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Introduction: This mixed-methods study examined self-determination at a summer sports camp for youths with visual impairments (i.e., those who are blind or have low vision). Educators of students with visual impairment have reported that the expanded core curriculum should be taught outside of the school day and have reported placing a lower priority on teaching self-determination skills during school hours. Methods: Athletes at a mid-Atlantic sports camp for youths with visual impairments responded to the American Institute for Research (AIR) Self-Determination Scale survey regarding perceptions of their own self-determination across three settings, a questionnaire about their experiences of self-determination during camp, and interviews about their understanding of self-determination at camp. Adult coaches responded to a questionnaire concerning opportunities for athletes to develop self-determination skills. Results: A repeated measures ANOVA on composite scores of AIR Self-Determination Scale across home, school, and camp settings revealed athletes were statistically significant, F[subscript (2.13)] = 24.24, p < 0.001. Athletes were more confident in their self-determination skills at camp (M = 26.6, SD = 3.33) compared to home (M = 19.1, SD = 5.76) and school (M = 19.2, SD = 5.21). Athletes reported the camp setting allowed for the development of self-determination skills by fostering positive relationships between coaches and athletes, providing emotional support, and promoting inclusion with respect to visual impairment. Limitations included the small sample size, question comprehension, shortened data collection, busy environment, and nature of the relationship between participants and researchers. Discussion: This research will contribute to literature related to teaching self-determination skills to young people with visual impairments and has implications for classroom learning. Implications for Practitioners: Low student-to-staff ratios, access to adapted sports, options to follow one's interests throughout the day, and goal-setting are aspects of camp that educators can adopt to promote self-determination in school.

Context: Many athletic training programs are not meeting accreditation standards involving measures of student success, causing programs to be noncompliant with these standards and showing current and prospective students that their program may not prepare them for a successful career. Studies have shown that psychosocial factors, including psychological needs and measures of student motivation, may be related to student success. Objective: To examine the relationships between psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness), measures of student motivation (controlled and autonomous motivation, self-efficacy, and academic and athletic trainer identity), and measures of student success (persistence, intention to leave, perceived academic performance, and grade point average [GPA]) in athletic training students. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Entry-level master's athletic training programs. Patients or Other Participants: Ninety-seven current entry-level master's athletic training students who held a noncertified student National Athletic Trainers' Association membership in 2020. Data Collection and Analysis: Responses to surveys were estimated using a path model, in which 4 measures of student success were specified to be predicted by psychological needs directly and indirectly through measures of student motivation. Results: Persistence was positively predicted by autonomy and autonomous motivation. Intention to leave was positively predicted by controlled motivation. Perceived academic performance was positively predicted by competence and autonomous motivation. Finally, GPA was predicted positively by academic identity and negatively by athletic trainer identity. Findings also showed an indirect relationship between competence and GPA through academic identity. Overall, findings showed that autonomy, competence, autonomous motivation, and academic identity were important predictors of student success. Conclusion(s): Athletic training students should be provided opportunities to practice athletic training skills and knowledge and to make choices regarding patient care in real-life situations and regarding their learning environment. These opportunities for independence may result in greater autonomy, competence, autonomous motivation, and academic identity, and, in turn, greater student success.

The aim of the work is to improve the system of training of highly qualified athletes engaged in Kazakh-Kures. The research was conducted from 2017 to 2019. During this time, our Baluans participated in the Asian and World Championships and showed good results. December 15-16, 2019. For example, the Kazakh Kuresi World Championship was held in the City of Aktobe (Kazakhstan). Two hundred athletes from more than 40 countries took part in the competition. We fought in eight weight categories. As a result, our athletes took five gold, one silver and two bronze medals. As a result of our research, a model of five-stage pre-competition training of Baluan wrestlers for the main macrocycle competitions using sports training in non-traditional conditions is justified. It is empirically established that the effect of sports training increases significantly if shock sports training is carried out at an altitude during the last two microcycles.

This study aims to examine the relationship between aggression levels and self-efficacy of students interested in weightlifting sport. Descriptive and screening research model was used in this study, which assesses the relationship between aggression levels and self-efficacy of students interested in weightlifting sport. The Aggression Questionnaire which was developed by Buss and Perry (1992) and whose validity and reliability study of the Turkish form conducted by Madran (2012) was used in the study as well as the Scale of Self-efficacy which was developed by Riggs et al. (1994), and adapted into Turkish by Öcel (2002). The results of the study show that there is a negative and low-level relationship between the participants' self-efficacy and physical aggression scores (r = -0.112, p < 0.05). In this context, it can be concluded that when participants' self-efficacy level increases, their physical aggression level decreases.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of self-talk on motivation and performance of individuals by different variants. The sample of the research consisted of 233 athletes in total, 113 are women and 120 are men living in 30 different provinces in Turkey and interested in different branches in 2020. The 'self-talk scale', developed by Brinthaupt, Hein and Kramer (2009) and adopted to Turkish by Akin et al. (2010) which aims to assess the emotional, behavioral and cognitive aspects of the self-talk, was used as a data collection tool. The data obtained in the study were analyzed by using the IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for Windows 15.0 program. Number, percentage and frequency were used as descriptive statistical methods in the evaluation of data. According to the obtained data, significant differences between the age variant and 'self-criticism' which is the sub-dimension of self-talk scale, between 'social assessment' and 'self-criticism' which are the sub-dimensions of gender and self-talk scale, and between the level of doing sports and the sub-dimension of self-criticism" have been gained.

The present study aims to analyze football players' percentages of shot on target and level of self-confidence in different leagues. The sample of the study consisted of 70 football players who regularly play in Tier 1, Tier 2 and Regional Amateur League in Yozgat province of Turkey. Football players' demographic data were obtained using a "personal information form". Participants' shooting abilities were measured using shooting ability test, which is one of the sub-parameters of Mor-Christian football ability test. Participants' levels of self-confidence, on the other hand, were measured using a self-confidence scale developed by Akin (2007). The obtained data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 18 package program. Normality test, frequency analysis, percentage analysis, arithmetic means, t test, ANOVA analyses and post-hoc tests were used for data analysis. The present study found statistically significant differences among football players' total shot on target scores in terms of league level, monthly income, individual shooting training and individual fitness training (p < 0.05). However, no statistically significant differences were observed among football players' total shots on target and self-confidence scale scores in terms of age, duration as a registered football player, being a registered athlete in another sports branch, playing position, preferred foot, history of serious injury and preferred football coach type (p > 0.05).

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of 8-week balance education studies applied to women aged 19-22 on dynamic balances. A total of 48 women volunteering at the University of Erciyes and 24 women engaged in team sports (basketball and futsal) with at least two years of licensing and individual sports (badminton and taekwondo) participated in the study. Necessary permissions were obtained from the schools and clubs of the volunteers and "acceptance consent form" was filled in for female athletes. The dynamic balance pretest values of the women in both groups were measured with the biodex balance instrument, and a balance training program was applied 3 days a week for 8 weeks, and the differences between the balance measurements were examined by taking the posttest values at the end of the study. The data obtained from the pretest and posttest measurements made to evaluate the dynamic balance developments of the female athletes who constitute the sample of the study, by taking the percentage (%), arithmetic mean (X-bar), standard deviation (ss) and frequency (n) values in the SPSS 25 package program. It was evaluated. As the number of observations was less than 50, the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test whether the data showed normal distribution. Parametric tests were used in statistical analysis since it was understood that the data showed normal distribution. In the research, the Independent sample t-test was used to determine whether the difference between the averages of the two independent groups was significant. Paired sample t test was used to test the significance of the difference between the arithmetic means of the two related groups. Significance level was accepted as p < 0.05. In the statistical analysis, it was observed that there was a significant difference between the dynamic balance measurements of the university female athletes dealing with individual sports (badminton and taekwondo) between the pretest and posttest scores (p < 0.05). The dynamic balance measurements of female athletes dealing with team sports (basketball and futsal) could not be detected between the pre and post test results (p > 0.05). When the pre-test and post-test balance measurements of the female athletes in the two groups were compared, significant differences were found in favor of the women engaged in individual sports (p < 0.05). In line with the findings obtained in the study, it was found that the 8-week balance training program applied to university women contributed to the development of dynamic balance in female athletes engaged in individual sports, but did not change the dynamic balance of women who do team sports. With this finding; It can be suggested that educators and coaches engaged in women's team sports should include dynamic balance-enhancing and protective special activities.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 6-week skill-based volleyball training program on the running economy (RE) of male competitive volleyball players. Ten male amateur volleyball players (age 21.1 ± 1.5 years) participated in a 6-week skill-based volleyball training program three times a week in the pre-season preparatory period. Before and after the training period, the following tests were completed: (i) incremental treadmill test to determine maximal oxygen uptake (VO[subscript 2max]), ventilator threshold (VT), and running velocity associated with VO[subscript 2max] (vVO2max); (ii) submaximal constant-intensity test to determine RE. RE was determined by measuring steady-state VO[subscript 2] (ml/kg/min) for 6 min at speed corresponding to 90% of the VT. The training program caused a significant improvement in RE by 5.3 ± 4.1% (p = 0.01). VO[subscript 2max], VT and vVO[subscript 2max] were not significantly affected by the training program (p> 0.05). There were no significant changes in respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and minute ventilation (VE) measured during the submaximal constant-intensity test (p > 0.05). There were no significant changes in maximal RER and VE values measured during the incremental treadmill test (p> 0.05). The absence of significant changes in VO[subscript 2max] as well as VE and RER suggests that the improved RE after a skill-based volleyball training may not be the result of an increase in the delivery and utilization capacity of oxygen or a change in substrate utilization. The improvement in RE may be related to more effective storage and release of elastic energy with the skill-based volleyball training.

In sports pedagogy, there is the problem of the formation of an athlete's personality, resistant to various factors of victimization. In the framework of the present study, the author applied the case method and interviews with elite athletes along with the method of victimological analysis. Totally, 20 interviews were processed and 40 cases were analyzed by means of qualitative and quantitative content analyses. It was revealed that both victim and anti-victim personalities of elite athletes have almost the same basic substructures (clusters). However, the content of these clusters is different. The personality structures of the athletes that demonstrate the phenomenon of victim personality include such personal affective complexes as the authority complex, the superiority complex and the guilt complex. The structure of anti-victim personality comprises a system of personality attitudes that do not allow athletes to treat themselves as victims, namely to move forward despite obstacles; to regard defeats as valuable experience, etc. It has been proven that unsportsmanlike behavior is a predictor of victim personality among elite athletes. Manifestations of unsportsmanlike behavior testified the athlete's victim complex that stimulated such incorrect behavior. It was reasoned that high-performance sport is a predictor of the anti-victim personality of the winner only under certain conditions. Anti-victim personality does not allow itself to be perceived as a victim, using psychological attitudes to overcome the difficulties of a sports life, including defeats.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of 4-month basketball training on speed, agility and jump in youth male basketball players. A total of 14 male basketball players from the youth category participated in the study voluntarily. Before the research, parents' consent documents were obtained from the parents of the players. The study included players who continued basketball training for 4 months. Subjects performed basketball training 3 days a week (90 min every day). 20 m sprint, Illinois agility test, vertical and horizontal jump tests were applied in the research. Pre-, mid-, and post-test designs are used in measurements (First test, 2. month and 4. month), and they were carried out in three different test periods. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine differences between measurements. The Holm-Sidak test was used to determine the differences between the groups (p < 0.05). There was a significant difference between the measurements in the body height, body weights and horizontal jump of the subjects. In addition, an improvement in vertical jump, 20 m speed and agility performances were observed at the end of the 4th month. It was found that 4-month basketball training caused a significant increase in physical and motoric features seen in youth male basketball players. It is thought that the significant increase in speed, agility and vertical jump performance will occur after longer training sessions. It should also be remembered that growing up can affect the positive increase in performance. [This study was presented as oral presentation at the International Conference on Sports for All and Wellness in 2018.]

The aim of this study is to compare some physical parameters of professional and regional amateur footballers according to their positions. Totally 100 volunteer football players playing in the professional and regional amateur league participated in the study. Anthropometric measurements (height, body weight, body fat ratio) were performed first in evaluating the physical parameters of football players. Second, anaerobic capacity (flexibility, vertical jumping, speed) and third one is aerobic capacity (yo-yo IR1) measurements were completed. Kolmogorov Smirnow test was used for normality testing of the data used in the study. Thus, it is understood that the data show normal distribution, one-way analysis of variance (one way ANOVA), which is one of the parametric tests, was also used in cases where more than two groups were compared. The statistical analysis used in the study was performed at 0.005 error levels in 95% confidence interval. SPSS 22.0 package program is applied for statistical analysis of the data. As a result, it is observed that the football players participating in the study have statistically difference between the flexibility, vertical jumping and 30 m speed values according to the leagues, and height, body weight and body fat percentage values according to the positions (p < 0.05). Having the flexibility, vertical jumping and 30 m speed works to improve the parameters of the players with meaningful differences can be made to the players who play in all leagues and positions can contribute to the increase in performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of some sportive performance on the menstruation of female amateur volleyball players. 15 healthy female athletes with average age 20.0 ± 1.39 years, height average 165.93 ± 5.13 cm, body weight average 57.07 ± 4.42 kg and BMI (body mass index) 20.69 ± 4.78 kg/m2 , voluntarily participated in this study. Athletes had training age of 6 years, they participated in regular training, they had regular menstrual cycle for 6 months, and they were not using any regulatory drug. In obtaining the data, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, anaerobic power and speed tests after of the the premenstrual menses and in 2nd day of menstrual menses to athletes were taken. The average test, the standard deviation test and the t test of the dependent groups, were statistically analysed. The results of the first and second of athletes to sit-ups, push-ups, flexibility, speed and anaerobic power values, respectively, were 31.00 ± 12.28, 29.33 ± 9.88, 27.20 ± 5.41 cm, 4.08 ± 0.69 sn and 73.77 ± 3.20 kgm/sn; at 29 ± 12.13, 23.93 ± 9.24, 27.87 ± 4.97 cm, 4.14 ± 0.59 sn and 69.84 ± 3.25 kgm/sn. In conclusion, female volleyball players' menstrual cycle did not affect their flexibility, muscular strength and endurance, anaerobic power and speed performances (p > 0.05).

The present study aims to investigate the relationship between speed and isokinetic knee strength applied at different angular velocities in female volleyball players. 11 female volleyball players from the senior category volunteered in the study (meanage: 20.2±3.9 years, meanheight: 176.8±7.1 cm, meanweight: 66.6±5.7 kg). Isomed 2000 isokinetic dynamometer was used in order to measure the isokinetic strength of participants while 20 m sprint test was conducted in order to measure the speed. In measuring isokinetic strength, knee flexion and extension (H/Q) were measured separately on concentric/concentric dominant and non-dominant legs at 60°/sec angular velocity for 5 repetitions, at 180°/sec for 10 repetitions, and at 300°/sec for 15 repetitions. In data analysis, Spearman's correlation test was used for the relationship between isokinetic knee strength applied at different angular velocities and speed (p < 0.05). The highest peak torque value in participants was measured on both sides at 60°/sec angular velocity. This was followed by 180°/sec and 300°/sec angular velocities respectively. There was no significant relationship between isokinetic knee strength applied at different angular velocities and speed. In conclusion, there is not any significant relationship between speed and isokinetic knee strength in female volleyball players.

The aim of this study was to develop a tool in order to measure the impact of music on the sportive activities. The study group 170 professional athletes, who are actively playing in the municipal sport club in Istanbul in basketball, physically disabled (swimming), wrestling, judo, karate, taekwondo, volleyball, swimming, and fitness branches. Thus, it was assumed that the sample represented the population. The construct validity of the scale was tested through the exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. The reliability of the scale was measured through the Cronbach Alpha and test-retest method. The distinctiveness of the scale was tested over the difference between the min 27% and max 27%. Correlation analysis was conducted among the scale factors. In order to calculate the reliability of the 18 items in the Impact of Music on Sportive Activities Scale, the "Cronbach Alpha", which is the internal consistency coefficient, was calculated. The general reliability of the scale was determined to be very high, alpha=0.885. It was determined that the analysis results, confirmatory factor analysis, and compliance statistics demonstrated a good fit, and as a conclusion of the correlation analysis, positive correlations were detected between the Scale sub-dimensions and overall scores (p < 0.05).

This study combines the results of studies on the effect of plyometric training on back and leg muscle strength in different places and times to reveal the overall effect sizes of these results. For this purpose, between 2000-2020 years of plyometric training method in Turkey, back and legs taken the subject of the effect on muscle strength parameters of the Council of Higher Education of the National Thesis Archive, Google and academic journals park websites postgraduate published in theses and research papers by the inclusion of studies appropriate studies are discussed. Studies that do not meet the specified criteria are excluded from this study. For the studies whose heterogeneity value is above normal, moderator analysis of training duration, sports branch and broadcast type variables were done. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) program was used for experimental meta-analysis. According to the results of the meta-analysis data of this study, the effect of plyometric training on the back muscle strength was 0.404 in the fixed effects model; in the random effects model, it was found to be moderate with an effect size of 0.408. In the fixed effects model for leg muscle strength, 0.478; in the random effects model, it was determined that it has a moderate effect size with a moderate effect size with an effect size of 0.525. Considering the results of this study; for the development of back and leg muscle strength, plyometric training can be said to be moderately effective.

The aim of this study is to analyze whether the national athletes' perceptions of hopelessness and their self-esteem levels differ in terms of different variables (age, marital status, and income status, place of residence, educational status, and active national career). The study group of the research consists of 200 active male national rowing athletes. "Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)" was used to determine the hopelessness perceptions of the rowers participating in the research, "Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE) and the personal information form created by the researcher were used to determine the self-esteem levels. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0 package program was used to analyze the data. Independent Samples T Test was used in binary groups and One-Way ANOVA tests were used in groups of three and above. LSD test was used to determine which groups favor significant differences as a result of One-Way ANOVA. Significance level is accepted as p < 0.05. According to the results of the research, the level of hopelessness (x = 12.32) of the national rowing athletes was found to be moderate and the self-esteem levels (x = 29.63) are high. Considering different variables, there is no statistically significant difference in self-esteem levels in terms of hopelessness levels according to age, income status, place of residence, educational status. Moreover, according to marital status variable, there is no significant difference in levels of hopelessness and self-esteem. While there is no significant difference in self-esteem levels according to active national career, statistically significant difference was found in perceptions of hopelessness (p < 0.05)

The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of lower and upper extremity strength on shot styles in tennis. 54 males and 19 females training regularly as experimental group and 24 male and 9 female volunteers as control group participated in the study. 24 training sessions were applied to the experimental group participants. Every week in a unit training, accurate and effective shot, practically forehand and backhand, was applied to the subject suitable for the technique and style by shooting 50 balls from the ball machine. The service was performed for each subject from the service point on the baseline line of the court in 20 units in one unit training. Maximum number of heart 30 to 50% of the beats were allocated for 10 min of general warming, and 70 to 80% of the maximum number of heart beats were allocated for quick strength; moreover, practices towards upper and lower extremity were applied beforehand and finger strength trainings. Voluntary participants in the control group were not subjected to any training program. Paired t-test was used for intra-group comparisons in the analysis. Two-way ANOVA was used to compare pre-test and post-test changes in groups with gender effect. Mean and standard deviation were used as descriptive statistics. Significance was determined as p [less than or equal to] 0.05. In conclusions, effective service training should be supported with a good ball thrower and effective material. Therefore, this study is important in terms of evaluating the effect of the tennis ball thrower on the performance of the athletes to correct the shoot techniques and improve their performance.

This study aimed to analyze emotional intelligence and mental resistance levels of the national cross country skiing running athletes according to education level and different variables in Turkey in terms of different variables. In the research, general survey model which is one of the survey models was used. Population of the research, i.e. sample of cross country skiing running athletes in Turkey consists of 56 athletes, of which 21 are female, 35 are male, and their average age is 18 years. In determining demographic variables of athletes, personal information form created by the researchers, "Sports Mental Resistance Questionnaire (SMTQ)" to measure mental resistance levels, "Emotional Intelligence Scale for use in Sport (EISS)" to measure emotional intelligence levels, were used. All of the data obtained were analyzed in SPSS 21 package program and significance level of data was taken as p < 0.05. According to the findings obtained from the research, significant relation was determined in favor of female athletes in continuity sub-dimension which is one of mental resistance sub-dimensions according to gender variable, in favor of athletes aged 19 and older in utilizations of emotions sub-dimension which is one of emotional intelligence sub-dimensions according to age variable, in favor of university students in evaluating feelings of others, evaluating feelings of themselves, regulating emotions and utilizations of emotions subdimensions which are emotional intelligence sub-dimensions according to the educational status variable. It was found that there was a significant relation in favor of athletes doing sports for 6 to 8 years when compared to athletes doing sports for 5 years and less according to year of doing sports variable in continuity which is mental resistance sub-dimension and evaluating feelings of themselves which is emotional intelligence sub-dimension. In comparison of emotional intelligence sub-dimension levels of athletes according to recreational activity variable, significant difference is seen relating to the fact that emotional intelligence levels of those listening to music and reading book are lower than those watching movie in evaluating feelings of themselves sub-dimension, emotional intelligence levels of those listening to music are lower than those watching movie in regulating emotions sub-dimension, emotional intelligence levels of those listening to music are lower than those participating in sportive activities and watching movie in social skills sub-dimension. When other sub-dimensions were examined, it was determined that there was no significant difference. Consequently, it was seen that there was a significant difference between national cross country skiing athletes in Turkey according to gender and year of doing sports variables in terms of mental resistance levels; according to age, educational status, year of doing sports and recreational activity variables in terms of emotional intelligence levels.

This study has been designed to evaluate the effect of the sports expectation of adolescents participating in summer sports schools in Konya and the environmental factors on athlete's satisfaction. A total of 458 individuals, 179 girls and 279 boys, who attended sports schools, participated in the study with the principle of voluntary participation via the convenience sampling method. In addition, a survey form created by conducting expert opinion and literature review was used for the relationship between the expectation levels of adolescents and the satisfaction level of environmental factors. In addition to descriptive statistical models, Anova analysis methods were used in the statistical analysis of data ([alpha] = 0.05). According to the results of t-test on the expectations of athletes according to gender and the effects of environmental factors on athlete's satisfaction, it was found that there was a significant difference in terms of gender in the subdimensions of "Athletes Expectation Level" and "The Effect of Environmental Factors on Athlete Satisfaction" (p < 0.05).

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of winning on early maladaptive schema of individual female athletes. The present study was a descriptive-analytical research method. The statistical population of this study was all female athletes in two age groups of adolescents and young athletes from individual teams (Tennis, Tack and Chess) who participated in the championship of East Azerbaijan province and country in 2020. Exactly 1400 athletes participated in this competition. Based on Krejcie and Morgan table (1970), 302 athletes were selected by simple random sampling. Yang Schema Questionnaire (2003) was used to collect the data and was analyzed using independent t-test by SPSS software version 22. The results of this study showed there is a significant difference between early maladaptive schemas among female athletes with a competitive level. Athletes with a competitive national level have a higher initial maladaptive mean level. Athletes in the youth age group have a higher initial maladaptive mean level.

Sports-related concussions affect over 280,000 adolescents each year while the general public remains ill-informed about concussions, signs/symptoms, and treatments. Adolescents may be at an increased risk for experiencing adverse physiological and psychological effects from concussions, underscoring the critical need for effective concussion education strategies. While mobile apps are increasingly being used in education and healthcare settings, none were found to offer comprehensive concussion education capable of reaching diverse audiences. The interactive mobile app "Rebound: Beating Concussions" has the potential to be an effective teaching tool for school athletic programs and medical professionals to communicate important concussion-related information to student athletes, parents, and sports coaches. A mixed methods study was used to determine the app's ability to convey information about concussions to student athletes in grades 5 through 12, parents of student athletes, and sports coaches. Concussion knowledge and participant opinions were assessed via a pre/post model and administered before and after app use. Participants demonstrated knowledge gains in the identification of concussion symptoms, treatments, and misconceptions. Additionally, participants demonstrated positive opinions on the content of the app, its relevance to everyday life, and its potential as a teaching tool.

This study aimed to compare dynamic balance education among young athletes in different sports. So forty male volunteers in soccer (n = 11), handball (n = 6), sprinting (n = 10), and martial arts (n = 13) participated in the current study. The mean age, height, and weight of the participants were 15.7 ± 0.5 years, 175.3 ± 4.6 cm, and 63.0 ± 6.8 kg, respectively, for sprinters; 16.2 ± 0.7 years, 174.2 ± 4.3cm, and 62.2 ± 5 kg, respectively, for martial arts athletes; 16.2 ± 0.8 years, 174.2 ± 6.1 cm, and 61.9 ± 6.0 kg, respectively, for soccer players, 16.3 ± 0.8 years, 180.8 ± 10.5 cm, and 70.7 ± 7.9 kg, respectively, for handball players. Star Excursion Balance was taught 12 sessions for all the participants three days of a week for 1 hour (Lephart et al., 1996). A per-test and post-test of dynamic balance values of both legs were assessed of all participants. and the best scores of each participant were recorded. Normalized leg reach distances (reach distance/leg length x 100 = percentage of leg length) were used as dynamic balance. The SPSS (version 25.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) was used to analyze the data. On the right leg, the soccer players' reach distances were shorter than of the handball players and martial arts athletes in the MD and PM directions, than of the sprinters in the LAT direction. Similarly, on the left leg, the soccer players had shorter reach distances in the PM and LAT directions when compared with the martial arts athletes, and in the ANT direction when compared with the handball players (p < 0.05). It was reported in the current study that SEBT scores of the young soccer players were lower than other athletes. Balance is an important attribute for soccer, like other sports, however leg reach performance which is more related to flexibility may be not initial form for soccer players. Because the soccer-specific motion patterns demanding dynamic balance requirements can be easily performed without flexibility, therefore their postural control ability may be unimproved. On the other side, distinctive dynamic balance control skills of martial arts athletes may be stemmed from their kicking practices. So, it is recommended to teach and practice balance task in all training sessions of whole athletes.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of countries' development level in sports medicine, exercise and sports performance on their success in Olympic Games. Within this purpose, 1027 papers that were published between 2010 and 2018 in the journal of Sports Medicine, of which impact factor was 7.074 in 2017, were examined in analytical and correlational terms considering the first author and total author numbers. Pearson Correlation was utilized to find out the relationships between the papers from various countries and their success at Olympic Games. Regarding the number of medals won by the countries in the 2016, 2012 and 2008, Olympic Games were found significantly correlated with the number of first author (r = 0.73) and total author (r = 0.74).

As in many fields of work, burnout syndrome may also occur in the coaching profession. The aim of this study is to examine the burnout levels of coaches working with physically disabled swimmers in terms of various variables. In the research, single screening method, which is one of the general screening methods, was adopted. While the population of the research consists of the coaches working with physically disabled swimmers in Turkey, its sample consists of 68 trainers who were chosen by the random sampling method among 80 swimming coaches working with the disabled athletes participating in the Physically Disabled Turkey Swimming Championship and National Team auditions held on 23 to 25 January, 2019. Whereas the "Personal Information Form" developed by the researchers was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the Swimming Coaches, the "Professional Burnout" scale developed by Maslach and Jackson (1981) and adapted into Turkish by Ergin (1992) was used to be able to determine their occupational burnout levels. According to the findings obtained, no significant difference was found between the personal accomplishment feelings regarding professional burnout levels, emotional burnout and depersonalization sub scales of coaches working with physically disabled swimmers and the variables of age, coaching level, working year, gender, marital status and whether there is a disabled person in their families or not (P > 0.05). It was concluded that, the professional burnout levels of coaches who work with the physically disabled swimmers in Turkey is high on the feeling of personal accomplishment subscale and moderate on the emotional burnout and depersonalization subscales. Besides, no significant difference was observed between the occupational burnout levels of coaches working with physically disabled swimmers and all their other variables.

In our age, developments in modern technology are so fast that even following up is very difficult. These developments affect every field of daily life as well as affecting the sports field, resulting in new progress in this field. Electronic sports, which is abbreviated as e-sports, is one of these developments. E-sports has also recently developed rapidly and has gained popularity especially among young people. This rapid rise and increasing popularity required research on e-sports. From the view of this aspect, in this work, the motivation of the athletes engaged in the e-sports branch as licensed to participate in e-sport and their attitudes towards learning was evaluated in terms of various variables and it was aimed to compare the differences between the two situations. 186 female and 271 male e-sports players voluntarily participated in the study. In the research, "the e-sports Participation Motivation Scale" and "Attitude Scale Regarding Learning" were used. Semantic differences were found in the e-sports participation motivation scale and learning attitude scales of the e-sports players participating in the study. Besides, it has been observed that there is a positive relationship between e-sports players' attitudes towards learning and e-sports participation motivation levels.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of losing on early maladaptive schemata of individual male athletes. The present study was a descriptive-analytical research method. The statistical population of this study was all male athletes in two age groups of adolescents and young people from individual (weightlifting, tack and taekwondo) who participated in the championship of Erzurum province and country in 2019. According to the statistics, the number of these people was estimated at 2,800 athletes. The statistical sample of this study, based on the sample Morgan table (1970), was 338 athletes. The current research tool was Yang Schema Questionnaire (2003). Data were analyzed using independent t-test by SPSS software version 21. The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between early maladaptive schemas among male athletes with a status of lose and sport field.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), ballistic, and static stretching exercises on the range of motion after sports injury surgery in soccer team athletes. The purpose of this research was an applied one, in terms of method was descriptive and correlational one. Therefore, in terms of data collection, the research method was the laboratory strategy. The statistical population of this study was injured male students of soccer players who had undergone surgery. The sample included 97 students (30 active ballistic, 30 active statics and 37 PNF stretching exercises). Statistical analysis of the data was done by SPSS 20 software and t-test. Overall, the results showed that PNF stretching had a significant effect, statics stretching had moderate impact and ballistic stretching had a low but significant effect on the range of motion after sports injury in soccer athletes. That is, PNF had the best effect in terms of increasing the range of motion of the muscles after surgery, followed by static and ballistic stretching, respectively.

Achieving superior performance in swimming, as in other sports, depends on the customization of training for young athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sprint interval trainings on heart rate and 50 m swimming performances of young male swimmers. 24 young male swimmers joined to the study by having their parents confirm the "Parental Permission Form". Swimmers randomly divided into two groups as normal training group and interval sprint training group. As normal training group continued the routine swimming training, interval sprint trainings (8 x 50 interval repeats in crawl and backstroke styles) were applied to the other group additionally for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, at least 30 min a day. Rested-maximum heart rate, 50 m sprint swimming test in crawl and backstroke styles were applied to the swimmers in 1st and 8th weeks of the period. The analysis of data was made in the statistical package program by using "Descriptive statistics", "Paired t Test" and "Independent t Test" for comparison. Results of pre- and post-test comparison of each group, significant differences were found in resting heart rate values of normal training group and all values of interval sprint training group (p < 0.05). Results of comparison between groups, differences found statistically significant in 8th week maximum heart rate, crawl and backstroke performances (p < 0.05). To conclude, we could say that the reason of finding significant differences in rested and maximum heart rate is the positive effects of physical activity on the cardio-vascular system (adaptation). And, the reason for the positive effects on sprint interval performance is depended on sprint interval swimming was acute origination of body's physiological reaction to rising energy need during short time and intensive physical activity even in micro plan.

Purpose of this research is to determine the perception of value of national boxers who study in physical education and sports department in universities. The research was evaluated with semi-structured interview method which is one of the qualitative research designs. The research group consisted of 11 national boxers studying at Gazi University Faculty of Sport Sciences, Firat University Faculty of Sport Sciences, Selcuk University Faculty of Sport Sciences and Mustafa Kemal University School of Physical Education and Sports in 2016-2017 academic year. Data were accessed through the Personal Information Form (4 questions) and Semi-Structured Interview Form (3 questions) prepared by the researchers. In the analysis of the data, content analysis method was utilized. As a result, national boxers who received sports science education at universities had value perceptions such as discipline, gentlemanship, self-confidence, respect, cooperation, responsibility, empathy, health, ambition, systematic work, tolerance and protection from bad habits and they also do not tolerate discrimination, violence and doping.

The aim of this study is to investigate the anger, personality and anxiety levels of the football players who actively play football and the football players who have left football. A total 496 football players, 162 women and 334 men, participated in the research in Istanbul in 2018. Spielberger's Anger Style scale, the Eysenck Personality Inventory short form, and Spielberger's continuous anxiety inventory were used as data collection tools. The percentage distribution and frequency values of the athletes participating in the research were determined with descriptive statistics and Shapiro Wilk test was applied as the normality test. Depending on the athletes' situation, Mann Whitney U test was performed to compare the anger, personality and anxiety levels of the athletes. Kruskal Wallis test was used to compare the anger, personality and anxiety levels of the athletes depending on the level of the athlete, and Tamhane was used as the second level test to identify meaningful groups. Sperman correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the anger, personality and anxiety levels of the athletes. All the tests performed were done at a = 0.05 significance level. Microsoft Excell 2017 for Windows was used to enter the data into the computer environment and SPSS 25 package program was used to create graphics and tables. As a result of the findings obtained from the study, it was observed that there were significant differences between anger and inward anger scores according to the athletes' status, and anger, personality and trait anxiety dimensions according to the level of athletics. On the other hand, it was seen that there was a significant relationship between anger, personality and trait anxiety levels of the athletes participating in the research. As a result, it was determined that normal athletes were angrier than veteran athletes, and professional footballers had better level of anger controls and anger levels than amateur athletes. On the other hand, it has been determined that the personality and anxiety levels of professional athletes are higher than amateur athletes.

Fine motor skill is ability to control and coordinate the small muscles in the hand for precise movements. Fine motor skill have been associated with several other cognitive abilities, including processing speed executive functions and scholastic skills. Fine motor skill in the early years have also been shown to predict later academic achievement, especially in reading and mathematics and to predict underachievement in able students at school. In this aspect our objective in this study was to compare finger tapping test scores between students of art, foreign languages, computer-instructional technologies and elite athletes. A significant difference was found between elite athletes and all groups in finger tapping test scores. Elite athletes performed more finger taps than other groups in the same period. In conclusion, the more importance of fine motor skill in terms of sporting success also explains the difference of the finger tapping test performances between the groups.

In this research, Muay Thai athletes who are university students have been examined by evaluating trait anger and anger expressions in terms of some variables. One hundred and ninety-five Muay Thai Athletes from Turkey Muay Thai Championship between universities volunteered for the study. "The Trait Anger and Anger Expression Scales" by Spielberger was used to determine the trait anger and anger expression styles of participants. Kruskal Wallis H and Mann Whitney U tests were applied for statistical analysis and comparison of variables. According to the general results of the study; for Anger/In subscale, male athletes had higher points than female athletes. The mothers of high school graduates have higher Anger-In scores than whose mothers had university graduate, and whose father had high school graduate, than in athletes, whose father had primary school graduate. It was found that athletes, whose mothers had secondary school graduate, had higher anger/out subscale points than athletes, whose mothers had primary school graduate and university graduate. Anger/in subscale points of athletes, who had 9 years and more of sport experience, were higher than athletes, who had a lower of sport experience. Those with 3-4 years of sport experience had higher anger/out subscale points than those with 1-2 years and 9 years and more of sport experience. Those with 9 years and more had higher anger-control subscale points than those with a lower of sport experience. There was no significant difference in trait anger and anger/in subscales points between athletes joined international tournaments and who did not. There was a significant different in anger/out and anger/control subscales points between athletes joined international tournaments and who did not. As a result, Muay Thai athletes, who are university students, have differences in the forms of trait anger and anger expressions in the dimensions of family (parents' education level), sporting time and participation in international competitions, the positive incentives of the family to sports, the experiences of the individual in the field of sports and the sense of self-realization have been evaluated that they have a motivational and positive effect on managing, controlling, or suppressing anger.

The aim of this study is to determine the metaphoric perceptions of physically disabled and hearing impaired athletes concerning their branches and concepts about these branches. In this context, the sample of the study was comprised of 20 physically disabled and hearing impaired athletes playing in the basketball and football teams in Mus province. In the form that was prepared for data collection, the participants were asked to answer certain statements such as "Basketball/football is like … Because, …", "Field/court is like … Because, …", "Basketball/football (the ball) is like … Because, …", "Playing basketball/football is like … Because, …", etc. The obtained data were transferred to the SPSS program, and frequency and percentage analyses were conducted. As the conclusion, it was determined that the sports branches of physically disabled and hearing impaired athletes were the focal points of their lives, and they perceived them as the requirements for their lives. In this respect, it is considered that the results of this study are significant since it suggests encouraging disabled individuals to sports, helping them participate in sports, providing support, and promoting the disabled sports.

The aim of this study is to determine moral decision making attitudes of youth athletes and sportspersonship behavior levels of their coaches; and to test them in terms of certain variables. The study is in a descriptive research model; the sample group consists of 294 certified athletes playing in youth sports teams; the ages range between 11 and 17. As measurement, "Attitudes to Moral Decision-Making in Youth Sport Questionnaire-2 (AMDYSQ-2)" and "Sportspersonship Coaching Behaviors Scale (SCBS)" were used. In order to test whether the data meet the prerequisite for multivariable tests, Skewness and Kurtosis values and Levene and Box M values were investigated. In the analysis of data, descriptive statistics methods, MANOVA, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation analysis were used. In order to determine the reliability of scales, their Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficients were calculated. MANOVA results show that AMDYSQ-2 has a significant impact on all independent variables whereas SCBS has a significant impact on "gender" and "branch involvement duration" variables. According to the correlation results, there is a positive and low-level significant correlation between "acceptance of cheating" and "keep winning in proportion" factors of SCBS and "setting expectations for good sportspersonship", "teaching good sportspersonship", "reinforcing sportspersonship", "prioritizing winning over good sportspersonship" and "modeling good sportspersonship" factors of AMDYSQ-2. As a result, it is concluded that for the athletes, "acceptance of cheating" factor of AMDYSQ-2 and "setting expectations for good sportspersonship" factor of SCBS are the most important factors.

Futsal is a team game with high physical demands of players. Agility, aerobic and anaerobic power outputs of the players support the success in the game. 24 male players attending the Kafkas University having played futsal in the school team for at least one year participated in the study. The players were separated into two groups. The experimental group (G1) performed sprints and circuits (agility training) of 10 m and 20 m integrated into a 30 minute training program after typical futsal training with their coach two days per week (Tuesdays and Thursdays) for six weeks. Additionally, on Thursdays, they participated in collective running at various paces, interval starts, and rank run exercises for aerobic endurance after typical futsal training. The control group (G2) performed their typical futsal training with their coach. The training sessions were planned so that there was at least a period of 36 hours between the two practice days. In order to determine the players' speed capacity, 10 m-20 m speed tests, a reactive agility tests, and aerobic endurance measurement yo-yo tests were implemented. Descriptive statistics were used in the data analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test was used in comparative analysis of the groups, and the significance was taken to be p<0.05. At the end of the study, it was revealed that the agility training of futsal players attending university for six weeks had an effect on their aerobic endurance.

The aim of this study is to investigate the mental toughness levels of individuals who actively do sports in the face of events they face during sportive performances. Mental toughness is among the psychological characteristics to achieve the highest performance by athletes and coaches. Mental toughness is also important in terms of evaluating the performances of athletes and support their development. The population of the study consisted of individuals who actively do sports in the city of Elazig while the sample of the study consisted of 156 active athletes, who were chosen by the simple random sampling method. As the data collection tools, the personal information form, which was created by the researchers, and the Mental Toughness Scale (MTS), which was developed by Madrigal et al. (2013) and adapted into Turkish by Nevzat Erdogan by 2016, were used. In conclusion, of the athletes who participated in the study, it was observed that male athletes had higher levels of mental toughness compared to female athletes according to the gender variable. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in terms of the variables of marital status, age, educational status, sports experience and sports branch.

The aim of this study is to examine the perception of training load of young soccer players during a five-week preparation period, based on their positions of play, VO[subscript 2] max and years licensed and to compare the perceptions of the players with the training load planned by their coach. 17 young soccer players of Besiktas Football Club's U16 team who participated in the pre-season training prior to the 2018-2019 season volunteered to participate in this study. The height of the players is 175.38±4.83 cm, body weight is 64.24±4.59 kg, body mass index is 20.91±1.54 kg/m2 and body fat percentage is 8.45±3.39. During the 5-week preparation period, the players assessed the rate of perceived exertion of the sections of each training session by using the Borg Scale, on a scale from 1 to 10. The SPSS package program (SPSS 24) was used for statistical analysis of the research data. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess normality and Levene's test was used to assess homogeneity. It was determined that the data distribution was normal. An independent t-test was implemented for comparison of the two groups, and a one-way ANOVA test was implemented for the comparison of multiple groups. The statistical results were evaluated at p < 0.05 significance level. As a result, the players' VO[subscript 2] max values and the years of licensed soccer play may have an influence on their perception of the training load. The coaches' and young soccer players' perception levels of preparation period training load are compatible.

The aim of this study is to determine serious leisure perspectives of professional athletes. 689 athletes selected through random sampling participated in the study. The data were collected with the "Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure (Short Form) (SLIM)," developed by Gould et al. (2011) adapted to Turkish by Ozdemir, Ayyildiz Durhan, and Akgül (2020) which consisting of 12 items and 3 sub-dimensions. It was determined that the data were not distributed homogeneously and non parametric tests were applied. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, Man Whitney U, Kruskall Wallis, Tukey (HSD-LSD) and Pearson Correlation test were used for within-group comparisons. In this study, total internal reliability coefficient of SLIM (short form) scale was determined as 0.93. Participants had higher SLIM scores (89,60 ± 15,76), the highest subscale score was "identification with pursuit and social outcomes" sub-dimension (37,39 ± 7,35), and the lowest subscale score was "individual outcomes" (22,30 ± 4,39). Significant relationships and differences were found among the variables of gender, sports, age of athletics, number of trainings per week, participation status of international competitions, perceived challenge of duties, perceived skill development and perceived total development. As a result of the research, it was determined that professional athletes had high serious leisure perspectives and this situation being in interaction with certain variables.

90-95% of vitamin D which has the supreme function of regulating many metabolisms in tissues and organs, is taken from the sunlight through skin. Since wrestling is performed in sun-protected sports halls, we think that a vitamin D replacement will improve the performance of wrestlers, especially as the limited exposure to sunlight is compared to outdoor sports branches. The aim of our study is to increase the strength and endurance of male wrestlers by applying 25-Hydroxy vitamin D replacement together with general and wrestling-specific trainings for 8 weeks. 36 wrestlers participated in the study and were divided into two groups as subject and control groups. Group A (n: 18) was the exercise-subject group with a 25-hydroxy vitamin D replacement and group B (n: 18) was the exercise-control group without the vitamin D replacement applied. In the subject group, Devit-3 oral ampoule 1 ml (300,000 I.U.) replacement was applied to the wrestlers whose 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were below 20 ng/mL. Wrestlers were pre-tested one week before the replacement. After 8 weeks, they were post-tested and their vitamin D levels were measured again. Wrestlers in the control group were tested at the beginning and end of the 8-week training program without the vitamin D supplementation. In the analysis of the data, a Wilcoxon test and Mann Whitney test (one of the nonparametric tests) was used in accordance with the distribution width when the averages of the groups were evaluated in terms of significance with each other. The values that were p < 0.05 as the significance level of the data were accepted as statistically significant and the evaluations were made accordingly. When the results of the analysis were examined, it was seen that 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels of the wrestlers increased from 13.85 ng/ml to 26.28 ng/ml after the replacement applied to the wrestlers in the subject group. It was observed that while vitamin D levels of the group increased, their aerobic endurance decreased to 132.22 ± 9.69 from 150.33 ± 20.98 (p < 0.05). Thus, their aerobic endurance improved statistically significant. No statistically significant value was obtained in the test analysis of the wrestlers in the control group. The analysis results obtained from the study showed that the 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels in athletes increased and their aerobic capacity also increased after vitamin D induction. It is possible to say that vitamin supplementation together with 8 weeks training program is more effective for athletes to improve their strength and endurance.

The aim of this study is to compare explosive strength and anaerobic power performance of taekwondo and karate athletes. 10 taekwondo and 10 karate athletes participated to the study voluntarily by taking "Informed Consent Form". The athletes' values were in taekwondo as mean of age 21±2.4 years, height 181.2±8.01 cm, weight 66.9±15.74 kg, sport age 7.5±5.52 years; in karate as mean of age 21.1±1.66 years, height 170.2±10.04 cm, weight 64.4±15.69 kg, sport age 10.5±3.83 years. Counter movement jump, standing long jump and Wingate Anaerobic Test were applied to the athletes. The data were analyzed by using statistical package program. Descriptive statistics were used for mean and standard deviation values, "Shapiro-Wilk" test was used to determine whether the data showed normal distribution or not and "Independent t Test" was used for comparisons. The results were evaluated according to "p<0.05" significance level. According to Independent t Test's results of vertical and standing long jump tests, there were statistically significant differences in both vertical jump and standing long jump test averages of athletes (p<0.05). In comparison Wingate anaerobic test, significant differences were found in "Watt" values of groups' Peak, Average and Minimum Power (p<0.05). In "kg/Watt" values of groups', differences were found statistically significant in Peak and Minimum Power (p<0.05), while differences were not found significant in Average Power (p>0.05). As a result, when explosive strength and anaerobic power characteristics of taekwondo and karate athletes were compared, a difference was found between the two branches. The reason for this can be said to be different competition times, training programs, training methods and physical requirements of the branches. In addition, taekwondo athletes foot techniques, karate athletes using hand techniques more than foot techniques can be listed as the reasons for this difference.

Soccer game or a soccer match includes functional movements that require complex muscular balance including stopping, walking, jogging, sprint with dribbling, shooting and passing (Eniseler, 1994; Boyle, 2004). Functional training contribute to the different systems of the body through functional exercises performed in different parts of the body (covering the whole body, improving universal motor skills, applied in multiple motion planes) through intensive, short and constantly changing sessions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of functional training on some physiological and Biomotor Abilities in elite soccer players. Athletes were randomly divided into two groups as Traditional Training Group (TTG) and Functional Training Group (FTG). For eight weeks, TTG athletes were trained five days per week for classical soccer training while FTG athletes were trained with functional training two days a week in addition to this training. Table 4 shows that the effect of pre-test from post-test and present an adjusted post-test mean and determine the difference of the adjusted post-test mean of two groups. According to the ANCOVA results, differences were not found statistically significant (p>0.05). As a result, in this study, which aimed to investigate the effects of functional training on some physiological and bio-motor properties in elite soccer players, it was determined that functional training method had a positive effect on some physiological and bio-motor properties of pre- and post-test values in soccer players, however to determine the difference of the adjusted post-test mean of two groups, ANCOVA results show that differences were not found statistically significant.

This study aims to analyze the effects of 6-week core training on certain biomotor abilities for footballers in the pubertal period. Accordingly, 30 male footballers who attend football courses regularly participated in the study. Footballers were divided into two groups; 15 of them were assigned to the Core Training Group (CTG) (age: 9.73 years; height: 139 cm; and body weight: 33.66 kg.) while 15 of them were assigned to the Conventional Training Group (CONTG) (age: 10.06 years; height: 139 cm; and body weight: 35.32 kg). While CONTG was applying the traditional training protocol, CTG additionally applied core strength exercises (two days a week for 10-15 min.). The selected biomotor tests were applied to both groups before and after the 6-week application. Between pre- and post-test values in the CTG, a statistically significant difference was found in flamingo balance, core stabilization balance, hand grip strength, 30 sec. abdominal crunch and 30 m sprint tests (p<0.05). In the CONTG, a statistically significant difference was found in 30-second push-up test values between pre- and post-tests (p<0.05). Comparing the pre-tests between groups, a statistically significant difference was found in flamingo balance and vertical jump tests (p<0.05). Also, comparing the post-tests, a statistically significant difference was found in core stabilization balance and vertical jump tests (p<0.05).

In order to achieve the expected high performance, athletes must be physically, technically, tactically and socially ready as well as being psychologically ready and strong (Erdogan & Kocaeksi, 2015). In this context, mental training of athletes is also important. Mental training means that athletes adjust and control their own sports behavior by adopting specific ways to promote psychological state. Aim of this research was to determine the level of mental training application of professional athletes and differences according to some variables. The sample consisted of 485 professional athletes (University Students) who are still competing in 4 different sports in Turkey (football, handball, basketball and volleyball). Data collection tool consisting of two parts was used in the research. In the first part of the data collection tool, a questionnaire consisting of the personal information of the participants was used. In the second part, Developed by Benkhe et al. (2017) and adapted to Turkish by Yarayan and Ilhan (2018), "Mental Training in Sports Inventory" consisting of 5 sub-dimensions and a total of 20 items was used. Non-parametric tests were used for data analysis. Mann-Whitney U was used to determine the difference between two groups, Kruskall-Wallis analysis method was used to determine the difference between more than two groups. The average of total score of Mental Training Scale of the participants was determined as X[bar] = 3.97. In other words, the level of mental training of the participants was found to be high. The sub-dimension with the highest average was found to be the Interpersonal Skills sub-dimension with the average of X[bar] = 4.32, and the sub-dimension with the lowest average was the Mental Performance Skills sub-dimension with the average of X[bar] = 3.70. In addition, different results were determined according to gender and ritual variables

The aim of the study is to compare the satisfaction levels of the participants, participating in the sports festival according to some variables. The survey was conducted to 1,274 people randomly selected among approximately 55,000 participants who participated in the sports festival organized by a municipality in Denizli-Turkey. As a data collection tools "Personal Information Form" prepared by the researchers and the "Festival Satisfaction Survey" which was developed by Yoon et al. (2010) and adopted into Turkish by Tayfun and Arslan (2013). The data collection forms applied to the participants during the festival and the data were checked in terms of normal distributions in the statistical analysis program and analyzed by using independent samples T test and ANOVA analysis methods. As a result of the analysis, male participants perceived a significant level of satisfaction in the sub-dimensions of program, value, satisfaction and loyalty from the questionnaire. A significant difference was found in the sub-dimensions of knowledge, value, satisfaction, and loyalty in the examination conducted by occupational groups. It is seen that this difference is caused by the public employees' higher satisfaction level. Another hypothesis of the study was to compare the satisfaction of participants according to their educational status. Significant differences were found in the sub-dimensions of knowledge, value, satisfaction, loyalty. It is seen that reason for the statistically meaningful difference, primary school graduates feel lower satisfaction from the festival in terms of education level. As a result, it is thought that participants of the sport festivals feel different satisfaction in terms of their gender, education status and working situation and while planning that kind of events these characteristics must be taken into consideration. [This study was presented as oral presentation at 2nd Recreation and Sport Management Congress, Bodrum/Mugla, Turkey, 11-14 April, 2019.]

The aim of this research is to examine the body appreciation and self-esteem levels of sports sciences faculty students. In this study, it was used relational screening model that is one of the quantitative reserch methods. The research group of the study was composed of students who study in Faculty of Sports Sciences in Gazi University. In study, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) were used as data collection tools. The Pearson Moments Product Correlation, structural equation model and path analysis independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, percentage, frequency and descriptive statistics were used in data analysis. As a result of the research, it was determined that the self-esteem of students of sports sciences faculty is at an average level. In addition, it was found that the level of participants' appreciating their own body was high. Moreover, it was concluded that self-esteem of female participants was higher than male participants, athletes in team sports has higher self-esteem than athletes in individual sports, 40-55 kg participants had a higher body appreciation score than 101 and over kg participants. Finally, it was concluded that the level of body appreciation increases as the level of self-esteem increases. As a conclusion of this study, it can be said that higher body appreciation correlated with higher self-esteem.

Instagram has become a popular social network software based primarily on the concept of sharing visual content. As the most popular mobile application among university students, it is thought to be a major component of excessive smartphone use cases due to the need of its users for frequently checking updates. As a result, heavy Instagram-use for both sharing personally generated content and checking on others' updates is thought to be a contributor to smartphone addiction. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of Instagram social network usage characteristics upon smartphone addiction levels of university students, specifically those enrolled in the Athletics Departments, in order to examine the particular case of young athletes that use Instagram extensively. Therefore, the study group consists of 97 undergraduate students enrolled in the Athletics Department of a state university located in the Thrace regions of Turkey during the 2017-2018 academic year, who were also taking up a pedagogical formation certification course for becoming prospective K12 physical education teachers. Adopting a mixed method research model, the study has shown that, as far as young athletes who report Instagram as their favorite smartphone application is concerned, heavy Instagram use statistically predicts smartphone addiction. Moreover, according to qualitative data, the Occam's Razor rule applies with these young athletes' interaction with Instagram. Problematic use patterns are more easily explained by passive-observant behavior associated with a certain Fear of Missing Out, rather than a strong desire to exhibit their body image and sports success.

In the present study, the purpose was to examine the effects of some physical characteristics on the stroke speed in forehand and backhand techniques in tennis. The Study Group consisted of 10-12-year-old tennis players of Isparta Süleyman Demirel University Tennis Courts (mean age 10.15±0.37 (years), mean height 1.46±0.06 (m) mean body weight 38.77±6.67 (kg), mean sports age 4.76±1.16 (years)). Forehand and backhand strokes were performed in a closed tennis court to control the effect of the weather in measuring ball speed. The athletes warmed up until they reached maximal forehand and backhand speed levels. Three minutes after the athletes warmed up, the tests were started. They were asked to perform forehand and backhand strokes at 8 maximal speed. Sports Radar, Power Madd was used to measure the ball speed. The measurements of the radar used to measure the speed of the ball were taken at the time of the strokes and immediately after the strokes. The strokes were made in line with the rules of tennis, towards the court, and when the ball stroke the net or when it went outside the baseline (out), these strokes were not recorded. The feedbacks of the strokes were reported to the athletes to spend maximal effort. All strokes were directed towards the parallel point of the court. The coach behind the file sent the balls to the athletes for strokes, and all strokes were evaluated by two tennis coaches. The "Descriptive Statistics" and "Correlation Analysis" in the statistical package program to analyze the data. Significance level was taken as "p < 0.05". As a result, sports scientists and coaches must pay attention to technical development levels of athletes as well as their physical characteristics in the preparation of a training program for 10-12 year old male tennis players. It can be considered that strength development can be achieved with an accurate technique; and depending on this, the speed of the ball will increase. Since physical development is mostly at directly proportional to age, it is considered that ball speed will be affected as the age increases.