Search

Belgian public accounting, which is continuously evolving, has to meet international standards. The aim of thispaper is to describe the current Belgian public accounting systems and to analyze their compliance with IPSAS1, 6 and 22, key points of modern accounting.We first describe the development of Belgian public accounting since 1846. We then focus on the 2003accounting reform, and more specifically its content and its triggering factors. The level of implementation ofthis reform in the different Belgian public entities is then studied. We also make a presentation of IPSASstandards and a list of factors that contribute to or hinder their adoption, followed by an assessment of thecurrent state of their implementation in the world. Finally, we evaluate the compliance of Belgian publicaccounting with IPSAS 1, 6 and 22. We conclude that the implementation of the 2003 accounting reform as wellas the compliance with IPSAS standards vary greatly from one entity to another. In Belgium, public accountingis being modernized but IPSAS do not seem to interest public authorities. Indeed, although accrual accounting ismore and more used in public entities, IPSAS have disadvantages and are still incomplete to meet therequirements of public sector.

Creating a unified accounting area within the European Union is a priority. Situated between International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) and accrual basis, European Public Sector Accounting Standards (EPSAS) make a challenge that national public accounting systems must cope. The aim of this study is to understand the changes promoted by the EU accounting reform with a focus on EPSAS references. Both research questions are based on determining the extent to which EPSAS will have as a benchmark the current public accounting systems in the EU member states. Grounded on a holistic approach, the results reveal the complexity of transition, by analysing the current position of the EU countries in terms of accounting system, as a start point for EPSAS application. The findings reveal that internalisation process is extremely complex. These results are useful for all stakeholders involved in elaborating and applying these standards at the European and national level.

Since the nineties, UK has been progressively adopting a Governmental accounting reform purporting to interpret and mimic accounting standards and practices from the private sector. Since 2009, the UK set of accounting standards applicable to the whole of central government entities is based upon the international accounting standards (IFRS) initially designed for commercial enterprises, the latter standards having extensively inspired the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). This article summarizes the main pattern of this English accounting reform and analyses some theoretical and practical concerns raised by its application of a fair value accounting model to the public administration. Among others, these concerns are illustrated by the case of public private partnerships (PPP, PFI) that have been held off balance sheet (eluding then accounting and budgetary controls) notwithstanding their material impact on English public deficit and debt. The paper drives then relevant considerations and implications for representation and control of public deficit and debt in UK and in general.

In the movement of new public management, government accounting reform is increasingly becoming a topic of concern. The focus point of new public management in China is to build a high-efficiency, democratic and open government, which puts forward new challenges to government financial information disclosure. Although the budget accounting system in China has been reformed for several times, and has achieved remarkable success, we have not yet established a mature government accounting. It still focuses on budget management, and does not fully reflect the situation that our government manages public resources, so it can not help government free its public accountability and win public trust. The aim of establishing and perfecting government accounting according to new public management is to integrate with international accounting practices. Based on China's unique political and economic system and sociocultural environment, this paper explores the improvement of our government’s new financial reporting system from different angles. We points out the requirements for government financial reporting of new public management, and analyzes existing problems of our government financial reporting. Finally, we put forward some countermeasures.

Особливості функціонування установ бюджетної сфери зумовлюють необхідність дослідження нових методологічних та організаційних підходів до ведення бухгалтерського обліку, оскільки специфіка їх діяльності висуває особливі вимоги до формування інформації, необхідної для облікових та контрольних цілей. Ринкові умови господарювання вимагають використання нових принципів, форм і методів управління у бюджетній сфері, що у свою чергу підвищує вимоги до об'єктивності економічної інформації, головним джерелом якої є бухгалтерський облік. The peculiarities of the functioning of the budget sphere institutions are determined the need to explore new methodological and organizational approaches to accounting, because the specificity of their activities is put forward special requirements for the formation of the information necessary for accounting and control objectives. Market conditions require use new principles, forms and methods of management in the budget sphere, which is in its own the queue raises the requirements for the objectivity of economic information, the main thing the source of which is accounting.

At present, to accelerate the Chinese estab lishment of enterp rise internal control, it is necessary to continuously im prove Chinese ente rprise internal control standard system and emphasize on the establishment of enterprise internal control implementation mechanism. To continuously improve Chinese enterprise internal control standard system The study on Chinese enterprise internal contro l standard develops gradually along with the recovery of China’ s auditing. In 1980s, the academ ia firstly t ook the lead in exploration and research on this field. In the m iddle and later period of 1990s, relevant au thorities in finance, state-owned assets, etc. gradually realized the significance of internal control to ensure the legality, truthfulness and validity of enterprise operatio n and m anagement, and began paying attention to formulation of internal control standard and prom otion of establishment of enterprise in ternal controls. However, on the one hand, the theoretical research and practices operating in Chinese enterprise internal control start late at a lowe r level, and it’s impossible for China to consciously form a clear and definite m ain line and center o n the line to establish an internal control standard system at the very beginning bei ng like crossing a rive r by feeling his w ay over the stones; on the other hand, under the planned econom ic system w ith the influence of industrially centralize d administration of Chinese enterprise, the formula tion of internal contro l standard was lar gely administered in an industry-specific m ode, that is, each industrial authority or departm ent formulated separate standard for specific industry. This system of multiple leaderships benefited reflect the special requirements of some industries for internal cont rol system to certain extent, but was not helpful to form a unified standard syst em. Therefore, for a long tim e, China hadn’ t a recognized and authoritative intern al control standard docum ent, let alone form ing a scientific internal control elem ent framework and sta ndard system. It was until June 2008 that The Basic Standard for Enterprise Internal Control was jointly printed and re leased by five Chinese government authorities and regulators, nam ely the Ministry of Finance of the People’ s Republic of China, China Securities Regulatory Commission, National Audit Office, China Banking Regulatory Commission, and China Insurance Regulatory Commission, which builds the basic fram ework for Chinese enterprises to establis h and im plement internal contro l. On April 26, 2010, these five authorities and regulators jointly issued The Enterprise Internal Control Supporting Guidelines, including 18 item s of The Enterprise Internal Control Application Guideline, The Enterprise Internal Control Assessment Guideline and The Enterprise Internal Control Audit Guideline. The release of this basic st andard and supporting guidelines m arked the basic establishment of Chinese enterprise internal control s tandard system. Chinese newly -established enterprise internal control standard system gives full play to the late-m over advantage, borrows a lot f rom internationally advanced internal control standard like COSO’s Internal Control-Integrated Framework, and aligns with internal standard in all m ajor aspects wi th striving for some i nnovation and breakthrough. However, as a new thing, it needs improvem ent in the ever -changing practices. To this end, we should especially pay attention to the following matters: 1. To attach great importance to legislation for enterprise internal control standard Developed European countries a nd America have attached great importance to legislation for enterprise internal control and establish ed a multip le-level enterprise internal control standard system based on their own conditio ns and legal traditions. I n this system, basic laws, such as the International Conference on Education Technology and Information System (ICETIS 2013) © 2013. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 808 basic laws of comm erce, the sub ject laws of commerce (like com pany law), securities laws, accounting laws, etc., often genera lly stipulate the m ajor matters with respect to enterprise accounting regulation and enterprise governance structure, then, on the legal level, the com petent administrative organs formulate concrete rules a nd regulations to sp ecifically detail the le gal requirements and additionally often support and recognize detailed operational guidelines and research reports prepared by relevant bodies (legislative advisory bodies or professional bodies). As a result, a com plete, inter-coordinated and operationa l standard system is for med. It is especially notable that before Enron event in 2001, basically , there was no special legi slation for enterprise internal control initiated in each country, but only nine m onths after this event, exactly on June 18, 2002, U.S. Senate Banking Committee passed Listed Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act in 2002, namely, The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and formulated implementation rules and operational guidelines to perform this act. EU and its inside major members also examined and reformed their company law and corporate governance rules, partly referring to The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and partly reviewing and im proving their own corporate gove rnance and internal control practices. Foresaid international experi ence shows that m any countries are paying m ore and m ore attention to the role of law in adjustment of enterprise internal control. China should also follow the trend to supplem ent and im prove relevant universal standard of internal control by am ending its existing laws and regulations like Accounting Law, Company Law and Securities Law, and put important matters of internal control in to law to inc rease the ef fectiveness of those laws. For example, present legislation can m ake mandatory provisions for the enterpri ses’ financial report control and governance structure as a dominant part while making advocacy provisions for principle of other fields. At the sam e time, Coordination shall be intensif ied between rules or no rmative documents prepared by dif ferent departments to avoid differentiated understanding and appeals of industry sectors with respect to internal control due to privat e interests and knowledge limitation. The forms of Departmental re gulations and norm ative documents should be intensified and stabilized, so as to ef fectively solve the problem of multiple leaderships, differential requirements and enterprises’ confusion and to practically increase the regulatory efficiency for internal control and reduce regulatory costs. 2. To attach great importance to interaction and interconnection of enterprise internal control with other relevant matters Enterprise internal control directly affects three key groups of stakeholders, nam ely, enterprise owner and operator , state regulator and independent auditor , which covers risk co ntrol, financial management, governance structure, strategic devel opment, etc., and involves international m arket, domestic market, physical m arket and virtual ma rket under the context of economic globalization and asset securitization. Som e standards seem slight, but actually ar e highly interconnected. Therefore, when reviewing, fo rmulating, applying and improving Chinese enterprise internal control standard, the democratic and scientific decision-making mechanism shall be consolid ated strongly, and the activity, initiative, and creativity of all aspects concerned shall be aroused fully to provide strong intellectual supports for establishing a high-quality inte rnal control standard system; characteristics of financial industr y and financial risk shall be fully considered, the initiative shall be taken to com ply with financial laws and regul ations, three guidelines with respect to banking, securities and insurance shall be iss ued as soon as possible; relation between external regulatory requirements and internal m anagement requirements shall be m anaged well, enterprise’ s endogenous impetus shall be strengthened; m andatory legal requirem ents for im portant internal control matters shall be raised, more importantly, optional examples shall be available for various enterprises to estab lish and im prove internal control system; the interconn ection relation of accounting rules, au diting rules, in ternal control standard and accounting education with talent evaluation, informationization construction and credit system construction shall be studied and analyzed, the relation of certified public accountant auditing with corporate self-evaluation shall be managed well, and a mechanism to discover problems through self-evaluation and external auditing shall be established to give f ull play to ove rall interconnection effect and to better serve the

This paper briefly outlines the significant issues that occur during the implementation of the accrual principle accounting in the public sector in the context of the reform of accounting of public finance in the Czech Republic. The reform mostly regards government organizational units, self-governing territorial units and allowance organizations. The objective of the paper is to describe the transformation process from state accounting to accrual principle accounting in the Czech Republic and to identify the main problems associated with the introduction of accrual principle. Authors summarize these key problems with the use of questionnaire survey results at the municipal level in the Czech Republic. According to the research presented in this paper, the ongoing reform has not provided the intended transparency of accounting in selected entities and these tend to have an impression of their efforts being wasted by doing unnecessary work. Drawing on the above facts, approaches to the public finance accounting reform by central authorities and municipalities are different. However, we can say that the reform was launched to improve the situation of users of financial statements and had been needed for many years because public sector accounting regulations were incomplete and non-uniform.

Puzpose - The purpose of this study is to investigate factors influencing management accounting change, with a focus on costing practices, in Thai public universities. Design/metlzodology/appmach - Reports the results of a survey forwarded to the Chief Financial Officers of all 78 Thai public universities. Findings - Findings indicate that the majority of Thai public universities are implementing changes to the costing practices. The main catalysts for change have come f•om both external and internal sources (the govermnent and university management). The Thai government requires public agencies to adapt their management accounting practices in line with New Public Management (NPM) and adopt modern cost accounting practices as used in the private sector. University management also need improved cost information for planning and control purposes to meet the challenges of reduced government funding and increased self management of university affairs. The development of service costs has been important to meet both government and university cost needs. Of the 63 useable responses, 49.21% of the respondents have adopted activity based costing (ABC), however to date only I 6.13% are able to assess the costing change as positive. Lack of appropriate software, difficulty in gathering data on cost drivers and lack of accounting staff understanding of what is required are the main barriers to ABC adoption and successful implementation in Thai public universities. Practical implications - The findings may be helpful to those who are involved in accounting reform in the public sector as it provides further insight into the introduction of NPM practices in a developing counny. -Originality/value - This paper presents a

China has undergone significant economic reform since 1978. The transformation from a centrally planned economy to a socialist market economy created the need for corresponding reform of the accounting regulatory framework. The accounting reform has culminated in the promulgation of the Enterprise Accounting Standard by the PRC Ministry of Finance effective from July 1, 1993. This review article analyzes the reasons for the recent accounting reform in China and its direction towards harmonization with international accounting standards and practices. The old and the new accounting regulatory frameworks are compared and contrasted. Some problems and prospects also are discussed.

The paper attempts an evaluation of the initial measures of accounting reform legislation undertaken in each of the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the context of the successful struggle for the restoration of national independence and a transition from the command economy to a market economy.

The paper provides a theoretical construct as a frame of reference for understand-ing the possibilities for, and the nature of, accounting change in the former socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Within its context some of the practical issues arising from the accounting reform measures are considered.

The paper commences with a consideration of the objectives of accounting reform in Romania and proceeds to a review of the principles of accounting introduced. Next, there is provided an overview of the new accounting system and the newly created accounting profession. Finally, the current preoccupations of accounting specialists are considered.

New Public Management" requires the introduction of competition within the Government to increase financial transparency and improve government performance. The major role of financial reporting is the effective transfer of financial data to people who are outside the organization in a way that is valid and timely one of the most important goals of which is to provide necessary data to evaluate the function of an economic agencies and its ability to make profits. The necessary condition to achieve this is to provide financial data in such a way that the evaluation of the previous functions becomes possible and effective in measuring the ability to make profits and in predicting future activities of economic agencies. The major role of financial reporting is the effective transfer of financial data to people who are outside the organization in a way that is valid and timely; one of the most important goals of which is to provide necessary data to evaluate the function of an economic agencies and its ability to make profits. Government accounting and financial reporting aims to protect and manage public money and discharge accountability. These purposes, and the nature of public goods and tax financing, give rise to differences with commercial accounting. In order to achieve ambitious socioeconomic goals, developing countries require public sector institutional capacity for setting and implementing public policy, which in turn necessitates government accounting reform. The social value of government accounting reform therefore lies in its contribution to development goals, including poverty reduction. Public accountability of government is demonstrated in part by accounting standards that require fair presentation and full disclosure. In the United States, many of these standards are developed by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). The paper revealed that the effective implementation of development policies and programmes is anchored on purity of action, honesty of purpose, probity and integrity, which are important hallmarks of accountability and transparency. Financial reporting is the best index of accountability. The accountability and control apparatus in the public service has some minimum technical components that should elicit tolerable standards of accountability and transparency. There are reasonable regulations, adequate albeit outdated accounting procedures, stringent sanctions and financial auditing. The major problem however, is with the human component indices of commitment, honesty, integrity and transparency. The apparatus for managerial and programme accountability are either weak or non-existent. Consequently, the quality of the financial statements should be improved, the system should create room to inculcate both managerial and programme accountability apparatus. The human component-individual accountability should be seriously considered. Key words: Public accountability, government, accounting reform, government financial.

Due to the economic globalization, the international convergence of accounting standards is inevitable. But thelevel of economic globalization in among of countries are not the same. There are some differences inaccounting environment in the countries. This paper studies international convergence of Vietnamese accountingstandards. Firstly, the paper summarizes of the process of Vietnam's accounting reform, second analysisdifferences between Vietnamese accounting standards and International accounting standards. Finally, proposedstrategy convergence of Vietnamese accounting standards and International accounting standards.

This Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC) provides an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of the existing financial reporting infrastructure that underpins financial accounting and auditing practices in Cape Verde. The assessment focuses on six pillars of financial reporting infrastructure: statutory framework, professional education and training, accountancy profession, accounting standards, auditing standards, and monitoring and enforcement of the applicable standards. The main purpose of this assessment is to assist the development and implementation of a country action plan for strengthening institutional capacity with attendant effects on enhancing corporate financial reporting in Cape Verde. The findings reveal that Cape Verde has recognized the importance of a strong corporate financial reporting architecture. In terms of accounting and auditing standards, Cape Verde adapted International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for the private companies and fully adopted IFRS for banking and insurance institutions sector. However, there is no tradition of financial analysis in the country (except within the financial institutions when issuing credit) and no credit-rating agencies. The banks do not rely on corporate financial statements; generally, the lenders manage credit risks using collaterals. The Bank of Cape Verde mandated IFRS for banks and insurance companies in 2008. In addition, the capacity of regulators would be built to cope with the demands of IFRS-compliant financial reporting. The central bank would include in its scope the regulation of micro-finance institutions, which are currently unregulated. In order to improve the legal framework of corporate financial reporting, there is need to enact a Financial Reporting Act with focus on all regulatory aspects of accounting and auditing.

This thesis deals with bookkeeping of self-governing territorial units since year 2010. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part are characterized self-governing territorial units and the basic principles of community. The next chapter deals with the financial reform that completely changes the accounting in public administration and describes the major changes that the reform has brought. The practical part is focused on a particular entity, Dešenice township, where the most significant changes are summarized and also the impact that financial reform has brought there.

In this paper the microeconomic cost theories are presented as a basic solution for company management in crisis situations. Though the crisis management must be in compliance with accounting legislation. The present accounting methodologies are practiced for last twenty years so they can be analyzed for their strength and weakness. The same is true for managerial accounting and controlling even though their form, organization, and specialization are determined by accounting units themselves. This paper concentrates not only on an assessment of the relations between the rightful legislation and the managerial accounting but also on methods used in company practice currently. Web of Science 60 2 264 245

The thesis deals with an analysis of property in the selected village. The thesis is divided into two parts -- the theoretical-methodological and the practical part. In the theoretical part, there are described particular terms concerning the budget management of municipalities, accounting reform and community property. In another, theoretical-methodological part, there is introduced an approach to the accounting of municipality property in connection with the reform of the state accounting. In the practical part, there is analyzed budget management of town, the property structure at the selected village, chosen procedure of depreciation and there is mentioned the relationship between depreciation and funding of new assets. In the thesis, there are described concrete examples of depreciation. Finally, there is evaluated the whole process and there are mentioned recommendations and objections.

This thesis deals with the accounting reform and its impal on the economy in terms of specific municipalities of the České Velenice 2009, 2010 and 2011. The work id devided in two parts. The first part is theoretical, this section describes the general characteristics of minicipalities, budget and accounting reform. The sekond part is ractical and in this part applies an accounting reform in the specific municipalities České Velenice, analyze income and expenditure, management and implementation of budgets.

In November 1990, in response to tremendous changes in its socioeconomic environment, the People's Republic of China released Enterprise Accounting Standards No. 1—Fundamental Standards (the Draft). This paper highlights major similarities and disparities of accounting standards between the Draft and the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) conceptual framework concerning accounting assumptions, basic principles, implementation constraints and accounting elements. The format of financial statements, additional disclosure requirements and characteristics of the Draft are presented. The analysis of the Draft shows that conservatism plays an ambiguous role in the current accounting reform in the People's Republic of China but substantially affects relevant accounting standards .

Many countries of the former Soviet Union, including Moldova, are facing the challenge of building a strong economy that will lead to long-term economic stability. Like other former Soviet States, Moldova has had to undertake a total transition from a planned economy to a market economy. Economic reform in Moldova has been a slow, painful process with high unemployment rates. During the past 10 years, Moldova has made significant economic reforms, but much is yet to be accomplished. The purpose of this paper is to examine the accounting reforms that have taken place in the Republic of Moldova since 1991, when they declared their independence from the former Soviet Union. This paper will present background information on the Republic of Moldova, and examine the objectives of accounting reform, accounting practice reforms, and accounting education reforms.

In 1992, China was committed developing a complete set of accounting and auditing standards that would meet international accounting standards. This article summarizes the progress made in the area of accounting, auditing standards and securities regulation from 1992- 2002 and highlights some of the challenges that remain for China.

I investigate whether the recognition of previously disclosed accounting items is associated with a change in market valuation after Financial Accounting Standard (FAS) 158 requires defined benefit (DB) pension sponsors to recognize the net funded status (NFS). This question is especially relevant given the current debate whether regulators should require the recognition of operating leases. I investigate whether the NFS reflects economic information that is used in the valuation process. I find that sponsors of underfunded DB plans are associated with higher valuation after the NFS is recognized, consistent with a reduction in investors’ estimation risk. I find that the cost of capital of non DB sponsors increases by 70 basis points more than it does for DB sponsors in the post period, perhaps attributable to increased financial reporting transparency after the recognition event. My inferences are stronger when I incorporate the effect of analyst following into my estimation model.

Manuscript Type: Perspective Research Issue: Perceived as a pure social science, prominent accounting scholars agree that the current accounting development overemphasizes on rules, and this has wide negative impacts on accounting education and research. Thus, accounting reform is necessary even though it is still unclear the direction of the reform. Research Findings/Insights: The basic thesis of this study is that accounting is an application of mathematics because accounting was documented in the mathematics book and written by Luca Pacioli as a mathematics professor. Firstly, this study shows the inappropriateness of current accounting teaching methods. Specifically, this study shows that the use of debits and credits is purely the application of mathematics. Secondly, this study identifies the limitation of the definition of financial statement elements, and proposes the alternative redefinition of the elements. Thirdly, this study shows that the use of a mathematical perspective helps accounting profession to solve current accounting issues. Finally, this study proposes the development of three pillars, i.e. mathematics, rules, and art, in a balanced manner to do accounting reform. Theoretical/Academic/Policy Implications: This study provides a “new” perspective that the accounting development is based on the history of accounting itself, i.e. accounting as an application of mathematics. Using the mathematical perspective, not only do accounting scholars improve the accounting education but also we innovate accounting research agenda. In addition, this study offers insights to accounting standard boards interested in developing a global uniform of financial accounting standard that effectively work.

In my bachelor's thesis I deal with accounting reform in the sphere of public finance and its impact on accounting and reporting of state allowance organizations. At first are characterized state allowance organizations. Accounting reform in the sphere of public finance is solved below. The accounting reform is divided into several parts, that are in the thesis successively describing. At the end of the thesis are solved changes in accounting of state allowance organizations since 1. 1. 2010.

The theses is aimed to the analyse of the economy of allowance organisation Školní jídelna Králíky, Moravská 647, especially on changes made after accounting reform from 1. 1. 2010 for selected accounting units, which influence accounting and management of these units.

This bachelor thesis deals with the accounting reform of the state and focuses on municipalities and the depreciation of their fixed assets. At the beginning, there are basic characteristics of municipalities, then there is mentioned accounting before the reform. This accounting was focused on the cash principle of accounting and fixed assets. Another part deals with changes in the accounting including aims of the reform. It describes the principle of accrual accounting, changes in the chart of accounts. This part is specialized in fixed assets and depreciation methods. The last part compares the accounting before the reform and after the reform. The differences are expressed by examples of fixed assets.

The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The first part describes the characteristics of the municipality, the municipal authorities and the competence and also budget, including budget structure and budget process. A large part is devoted to reform in public sector accounting. The second part is practical and a short characteristic of the village is followed by analysis budget of the village Kadlín between 2006 and 2010. First, the analysis concentrates on revenue, expenditures and then to the end is a comparison the balance of revenue and expenditure and profit.

This paper is based on the fact that the adoption of the current general accounting plan (PGC) 2007 and its entry into force in 2008 has changed the framework for the standardized presentation of accounting information of Spanish agricultural cooperatives. So, the sector accounting adjustment for the cooperative entities contained in the Order of December 16, 2003 has required a deep review under the amendments made by the PGC 2007, since a large part of its content was obsolete or was contrary to the new rules of PGC 2007, which has resulted in the adoption of a new accounting regulation specific to the cooperative sector, which entered into force on January 1, 2011. Thus, this study develops a comparative analysis between the two regulatory standards, in order to check whether it has increased the usefulness of the accounting system as a tool for decision making in the field of agricultural cooperation, so as to raise the effectiveness and efficiency of economic management of these specific entities. Key words: Agricultural cooperatives, accounting reform, sector accounting plan, financial information, international financial reporting standards.

My bachelor thesis deals with the impact of the reform of public finance accounting and reporting of contributory organizations. Although contributory organizations from enterprises differ in their accounting system because of differences in profit and nonprofit companies, the reform seeks to synchronize the two systems. In my work I try to compare the accounts in contributory organizations before and after the reform of the reform and to highlight the most significant differences. I describe the reform process and its most important goals. In the second section I focus on the contributory organization local governing unit Home for the elderly Chýnov. I present data from an accounting journal, where I try to explain the changes that occurred as a result of the reform.

The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to describe accounting reform, which is now implementing in Czech republic. Given that this reform is very extensive, only the most important reform measures are listed and described in this work. The thesis also deals with the central system of state accounting information and the practical impact of the reform of state accounting on a specific selected entity.

This paper examines the hypothesis that major episodes of insider trading and business fraud promote accounting reforms. During the 1860s and 1870s, the markets for Comstock mining shares reeled from one scandal after another. Eventually these scandals emerged as a leading political issue in California. The frauds contributed significantly to the passage of accounting and financial reporting reforms in 1880. The Comstock episode has implications for modern day instances of insider trading.

This bachelor thesis is aimed on the analysis of management of funds formed by the allowance organizations and the changes resulting for the allowance organizations from the accounting reform. There are generally characterised the allowance organizations and construed problems of particular funds formed by the allowance organizations in the theoretical part. In the practical part, there is analysed management of funds of the chosen allowance organizations in 2008. There is presented the accounting reform in the sphere of public finance and how does it affect management of allowance organizations in the conclusion.

This thesis concentrates basic principles of budgetary control of municipalities and accounting reform which changed accounting of municipalities since the year 2010. The thesis is divided into to main parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is concerned with two main themes - budgetary control of municipalities and creating state accounting. This part describes terms such as budget, budget outlook, budget process or classification of budget. The text of this part also describes a new conception of state accounting. Practical part deals with detailed analysis of budgetary control of municipality Sedlec between years 2006 and 2009. Practical part also contains a commentary on course of the accounting reform in specific conditions of the municipality Sedlec.

This thesis deals with the accounting reform from 2010 with a focus on municipalities. The goal is to describe the changes and compare and evaluate the situation in 2010 to the original state of accounting in 2009. For the completion this task, the thesis uses the data of the specific municipality of Kamenný Most. Much attention is dedicated to the description of the new accounting methods in the accounting of municipalities, including their practical use and their influence on the final statements of the municipality.

This thesis deals with the ongoing accounting reforms in public administration. It outlines key changes to accounting and financial reporting from the perspective of local governments. The goal is to evaluate the benefits of reform, and in certain moments to suggest solutions to problems that in terms of explanatory power of the information presented was greater user effect. The practical focus of the thesis is an analysis of budget execution of the municipal district Prague - Nebušice from the perspective of the user, in the context of the financial statements.

The bachelor work deals with the problems of financial management of municipalities, focusing on the implementation of the budget of Caslav in years 2007-2009. The work is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The aim of the theoretical part is to outline the issues, define the status of municipalities, their power and sphere of authority. This section also outlines the general issues of management, budget of the municipality and accounting reform. The practical part is focused on the city of Caslav, its history and present, and is mainly carried out as a detailed analysis of the implementation of the budget revenues and expenditures. This part also evaluates the overall financial management of Caslav in 2007-2009.

This bachelor thesis deals with accounting of self-governing territorial units from 2010 onwards, after the start of the accounting reform of public finances. There is characterized non-profit sector in the work and the role of self-governing territorial units in it. A separate chapter is devoted to accounting reform, because an accounting of self-governing territorial units is built on it from 2010. The reform completely changes the view on public accounting. The last part focuses on examples of bookkeeping of selected areas, particularly those that have changed the most compared to previous years. These are transfers, reserves, depreciation of fixed assets, adjustments and closing the books.

This master thesis deals with the characteristics of budgetary management of the municipalities. The thesis is divided into 2 parts. The theoretical part characterizes municipalities in the Czech Republic -- their legislative framework, scope and their institutions and analyzes the accounting transformation which is valid from 1st January 2010 for local government units. The practical part of the thesis focuses on the analysis of incomes and expenditures of Prague 6 and the fulfilling of its budget in the timeline 2006-2009.

The goal of this bachelor thesis is to describe an individual reform steps. This thesis cannot take down the entire process of the accounting reform because of the fact, that this reform was being in progress in a few steps and is concerned with the whole public sector. On this account there are mentioned the most important reform steps in this thesis in conjunction with the impact on employees and municipal council.

In May 2009 the latest state-initiated accounting reform in Germany has been finished. Although German Commercial Code is made by parliament, especially academic experts play a vital role in accounting reform processes throughout Germany. As there may be various reasons for an engagement of academics in accounting standard setting an analysis of their participation was done with re-spect to the introduction of fair value accounting for financial instruments held for trading (which at the end of the process was one of the most intensely discussed topics). It turns out that most arguments used by academics in this debate were rather negative towards fair value accounting. The paper tries to explain these attitudes based on German accounting history. German accounting history and tradition seems to provide some interesting insights that may guide German ac-counting academics in their opinion on fair value accounting.

The links between accounting and economic system have been addressed through the publications on capitalism. But the empirical studies dedicated to the relations between accounting and economy are quite rare as these two objects, traditionally, belong to two distinctive fields. The transition literature has shown that any economic transition process is accompanied by the accounting reform. Therefore, the economic transition appeals as the ideal empirical field to revisit the seminal links between accounting and economic system. We have selected the process of the Vietnamese transition for our empirical study. The study carried out on the case of Vietnam will illustrate the interpenetration between the accounting transition and the economic transition., Les liens entre comptabilité et système économique ont été depuis longtemps étudiés au travers des construits conceptuels sur le capitalisme par les auteurs de différents champs de littérature. Rares sont les travaux empiriques sur les relations d'interdépendance entre ces objets d'étude qui traditionnellement relèvent de deux domaines distincts, l'économie et la comptabilité. La transition économique post-communiste, décrite comme la transformation d'une économie centralisée et planifiée vers un système d'économie de marché de type capitaliste, est systématiquement accompagnée par des réformes de la comptabilité. Elle constitue donc un terrain idéal pour revisiter ces liens indissociables entre comptabilité et système économique. L'analyse historique sur la réforme comptable vietnamienne cherche à montrer que les deux trajectoires économique et comptable ne sont pas indépendantes mais imbriquées l'une dans l'autre.

Country Studies.- Accounting Reforms in Bosnia and Herzegovina Since 1992.- Converting Enterprise Accounting Systems in Emerging Economies: A Case Study of Bosnia.- Banking Reform in China.- Accounting Reform in Croatia.- Accounting Reform in the Czech Republic.- Development of Accounting and Implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards in Estonia.- Accounting Reform in Lithuania.- Accounting Systems and Structures in Poland.- Accounting Reform and the Role of Cultural and Historical Paradigms in Transitional Economies of Eastern Europe: The Case of Russia.- Prospects of Transition of the Russian Banking Sector to International Accounting Standards.- A Reemerging Professional in an Emerging Market: The Story of the Modern Serbian Accountancy Profession.- Reform of Slovak Accounting.- Spain and the Transition to IFRS.- The Changing Financial System in Taiwan.- Accounting Education.- Reforming Accounting Education in a Transition Economy: A Case Study of Armenia.- Accounting and Business Education in China.- Accounting Education in the Republic of Croatia.- Accounting Education in the Czech Republic: A Case Study.- The Development of Accounting Higher Education in the Czech Republic.- Quality and Effectiveness of PreQualification Education of Professional Accountants in the Czech Republic.- Accounting Education in Russia and the USA: A Comparative Study.- Accounting Education in the Slovak Republic.- Comments from a Fly on the Wall: An Outsider's Inside View of Ukrainian Education.- Teaching and Training of International Accounting Standards in Former Soviet Republics and the Balkans 1994-2005.- Accounting Certification.- International Accounting Certification in the CIS, Eastern and Central Europe.- Accounting Certification in the Russian Language.- Accounting Certification in Central Asia.- Accounting Certification in Russia.- Accounting Certification in Ukraine.- Certification of Accountants in Georgia.- Accounting Certification in the Slovak Republic.- Corporate Governance.- Corporate Governance in Russia: Concept and Reality.- Timeliness of Financial Reporting in the Russian Energy Sector.- The Timeliness of Financial Reporting and the Russian Banking System: An Empirical Study.- Corporate Governance in the Slovak Republic.- Public Finance.- Opinions on the Ethics of Tax Evasion: A Comparative Study of Ten Transition Economies.

Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco International are just a few examples of public companies involved in the biggest accounting scandals in the history of the United States. American investors expected CEOs and CFOs of these companies to be honest, and the auditors were expected to do their job sincerely and truthfully. The American investors also relied on the federal government to have rules and regulations to monitor their investments, and for multiple decades, the Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) kept American businesses honest. However, “unfortunately, the existing statutory scheme did not safeguard American investors from Enron, WorldCom and others.” As a consequence, the US Congress passed the Sarbanes Oxley Act (SOX) (also known as Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act) in 2002. Though Sarbanes Oxley has its benefits, it has also come under a lot of criticism. This paper attempts to review the benefits of the Sarbanes Oxley Act, its criticisms and the role it plays in ensuring higher ethical standards for publicly traded American businesses.

This paper discusses the process being used in Bosnia to convert the books of Bosnian enterprises so that they will comply with the new Bosnian accounting standards, which are identical to International Accounting Standards. Bosnian accountants were generally not familiar with the new rules, since most practicing accountants did not study them at the university. So the conversion process had to start by educating Bosnian accountants in the new rules. This process began with a series of seminars, followed by on-site visits to enterprises. Audit firms also had to be trained so that they would be able to audit the books of the enterprises. The process used to accomplish this task is similar in some respects to the process USAID used in its other accounting reform projects. But the Bosnian case is also different in some important respects.

This paper describes and summarizes the accounting education segment of the USAID Accounting Reform project in Armenia. After a brief introduction that discusses the history and culture of Armenia, the paper goes into a discussion of the major aspects of accounting education reform. Education reform included replacing the accounting curriculum of all the major universities and institutions in Armenia as well as training existing certified accountants and auditors and enterprise accountants. Accounting training was provided for other groups as well. There is also some discussion of the new certification model, which closely parallels the ACCA model, and some of the implementation problems that arose during the course of the reforms.