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In the glossed decision, the Court of Appeals addressed the issue of compensation for unquestionably wrongful arrest. The Court of Appeals, while awarding the amount of PLN 15,000 on this ground, stated that it is adequate to the duration of deprivation of liberty, the physical suffering and negative psychological experiences suffered by the claimant, while also corresponding to the current socio-economic realities in Poland, without causing undue enrichment. The approving gloss to this ruling refers more extensively to the required standards regarding arrest and the procedural guarantees to which a detained person is entitled. Separate considerations concern the criteria for measuring compensation for unquestionably wrongful arrest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a great deal of scholarship examining the outcomes associated with being processed through the criminal justice system. Much of this research has focused on legal outcomes, such as recidivism, but research has also centered on extralegal outcomes, including measures of health and economics. The current study added to this body of research by examining whether contact with the criminal justice system (i.e., arrest, conviction, and incarceration) was associated with health problems, suicidal ideation, economic disadvantage, and poverty in adulthood for males. The analyses controlled for preexisting criminogenic measures (e.g., low self-control, delinquent peers, neighborhood disadvantage) and for adolescent delinquent involvement. Data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were analyzed. The results revealed that all of the criminal justice system measures were statistically significant predictors of the health and economic outcomes even after accounting for preexisting criminogenic traits and delinquent behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Day reporting centers (DRCs) are increasingly popular alternative to traditional forms of supervision. Yet, studies that describe a fairly common set of programs and services among DRCs produce conflicting results regarding their efficacy, suggesting that as yet unobserved characteristics of DRCs might explain their varying efficacy. This article relies on a mixed-methods analysis of DRCs. Using quasi-experimental regression techniques and a conservative control group to estimate the average treatment effect of DRC participation, we analyze recidivism outcomes (arrests and convictions) after a 2-year follow-up period. We then draw on qualitative interview data to reveal which aspects of the DRC programs' clients identify as most important for successful re-entry. Our analysis suggests that DRCs reduce recidivism for participants by 10.8 (convictions) to 12.8 (arrests) percentage points. Our interview data suggest that high levels of social support from justice-involved DRC staff amplify the effects of programming to help explain this outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research at hand is an attempt to explore and analyze the editorial coverage of the arrest of Imran Khan, former Prime Minister of Pakistan and Chairman Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf, and subsequent events in the Daily Times and daily The Nation. The arrest and subsequent protests along with the context of military establishment involvement made the incident highly significant for the media in Pakistan. However, given the political dynamics and historic political economy of the media in Pakistan, the newspapers opined on the incidents very carefully. We have employed thematic analysis as a theoretical and analytical tool to determine what kind of the editorial themes have been produced by the newspapers while commenting on the arrest and the subsequent political protests. Our findings show that both the newspapers produced editorial themes that not only criticized the violation of human rights by the authorities but also opposed the vandalism committed by the protestors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past six decades, pretrial detention systems have undergone waves of reform. Despite these efforts, pretrial jail populations across the country continue to swell. The causes of such growth in jail populations are difficult to pinpoint, but some are more readily apparent: Fear over rising crime rates, judicial reluctance to release accused persons, and monetary burdens associated with release have all contributed to increased detention pretrial across criminal legal systems in the United States. This article examines various pretrial detention reform efforts and highlights the need for greater research in the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Psilocybin use has been linked to lowered odds of crime-related outcomes across a host of observational studies. No studies have investigated how these associations may differ among those of different races and ethnicities. Methods: Using a nationally-representative sample of 734,061 adults from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002–2020), we investigated whether race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and four measures of crime arrests (property crime, assault, serious violence, and miscellaneous crimes). Results: First, we replicated prior findings and demonstrated that psilocybin confers lowered odds of crime arrests for all four outcomes in question. Second, we demonstrated that race and ethnicity moderate the associations between lifetime psilocybin use and crime arrests for three of our four outcomes. Third, we examined the associations between psilocybin and crime arrests across different races and ethnicities (White, Black, Indigenous, Asian, Multiracial, and Hispanic participants). Psilocybin conferred lowered odds of at least one crime arrest outcome for all racial and ethnic groups except for Black and Hispanic participants. Discussion: Future investigations should take an intersectional approach to studying the interrelationship of sociodemographic factors, psychedelic use, and crime, examine the structural factors (i.e., systemic racism) that may underlie these results, and investigate whether psychedelics can alleviate mental health disorders that contribute to cycles of recriminalization for communities of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to bring forward the impact that the quality of life has on the detainees of penitentiary institutions and the way they navigate their prison living throughout their sentence. As the parameters have shown herein, the quality of life on prison detainees differs based on their assessments of life within the confined spaces of the penitentiary, including their relationships with other detainees, the support activities they are involved in and whether they have definitely been convicted or they have been in their pretrial detention period. This prerequisite has been quite important in the evaluation of the quality of life for detainees since based on these convictions, if permanent or temporary, and through the help of the survey as method of investigation, one has been able to outline the different needs, activities, opportunities and standard of living per se of the ones placed under the confinement of the law. This assessment has put forward also the relationships that the detainees have with the participation in the socio-educational programs and medical services offered within and with the participation in the sports activities carried out, while highlighting their understanding and judgment of how they are being treated inside, thus the right to humanity and decency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germ line integrity is crucial for progeny fitness. Organisms deploy the DNA damage response (DDR) signaling to protect the germ line from genotoxic stress, facilitating the cell-cycle arrest of germ cells and DNA repair or their apoptosis. Cell-autonomous regulation of germ line quality in response to DNA damage is well studied; however, how quality is enforced cell non-autonomously on sensing somatic DNA damage is less known. Using Caenorhabditis elegans, we show that DDR disruption, only in the uterus, when insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) is low, arrests oogenesis in the pachytene stage of meiosis I, in a FOXO/DAF-16 transcription factor-dependent manner. Without FOXO/DAF-16, germ cells of the IIS mutant escape the arrest to produce poor-quality oocytes, showing that the transcription factor imposes strict quality control during low IIS. Activated FOXO/DAF-16 senses DDR perturbations during low IIS to lower ERK/MPK-1 signaling below a threshold to promote germ line arrest. Altogether, we elucidate a new surveillance role for activated FOXO/DAF-16 that ensures optimal germ cell quality and progeny fitness in response to somatic DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The DARE (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) program simultaneously changed both the police and schools through the development of what this article calls a school–police nexus, a framing that explains the reciprocal relationship between the police and schools. By enabling officers to assert expertise in the realm of drug education, DARE not only made the police a regular presence in schools but aimed to transform the image of the police officer from a threatening enemy to a friend and mentor. More broadly, DARE intended to make the police a trusted institution in American cities amid the aggressive policing of the drug war. In turn, DARE transformed schools through their educative and disciplinary roles. Using police officers as teachers enabled DARE to coopt the educative function of schools to advance the police mission by other means. Yet, DARE officers did not shed their law-and-order message when they entered the classroom, reinforcing the carceral approach to the drug war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Requiring that officers have suspicion of specific crimes before they seize people during stops or arrests is a fundamental rule-of-law limitation on government power. Until very recently, the Supreme Court studiously avoided saying whether reasonable suspicion for street and traffic stops must be crime specific, and lower courts are sharply divided as a result. Statements made in Kansas v . Glover that the Fourth Amendment requires reasonable suspicion of a "particular crime " or of "specific criminal activity" may reflect an efort to rehabilitate this foundational principle, but crime specificity was not the Court 's focus in Glover. Meanwhile, Fourth Amendment scholars, even those closely focused on the nuances of probable cause and reasonable suspicion, have mostly ignored these developments. Police capitalize on this uncertainty, routinely conducting stops that are not tethered to any particular crime of suspicion. Even when the crime-control stakes for these general suspicion stops are low, they can lead to police violence. The deaths of Elijah McClain and Freddie Gray can be traced back to street stops based only on this sort offormless, general suspicion. This Article develops a comprehensive case for a Fourth Amendment crime specificity requirement applicable to street and traffic stops. The historical case is strong: the Framers clearly expected probable cause of a particular crime of suspicion for seizures, at least for elites, and those requirements have largely been preserved for arrests. It is also complicated. These formal rules developed alongside regular practices, which persisted long into the twentieth century before being held unconstitutional, of arresting those in poor and minority communities based on status or general suspicion. After marshaling historical evidence about arrests and crime specificity, this Article undertakes a thorough review of modern stop cases that raise these questions and analyzes relevant policy arguments, The impulses that often lead the Court to defer to law enforcement interpretations of suspicious facts in Fourth Amendment cases, do not apply to this question Of law. The crime of suspicion is a bright line, drawn by the legislature into the criminal code, and it is aline that police ojfcers are already expected to know. In practice, a robust crime-specificity requirement must be paired with decriminalization efforts. Otherwise, the current bloat of American criminal codes may limit the practical impact ofa crime-specificity requirement. Officers already exploit low-level offenses to conduct stops and intrusive Fourth Amendment searches. But there is potential here to rein in problematic street enforcement. During encounters where police are not quite sure ofwhat (ifany) crime they suspect, a crime-specificity rule requires that they remain in information-gathering mode and develop more specific suspicion before laying hands on a suspect. It is a requirement that makes space for de-escalation, for investigating alternative interventions, orfor officers to walk away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental hostility can generate in children the formation of thinking and action styles that put them at risk of developing socially maladaptive behaviors. An ex post facto quantitative descriptive-correlational study was carried out to analyze aggressive behaviors in Colombian juvenile delinquents and their relationships with the same behaviors in their fathers and mothers. A total of 115 male juveniles (with their mothers and fathers) who were in pretrial detention for different offenses participated. Five self-reports were applied to measure different forms of aggressiveness in the youths, their mothers and fathers. Except for hostility, the youths had higher scores than their mothers and/or fathers in all other forms of aggression. Regarding appetitive aggression, youths and their fathers had higher scores than their mothers. Multiple correlations were found between the different forms of aggression of youths, mothers and fathers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourteen months after Madero began his presidential term, in the first days of February 1913, a military uprising forced him to take refuge in the National Palace and from there seek the containment of the rebels. However, after nine days of street fighting, he was forced to resign as president to leave the door open to a succession with an air of legality in favor of General Victoriano Huerta, who had betrayed Madero and agreed with the insurgents to cease the fire in exchange for being the one who would occupy the first magistracy. This article presents a document that, because it was written by one of Madero's trusted men who accompanied him until the moment of his arrest, contains little-known details about the last days of the president and the gestation of the events that precipitated his fall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It does not require any special proof that the assumption of irrationality and unreasonableness in matters of sentencing may level the success of all criminal law institutions, give rise to a sense of injustice, reduce confidence in justice and finally call into question the definition of a particular State as a State governed by the rule of law. Indeed, the goal set by the law on criminal liability can be achieved through a variety of criminal penalties, primarily by enabling the court to impose a punishment on a person guilty of a criminal offense in each case, applying the principle of justice and individualization of responsibility. One of the indicators that may indicate whether punishment achieves the goal of reforming convicts is the recidivism rate, in the broad sense of the term, namely the rate reflecting the number of persons convicted of a criminal offense, provided that they have previously been convicted of at least one criminal offense. When applying arrest with detention in the brig, the goals of punishment are achieved primarily by applying the following measures: establishing an appropriate regime for the execution and serving of sentences; organizing educational influence; involving convicted servicemen in socially useful work; organizing military training for social influence. The special conditions are primarily determined by the fact that in case of conviction of a serviceman to arrest, he is not released, but serves his sentence under the condition of further military service. At the moment, the legal regulation of the procedure for the execution of sentences that may be imposed on military personnel remains largely unexplored, so our task in this article is to consider in more detail the procedure for serving a sentence of arrest by military personnel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia y Educación (2707-3378) is the property of Duanys Miguel Pena Lopez and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study explored situational-, community-, and state policy-level factors associated with arrest in incidents involving violence among heterosexual couples. We employed 3-level regression models with Bayesian estimation to determine factors that influence female-only arrest, male-only arrest, and dual arrest, compared to incidents resulting in no arrest. At the situational level, differences by offense type were seen. The odds of a male's arrest were significantly higher across all offense types, except for sexual assault, larceny, and fraud. The odds of a female partner's arrest were significantly higher across all offenses except larceny, robbery, and fraud. The odds of dual arrest were significantly higher in incidents involving simple assault, aggravated assault, intimidation, but not sexual assault, kidnapping, property crime, larceny, and robbery. The odds of arrest were higher across the board among incidents involving a victim injury, a weapon, mutual violence, and perpetrator substance use. At the community level, few factors were related to arrest. At the state policy level, mandatory arrest statutes increased the odds of a single arrest in comparison to jurisdictions with officer discretion, regardless of perpetrator sex, but had no impact on dual arrest. Primary aggressor policies were unrelated to arrest outcomes. Implications for research and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of O Social em Questão is the property of Faculdades Catolicas - Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to D. O. Tiesenhausen, a descendant of an old Russian noble family. Describes the main stages of the career and life of the baron as vice-governor of the Orenburg and Vyatka provinces and Yakutsk region. His ideological positions regarding the February Revolution of 1917 and political exile to Yakutia are presented. On the basis of new sources analyzed one of the most dramatic periods of the biography of the Baron, associated with his emigration to Mongolia, stay in Urga and relations with General Ungern. A separate episode in the life of the former Vice-Governor was his arrest, transportation to Siberia and imprisonment in a detention center. This arrest nearly resulted in the death penalty by decision of the Irkutsk provincial police. The Baron spent the rest of his life under the systematic control of the Stalinist secret services, and his personal tragedy was a typical expression of the fate of most «socially alien» people in Soviet Russia.

This article analyzes the incidence and trends of peri-operative cardiac arrests in Sweden from 2013 to 2022. The study found that the overall incidence of peri-operative cardiac arrest in Sweden was 2.4 per 10,000 procedures, which is lower than previous studies. The highest incidence and mortality rates were seen in patients who underwent emergency surgeries. The study also found that age, ASA physical status, and surgical urgency were associated with increased 30-day mortality. However, there was no significant change in the incidence of peri-operative cardiac arrest over the study period. It should be noted that the available data did not include medical history or information about comorbidities. [Extracted from the article]

This correction notice addresses mistakes in an article titled "Protest policing and policing protesters: litigation in the U.S. Circuit courts of appeals." The corrections include clarifying phrases, fixing a reference citation, and adding a missing reference. The corrected version of the article can be found at the provided link. The correction notice emphasizes the importance of integrating training on protest policing into routine police training. The publisher, Springer Nature, maintains neutrality regarding jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. The authors of the article are Allison G. Kondrat and Michael S. Vaughn. [Extracted from the article]

An unsolved archaeological puzzle of the East Asian Upper Palaeolithic is why the southward expansion of an innovative lithic technology represented by microblades stalled at the Qinling–Huaihe Line. It has been suggested that the southward migration of foragers with microblades stopped there, which is consistent with ancient DNA studies showing that populations to the north and south of this line had differentiated genetically by 19 000 years ago. Many infectious pathogens are believed to have been associated with hominins since the Palaeolithic, and zoonotic pathogens in particular are prevalent at lower latitudes, which may have produced a disease barrier. We propose a mathematical model to argue that mortality due to infectious diseases may have arrested the wave-of-advance of the technologically advantaged foragers from the north. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Several jurisdictions in Canada have recently considered decriminalizing possession of illicit drugs for personal use (henceforth, simple possession) as part of their responses to the ongoing drug toxicity/overdose crisis. In this context, we sought to examine an early implementation case of a de facto depenalization policy of simple possession offences in Vancouver, Canada, that was enacted in 2006. Specifically, we characterized experiences of people who use drugs (PWUD) whose drugs were discretionally seized by police without arrest. Methods: Data were derived from three prospective cohorts of community-recruited PWUD in Vancouver over 16 months in 2019–2021. We conducted multivariable generalized estimating equations analyses to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with drug seizure. Sub-analyses used data collected in 2009–2012 and examined the trends over time. Results: Among 995 participants who were interviewed in 2019–2021, 63 (6.3%) had their drugs seized by police at least once in the past 6 months. In multivariable analyses, factors significantly associated with drug seizure included: homelessness (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09–3.61), working in the unregulated drug market (AOR: 4.93; 95% CI 2.87–8.49), and naloxone administration (AOR: 2.15; 95% CI 1.23–3.76). In 2009–2012, 67.8% reported having obtained new drugs immediately after having their drugs seized by police. Odds of drug seizure were not significantly different between the two time periods (2019–2021 vs. 2009–2012) (AOR: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.64–1.35). Conclusions: Despite the depenalization policy, the Vancouver Police Department has continued to seize illicit drugs from PWUD, even in cases where no arrest occurred. This policing practice may create health and safety risks for PWUD as it forces PWUD to increase the engagement with the unregulated illicit drug market. Our findings support calls for abolishing this often-undocumented discretionary policing practice that may exacerbate ongoing health inequities and interfere with peer-based overdose prevention efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incarceration rates have increased exponentially among women, and racial disparities in justice involvement persist. Coupled with disparities in HIV in the US South that begin early in the life course, it is important to explicate the relationship between justice involvement, HIV-related risk (such as illicit drug use and sexual risk), and service needs for young African American women. This study examined the association of previous arrest, biological and self-reported HIV-related risk, and reported service needs at baseline among 646 African American women aged 18 to 25 who were recruited as part of an HIV-risk reduction trial. Approximately 24% of participants reported previously being arrested. In adjusted analyses, several substance use and sexual risk variables were found to be significant, including increased odds of positive screens for both cocaine (AOR: 3.09; 95% CI [1.49, 6.41]) and marijuana (AOR: 1.82; 95% CI [1.17, 2.83]), trading sex for goods (AOR: 2.23; 95% CI [1.14, 4.38]), and recent sexually transmitted infections (AOR: 1.84; 95% CI [1.03, 3.27]). Previous arrest was associated with greater service needs, including violence-related (AOR: 4.42; 95% CI [2.03, 9.64]), parenting (AOR: 2.92; 95 CI% [1.65, 5.17]), and housing (AOR: 2.38; 95% CI [1.54, 3.67)]). The study findings indicate the increased risk across both HIV-related substance use and sexual risk and the service needs for African American women in emerging adulthood who have been arrested. These disparities suggest the importance of interventions to address the specific needs of this population at a critical period to not only prevent HIV but also address social determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All flowering plants adjust their reproductive period for successful reproduction. Flower initiation is controlled by a myriad of intensively studied factors, so it can occur in the most favorable conditions. However, the end of flowering is also a controlled process, required to optimize the size of the offspring and to maximize resource allocation. Reproductive arrest was described and mainly studied in the last century by physiological approaches, but it is much less understood at the genetic or molecular level. In this review, we present an overview of recent progress in this topic, fueled by highly complementary studies that are beginning to provide an integrated view of how the end of flowering is regulated. In this emerging picture, we also highlight key missing aspects that will guide future research and may provide new biotechnological avenues to improve crop yield in annual plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the use of high-powered performance-based incentives for civil servants, focusing on drug-related cases registered by the Russian police. Using an event study approach and bunching analysis, I show that the incentives arising from the performance evaluation system of police officers can significantly influence their behavior. Specifically, I find evidence suggesting that this impact can result in the manipulation of drug quantities seized by the police, moving offenders from below to above the punishment threshold. Further negative consequences of the strong performance-based incentives are inequality in the enforcement of law, prolonged sentences, and increased probability of pretrial detention. Thus, I determine that police officers are more likely to manipulate the drug quantities seized from men. I also find that the manipulation increases the probability of pretrial detention by 9% and adds one more year of incarceration, which is a 67% increase on the average sentence length without manipulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safety net programs, common in settings with high informality like Latin America, often use a means test to establish eligibility. We ask: in settings in which organised crime provides lucrative opportunities in the informal market, will discouraging formal employment via benefits eligibility criteria increase criminal enterprise activity? We link administrative socioeconomic microdata with the universe of arrests in Medellín over a decade, and exploit exogenous variation in formal-sector employment around a socioeconomic-score cutoff, below which individuals receive generous benefits if not formally employed. Regression discontinuity estimates confirm this policy reduced formal-sector employment and generated a corresponding increase in arrests associated with organised crime. We do not find increases for crimes unlikely to be associated with organised entities, such as crimes of impulse or opportunity. Effects on arrests are strongest in neighbourhoods where organised crime is most prevalent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Fertilization failure (FF) and zygotic arrest after ICSI have a huge effect on both patients and clinicians, but both problems are usually unexpected and cannot be properly diagnosed. Fortunately, in recent years, gene sequencing has allowed the identification of multiple genetic variants underlying failed ICSI outcomes, but the use of this approach is still far from routine in the fertility clinic. In this systematic review, the genetic variants associated with FF, abnormal fertilization and/or zygotic arrest after ICSI are compiled and analyzed. Forty-seven studies were included. Data from 141 patients carrying 121 genetic variants affecting 16 genes were recorded and analyzed. In total, 27 variants in PLCZ1 (in 50 men) and 26 variants in WEE2 (in 24 women) are two of the factors related to oocyte activation failure that could explain a high percentage of male-related and female-related FF. Additional variants identified were reported in WBP2NL , ACTL9, ACTLA7, and DNAH17 (in men), and TUBB8 , PATL2 , TLE6 , PADI6 , TRIP13 , BGT4, NLRP5, NLRP7 , CDC20 and ZAR1 (in women). Most of these variants are pathogenic or potentially pathogenic (89/121, 72.9%), as demonstrated by experimental and/or in silico approaches. Most individuals carried bi-allelic variants (89/141, 63.1%), but pathogenic variants in heterozygosity have been identified for PLCZ1 and TUBB8. Clinical treatment options for affected individuals, such as chemical-assisted oocyte activation (AOA) or PLCZ1 cRNA injection in the oocyte, are still experimental. In conclusion, a genetic study of known pathogenic variants may help in diagnosing recurrent FF and zygotic arrest and guide patient counselling and future research perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the criminal prosecution, the judge of rights and freedoms has the strict obligation to rule on the preventive measures under the formal conditions provided by the criminal procedural legislation. A wording from the operative part of a interlocutory judgement to extend the measure of arrest that violates the functional competence of the judge of rights and freedoms leads to the absolute nullity of the respective interlocutory judgment, with the consequence of the need to establish the incidence of the respective case of absolute nullity, as well as with the subsequent consequence of establishing the legal cessation of the measure of preventive detention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used a multimethod approach to examine the presence, content, and outcomes of law enforcement policies regarding the arrest of children in Florida, a state lacking a minimum age for juvenile court jurisdiction. Policies were found to be rare, and located predominantly in larger agencies and agencies serving larger populations. Content analyses indicated policies also allowed for substantial discretion among officers and supervisors. According to results of propensity score models, implementation of state-level policies providing minimum ages for juvenile court jurisdiction may be necessary to reduce childhood justice system contact and involvement. In the absence of state-level policies, law enforcement agencies should adopt and implement restrictive, clear policies regarding arrests involving children and provide training on child development and its effects on culpability, competence, and suitability for justice system referral to better prepare officers for arrest scenarios involving children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined the impact of state-level human trafficking reforms on local enforcement of human trafficking and prostitution arrests. Utilizing data from Ohio's Incident-Based Crime Reporting System (OIBRS), we examined 16,750 unique human trafficking and prostitution-related incidents from 2008 to 2018. The analysis included an examination of arrest trends before and after the passing of state legislation in 2011 to include trafficking in persons in the Ohio Revised Code. The addition of this law aimed to identify victims, provide necessary services, and coordinate investigation. The results revealed that human trafficking arrests increased slightly over the 10-year period. Prostitution related arrests varied over the same period but did illustrate a general downward trend relative to human trafficking arrests. Anti-trafficking legislative changes are intended to influence patterns of both human trafficking arrests and prostitution-related arrests. Implementation of new human trafficking laws appears to occur slowly; thus, future research should continue to assess the relationship between legislation changes and enforcement trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & methods: Youth of color are surveilled and arrested by police at higher rates than their White peers, contributing to racial inequities across the life course and in population health. Previous research points to schools as an increasingly relevant site for youth criminalization, but existing studies emphasize within-school mechanisms, with limited analysis of policing in surrounding school areas. To fill this gap, we study changes in police arrests of youth after initial COVID-19 school closures in 2020 across four US cities overall and in relation to public school locations. We analyze geocoded arrest records and use interrupted time series negative binomial regression models with city and month fixed effects to estimate change in weekly arrest rates among White, Black, and Latinx youth. We estimate arrest densities within school areas before and after school closures using spatial buffers of 300 feet. Results: In the immediate weeks and months following COVID-19 pandemic school closures, youth arrest rates fell dramatically and with lasting impacts compared to other age groups. During the period of remote learning, weekly youth arrest rates declined by 54.0% compared to youth arrests rates in 2019, adjusting for city and seasonality (Incident Rate Ratio 0.46, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.52). We estimate Black youth weekly arrests fell from 43.6 to 16.8 per 100,000, vs. 4.6 to 2.2 per 100,000 among White youth. However, Black youth arrest rates during the remote learning period were still nearly 5 times that of White youth pre-pandemic. We also find that youth arrest rates declined during two school closure periods: at the start of the pandemic in 2020 and during Summer 2019. A spatial analysis shows Black and Latinx youth arrest densities in the surrounding 300 feet of K-12 schools were at least 15 and 8.5 times that of White youth, respectively, in both pre- and remote-learning periods. Conclusions: Black and Latinx youth face a higher likelihood of being arrested near a school than do White youth and older age groups, and racial inequities in arrests remains after school closures. Our findings show school closures significantly reduced arrests of urban youth of color, and policies addressing youth criminalization and structural racism should consider the joint spatial context of schools and policing. Although school closures may have resulted in learning loss and harms to youth wellbeing, closures interrupted comparatively high levels of arrest for Black and Latinx youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have previously characterized a truncated isoform of the C. elegans insulin-like receptor, DAF-2B, which retains the ligand binding domain but cannot transduce a signal due to the absence of the intracellular signaling domain. DAF-2B modifies insulin / insulin-like growth factor signaling-dependent processes, such as dauer formation and lifespan, by sequestering insulin-like peptides (ILP) and preventing signaling through full length DAF-2 receptors. Here we show that DAF-2B is also important for starvation resistance, as genetic loss of daf-2b reduces survival in arrested first stage larvae (L1). Under fed conditions, we observe daf-2b splicing capacity in both the intestine and the hypodermis, but in starved L1s this becomes predominantly hypodermal. Using a novel splicing reporter system, we observe an increase in the ratio of truncated to full length insulin receptor splicing capacity in starved L1 larvae compared with fed, that may indicate a decrease in whole body insulin responsiveness. Consistent with this, overexpression of DAF-2B from the hypodermis, but not the intestine, confers increased survival to L1 animals under starvation conditions. Our findings demonstrate that the truncated insulin receptor DAF-2B is involved in the response to L1 starvation and promotes survival when expressed from the hypodermis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legislator provided for several preventive measures that can be taken, leaving the judge to opt for the one who is best responsible for the need for prevention, but taking into account the fact that the measure of pre-trial detention can only be taken when no other easier preventive measure meets the requirements of adequate prevention. With the entry into force of the Code of Criminal Procedure in 2014 in Romania, the preventive measure of house arrest, similar to preventive arrest, was regulated, both in terms of their inclusion in the category of preventive measures and in terms of their custodial nature, the identity of the causes and conditions under which the two measures may be ordered and of the similar manner of their arrangement and extension. However, national case law denotes a great reluctance of magistrates to apply this lighter deprivation of liberty, or to replace it even after months of pre-trial detention, considering her too gentle when it comes to serious accusations. However, the reluctance to apply alternative measures to pre-trial detention is largely due to distrust of the actual possibilities of the police to verify the fulfillment of the obligation not to leave the home by the person arrested at home. Precisely to avoid these inconveniences, the Romanian legislator, inspired by the laws of other states, adopted the law on the use of electronic monitoring systems for persons under house arrest or judicial control. The possibility of continuous effective monitoring of the person arrested at home through the electronic monitoring system makes this preventive measure an effective alternative, the measure of pre-trial detention should only be taken in extreme cases, when no such monitoring would be sufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern urban siege is a metaphor for evolved urban campaigns. The template for such attacks draws from the tactics seen in the 26/11 Mumbai attack in 2008, and continued with the 2013 Westgate Mall attack in Kenya, the January 2015 Charlie Hebdo and Hyper Cacher attacks in Paris and the November 2015 attacks against the Stade de France and Bataclan. These virtual sieges employ swarming tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) to provide a template for urban strife and insecurity. This article provides an overview of terrorist swarming tactics, expanding the aperture to review the use of similar TTPs by criminal gangs in Brazil in the Novo Cagngaço style high intensity robberies and raids. The article will then review the October 2019 Battle of Culiacán or Culiacanazo, where elements of the Cártel de Sinaloa (CDS) employed urban siege TTPs to counter the arrest of cartel leaders by state security forces. The second incident occurred in January 2023 when the CDS again employed swarming TTPs in an unsuccessful attempt to thwart the arrest of Ovidio Guzmán. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the diaheliotropic leaf movement pattern of Malva sylvestris in relation to the impact of low temperature is presented. Seasonal measurements of movement characteristics along with important aspects of plant function, such as chlorophyll content, water potential, PSII photochemistry, and phenological parameters were performed on plants in their natural environment. During the study period, low winter temperatures and a 10-day freezing event gave insights into the plant's response to harsh environmental conditions and the effect of the latter on leaf movement profile. Plant growth was significantly inhibited during low-temperature periods (leaf shedding) and the photosynthetic performance was seriously depressed, as judged by in vivo chlorophyll a fluorescence. Additionally, the diaheliotropic leaf movement pattern was arrested. Temperature rise in March triggered new leaf burst and expansion, enhancement of the photosynthetic performance, and the recovery of the diaheliotropic movement. The daily and seasonal profiles of the water potential were synergistically shaped by leaf movement and climatic conditions. We conclude that diaheliotropism of M. sylvestris is a dynamic process that coordinates with the prevailing temperatures in ecosystems like the studied one, reaching a full arrest under near-zero temperatures to protect the photosynthetic apparatus from over-excitation and prevent photoinhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article deals with the problematic aspects of sending back a person guilty of a crime outside the territory of Ukraine to the country where the crime was committed in accordance with the European Court of Human Rights (hereinafter – ECtHR) principles. The research was carried out within the framework of the domestic law of Ukraine and the court rulings of the ECtHR. The article states that the consideration of issues of detention outside the territory of Ukraine has a complex nature, being guided by the provisions of the national legislation of Ukraine and the European Court of Human Rights. The article determines the legal basis for the extradition of persons who have committed a crime outside the territory of Ukraine. It is emphasized that in this case the generally accepted norms and principles of international law conforming with national law of each State Party to the ECHR that has ratified relevant international treaty, are important. The specific features of the normative regulation of detention of a person who has committed a criminal offense outside the territory of Ukraine enshrined in the current criminal legislation, are analyzed. It is emphasized that during the law enforcement practice the problem is a clear definition of the grounds for arrest of a person wanted by the authority of another state. The problems related to the exercise of the suspect’s rights, such as the right to protection, were analyzed apart. The study results allowed to develop ways to amend the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine in order to improve the extradition procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article seeks to apply negotiation concepts to the interrogation of detainees. Specifically, Richard Walton and I worked on a project sponsored by the Intelligence Science Board (ISB) to develop protocols for interrogation that would take the high road and be true to our human values. We focus on "The Man in the Snow White Cell" — a true story that took place during the Vietnam War, with the arrest of a high‐level intelligence officer (Tai) serving the North Vietnamese espionage forces. The analysis highlights the failure of either torture or superficial kindness to deliver results and outlines the elements of a constructive approach—one that would have been both more morally acceptable and more likely to deliver results. A mutual gains process using the forcing and fostering strategies would have been such an approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]