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Two studies investigated change in computer science (CS) students’ implicit intelligence beliefs. Across both studies, we found that the strength of incremental and entity beliefs changed across time. In Study 1, we found that incremental beliefs decreased and entity beliefs increased across the semester. Change in implicit intelligence beliefs was similar for students taking introductory and upper-division courses. In Study 2, growth curve analysis revealed a small linear change in incremental beliefs across time but no change in entity beliefs—these trends were similar for students enrolled in introductory and upper-division CS courses. Across both studies, change in implicit intelligence beliefs was not associated with academic achievement in CS. Findings provide preliminary evidence that shifts in implicit intelligence beliefs occur as students progress through the CS curriculum. Finally, findings support that mindset interventions may be more effective if delivered at the beginning of the semester before shifts in beliefs occur.

Petalidium konkiepense Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk, sp. nov. (Figs 1 & 2) Diagnosis: —A woody dwarf shrub up to 1 m tall, morphologically most similar to Petalidium linifolium, differing by having the leaf lamina oblanceolate or rarely a few narrowly lanceolate (sensu Lindley), flat, subconduplicate to conduplicate towards the apex (vs. linear or narrowly lanceolate [sensu Lindley], flat, often recurved towards the apex), pale green or yellow-green and not glossy (vs. pale to bright green and glossy, covered with a glutinous secretion), with midrib and 1–4 principal lateral veins each side (vs. principal lateral veins absent), venation prominent both sides (vs. adaxially only), indumentum puberulent, abaxially often with widely spaced short-stalked glandular and robust long-stalked multi-cellular glandular trichomes in addition (vs. glabrous, except for short conical trichomes adaxially). Type: — NAMIBIA.|| Kharas Region: Bethanien District, Farm Soutkuil 181. Along track to Farm Wegdraai 179, ca. 1 km from northernmost farmstead, 2717 AD, 806 m, 26 August 2022, Swanepoel 613 (holotype WIND!; isotypes PRE!, PRU!). Woody, dwarf shrub up to 1 m tall. Stems multi-stemmed from just below or above ground level from thick rootstock or main stem, up to 150 mm in diam., bark rough and fissured, grey or dark brownish grey; older distal stems rigid, cylindrical, bark smooth or longitudinally fissured, cream or white; young stems quadrangular, green, becoming white with age, puberulent, usually with widely spaced, long, robust, multi-cellular glandular or eglandular trichomes, glabrescent, cystoliths visible. Leaves opposite and decussate on new shoots, fascicled on older stems, subsessile; lamina oblanceolate, rarely few narrowly lanceolate (sensu Lindley), flat, often subconduplicate to conduplicate towards apex, often appearing linear (when dry margin strongly involute towards midrib), up to 24.0 × 4.4 mm, pale green, semi-succulent, puberulent, usually with widely spaced short-stalked glandular and robust long-stalked multicellular glandular trichomes on margins and abaxially on venation, apex acute, margin entire, slightly incrassate, midrib and 1–4 principal lateral veins conspicuous, pale green or pale yellow, prominently raised on both surfaces, cystoliths visible on both surfaces, often conspicuous on veins and margins. Flowers solitary, axillary; bracts absent; pedicels (below bracteoles) 3–6 mm long; bracteoles ovate, symmetrical, membranaceous, 15–21 × 9–12 mm, apex attenuate, apiculate, base sub-cordate, cordate, rounded or truncate, white or cream, often violet, indigo or brown in places, venation reticulate, prominent both sides, conspicuous, green, dark green, brown, violet or indigo, puberulent abaxially, with scattered short-stalked glandular trichomes in addition, midrib rectilinear, main veins and margins with widely spaced, robust, long-stalked, multi-cellular glandular and eglandular trichomes up to 4.5 mm long, adaxially glabrous to sparsely puberulent with short-stalked glandular trichomes in places, margins sparsely lanate, cystoliths linear or linear-oblanceolate, visible on midrib and lateral veins, often conspicuous. Calyx 6.1–10.9 mm long including basal tube of 1.6–3.3 mm long, lobes 5, regular, lanceolate, acute, unequal, 2.9–7.0 × 1.2–1.7 mm; puberulous abaxially and with scattered multi-cellular stalked glandular trichomes of various lengths, strigose adaxially with short-stalked glandular trichomes in addition, margins ciliate. Corolla with narrow unexpanded portion of tube cylindrical, slightly narrowing towards expanded part, laterally slightly flattened, 26–37 mm long with lobes straightened, narrow portion 8.0– 11.8 mm long, 1.9–3.6 mm diam., expanded portion 10.0– 11.8 mm long, distal part of narrow portion and expanded portion puberulous outside with scattered short-stalked glandular trichomes in addition, inside of anticous portion towards mouth with few long stiff white hairs, throat puberulous, inside otherwise glabrous; lobes patent, obovate, apices rounded, often retuse or truncate, margins entire, upper lobes free for 80–90%, overlapping, 10.0–11.1 × 7.5–12.5 mm, lateral lobes 10.0–13.1 × 7.0– 13.1 mm, front lobe 10.0–12.6 × 8.0– 13.7 mm, lobes violet (heliotrope), mauve or blue, front lobe with two narrowly triangular nectar guides, the latter pale yellow, indigo or inconspicuous, sometimes prominent, lateral lobes with two narrowly triangular indigo markings towards base; palate chestnut towards base of expanded portion, slightly prominently transversely 6–8-ribbed. Stamens didynamous, inserted dorsally in throat, free parts of filaments fused for 1.4–2.0 mm at base, fused part prominent, adnate to tube, free parts tapering towards apex, flattened, sparingly puberulous with few short-stalked glandular trichomes, longer filament 6.3–8.0 mm long, shorter filament 4.4–5.0 mm long, outer filament trace decurrent to base of tube, puberulous; filament curtain phaulopsoid (Manktelow 2000); anthers 2-thecous, thecae oblong, equal, 3.0– 3.5 mm long with scattered short-stalked glandular trichomes, apex obtuse, base with short lobes (sagittate). Gynoecium ca. 23 mm long; ovary ovoid, laterally compressed, 2.0 × 1.0– 1.3 mm, inserted on fleshy disc, towards apex with scattered short-stalked glandular trichomes; style filiform, 14–19 mm long, puberulous with in addition very short-stalked glandular trichomes, stigma lobes linear, unequal, longer lobe 1.0– 1.6 mm long, shorter lobe ca. 0.5–1.2 mm long. Capsule elliptic, 6.5–7.0 × 3.4–5.0 mm long, tawny, glossy, glabrous; seeds not seen. Phenology: —Flowers and fruit have been recorded from June to September. Distribution and habitat: —At present, Petalidium konkiepense is only known from the area between the lower Fish and Konkiep rivers. All known populations fall within the drainage area of the Konkiep River on the farms Churutabis-Sonntagsbrunn 108, Soutkuil 181, and Bobbejaankrans 180 in southern Namibia (Fig. 3). It occurs in the Northwest Canyon Lands Landscape unit of Burke (2017) on arid hillsides and along drainage lines at elevations of 780–900 m a.s.l., ca. 155 km inland from the Atlantic Ocean. Plants grow in shallow clayey soil among limestone or shale rocks (Fig. 1) of the sedimentary Nama Group (Mendelsohn et al. 2002). Average annual rainfall in the area is less than 50 mm and falls mainly in summer (Mendelsohn et al. 2002). Conservation status: — Petalidium konkiepense is known from only one location with four small sub-populations where it is locally common. Although a brief search at various other localities with seemingly suitable habitat did not reveal any plants, it is probably more widespread than currently known. Petalidium konkiepense is here considered to be in immediate conservation danger due to its restricted distribution. Although protected in the Canyon Nature Park, prolonged droughts and rising temperatures seem to have a negative effect on the species, since in all the subpopulations most plants show signs of die-back and are in poor condition with many dead branches. Admittedly, some plants manage episodic drought by dying back and resprouting, so this is not necessarily an indication that plants are in immediate danger of dying. Hence monitoring of the plants over a longer period of time is recommended to establish the permanence of the observed die-back. Given the small extent of occurrence (EOO) of 119 km ², the single location, and the observed die-back on most of the mature individuals, a conservation status of Endangered EN B1ab(v) is proposed (IUCN 2012). Etymology:— The specific epithet refers to the Konkiep River (a tributary of the Fish River) in the Gariep Centre of Plant Endemism in southern Namibia. The name “Konkiep” (also spelled “Koin kieb”, “Konkip”, or “Koanquip”) is derived from the Khoesaan language Khoekhoegowab (Alexander 1838, Sprigade & Moisel 1904, Nienaber & Raper 1983, Raper et al. 2014). Its meaning, however, is uncertain and has most probably been lost in time. It has been claimed by some authorities that “Konkiep” is an adaptation of “Goageb” (also spelled “Goangib”), which is said to mean “the swollen twin river” (Nienaber & Raper 1983, Raper et al. 2014). However, we do not find this explanation convincing as, according to probably the earliest report on the geography of the region by Alexander (1838), Goageb (as “Gnuanuip”), is the name of a tributary of the Konkiep (as “Koanquip”) River. Notes: —In addition to P. linifolium (Fig. 4), the new species can also be confused with P. cymbiforme (Fig. 5), a species with relatively narrow leaves and a more or less similar distribution range (Fig. 3). However, the leaves of P. konkiepense are oblanceolate, rarely lanceolate (sensu Lindley) with principal lateral veins (vs. linear, rarely lanceolate [sensu Lindley], with lateral veins absent), the bracteoles are membranaceous, white or cream in colour (vs. cartilaginous, green, or pale green), and the colour of the corolla of P. konkiepense is violet (“heliotrope”), mauve or blue (vs. white or cream). Some of the morphological features to distinguish among P. konkiepense, P. linifolium, and P. cymbiforme are provided in Table 1. Also see Figs 4 & 5. All the mentioned species are from the infrageneric group composed of plants with regular, five-parted calyces (Obermeijer 1936, Tripp et al. 2017). Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — NAMIBIA, || Kharas Region: Farm Churutabis-Sonntagsbrunn 108, at entrance gate to Fish River Lodge, 2717AD, 784 m, 27 August 2022, Swanepoel 615 (WIND!); On Soutkuil, 2717CB, 30 June 1986, Craven 2512 (WIND!); Farm Bobbejaankranz [Bobbejaankrans], on road from Soutkuil to house, 2717CB, 22 September 1989, Craven 3493 (WIND!); Bethanien District, Farm Soutkuil No. 181, 2717CB, no date, Owen-Smith 1203 (WIND!); Farm Soutkuil 181, track between Soutkuil and Farm Wegdraai 179, 5.7 km from northernmost farmstead on Soutkuil, 2717CB, 894 m, 26 August 2022, Swanepoel 614 (WIND); Farm Soutkuil 181, 2717CD, 14 July 1988, Craven 3332 (WIND!); Farm Soutkuil 181, approaching Soutkuil house from southern side, 2717CD, 1 July 1991, Craven 3936 (WIND!)., Published as part of Swanepoel, Wessel & Van Wyk, Abraham E., 2023, Petalidium konkiepense (Acanthaceae), a new species from Namibia, pp. 29-38 in Phytotaxa 585 (1) on pages 30-37, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.585.1.3, http://zenodo.org/record/7672906, {"references":["Pretoria, 1231 pp. IUCN (2012) IUCN red list categories and criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd edn. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge U. K., iv + 32 pp. Manktelow, M. (2000) The filament curtain: a structure important to systematics and pollination biology in the Acanthaceae. Botanical","https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8312.1863. tb 01056. x Beentje, H. (2016) The Kew plant glossary: an illustrated dictionary of plant terms, 2 nd ed. Kew Publishing, Kew, 184 pp. Burke, A. (2017) Biodiversity zoning in the Greater Fish River Canyon Landscape in southern Namibia. Namibian Journal of Environment","https: // doi. org / 10.1006 / bojl. 1999.0309 Mendelsohn, J., Jarvis, A., Roberts, C. & Robertson, T. (2002) Atlas of Namibia. Philip, Cape Town, 200 pp. Nees von Esenbeck, C. G. (1832) Acanthaceae India Orientalis. In: N. Wallich (Ed.), Plantae Asiaticae rariores: or descriptions and figures of a select number of unpublished East Indian plants, vol. 3. Treuttel & Wurtz, London, pp. 41 - 117.","Alexander, J. E. (1838) An expedition of discovery into the interior of Africa, through the hitherto undescribed countries of the Great","https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 468 Nienaber, G. S. & Raper, P. E. (1983) Hottentot (Khoekhoen) place names. Butterworth, Durban, 243 pp. Obermeijer, A. A. (1936) The South African species of Petalidium. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 18: 151 - 162. Raper, P. E., Moller, L. A. & Du Plessis, T. (2014) Dictionary of southern African place names. Jonathan Ball, Johannesburg, 566 pp. Schinz, H. (1926) Acanthaceae. Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zurich 71: 145 - 146. Sprigade, P. & Moisel, M. (Eds.) (1904) Kriegskarte von Deutsch-Sudwestafrika 1: 800 000. Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, set of eight maps","Tripp, E. A., Tsai, Y. E., Zhuang, Y. & Dexter, K. G. (2017) RADseq dataset with 90 % missing data fully resolves recent radiation of Petalidium (Acanthaceae) in the ultra-arid deserts of Namibia. Ecology and Evolution 7: 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.3274"]}

Senecio namibensis Swanepoel & A.E.van Wyk, sp. nov. (Figs 1–3) Diagnosis: —Dwarf shrub up to 0.4 m high, morphologically most similar to Senecio englerianus and S. flavus: from S. englerianus it differs in having the leaf blade cordate to suborbicular or reniform (vs. cordate, suborbicular, reniform, ovate or oblate); blade base cordate to deeply cordate (vs. cordate-reniform or truncate); capitula radiate (vs. discoid); involucre usually shorter and narrower: 5.3–7.4 mm long, 3.5–4.0 mm diam. (vs. 6.3–8.0 mm long, 4.4–5.6 mm diam.); from S. flavus it differs in having the capitula distinctly radiate (vs. disciform or obscurely radiate; ray florets scarcely longer than involucre); involucre usually shorter and wider: 5.3–7.4 mm long, 3.5–4.0 mm diam. (vs. 7.0– 9.5 mm long, 2.7–2.9 mm diam.); pappus bristles free, non-fluked and lacking hooklike apical appendages [vs. ca. 33%—according to Coleman et al. (2003) and Milton et al. (2022) —of pappus bristles connate and fluked—see “Materials and methods” for definition of “fluked” bristles—with grappling hook-like apical appendages]. Type: — NAMIBIA. Kunene Region: 1812 (Sanitatas), Namib Desert, gneiss ridge, 3 km north of Khumib River and 4 km east of Skeleton Coast Park boundary (–DA), 377 m a.s.l., 23 May 2022, Swanepoel 585 (holotype WIND!; isotypes PRE!, PRU!). Single-stemmed annual or short-lived perennial dwarf shrub, glabrous, herbaceous to succulent, up to 0.4 m high, cushion-forming when perennial. Branches succulent, brittle, pale green, glaucous, short, 10–35 mm long before rebranching. Leaves alternate and spirally arranged, fleshy to succulent, pale green or grey-green, glaucous, lower and middle cauline leaves petiolate with blade cordate to suborbicular or reniform, ca. flat, apex acute or rounded, base subcordate to deeply cordate, margins coarsely dentate with 5 or 9 teeth each side or almost entire, veining palmately, inconspicuous, not prominent, 5–40 × 8–45 mm, fleshy, up to 2.5 mm thick; petiole 3–38 mm long, up to 2 mm diam., brittle, pale green, angle with blade abaxially ca. 120 degrees (ca. patent), blade appearing peltate due to deeply cordate base; upper cauline leaves sessile, sub-amplexicaul to amplexicaul, irregular, up to 12 × 12 mm. Inflorescences axillary or terminal, capitula solitary or cymously twice-forked, 15–95 mm long, pale green. Peduncle 11–50 mm long, 0.6–0.8 mm in diam. (at capitulum 1.0– 1.2 mm diam.), erect, with up to 4 lanceolate or narrowly triangular bracts towards capitulum, ca. 1 mm long, calyculus bracts 5–7, lanceolate or narrowly triangular, 0.8–2.0 mm long. Capitula 2 or 3 per inflorescence, heterogamous with female ray florets and fertile hermaphrodite disc florets, other peripheral florets (between ray florets) similar to disc florets, radiate, slightly convex, 9–11 mm diam. (including rays), yellow-flowered. Receptacle flat, indistinctly alveolate, convex and verrucose when dry. Involucre cupuliform, 5.5–6.3 mm long, 3.5–4.0 mm diam., involucral bracts 10–13, lanceolate, concave in transection, free, 5–6 × 0.7–1.1 mm, herbaceous, margins membraneous, acute, pale green with a purple tinge, glaucous, patent to reflexed when in fruit. Ray florets 3–6, yellow, corolla 5.0– 7.9 mm long (including ray), tube terete, ca. 0.4 mm diam.; ray yellow, elliptic-oblong with 4 or 5 darker longitudinal lines, 2.5–4.4 mm long, 40–55% as long as the involucre, apex rounded or truncate, entire or with 1–4 denticulate teeth, glabrous; ovary oblong, terete, white, densely papillate (not twin hairs), 1.4–1.8 mm long, 0.5 mm diam., ovule oblong, 1.3–1.5 mm long, 0.3 mm diam.; style 2.9–3.2 mm long, ca. 0.2 mm diam., terete; branches ca. 0.8 mm long, flattened, grooved, minutely papillate (sweeping hairs) towards truncate apex; pappus copious, ca. 52, minutely barbellate bristles, 2.5–3.6 mm long, of “ordinary” type (sensu Drury & Watson 1966), erect, persistent, white. Cypselae oblong, terete, angular, grooved, dark brown, white-papillate, ca. 2.4 mm long, ca. 0.5 mm wide. Disc florets ca. 30, pale yellow-green, corolla 3.9–4.5 mm long; tube cylindrical, 1.4–1.6 mm long, 0.4 mm diam.; limb ca. 2.5 mm long, gradually widening from 0.4 mm to 0.8 mm diam. at apex; lobes 5, deltoid-ovate, 0.5–0.8 mm long, thickened abaxially towards apex, glabrous; anthers ca. 1.8 mm long including ovate apical appendage; filament collar balusterform; style ca. 3.8 mm long, 0.2 mm diam., terete, branches as for ray florets; ovary narrowly oblong, densely papillate, ca. 1.8 mm long, 0.5 mm diam., terete, ovary, ovule, pappus and cypselae as for ray florets. Phenology: —Flowers and fruit were recorded from February to September. Distribution, habitat, and ecology: — At present Senecio namibensis is known only from ten localities in the Namibian part of the Namib Desert, from the Khumib River in the north to the Rössing Mountains in the south (Fig. 4). This part of the Namib Desert falls mainly in the Namib zone of the Kaokoveld Centre of Endemism (Van Wyk & Smith 2001). Senecio namibensis occurs approximately 20–32 km from the coast in the north to 30–60 km in the south, with a maximum distance of 75 km in the centre of its distribution at a locality south of the Huab River. It occurs in small colonies of a few plants each in sandy gravel at the base of rocks and boulders in hilly areas, at elevations of 150–500 m a.s.l., with annual average rainfall up to 100 mm (Mendelsohn et al. 2002). Conservation status: — Although rare and only known from a small area, Senecio namibensis is probably not threatened at present. The entire known population occurs within either uninhabited or protected areas (Skeleton Coast and Dorob National Parks, including several conservancies). No signs of damage caused by animals or humans were present on any of the in situ specimens examined. The extent of occurrence is estimated at Etymology: —The specific epithet refers to the Namib Desert, which, in its broadest definition, stretches along the Atlantic Ocean from Saõ Nicolau (Bentiaba) in Angola through Namibia to the Olifants River in South Africa (Seely 2004, Goudie & Viles 2015). Notes: —The distribution of Senecio namibensis does not overlap with that of its two suggested nearest relatives. Senecio namibensis occurs to the east (further inland) of the range of S. englerianus and to the west of S. flavus (Fig. 4). Some of the more prominent morphological features to distinguish among the three species are provided in Table 1. Milton et al. (2022) report S. englerianus as being dimorphic for capitulum-type (mostly non-radiate, occasionally radiate), citing as reference Jürgens et al. (2021), which refers to the “https://southernafricanplants.net” website. On the Senecio englerianus (as “ Senecio engleranus ”) page of this website, a photograph of a plant with yellow rays is shown (FotoID: 10798, E. Erb, Namibia, 16-08-2006), probably the basis for the statement that the capitula in S. englerianus are dimorphic. However, the plant in the photograph almost certainly represents S. namibensis, although it is not possible to confirm this based on a photograph alone. Senecio vulgaris Linnaeus (1753: 867) from the British Isles has also been reported as being either radiate or non-radiate. In this case, the polymorphism arose by introgression of a cluster of regulatory genes from the radiate S. squalidus Linnaeus (1753: 869) (originating from Sicily) into the non-radiate S. vulgaris after the introduction and spread of the former from Europe to the British Isles (Kim et al. 2008). Due to the absence of related species of Senecio in the area of distribution of S. englerianus, from which it could have obtained radiate capitula, the possibility of S. namibensis being a radiate variant of S. englerianus is ruled out as highly unlikely. In support of separate species status for S. namibensis is also the combination of other morphological differences between it and S. englerianus, notably the shorter and narrower involucre (Table 1). Unrelated asteraceous species within the range of Senecio namibensis with which it can be confused, are Dauresia alliariifolia (Hoffmann 1888: 280) Nordenstam & Pelser (2005: 76) and Engleria africana Hoffmann (1888: 273), due to similarities in leaf characters. However, Dauresia alliariifolia has white branches (vs. green), an ecalyculate involucre (vs. calyculate) and discoid white- or yellow-flowered capitula (vs. radiate, yellow-flowered). Engleria africana has much larger capitula, ca. 12 mm long (vs. 5.3–7.4 mm), the involucres consist of three rows of involucral bracts (vs. one row) and the peripheral florets lack rays (vs. ray florets present). Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — NAMIBIA. Kunene Region: 1812 (Sanitatas): Khumibrivier se droë loop (–DC), 7 May 1962, Kotze 124 (WIND!). 2013 (Unjab mouth): Huab River area north of Gaias (–DB), 27 August 1977, Craven 510 (WIND!); Foot of mountains along Huab River (–DC), 12 August 1979, Müller & Loutit 1164 (WIND!). 2014 (Welwitschia): Damaraland, between Huab and Mikberg (– CA), 11 September 1993, Günster 9391 (WIND!). Erongo Region: 2113 (Cape Cross): 30 km east of Ugabmond (– BB), 16 August 1979, Müller & Loutit 1213 (WIND!). 2114 (Uis): Messum crater (– AC), 15 May 2000, Hachfeld 119244 (WIND!). 2214 (Swakopmund): Rössingberge (–DB), 27 February 1958, Merxmüller & Giess 1735 (WIND!); Westseite Rössing (–DB), 8 May 1969, Homann, Benseler & Mittendorf 23 (WIND!).

Petalidium mannheimerae Swanepoel, Nanyeni & A.E.van Wyk, sp. nov. (Figs 3 & 4) Diagnosis:— A woody dwarf shrub up to 1.5 m tall, morphologically most similar to Petalidium lucens and P.parvifolium differing from both in having the lamina semi-succulent, subconduplicate to conduplicate, recurved towards apex, and with lateral veins indistinct or absent (vs. lamina not succulent, flat, lateral veins distinct); from P. lucens in having indumentum on vegetative parts puberulent and on leaf margins having widely spaced, robust, stalked glands (vs. dense short simple or sessile stellate trichomes [with 2 or 3 branches], usually with isolated dendritic trichomes in addition, glabrescent), corolla lobes white (vs. mauve or light blue); from P. parvifolium in having indumentum on vegetative parts puberulent (vs. scattered sessile glandular trichomes), leaf margins with widely spaced, robust, stalked glandular trichomes (vs. trichomes absent), corolla white (vs. mauve, white or white with lilac tinge). Type: — NAMIBIA. || Kharas Region: Karasburg District, Aussenkjer [Aussenkehr] 147 Farm: The mountain on the bank of the Orange River less than a km from the turn off to the right as you come in from the Sjambok entrance, 2817 CB, 14 September 2014, Nanyeni 936 (holotype WIND!; isotypes PRE!, PRU!). Petalidium sp. A in Snijman (2013: 164). Dense, woody, dwarf shrub to 1.5 m tall. Stems multi-stemmed from just below or above ground level from a thick rootstock or main stem, up to 140 mm in diam., bark smooth, cream, grey-white or grey-black; older distal stems rigid, cylindrical, bark smooth or longitudinally fissured, cream, grey-brown or yellow-brown; young stems quadrangular, green, puberulent, usually with widely spaced, long, robust, multi-cellular trichomes, glabrescent, cystoliths visible, linear or linear-oblanceolate. Leaves opposite and decussate, subsessile or with petioles up to 1.5 mm long; lamina narrowly obovate, oblanceolate, elliptic or suborbicular, subconduplicate to conduplicate, recurved towards apex, 10– 24 × 4–16 mm, green, semi-succulent, puberulent, apex acute, rounded or emarginate, base attenuate, decurrent onto petiole almost to stem, margin entire with widely spaced, robust, stalked glandular trichomes; midrib conspicuous, prominent abaxially, lateral veins indistinct or absent, cystoliths conspicuous on both sides, especially in herbarium material. Flowers solitary, axillary, supporting leaf (“bract”) similar to foliage leaves; pedicels (below bracteoles) 3–4 mm long; bracteoles ovate, usually asymmetrically, membranaceous, apex attenuate, usually with 1–5, long, sharp, robust, multicellular trichomes, base cordate or truncate, pale green, yellow-green or mauve-green, when dry also buff or brown, venation usually conspicuous, pale green, dark green or mauve-green, prominent especially adaxially, 13–15 × 7–9 mm, puberulent both sides, margins lanate and sometimes with widely spaced short stalked glandular and or long, robust multicellular trichomes, cystoliths visible on midrib towards base. Calyx 5–6 mm long including basal tube of 1–2 mm, puberulous abaxially towards base and with scattered very short stalked glandular trichomes abaxially, strigose adaxially, margins puberulous-ciliate; lobes 5, regular, linear-triangular, acute, 3.3–4.0 × 1.0– 1.2 mm. Corolla with narrow unexpanded portion of tube cylindrical, slightly widening towards throat, slightly flattened, 22–25 mm long with lobes straightened, narrow portion ca. 5–7 mm long, 2.0– 2.5 mm diam., expanded portion 8–10 mm long, corolla white, inside of expanded portion pale maroon, chestnut or yellow, distal half sometimes white, lobe traces (veins) including herringbone pattern on anticous portion white, front lobe with two pale yellow or cream narrowly triangular nectar guides or guides absent, other lobes sometimes with pale maroon markings towards base, outside puberulous, towards mouth with few long stiff white hairs, throat puberulous, otherwise glabrous; lobes patent, obovate, apices rounded, often retuse, margins entire or irregularly denticulate to crenate, upper lobes overlapping, free, ca. 6 × 9 mm, lateral lobes ca. 8 × 8 mm, front lobe ca. 9 × 7 mm; palate prominently transversely ca. 7-ribbed. Filaments didynamous, inserted dorsally in throat, filaments fused for ca. 1.8 mm at base, fused part prominent, adnate to tube, free parts tapering towards apex, flattened, sparingly puberulous with few short stalked glandular trichomes, long filament 6.1–7.3 mm long, short filament 4.3–4.8 mm long, outer filament trace decurrent to base of tube, puberulous; filament curtain phaulopsoid (Manktelow 2000); anthers 2-thecous, thecae oblong, equal or subequal, 2.1–2.3 mm long with scattered short stalked glandular trichomes, apex rounded, with minute spurs at base, 0.2 mm long. Gynoecium ca. 14 mm long; ovary ovoid, laterally compressed, 2.0 × 1.3 mm, inserted on fleshy disc, glabrous; style filiform, ca. 10 mm long, puberulous, stigma lobes linear, slightly flattened, unequal, longer lobe ca. 0.8 mm long, shorter lobe ca. 0.4 mm long. Capsule elliptic, 6.5–7.0 × 3.4–5.0 mm long, tawny, glossy, glabrous. Phenology:— Flowers have been recorded in August and September; fruits throughout the year. Distribution and habitat:— At present, Petalidium mannheimerae is known in Namibia from the vicinity of Aussenkehr in the Orange River Valley and in South Africa from ca. 30 km south of Vioolsdrif to near Eksteenfontein in the Richtersveld (Fig. 2). It occurs 92–110 km from the Atlantic Ocean on hillsides and drainage lines, at elevations of 134–187 m in Namibia and in South Africa at 551–700 m a.s.l. Average annual rainfall in the area is less than 50 mm (Mendelsohn et al. 2002). Conservation status:— Petalidium mannheimerae has been recorded at seven localities in an area of ca. 60 × 15 km where it is locally occasional to common. Although a brief search at various other localities with seemingly suitable habitat did not reveal any plants, it is probably more widespread than currently known. Although protected in the Aussenkehr Nature Park in Namibia, small stock farming on the banks of the Orange River might lead to overutilization by domestic goats belonging to local inhabitants. In South Africa, grazing by small stock and even a heavily grazed population is noted on herbarium sheets by two collectors (Jürgens 22952, Steyn 2127). At Swartkop, mining activities might pose a threat as P. mannheimerae occurs very close to and even in the mining area. A recent visit to the area of distribution revealed many dead woody plants, recently died, probably due to prolonged droughts in the area. It is possible that some of these might be referred to the new species. Petalidium mannheimerae is here provisionally ranked as Vulnerable VU D1 (IUCN 2012). Etymology:— The specific epithet honours Mrs Coleen Anne Mannheimer [1957–], renowned Namibian botanist and former curator of the National Herbarium of Namibia (WIND). She has collected widely in Namibia and has authored or co-authored several publications on the Namibian flora. Coleen introduced one of us (LN) to botany and botanical fieldwork and has since been a mentor to him in the herbarium and in the field. Her knowledge of the Namibian flora is exceptional and her ability to develop and encourage future Namibian botanists has been profound. Notes:— Some of the morphological features to distinguish among Petalidium mannheimerae, P. lucens, and P. parvifolium are provided in Table 1; also see Figs 4–6. Petalidium mannheimerae can also be confused with P. cymbiforme and P. linifolium due to similarities in habit and flower morphology. However, these species have a different indumentum and linear leaves, with the corolla of P. linifolium pale mauve (vs. white) and the venation of the bracteoles of P. cymbiforme inconspicuous (vs. usually conspicuous). All the mentioned species are members of Petalidium sect. Petalidium (sensu Meyer 1968), a group composed of plants with regular, five-parted calyces (Obermeijer 1936; Tripp et al. 2017). Additional specimens examined (paratypes):— NAMIBIA. || Kharas Region: Karasburg District, Aussenkjer [Aussenkehr] 147 Farm: The mountain on the bank of the Orange River less than a km from the turn off to the right as you come in from the Sjambok entrance, 2817 CB, 12 August 2018, Nanyeni 1371, 1372 (WIND!); Mountain slope, 250 m downstream of Sambok River Mouth, Farm Aussenkehr 147, 2817 CB, 134 m, 23 February 2022, Swanepoel 571 (WIND!). SOUTH AFRICA. Northern Cape Province: Richtersveld. Kahams area east of Stinkfonteinberge, east of kloof running down from Cornellsberg, 2817 CA, 600 m, 5 September 1977, Oliver, Tölken & Venter 665 (PRE!); 12 miles from Stinkfontein on way to Vioolsdrif in Richtersveld, 2917 CB, ca. 700 m, 15 November 1971, Werger 1511 (PRE!); Richtersveld. Vanzylsrivier, 2817 CB, 580 m, 25 September 1987, Jurgens 22952 (PRE!); Namaqualand District. Richtersveld, southeast of Sunvalley camp site, 2817 CB, 551 m, 8 August 2011, Steyn 1847 (PRE!); Richtersveld. Near Stinkfontein, 2817CD, 14 September 1961, Van Breda 1497 (PRE!); Richtersveld. Road between Stinkfontein & Modderdrift, 20 miles from Stinkfontein, 2817CD, 15 September 1961, Hardy 675 (PRE!); Vioolsdrif, Klein Helskloof, 20 km northeast of Eksteenfontein, 2817CD, 9 September 2002, Venter & Venter 9800 (PRE!); Namakwaland. 53 km vanaf Steinkopf pad na Vioolsdrif, 2817DC, 27 August 1983, Van Wyk 6513 (PRE!, PRU!); Vioolsdrif District. Nababeepsberg (Swartberge) in deep gorge below Helshoogte on eastern side of main road, 2817DC, 27 August 1988, Williamson 3912 (PRE!); Namakwaland. Swartbergmyn tussen Steinkopf en Vioolsdrif, 2817 DD, 27 August 1983, Van Wyk 6532 (PRE!, PRU!); Swartkop Mine, 2817 DD, 643 m, 7 August 2018, Nanyeni 1370 (PRE!, WIND!); Namaqualand District. Wyepoort River Valley, 2917 BA, 598 m, 9 October 2015, Steyn 2127 (PRE!)., Published as part of Swanepoel, Wessel, Nanyeni, Leevi & Van Wyk, Abraham E., 2022, Petalidium mannheimerae (Acanthaceae), a new species from Namibia and South Africa, with notes on the taxonomic identity of P. parvifolium, pp. 1-13 in Phytotaxa 561 (1) on pages 5-11, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.561.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7052737, {"references":["Snijman, D. A. (2013) Acanthaceae, In: Snijman, D. A. (ed.) Plants of the Greater Cape Floristic Region, vol. 2: the Extra Cape flora. Strelitzia 30. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, pp. 162 - 164.","Manktelow, M. (2000) The filament curtain: a structure important to systematics and pollination biology in the Acanthaceae. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 129 - 160. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2000. tb 01539. x","Mendelsohn, J., Jarvis, A., Roberts, C. & Robertson, T. (2002) Atlas of Namibia. Philip, Cape Town, 200 pp.","IUCN (2012) IUCN red list categories and criteria: Version 3.1. 2 nd edn. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge U. K., iv + 32 pp.","Meyer, P. G. (1968) Acanthaceae. Prodromus einer Flora von Sudwestafrica 130: 1 - 65.","Obermeijer, A. A. (1936) The South African species of Petalidium. Annals of the Transvaal Museum 18: 151 - 162.","Tripp, E. A., Tsai, Y. E., Zhuang, Y. & Dexter, K. G. (2017) RADseq dataset with 90 % missing data fully resolves recent radiation of Petalidium (Acanthaceae) in the ultra-arid deserts of Namibia. Ecology and Evolution 7: 1 - 17. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / ece 3.3274"]}

Petalidium mannheimerae, here described as a new species, is only known from the Gariep Centre of Plant Endemism in southern Namibia and northwestern South Africa. Apparently first collected in 1961, it grows on arid hillsides and in drainage lines. Diagnostic morphological characters for P. mannheimerae include the rigid, cylindrical distal stems, grey-brown or yellow-brown bark, puberulent vegetative parts with sparsely scattered but robust glandular and eglandular trichomes, and the solitary white flowers with the unexpanded part of the corolla tube shorter than the expanded part. A comparison of some of the more prominent features to differentiate Petalidium mannheimerae from its morphologically most similar relatives is provided. Based on IUCN Red List categories and criteria, a conservation assessment of Vulnerable VU D1 is recommended for the new species. Herbarium specimens of P. mannheimerae have long been misidentified as P. parvifolium, a rarely collected species from east-central Namibia and west-central Botswana. Lectotypes are designated for three taxa, namely P. parvifolium, P. parvifolium var. angustifolium (a synonym of P. linifolium), and P. wilmaniae (a synonym of P. parvifolium).

The purpose of this study was to determine how graphic organizer completeness (complete, partial, or no organizer) and note-taking medium (longhand or computer) affect note-taking quantity and quality and affect computer-based learning. College students were presented with a computer-based PowerPoint lesson accompanied by complete, partial, or no graphic organizers. Throughout the lesson, students recorded notes using either longhand or computer mediums. Students were tested immediately following the lesson and again two days later following a review period during which graphic organizers and notes were studied. Finally, students completed a survey. Results revealed that organizer completeness affected achievement. Those given complete organizers generally achieved more than those with partial or no organizers across fact-, relationship-, concept-, and skill-based test items. Note-taking medium did not affect achievement differentially, but there were important note-taking findings. Longhand note takers recorded more lesson ideas in notes and had fewer verbatim strings in notes (reflective of more generative processing) compared to computer note takers. Moreover, longhand note takers reported more positive attitudes about their note-taking medium than did computer note takers. Results suggested that complete organizers aid germane load more than partial organizers and that longhand note taking results in deeper processing than does computer note taking. Therefore, instructors should provide complete organizers to promote student learning and should encourage students to take longhand notes when they learn in a computer-based learning environment.

Contribution: This article presents a synthesis of the findings and implications from the IC2Think program of research in undergraduate computer science (CS) courses examining student motivation and self-regulated learning (SRL). These studies illuminate both the difficulty and potential for motivating CS students, as well as the uniqueness of CS as a context for studying undergraduate motivation. Background: Computing disciplines are increasingly important in preparing the future workforce. It is imperative that CS educators understand how to motivate students and enhance student outcomes. Synthesizing findings across multiple studies allows for the emergence of new insights into student motivation and SRL. Research Questions: Which aspects of students’ motivation and SRL are predictive of achievement and retention in CS and how can findings inform CS education? Methodology: The primary methodology is a comprehensive review of seven years of research on undergraduate CS education. Studies use a variety of analysis techniques, examine a range of constructs, and include multiple introductory and advanced CS courses. Studies of relationships between variables and change over time were conducted. Findings: The present synthesis of studies on motivation and SRL highlights the complex, counter-intuitive, and positive aspects of student motivation in CS.

Syzygium kuneneense, here described as a new species, is known only from the northern part of the Namib Desert in the Kaokoveld Centre of Endemism, southwestern Angola and adjacent northwestern Namibia. These rheophytic shrubs or small trees grow among rocks on the floodplain and banks of the lower Kunene River on the international boundary between Angola and Namibia. Diagnostic characters for Syzygium kuneneense include the oblanceolate or narrowly elliptic leaves, dense flower heads and the pedicellate flowers. A comparison of some of the more prominent morphological features to differentiate between S. kuneneense and the morphologically most similar species, S. guineense, is provided. Based on IUCN Red List categories and criteria, a conservation assessment of Vulnerable (VU D1) is recommended for the new species.