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Evaluates the overestimation of manifest variability of actions and appearance. Derivation of contention; Effect of the 'spotlight effect' to social anxiety and gnawing regrets of interaction; Sensitivity of people towards actions and appearance.

The concepts marked by "shame" and "guilt" are analysed briefly, and their merits and demerits as types of moral motivation reviewed. Both concepts appear as inexpellable from human life, although different cultures may weigh them differently and give them different contents. Each has certain advantages and disadvantages, but both may be paralysing rather than morally constructive. Various alternative motivations are considered, including fear and desire; and the conclusion is reached that the moral educator's prime task is to introduce children to forms of life in which they may be pleasureably invested, and where their desire is disciplined by the demands of the form of life itself rather than by guilt or shame. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Argues on the experience of familiarity of appearance as a distinctive perceptual experience. Validation of the Safir-Whorf hypothesis in influencing language and behavioral abilities; Effects of language on perception and recognition; Assessment on natural languages learned through human experiences.

Examines the theory of appearing (TA) and its advantage to provide in one stroke for answers to the three fundamental philosophical questions about perception. Nature of perceptual consciousness; Physical object; Way by which perception is a source of justification of beliefs about the physical environment; TA versus sense-datum theory and adverbial theory.

Presents information on a study which examined the role of physical attractiveness in the causal attribution process of saleswomen's performance. Use of sex-role stereotyping and attribution theory; Physical attractiveness and salesperson evaluation; Physical attractiveness and causal attributions; Physical attractiveness and performance interaction; Physical attractiveness and product gender interaction.

The relations among gender, gender role, and self-perceptions of physical appearance were examined in this research. Women and men who differed in their gender roles rated the attractiveness of, importance of, and desire to change their physique and facial appearance. Results indicated that women considered all components of appearance except height to be more important than did men and were more interested in changing their appearance than were men. Masculine women perceived themselves as "too large" but were more satisfied with their facial appearance than were traditional (feminine) women. Few physical attributes distinguished among the male gender-role groups. Directions for future research on the relation among gender, gender role, and physical appearance are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The programmatic series of studies provides a thoughtful extension of the development of the appearance-reality distinction and perspective-taking skills. The starting point of this research is the well-documented finding that preschool children have considerable difficulty dealing with the fact that objects can lend themselves to multiple representations. Conscious regulation allows the use of the skills and knowledge in the service of testing other theories and constructing other knowledge. This account provides important information about cognitive development in general, allows the integration of a number of different literatures and phenomena and leads to a set of testable hypotheses that can usefully guide further research.

This article is a discussion of seven studies, published in the January 01, 1986, issue of the periodical "Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development," that extends the research that the authors have reported, concerning children's developing ability to distinguish appearance from reality in visual tasks and with real objects. The authors hypothesize that, in order for young children to distinguish appearance from reality in the types of tasks used, they must develop a dual coding ability. School-aged children and adolescents develop the additional ability to explain and demonstrate their knowledge to someone else.

7 studies of the acquisition of knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction suggest the following course of development. Many 3-year-olds seem to possess little or no understanding of the distinction. They fail the simplest Appearance-Reality (AR) tasks and are unresponsive to efforts to teach them the distinction. Skill in solving simple AR tasks is highly correlated with skill in solving simple perceptual Perspective-taking (PT) tasks; this suggests the hypothesis that the ability to represent the selfsame stimulus in two different, seemingly incompatible ways may underlie both skills. Children of 6-7 years have acquired both skills but nevertheless find it very difficult to reflect on and talk about such appearance-reality concepts as "looks like," "really and truly," and "looks different from the way it really and truly is." In contrast, children of 11-12 years, and to an even greater degree college students, possess a substantial body of rich, readily accessible, and explicit knowledge in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the development of the Appearance Schemas Inventory, a scale designed to assess a cognitive body-image. Method; Results; Conclusion.

The author discusses the key role of noumenon or the thing-in-itself in Kant scholar according to Professor John Findlay. He agrees with Findlay's view that thing-in-itself relates to the transcendental deductions, which deals on rules for having an object or a subject. He notes that Findlay relates the thing-in-itself in the cognition. Moreover, he says that Kant sometimes uses the thing-in-itself as the cause of appearances and is often close to describe noumenal properties on the subject.

The article discusses the political structural theory and its implications in the relation between appearance and reality in politics. It presents an analysis regarding the self-interpretation of a particular working class constituency and offers various hypothetical revisions in it. It identifies those preliminary interpretation such as the ideology of sacrifice and revisions including the liberal, utopian, and structural moments. It also examines the reason why the ideology of sacrifice prevails and how it affects some aspects of social and political life and explores various implications of self-interpretation.

The article presents a response to the comments of the book "The Idea of Fraternity in America." The author argues the view of Philip Abbott that it is illegitimate if not impossible to go behind appearances. The author also comments on the arguments of Abbott that the author's list of the attributes of fraternity is inadequate to his purpose because no item on it allows the differentiation of fraternity of saints and a fraternity of plunderers. The author's explanations to why Abbott misunderstands his own notions of natural law are included.

Presents a study which examined the appearance and personality relationship from early childhood to age of 60. Assessment of the lagged effects of appearance on personality; In-depth look at the lagged effects of men in relation to attractiveness and personality; Methodology used to conduct the study; Results of the study.

The article compares the theoretical and practical statements of artists regarding the appearance of paintings. David Summers has pointed out that the principal method of mainstream art history, stylistic analysis is an unhistorical way of interpreting works of the past. But, David Carrier argues that truth of interpretation does not depend on fidelity to a norm of artists' intent.

The article discusses the author's perception about the relationship of aesthetics and ethics in the U.S. He stated that there are differences between the way human make aesthetic judgments and those used in moral judgments. According to philosophers, ethics deals with action and the will to action while aesthetics addresses reflection and its essential detachment. Moreover, ethics requires commitment while aesthetics suspends it. The author further stressed that aesthetics addresses the problems set by artists in which the world of affairs is put out of joint while ethics on the other hand, deals with the problem of human engagement in the world affairs.

The article examines the distinction between appearance and reality in the literature originating from the imagination. According to the author, French novelist Alain Robbe-Grillet is correct in his account of the nature of the traditional novel. He adds that for that enterprise hangs upon the distinction between appearance and reality which is itself the cornerstone of the metaphysical imagination. The fate of this distinction between appearance and reality is also embedded in the history of modern philosophy.