examinamos o Plano de Adaptação às Variações Climáticas para a Gestão de Recursos Hídricos na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, elaborado pela SABESP. A partir da confrontação entre os elementos de uma governança adaptativa da água e a análise do plano, concluímos que, embora haja alguns avanços nas ações de planejamento do abastecimento público, a transição para uma governança adaptativa e resiliente da água se coloca como um importante desafio.

El calentamiento global y los impactos en los ecosistemas ambientales, sociales y culturales han impulsado un cambio radical en el modo de pensar, producir y circular conocimiento; el foco de la presente discusión incide en el campo del arte contemporáneo y sus implicaciones sociales, políticas, culturales; las prácticas artísticas colaborativas contemporáneas emergen en un escenario conflictivo y mutante, en que los campos disciplinares son convocados a entrelazamientos para enfrentar la complejidad del contexto global, sus transformaciones aceleradas; desde ahí se observa la emergencia de otros modos de producir y mantener las formas de vida; OPENLAB - residencia artística procesual propone reflejar colectivamente acerca de la dimensión poético-política contemporánea a partir del agua como procomún y elemento de cohesión planetaria; por medio de convocatoria internacional, abierta a artistas e investigadores, son propuestos espacios de experimentación poética en co-elaboración y en red, a fin de aportar respuestas para operar entre las tensiones “glocales” alrededor de los recursos humanos, naturales, científicos y tecnológicos, proponiendo miradas poético-críticas, en contextos de sostenibilidad situada y glocalizada en el presente, prospectando futuros posibles.

El presente estudio se realizó en la comunidad de Toro Muerto, ubicada en la cuenca baja del río Caroní, estado Bolívar, donde diversas acciones antrópicas afectan a la cuenca y los beneficios ambientales que brinda. El objetivo de la investigación fue implementar un programa educativo ambiental para el manejo sustentable del agua en esta comunidad. Se utilizó el enfoque multimétodo, siguiendo la metodología de Investigación –Acción Participativa. En una primera etapa se entrevistó a líderes de la comunidad y se aplicó una encuesta a 310 habitantes de esta población para determinar los usos, prácticas y problemas ambientales asociados al uso del recurso hídrico. En la segunda fase se diseñó el programa educativo ambiental. En un tercer momento, se aplicó el programa y se evaluó su impacto. La escasez y deficiente calidad del agua es el principal problema ambiental manifestado por la comunidad de Toro muerto, indicando que los usos y prácticas cotidianas de la comunidad no son las adecuadas para garantizar un uso sostenible del recurso. El programa educativo diseñado se implementó con 18 líderes comunales, en los que se evidenciaron aprendizajes de contenidos conceptuales y actitudinales, pero no en los contenidos procedimentales. La investigación deja abierta la necesidad de evaluar los impactos generados a mediano y largo plazo.

At the center of decades-long water conflicts in northwest Costa Rica, a particular fact has had a contentious status: whether the aquifers supplying the area hold sufficient water for collective life. I refer to this as the sufficiency fact, which has been established, debunked, and reestablished multiple times. To understand this peculiar dynamic, I zoom into discussions among community and business representatives about the future of these aquifers. There, in the density of social life, I show how as place-specific formations, facts are “long” entities that remain tied to their interpretations and, crucially, to their potential consequences. As opposed to the ideal of short facts that characterizes modern science, long facts reveal the rich social life that facticity takes in the twenty-first century. Long facts are always contested, explicitly political, and unable to be separated from their potential consequences. In contrast to scholarship that diagnoses the loss of the value of truth within the contemporary moment, I suggest it is critical to understand the abundance of regimes of facticity that surround us and what they make possible leaving behind assumptions of deficit and lack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located on the western outskirts of Medellín, San Cristobal Village has been exposed to a variety of risk factors, since early 21st century, due to hydrocarbons contamination of its water resources. This contributes to an increase of the vulnerability, caused by disinformation; lack of a risk management plan, and governmental and private entities in the risk management committees. The applied methodology integrates: a compilation of information throughout databases, news, surveys, and participative workshops; participants identification; analysis to causes which are hazardous to the potable water service; territorial analysis; cartography elaboration analysis; and, educative measures implementation. The application of this methodology has allowed for, raise a discussion about the conditions of vulnerability generated by the disarticulation with local development planning, and by the surveillance and advisory of the community problems, besides the proposal of prospective and corrective measures for risk reduction.

El presente trabajo analiza la apropiación y la concentración de agua en la extracción de yacimientos minerales en el páramo andino. En el proceso de desposesión territorial subyace la apropiación, concentración y delimitación de agua para la extracción de minerales que restringe e impide su fluidez para el desenvolvimiento de actividades —materiales y simbólicas— productivas y consuntivas. En este sentido, el análisis expone el control y dominio del agua subyacente en el proceso de desposesión de la actividad minera en el páramo andino como vía de usurpación del bien común e imposición del metabolismo social hegemónico en función de la acumulación de capital y en contra de los medios y modos de vida de las comunidades vinculadas al páramo y el agua.

Introducción: La ósmosis inversa (OI) es un método para la purificación del agua. Separa el agua de incrustaciones, mediante membranas semipermeables; el recogimiento de las escalas puede provocar daños en las membranas, afectando al proceso. Inyectar antiincrustantes elimina e inhibe su sobreproducción. El objetivo de este artículo científico es aprender sobre antiincrustantes, usando como método la revisión bibliográfica de trabajos anteriores que han operado con estos, mediante el análisis de sus procesos y conclusiones, para estudiar como varían entre si y cual implica mejores resultados. Objetivo: Analizar los antiincrustantes más comunes en la actualidad mediante la revisión bibliográfica, donde se estudien compuestos que tengan como base química metafosfatos y polímeros. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó la revisión de 3 publicaciones originales que planteaban como tema principal el uso de distintos antiincrustantes y su acción sobre las membranas de equipos de ósmosis inversa. Los artículos revisados se publicaron en el período de 2018-2021, tomando en consideración la calidad y naturaleza de las publicaciones. Resultados y Discusión: Según el análisis comparativo de los antiincrustantes elegidos se realizó el seguimiento del efecto que tienen con respecto a las membranas de equipos de ósmosis inversa. Para analizar los resultados se consideraron aspectos de la función, dosificación, punto de inyección y conclusiones que se obtuvieron de cada uno. Conclusiones: En comparación con el ácido fosfinocarboxílico y la tecnología novedosa, el hexametafosfato de sodio ha demostrado mejores resultados en la industria con respecto a las membranas de ósmosis inversa en los procesos de purificación del agua.

La zona criadora de la provincia de La Pampa, en Argentina, está caracterizada por una tasa de destete promedio inferior al 60 %, por lo que se decidió analizar el grado de relación existente entre factores ambientales y de manejo con las tasas de destete de terneros obtenidas en la región. Se seleccionaron 180 establecimientos al azar en la zona (15 % del total), caracterizada por un clima árido-semiárido, reconstruyendo su información climática y productiva para el periodo 2004-2017. Las variables explicatorias y el objetivo fueron categorizados como 0 y 1 y analizados mediante tablas de contingencia (c2, a = 0,10), donde la probabilidad de ocurrencia de las asociaciones significativas se estimó mediante Odd Ratio (OR). Las variables de estrés térmico, precipitación acumulada de verano-otoño inferior a la media y balance hídrico por animal negativo presentaron probabilidades significativas del 60 % de estar asociadas a destetes bajos (OR = 1,5, 1,6 y 1,45, respectivamente). Así, es prioritario definir políticas para mejorar el acceso al agua e incorporar razas más rústicas y tolerantes a altas temperaturas.

El yacimiento de litio del Salar de Atacama fue la primera explotación vía salmuera en Sudamérica, hasta el día de hoy clave para la industria por su calidad y cantidad de minerales. Las comunidades atacameñas, emplazadas en estos distantes parajes, abandonadas por décadas por el Estado, desarrollaron diversas actividades en torno a este bien común, todas interrumpidas tras su industrialización durante las décadas de 1980 y 1990. Este artículo describe cómo se instala la industria del litio en el Salar de Atacama y cuál es su relación inicial con las comunidades locales, proponiendo una periodización que abarca desde 1962 a 1997, la cual comprende el periodo de exploración, construcción de minas y su primera fase de producción. Teóricamente, el fenómeno es interpretado desde el paradigma extractivista. En términos metodológicos, se trata de una investigación cualitativa, basada en la revisión de archivos de prensa, etnografía y utilización de fuentes secundarias, de modo de comprender el fenómeno en su contexto histórico y local. Se concluye que en esta primera etapa la promesa de desarrollo no se materializa, y las comunidades deben enfrentar las primeras consecuencias socioambientales de la industria.

O artigo analisa o consumo de água por famílias de agricultores em três comunidades rurais de Turmalina, semiárido do Alto Jequitinhonha, identificando possíveis estratégias de abastecimento e rearranjos para a produção de alimento e autoconsumo. A obtenção dos dados ocorreu por meio de levantamentos de campo articulados com entrevistas semiorientadas. Os resultados indicam que famílias de agricultores, que tiveram seus mananciais impactados pela mononocultura de eucalipto, procuram construir acesso à diversas águas, principalmente por meio de políticas públicas, para garantir o consumo humano. Ademais, buscaram reorganizar sistemas de produção de forma a priorizar a produção de alimentos para o autoconsumo, na busca por soberania e segurança alimentar em situações de crise hídrica.

A transposição do rio São Francisco prevê o acesso à água para uma população estimada em 12 milhões de pessoas na região semiárida do nordeste brasileiro. Uma parcela da população atingida por esse projeto é também potencialmente beneficiária do mesmo. Referimo-nos aqui aos agricultores reassentados em Vilas Produtivas Rurais (VPR), pelo Projeto Básico Ambiental (PBA), que visou reassentar os agricultores (proprietários ou não) atingidos ao longo das margens dos dois canais da transposição (Eixo Norte e Eixo Leste). Nosso estudo analisa um fenômeno socioambiental complexo ligado a uma política pública compensatória focada no reassentamento de populações atingidas, expropriadas e potencialmente beneficiárias do projeto de transposição em oito vilas pertencentes ao estado de Pernambuco. Trata-se de uma análise da situação das famílias reassentadas, como se dá o acesso dessas famílias à água e consequentemente a reprodução econômica e social da população envolvida.

Se revisa el caso del Organismo Público Descentralizado para la Prestación de los Servicios de Agua Potable en un municipio mexicano que se caracteriza por su complejidad hídrica, al contar con los dos sistemas más importantes de extracción de agua en el país, por que en su territorio operan dos organismos operadores de agua, y porque se encuentra sobre la segunda cuenca más importante, la cuenca del Alto Lerma. El enfoque teórico es el diseño institucional planteado desde del nuevo institucionalismo económico. El estudio se realiza desde el enfoque cualitativo para analizar la percepción de los usuarios del servicio de agua potable, a través de un cuestionario que retoma los principios del diseño institucional de revisión, solidez, sensibilidad y viabilidad y los articula con los aspectos que marca la normativa de universalidad, disponibilidad, calidad y accesibilidad. Los resultados muestran una percepción negativa en todos los principios evaluados, cabe resaltar que se obtuvo mayor participación de la región con más rezago social y en donde el acceso al servicio no se cumple con apego al derecho humano al agua. Se propone cambiar la figura del usuario del agua por el de corresponsable del agua, esto se inscribe en la visión de los bienes naturales y se aleja de la perspectiva económica de los recursos naturales.

Este texto pone en tensión dos ideas sobre el agua: el modelo aristotélico del Agua como uno de los cuatro elementos primordiales de la materia, con sus cualidades inmanentes, y las ontologías andinas que propugnan múltiples instancias en que toman forma las aguas, emergiendo en sus propiedades y límites desde relaciones con espacios y personas, animales, cosas e imágenes. Las imágenes de animales acuáticos en la iconografía de Tiwanaku, percibidas con el auxilio de miradas que emanan de la etnohistoria y la etnografía andinas, permiten entender unas aguas dotadas de agencia y voluntad, que, lejos de ser asumidas como una única sustancia, deben ser criadas, aplacadas, alimentadas. La idea permite reflexionar, al final, acerca de la compleja situación en que aguas, animales, lugares y personas, como agentes en intracción constante, se encuentran en la Bolivia de hoy.

A gasolina possui em sua composição mais de 200 substâncias potencialmente tóxicas, entre elas, o benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xilenos (BTEX). Esses agentes poluidores, quando vazados em postos de gasolina, encontram-se, inicialmente, na Zona Não Saturada nas formas adsorvidas e de vapor; em contato com a fase aquosa, se dissolvem parcialmente e atingem as regiões mais profundas, contaminando as águas subterrâneas. Dentre os tratamentos para remediação, destacam-se os processos oxidativos: reagente Fenton, peróxido de hidrogênio, permanganato e persulfato, tratados neste trabalho. A aplicação dessas técnicas de descontaminação promove total degradação de uma grande variedade de substâncias perigosas, resultando em compostos inócuos como gás carbônico e água. Entretanto, na maioria das vezes, sua aplicação leva a efeitos secundários indesejáveis ao meio ambiente como, por exemplo, a liberação de íons metálicos tóxicos. Visando estudar as alterações no solo e na água, foram realizados experimentos laboratoriais utilizando um Latossolo artificialmente impactado por gasolina e tratado com os agentes oxidativos (Fenton, peróxido de hidrogênio, persulfato de sódio e permanganato de potássio). Verificou-se que os tratamentos oxidativos resultam em diminuição do pH, redução dos teores de bases trocáveis e, por se tratar de processos pouco seletivos, ocasionam a degradação da matéria orgânica natural do solo. Essas alterações favorecem a dessorção de íons metálicos que são liberados para a fase aquosa em concentrações que excedem até centenas de vezes o limite estabelecido pela legislação, afetando o meio ambiente e alterando a qualidade das águas, tornando-as inadequadas para o consumo humano.

O elemento água possui em todas as culturas um valor simbólico, ancestral, sendo possível rastrear, ao longo da história da humanidade, a importância que a água teve e tem para as diferentes culturas e os valores simbólicos que lhe foram sendo atribuídos. De objeto de culto a símbolo de vida, a água surge também associada a diferentes práticas culturais. Nesta medida, encontramos referências à água na literatura ou na pintura e constatamos que, nestas expressões, são evidenciados os valores simbólicos que cada comunidade atribui ao elemento água. Assim, tendo por base a importância e os valores simbólicos do elemento água em diferentes culturas, em diferentes práticas culturais e em diferentes expressões, revisitamos os constructos simbólicos associados ao elemento água na literatura, muito particularmente num género de cariz oral: o romanceiro. De modo muito particular, pretendemos analisar as opções linguísticas do campo lexical de água em romances da tradição oral moderna ibérica, procurando verificar em que medida as formas linguísticas presentes nos textos contribuem para a (en)formação de valores metafóricos do elemento água e em que medida são o alicerce de um constructo simbólico.

Resumo Introdução A fluoretação das águas de abastecimento tem sido apontada em estudos nacionais e internacionais como a mais eficiente e equânime forma de acesso a fluoretos na prevenção da cárie dentária. Objetivo Relatar os resultados do heterocontrole nas águas de abastecimento público do município de Colombo/PR, no período de dezembro de 2013 a novembro de 2014. Método Foram coletadas amostras mensais em 15 Unidades Básicas de Saúde, em dias da semana aleatórios, no período de 12/2013 a 11/2014. As amostras foram analisadas pelo método eletrométrico na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal Fluminense. Resultados Foram analisadas 180 amostras, que variaram de

Copyright of World Water Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The fluoridation of water supply has been pointed out in national and international studies as the most efficient and equal way of accessing fluorides in the prevention of dental caries. Objective: To report the results of heterocontrol in public water supply in the municipality of Colombo/PR, from December 2013 to November 2014. Method: The samples were monthly collected in 15 Basic Health Units, on random days of the week, from 12/2013 to 11/2014. The samples were analyzed by the electrometric method at the Faculty of Dentistry of Fluminense Federal University. Results: 180 samples were analyzed, ranging from <0.001 to 1.480 mg/L (mean 0.715 ± 0.232 mg/L). According to the criteria established by the Collaborating Center of the Ministry of Health in Oral Health Surveillance, 51.11% of the samples had adequate fluoride levels, 13.34% above ideal fluoride levels, and 35.56% below ideal levels. Conclusion: Heterocontrol could represent one of the main strategies of oral health surveillance, and, therefore, it should be implemented and carried out in all regions that use fluoridated water, in order to guarantee the maintenance of optimal fluoride levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]