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شكلت هجرة النبي ﷺ إلى المدينة المنورة نقطة تحول عظيمة في تاريخ البشرية والأمة الإسلامية، فقد تمكن النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام من إقامة كيان سياسي واقتصادي واجتماعي مستقل على أسس العقيدة والعبادة الصحيحة. فقد أدرك عليه الصلاة والسلام أهمية الاقتصاد في تدعيم قوة الدولة الإسلامية والمحافظة على استقرارها، فكان من أوائل الأعمال التي قام بها بالإضافة إلى المؤاخاة بين المهاجرين والأنصار إنشاء سوق إسلامية مستقلة تتوافق في ضوابطها وتعاملاتها مع أسس ومبادئ الشريعة الإسلامية، كما استطاع النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام حل مختلف المشاكل الاقتصادية التي واجهت الدولة الجديدة وإدارة الشؤون الاقتصادية والتجارية فيها، فقد كان عليه الصلاة والسلام صاحب منهج متميز في علاج هذه المشاكل. جعل من الاقتصاد خادما للمجتمع بعد أن كان المجتمع خادما للاقتصاد. يهدف هذا البحث بيان منهج النبي ﷺ في تأسيس وتفعيل القاعدة الاقتصادية للدولة في المدينة المنورة وإبراز الإنجازات الكبيرة التي تحققت في هذا المجال في العهد النبوي.

In this research paper, our main objective is to represent a direct numerical approach for solving time-fractional Burger’s equation using modified hybrid B-spline basis function. The Caputo derivative is used to discretize the time-fractional derivative and for Space derivative Differential Quadrature Method (DQM) based on B-Spline is used. The DQM method has its own inherited advantage being a simple and programable method. The embedding of B-spline basis makes it more practical to approximate the solution curve. DQM with B-spline basis is a simple and efficient technique based on the matrix approach. The problem is discretized in the system of non-linear equations and then further solved by a programming tools. The stability is examined by the matrix-based approach. The presented method has been applied to three test problems. The obtained results showed that the proposed method is good for solving non-linear time-fractional Burger’s equation. The approximated solutions are graphically represented and the results showed that solutions are closed to the exact solution.

Abstract The WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region is endowed with deep intellectual tradition, interesting cultural diversity, and a strong societal fabric; components of a vibrant platform for promoting health and wellbeing. Health has a central place in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for at least three reasons: Firstly, health is shaped by factors outside of the health sector. Secondly, health can be singled out among several SDGs as it provides a clear lens for examining the progress of the entire development process. Thirdly, in addition to being an outcome, health is also a contributor to achieving sustainable development. Realizing this central role of health in SDGs and the significance of collaboration among diverse sectors, the WHO is taking action. In its most recent General Program of Work 2019–2023 (GPW 13), the WHO has set a target of promoting the health of one billion more people by addressing social and other determinants of health through multi-sectoral collaboration. The WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Region, through Vision 2023, aims at addressing these determinants by adopting an equity-driven, leaving no one behind approach. Advocating for Health in All Policies, multi-sectoral action, community engagement, and strategic partnerships are the cornerstone for this approach. The focus areas include addressing the social and economic determinants of health across the life course, especially maternal and child health, communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases, and injuries. The aspirations are noteworthy – however, recent work in progress in countries has also highlighted some areas for improvement. Joint work among different ministries and departments at country level is essential to achieve the agenda of sustainable development. For collaboration, not only the ministries and departments need to be engaged, but the partnerships with other stakeholders such as civil society and private sector are a necessity and not a choice to effectively pursue achievement of SDGs.

The research article: Mediation in the perspective Islamic and manmade laws is basically such type of research that contains the status and importance of mediation in perspective Islamic. Mediation and reconciliation in civil and criminal matters will be narrated briefly in this research article. . Matters relating social behavior are solved in the light of Qur’ān and Sunnah. Five kinds of Hoodoos are mentioned in Qur’ān extra-marital sexual intercourse (Zinā), False Parole of Extra-Marital Sexual Intercourse (Qaḏf), alcohol consumption (Šurb-al-kḫamr), theft (Sariqa) and street robbery (Hirāba or Qaṭ' al-tarīq) and are also analyzed. The Retributive Justice (Qiṣāṣ) and Compensation (Diyah) are the ones where the punishment is fixed by Allāh. Blasphemy laws are also introduced through sections 295-Band 295-C of the Pakistan Penal Code. According to Sec.295-c capital punishment is sanctioned for the accused after the approval of evidence. As human beings are social beings, disputes among them are inevitable. Judicial agreement of disputes is alas highly-priced, time eating and open for public. However Islamic regulations present for agreement of disputes by way of many methods of full inclusive of mediation. The motive of the paper is to take a look at ideas on mediation laid down in the Qur’ān and the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ) and the manmade laws. There is numerous training that may be found out from the exemplary conduct of the Prophet (ﷺ) who became a politically righteous individual with maximum moral and ethical values of the Prophet (ﷺ) to become civilized in settling their differences.

Urban expansion and unparalleled rural to urban conversion, along with an enormous population growth are influential forces changing land use in metropolitan areas. The current work determined temporal and spatial alteration in built-up area, agriculture land, barren land and water area by using Landsat imageries of Faisalabad city from 2003 to 2017.The supervised classification technique has been performed on all the images to produce the land use change maps using the maximum likelihood algorithm and accuracy assessment of the classification has been performed. It has been concluded maximum increase of built-up land were from 30% in 2003 to 50% in 2017 whereas the maximum decrease in agriculture land class has been observed from 36% of 2003 to 10% in 2017. Urban population of Faisalabad city has increased from 2 million in 1998 to population statistics reached up to 3.2 million in 2017. Faisalabad 3rd largest city of Pakistan facing lot of issues due to urban expansion, analyzing the reasons and penalties of land use changes facilitate local government and urban planners for the better management of future plans regarding the urban settlements and reduce the negative consequences

Abstract A new class of 2m-point non-stationary subdivision schemes (SSs) is presented, including some of their important properties, such as continuity, curvature, torsion monotonicity, and convexity preservation. The multivariate analysis of subdivision schemes is extended to a class of non-stationary schemes which are asymptotically equivalent to converging stationary or non-stationary schemes. A comparison between the proposed schemes, their stationary counterparts and some existing non-stationary schemes has been depicted through examples. It is observed that the proposed SSs give better approximation and more effective results.

The present paper attempts the application of new historicist perspectives to John Denham’s play The Sophy and Robert Baron’s play Mirza. Both the plays have been analyzed together due to elements of similarity in theme, plot and source. The playwrights have used these plays as oblique commentaries on the socio-historical and political conditions of the period but at the same time these plays also embody deeper meanings beyond the topical and national references. These plays may well be viewed as reinforcing the notion of cultural hegemony of the West and thereby representing the psychological divide between the Occident and Orient. The researchers contend that both Denham and Baron have misrepresented the Orient and Oriental characters in their plays since most of the characters have been represented as cultural stereotypes. The research paper aims to find out as to how both the plays support the dominant ideology of the period which was to misrepresent the Oriental characters. Both the plays have been explicated in the light of some of the key aspects of New Historicism.

Abstract A boundary value problem involving the scattering of electromagnetic waves from a sphere of complex conjugate medium (CCM) is studied. The sphere is placed in free space. The source of excitation for the sphere in our case is a plane wave. Incident, scattered and transmitted fields are formulated. The unknown coefficients in the scattered and transmitted fields are found using boundary conditions. From these electromagnetic fields, the Mie efficiencies are determined. The technique used in studying the scattering of electromagnetic waves from CCM is analytical and a closed form solution is obtained. It is shown by numerical results that the scattering is enhanced in case of CCM sphere as a target. Results for the limiting cases are also derived to compare the validity of our formulation with the published work.

Medical treatment by Muslim doctors will sometimes be influenced by Islamic law and ethics rather than solely medical consideration. Muslim patient’s sometimes need reassurance that modern medicine that offered to them is also acceptable by Islamic law. Orthognathic deformities are condition which associated with discrepancies of the jaw. These deformities resulted from different rates of growth of the maxilla, the mandible or both. Performing cosmetic surgery seems to change the creation of Allah and the original law of changing Allah’s creation is prohibited. In assessing the orthognathic surgery law for patients with this dentofacial defect, the researcher found that the main issues that need to be investigated are the difficulties existed (Masyaqqah) and the level of patient harm in addition to the intention or purpose of performing orthognathic surgery. However, according to the principles of the Islamic jurisprudence, orthognathic surgery is permitted based on the principles such as ad-darar yuzal, al-musyaqqah tajlibu al-taisir, al-darurat tuqaddiru biqadaruha, irtikab akhaf al-dhararain, al-darurat tubihu mahzurat and al-umur bimaqasidiha. Orthognathic surgery can be done because the purpose is to treat defects and restore function. This objective is very consistent with the fiqh rules that stated, every harm and distress should be eliminated.

Abstract Background Pakistan has one of the highest infant and child mortality rates in the world, half of these occurring due to vaccine-preventable diseases. The country started its Expanded Programme on immunisation (EPI) in 1978. However, the programme’s performance is often questioned, as the Immunisation rates have been chronically low and on-time vaccination unsatisfactory. We explored the programme’s insights about its structural and implementation arrangements within the larger governance system, and the ensuing challenges as well as opportunities. Methods We carried out a qualitative case study comprised of semi-structured, in-depth interviews with 34 purposively selected key informants from various tiers of immunisation policy and programme implementation. The interviews revolved around WHO’s six building blocks of a health system, their interactions with EPI counterparts, and with the outer ecological factors. Interviews were transcribed and content analysed for emergent themes. Results The EPI faces several challenges in delivering routine immunisation (RI) to children, including lack of clarity on whether to provide vaccination through fixed centres or mobile teams, scarcity of human resource at various levels, lack of accurate population data, on-ground logistic issues, lack of a separate budget line for EPI, global pressure for polio, less priority to prevention by the policy, security risks for community-based activities, and community misconceptions about vaccines. Conclusions The fulcrum for most of the challenges lies where EPI service delivery interacts with components of the broader health system. The activities for polio eradication have had implications for RI. Socio-political issues from the national and global environment also impact this system. The interplay of these factors, while posing challenges to effective implementation of RI, also brings opportunities for improvement. Collective effort from local, national and global stakeholders is required for improving the immunisation status of Pakistani children, global health security and the sustainable development goals.

Abstract The (2s−1) $(2s-1)$-point non-stationary binary subdivision schemes (SSs) for curve design are introduced for any integer s≥2 $s\geq 2$. The Lagrange polynomials are used to construct a new family of schemes that can reproduce polynomials of degree (2s−2) $(2s-2)$. The usefulness of the schemes is illustrated in the examples. Moreover, the new schemes are the non-stationary counterparts of the stationary schemes of (Daniel and Shunmugaraj in 3rd International Conference on Geometric Modeling and Imaging, pp. 3–8, 2008; Hassan and Dodgson in Curve and Surface Fitting: Sant-Malo 2002, pp. 199–208, 2003; Hormann and Sabin in Comput. Aided Geom. Des. 25:41–52, 2008; Mustafa et al. in Lobachevskii J. Math. 30(2):138–145, 2009; Siddiqi and Ahmad in Appl. Math. Lett. 20:707–711, 2007; Siddiqi and Rehan in Appl. Math. Comput. 216:970–982, 2010; Siddiqi and Rehan in Eur. J. Sci. Res. 32(4):553–561, 2009). Furthermore, it is concluded that the basic shapes in terms of limiting curves produced by the proposed schemes with fewer initial control points have less tendency to depart from their tangent as well as their osculating plane compared to the limiting curves produced by existing non-stationary subdivision schemes.

Abstract Background Contextualising evidence to inform policy-making is increasingly recognised as key to developing and implementing effective health policies. Creating a one-stop shop for evidence is an approach that can facilitate timely access to the best evidence to inform policy decisions. We report outcomes after implementation of the Policy Information Platform (PIP), a pilot one-stop evidence repository in Nigeria designed to alleviate barriers to accessing policy-relevant knowledge. Methods This cross-sectional study involved five phases, namely (1) consultation with Nigerian policy-makers to identify priority policy issues, areas of health policy information needs, and challenges and capacity constraints in accessing evidence for policy-making; (2) a stakeholder engagement workshop to formally launch the PIP; (3) extraction of data and other information from scientific articles, policy briefs, evaluation reports, grey literature and health policy documents relevant to policy-making in Nigeria (identified by Google and PubMed searches and by examination of websites of relevant Nigerian government ministries, agencies and parastatals), for use in developing the PIP website; (4) promotion of the PIP in national and state health policy meetings; and (5) evaluation of the PIP using a stakeholder survey questionnaire distributed via email and critical appraisal of the grey literature included in the PIP using the authority, accuracy, coverage, objectivity, date and significance (AACODS) checklist. Results Priority policy areas identified by policy-makers were disease control and prevention, population health issues and health administration. Challenges identified by policy-makers were a lack of adequate capacity to access policy-relevant evidence and transform the evidence into policy. Policy-makers suggested using systematic reviews, policy briefs and rapid response mechanisms and involving policy-makers in research as ways of increasing evidence uptake for policy. A total of 126 policy-relevant, peer-reviewed scientific articles, 85 health policy documents and 201 policy-relevant grey literature documents were selected for inclusion in the PIP. Of the 195 individuals contacted via email to evaluate the PIP, 31 (15.9%) provided a response. Respondents noted that the PIP facilitated access to information based on local evidence and context-sensitive data. Barriers identified included lack of knowledge about the PIP and limited capacity of end-users to use the data compiled in the platform. Conclusion An easily accessible one-stop shop of policy-relevant evidence can considerably improve policy-makers’ access to evidence for use in policy-making and practice.

The recent reviews indicated learning expertise level could be enhanced with skills, creativity and preferences. This stage should be taken at the first stage combined highly with providing the framework in underlying the learning expertise. This paper attempts to propose the model of Hau-Kashyap used to describe in yielding the robust results to measure the learning expertise level. This approach was selected to give an insight with a more accurate by examining twelve items of questionnaire applied among the students at tertiary level to explore the representation of wide range of knowledge and skills. The results found that the stage level of belief that ranges combined from the level of expertise 1–12 was indicated that Hau-Kashyap approach can be determined to measure the learners’ expertise more fairly and easily. This method is supposed to contribute providing the purposeful rule in combining the learning expertise constructed into a single and more informative hint with related concern of the measurement. Keywords: Hau-Kashyap approach, Learning expertise, Questionnaire, Student, Tertiary level

Nuclear radiation is highly beneficial in controlled way. On the other hand, it has shown severe damaging effects on human health when our body is directly exposed to it. To prevent its exposure or overdose several dosimeters have been synthesized with different performances. In this research work, we prepared Ceric sulfate chemical dosimeter from three different water samples of TDS value 0.00ppm, 500pm and 900ppm. These dosimeter samples were then irradiated by Cs-137 gamma radiation source at different dose rates 100Gy, 200Gy and 300Gy. Gamma radiation effect in these samples was studied for different concentrations of salt. Variations in the absorbance of dose rate verses time was plotted and measured spectrophotometricaly at 320nm after the interval of 24 hours respectively.

The paucity of in-situ records, particularly in the glaciated mountainous region, is an obstacle in cryosphere ecology and environmental studies. Generally, available gauge station data is fragmented and covers valleys; thus, the use of gridded precipitation products (GPPs) is crucial in such complex terrains. However, these GPPs suffer from systematic biases and uncertainties owing to parameterization deficiencies. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to systematically evaluate the long-term performance and differences of the newly launched MSWEP in comparison to APHRO, CHIRPS, ERA-5, and PGMFD over the transboundary region of Indo-Pak (1981–2009) at spatial (whole to sub-basins) and temporal (daily to seasonal) scales. Findings reveal (1) overall, five GPPs produced well annual spatial precipitation variability with high magnitudes in the northwestern and low in the northeastern region. (2) The estimations from GPPs also divulged better correlation with in-situ observations (MSWEP = 0.86, APHRO = 0.76, ERA-5 = 0.81, CHIRPS = 0.57 and PGMFD = 0.68) at daily span. Better performance was observed during the monsoon compared to winter and pre-monsoon seasons. (3) Lately, estimates from MSWEP are more reliable for all the seasons, especially in the winter season, with the highest CC (0.90) and lowest relative bias (3.03%). (4) All GPPs (excluding ERA-5) overestimated light precipitation (0–1 mm/day) and underestimated moderate to heavy precipitation, in contrast to the ERA-5 that tended to underestimate the light but overestimate moderate (1–20 mm/day) and heavy precipitation (>20 mm/day) events. The CHIRPS was less accurate in detecting most of the precipitation events. The MSWEP product captured all precipitation intensities more accurately than other GPPs. The current research indicates considerable implications for product improvement and data users for choosing better alternative precipitation data at a local scale.

Sheikh Abid Sindhi (1776-1841) was one of the most prominent Islamic scholars and prolific authors of Sindh. His expertise in various disciplines of Islamic knowledge is unparalleled. He had made a great contribution in Hadith and fiqh and other Islamic literature. No doubt, Musnad e Imam Abu Hanifa is considered one of the important reference books in the jurisprudence of Imam Abu Hanifa, Many Hanafi Scholars have produced commentary of this book. Sheikh Abid Sindhi also wrote a commentary of this book known as Al-Mawhib ul latifah shrh Musnad e Imam Abi Hanifa, this commentary is very comprehensive, extensive and authoritative commentary in every aspect. It is also an analytical and explanatory study of Musnad e Imam Abu Hanifa. Sheikh Abid Sindhi proved that the Musnad e Imam Abu Hanifa is filled with authentic Hadith. He cited a large number of Hadith in this commentary from Sihah e Sitta and other reliable and authentic books of Hadith to make this book more authentic. He collected the academic pearls from Holy Qur`an, Hadith and fiqhi books, and also discussed with other themes like principles of Hadith and history of narrators. In other words, he addressed all aspects required in the explanation of Hadith. This article is intended to understand the author’s research method and importance of this book.

Predictive Functional Control is a simple alternative to the traditional PID controller which has the capability to handle process constraints more systematically. Nevertheless, the most basic form of PFC has suffered from ill-posed prediction due to its simplicity in formulation and assumption of constant future input dynamics. Although some constraints can be satisfied, nevertheless the performance may be very conservative due to this issue. The main objective of this paper is to improve the constrained performance of a PFC controller with a minimum modification of the existing formulation. Specifically, a novel constraint handling approach for PFC is proposed based on an implied closed-loop prediction. Instead of assuming a constant input as deployed in the conventional open-loop prediction, the implied closed-loop input dynamics are utilised to detect future constraint violations. In addition, a future perturbation is introduced into the prediction structure as an extra degree of freedom for satisfying the constraints. Two simulation results confirm that the proposed approach gives far less conservative constraint handling and thus better control performance compared to the nominal PFC. Furthermore, this novel implementation also alleviates the well-known tuning difficulties and prediction inconsistency issues that are associated with conventional PFC when handling constraints. ABSTRAK: Kawalan Kefungsian Ramalan adalah alternatif mudah kepada kawalan tradisional PID yang mempunyai kekangan keupayaan bagi mengawal proses secara lebih tersusun. Namun, keadaan paling asas pada kesan PFC adalah daripada ramalan tak teraju-rapi yang disebabkan oleh formula ringkas dan anggapan dinamik input yang sama bagi masa depan. Walau kekangan ini dapat diatasi, namun prestasi akan berubah secara konservatif disebabkan oleh isu ini. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah bagi membaiki kekangan prestasi kawalan PFC dengan modifikasi minimum formula yang ada. Secara spesifik, pendekatan nobel kawalan PFC dicadangkan berdasarkan ramalan lingkaran-tertutup. Selain anggapan input tetap seperti yang dilakukan pada ramalan lingkaran-terbuka yang konservatif, dinamik input yang dibuat pada lingkaran-tertutup telah digunakan bagi mengesan kekangan masa depan yang bertentangan. Tambahan, gangguan yang bakal berlaku pada masa depan telah diperkenalkan ke dalam struktur ramalan sebagai tambahan darjah pada kebebasan bagi mengatasi kekangan. Dua dapatan simulasi kajian menyetujui pendekatan yang dicadangkan dan menyebabkan sangat kurang kekangan pengendalian pada sistem konservatif, oleh itu kawalan yang lebih bagus pada prestasi berbanding pada PFC nominal. Selain itu, pendekatan nobel ini juga menghilangkan kesukaran pelarasan yang dikenali ramai dan ramalan isu tidak konsisten yang terdapat pada PFC konvensional apabila mengendali kekangan.

Fixed point (FP) has been the heart of several areas of mathematics and other sciences. FP is a beautiful mixture of analysis (pure and applied), topology, and geometry. To construct the link between FP and applied mathematics, this paper will present some generalized strong coupled FP theorems in cone metric spaces. Our consequences give the generalization of “cyclic coupled Kannan-type contraction” given by Choudhury and Maity. We present illustrative examples in support of our results. This new concept will play an important role in the theory of fixed point results and can be generalized for different contractive-type mappings in the context of metric spaces. In addition, we also establish an application in integral equations for the existence of a common solution to support our work.

In this manuscript, the theory of constant picture fuzzy graphs (CPFG) is developed. A CPFG is a generalization of constant intuitionistic fuzzy graph (CIFG) and a special case of picture fuzzy graph (PFG). Additionally, the article includes some basic definitions of CPFG such as totally constant picture fuzzy graphs (TCPFGs), constant function, bridge of CPFG, and their related results. Also, an application of CPFG in Wi-Fi network system is discussed. Finally, a comparison of CPFG is established with that of the CIFG which exhibits the superiority of the proposed idea over the existing ones is discussed.

Current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines for stroke or ST-elevation myocardial infarction recommend the use of oral vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) as a first-line anticoagulant. Although several studies have compared the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to VKAs for left ventricular thrombus (LVT) anticoagulation therapy, they are small scale and have produced conflicting results. Thus, this meta-analysis was performed to aggregate these studies to better compare the efficacy and safety of DOACs with VKAs in patients with LVT. Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and Web of Science database searches through January 10, 2021 were performed. Eight studies evaluating stroke or systemic embolism (SSE), six studies for LVT resolution, and five studies for bleeding were included. There were no statistically significant differences in SSE (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.46, 1.71; p = 0.73; I2 = 45%) and LVT resolution (OR 1.13; 95% CI 0.75, 1.71; p = 0.56; I2 = 1%) between DOAC and VKA (reference group) therapy. DOAC use was significantly associated with lower bleeding event rates compared to VKA use (OR 0.61; 95% CI 0.40, 0.93; p = 0.02; I2 = 0%). DOACs may be feasible alternative anticoagulants to vitamin K antagonists for LV thrombus treatment. Randomized controlled trials directly comparing DOACs with VKAs are needed.

The objective of this paper is to present an efficient numerical technique for solving time fractional modified anomalous subdiffusion equation. Anomalous diffusion equation has its role in various branches of biological sciences. B-spline is a piecewise function to draw curves and surfaces, which maintain its degree of smoothness at the connecting points. B-spline provides an active process of approximation to the limit curve. In current attempt, B-spline curve is used to approximate the solution curve of time fractional modified anomalous subdiffusion equation. The process is kept simple involving collocation procedure to the data points. The time fractional derivative is approximated with the discretized form of the Riemann-Liouville derivative. The process results in the form of system of algebraic equations, which is solved using a variant of Thomas algorithm. In order to ensure the convergence of the procedure, a valid method named Von Neumann stability analysis is attempted. The graphical and tabular display of results for the illustrated examples is presented, which stamped the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

In this article, we consider an extensive class of monotone nonexpansive mappings. We use S-iteration to approximate the fixed point for monotone total asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in the settings of modular function space.

In this paper, we find the second variational formula for a generalized Sasakian space form admitting a semisymmetric metric connection. Inequalities regarding the stability criteria of a compact generalized Sasakian space form admitting a semisymmetric metric connection are established.

In this article, we consider an extensive class of monotone nonexpansive mappings and introduce a new iteration algorithm to approximate the fixed point for monotone total asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in the framework of hyperbolic space. Faster convergence and stability results are proved for that iteration; also, fixed point is approximated numerically in a nontrivial example by using MATLAB.

Background: Information on determinants of postnatal care is essential for maternal health services, and this information is scarce in Pakistan. This study aimed to determine the factors of newborn postnatal care utilization from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS) conducted from 2006–2018. Methods: We analyzed data from three rounds of cross-sectional, nationally representative PDHS 2006–07, 2012–13, and 2017–18. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to explore factors associated with utilization of newborn postnatal care within two months. Results: This study included 5724 women from the 2006–07 PDHS, 7461 from the 2012–13 survey, and 8287 from the 2017–18 survey. The proportion of women receiving newborn postnatal care within the first two months of delivery increased from 13% in 2006–07 to 43% in 2012–13 but dropped to 27% in 2017–18. Respondent’s occupation and prenatal care utilization of maternal health services were common factors that significantly influenced newborn postnatal care utilization within two months. The utilization of postnatal care was greater among women having educated husbands and where the first child was a male in PDHS 2007 round. Higher wealth index and educated respondent had higher postnatal care utilization odds in DHS 2012 and DHS 2018. However, the odds of using postnatal care decreased with the number of household members and total number of children ever born in DHS 2012 and 2018 rounds. Conclusions: There was a general increase in the proportion of women who utilized postnatal care for their newborns during 2006–2013 but a decrease in 2018. The decreased utilization in 2018 warrants further investigation. Improving women’s economic status, education, employment, and antenatal care attendance and reducing parity may increase newborn postnatal care utilization.

Background: Information on determinants of postpartum care is essential for public health action, yet this information is scarce in Pakistan. Hence, the current study aimed to determine the factors of newborn postpartum care utilization from the Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys conducted from 2006–2018. Methods: We analyzed data from three rounds of cross-sectional, nationally representative Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (PDHS) 2006–07, 2012–13, and 2017–18. Multivariable logistic regression models were applied to explore factors associated with utilization of newborn postpartum care within two months. Results: This study included 5724 women from the 2006–07 PDHS, 7461 from the 2012–13 survey, and 8287 from the 2017–18 survey. The proportion of women receiving newborn postnatal care within the first two months of delivery increased from 13% in 2006–07 to 43% in 2012–13 but dropped to 27% in 2017–18. Respondent’s occupation and prenatal care utilization of maternal health services were common factors that significantly influenced newborn postnatal care utilization within two months. The utilization of postnatal care was greater among women having educated husbands and where the first child was a male in PDHS 2007 round. Higher wealth index and educated respondent had higher postnatal care utilization odds in DHS 2012 and DHS 2018. However, the odds of using postnatal care decreased with the number of household members and total number of children ever born in DHS 2012 and 2018 rounds. Conclusions: There was a general increase in the proportion of women who utilized postnatal care for their newborns during 2006–2013 but a decrease in 2018. The decreased utilization in 2018 warrants further investigation. Improving women’s economic status, education, employment, and antenatal care attendance and reducing parity may increase newborn postnatal care utilization.

The geochemical investigation of shales from the Early to Middle Cretaceous Chichali Formation in the Hazara Basin was conducted to determine the origin, tectonic setting and evolution, paleo-weathering conditions, and paleo-oceanographic reconstruction. The research included a comprehensive field survey, sample collection, and analysis of a variety of main, trace, and rare-earth elements using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). Bivariate plots and ternary diagrams were used to determine the provenance, tectonic setting, and paleo-weathering conditions that existed during the development of the Chichali Formation in the Hazara Basin. The values of Ba/Sc, Ba/Co, Th/Sc, Cr/Th, Cr/Zr, Th/Co, Th/Cr, Sc/Th, bivariate plots of Al2O3 vs. TiO2, TiO2 vs. Zr, TiO2 vs. Ni, Df1–Df2, Zr vs. Nb, and La/Sc vs. Th/Co, and ternary diagram of K2O–Fe2O3–Al2O3 were used to illustrate the passive continental margin setting of Chichali Formation shales. The detailed chemical analysis also provides an understanding of the marine geochemical cycle, which reflects the origin of these sediments. The average K2O/Al2O3 value is less than 0.4, indicating that the shale contains clay minerals. The Chichali Formation’s Chemical Index of Alteration (mean = 71) and Index of Compositional Variation (mean = 1.12) values show a modest degree of chemical weathering in the source locations. From an environmental standpoint, the Chichali Formation is richer in toxic elements such as Ba, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Cu, which may be damaging to agricultural soils and drinking water when present in excess. These metals are incorporated into the formation during the weathering process.

The present study was designed to elucidate a relationship between lymphoid organs and reproductive activity in male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) bred in a temperate region of Pakistan (30.3753° N, 69.3451° E) in response to photoperiodic changes. The research focused primarily on the relative morphological changes in primary (thymus and bursa of Fabricius) and secondary (spleen) lymphoid organs with respect to seasonal variations in the histomorphometry of testicular tissue. For this purpose, a comparable number of clinically healthy Japanese quails were exsanguinated during active (April–May), regressive (September–October) and inactive (January–February) reproductive phases. Following an extensive gross measurement of lymphoid and reproductive organs, a histomorphometric analysis was performed on sampled tissues by employing ImageJ® software. Blood was collected for hormonal and leukocytic analysis. One-way ANOVA was used for statistical comparison. Testes had the highest parenchymal development in the active phase (80.66 ± 21.22 µm) and the lowest in the inactive phase (27.80 ± 7.22 µm). Conversely, a percentage change was evident in the sizes of primary (bursa: 61.5%, thymus: 46.9%) and secondary (spleen: 23.9%) lymphoid organs during inactive and active reproductive phases. This study demonstrated that a physiological trade-off is imperative between immune and reproductive systems for optimum survivability and reproductive performance.