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The availability of different food products containing bioactive compounds promotes their inclusion in the daily diet of consumers. However, the effective and safe delivery of such products requires certain precautions to ensure their preservation, stability, and bioavailability when consumed. Microencapsulation is a great alternative, which is a method capable of protecting different bioactive compounds, including probiotic cells, prebiotic compounds, and some antioxidant substances such as phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and vitamins. Therefore, this study aimed to perform a literature review and present different alternatives to make bioactive compounds viable through microencapsulation, increase their stability and viability when applied in different food matrices, and address the existing challenges regarding their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El presente estudio evaluó las propiedades antioxidantes del orujo de uva y si este aportaba algún beneficio al adicionarlo al asfalto. Se modificó asfalto con orujo de uva roja en porcentajes de 1%, 2% y 3% como agente antioxidante. Las muestras preparadas se expusieron a oxidación natural a la intemperie durante 12 semanas. Adicionalmente, las muestras se envejecieron en un horno de radiación ultravioleta (UV) para comparar con el envejecimiento experimentado a la intemperie. El grado de oxidación se estimó a partir de espectroscopía infrarroja, tomándose tres grupos funcionales como parámetros de referencia: índice de carbonilos, índice de dobles enlaces carbono-carbono e índice de sulfóxidos. El asfalto modificado con 3% de orujo tuvo el menor incremento del índice de carbonilos con respecto a los otros asfaltos, indicando que este porcentaje logra retardar la oxidación en comparación con el asfalto sin modificar. Los índices asociados al material colocado en la intemperie resultan ser mayores que los obtenidos en el horno UV, por lo que se concluye que este método aún no simula correctamente la oxidación en la intemperie. Por estos motivos, se recomienda realizar una investigación con porcentajes de orujo mayores al 3% para determinar el efecto del aditivo a mayores concentraciones y realizar modificaciones el método de oxidación con radiación UV en laboratorio.

Se evaluó la composición proximal, el contenido de polifenoles totales y la capacidad antioxidante de un chocolate oscuro formulado a partir de granos de cacao orgánico, seco, y no sometido al proceso fermentativo. Este producto fue elaborado con insumos y procesos desarrollados en la Granja Experimental El Cairo, ubicada en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia (GEL-UN), departamento de Arauca, Colombia. El contenido de grasa se encontró entre los rangos conocidos (>50%), siendo una característica ligada al origen genético, y a las condiciones climáticas. El alto contenido de proteínas (16,21%), evidencia que se trata de granos de cacao secos no fermentados. Tal contenido juega un papel importante en la formación de los precursores del sabor y aroma, en chocolates finos y exquisitos. El pH determinado es un indicativo de un chocolate amargo, con bajo índice de fermentación y de baja acidez acética o láctica. El contenido de polifenoles totales se relaciona de manera directa con la alta actividad antioxidante de este chocolate. Se concluye que el tipo de material genético usado como insumo, así como los procesos implementados para la obtención del chocolate, en GEL-UN, contribuyeron para la obtención de un producto tipo comercial, con propiedades funcionales, entre ellas las relacionadas con la capacidad antioxidante.

El selenio (Se) es un componente indispensable dentro de los sistemas antioxidantes del organismo animal, lo que permite su correcto mantenimiento y desarrollo. Por este motivo, su deficiencia se encuentra relacionada con una serie de trastornos oxidativos, que se traducen en una mala salud, reproducción y rendimiento productivo en general. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el balance metabólico nutricional de Se, a través de la medición de las concentraciones sanguíneas del mineral en un establecimiento rural ubicado en la zona central de Chile, en donde existen antecedentes de episodios de mortandad compatibles con su deficiencia. Para esto, se tomaron muestras sanguíneas de caprinos pertenecientes al establecimiento (n = 32), las cuales fueron analizadas mediante espectrofotometría de absorción atómica en el laboratorio de bioquímica de la Estación Experimental Agropecuaria del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, ubicado en Balcarce, Argentina. Se obtuvo un promedio de Se sanguíneo de 34,16 ± 14,81 ppb, en donde el 100 % de los animales analizados presentaron valores inadecuados para la especie. En el caso de los caprinos juveniles (n = 5), se obtuvo un promedio de 18,48 ± 8,51 ppb. En el ganado adulto (n = 27), los valores bordearon concentraciones de 8,12 y 63,35 ppb. Se concluye que existe una deficiencia de Se crítica en los animales muestreados pertenecientes al establecimiento ubicado en la zona central de Chile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cladodes are considered by-products of Opuntia ficus-indica cultivation. Their addition as source of antioxidants to durum wheat breads could have effects on preventing cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and inflammation. The inclusion of 0-5-10-15% cladodes, harvested in three different locations, on quality and antioxidant properties of fortified durum wheat breads has been evaluated. The enrichment with 10% of cladodes resulted in an increase in the content of total phenolics (14.8 vs 2.7 mg GAE/100 g of control bread), a decrease of IC50 (3.28 vs 49.7 mg/ml of control bread), good rheological characteristics of loaves and largely positive evaluation by panel test. Fortification with 15% of cladodes caused an increase in the resistance to the mixture with a reduction of dough extensibility. In addition, the evaluation of different populations of Opuntia gave information about the valorization of the crop and could be a strategy to increase bioactive compounds in durum wheat breads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mortiño (Vaccinium floribundum) is a wild Andean berry, with a high content of bioactive compounds, especially anthocyanins, with protective effects against various diseases due to their antioxidant capacity. The aim of this study was to determine the best anthocyanin extraction conditions without affecting the mortiño antioxidant capacity. A completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 23 was applied in the extraction (solvent: ethanol and methanol; concentration: 20 and 60%; temperature: 30 and 60 °C). The anthocyanin content showed that the best extraction conditions were 20 and 60% hydroethanolic solution at 60 °C (P<0.05). For the antioxidant capacity, the treatments were analyzed in a factorial arrangement 22: ethanol and methanol 20%; 30 and 60 °C. The highest antioxidant capacity was found at 20% ethanol and 60 °C (19,653.3±256.62 µmol TE 100 g-1 FW (fresh weight)) by the FRAP method (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) (P<0.05), and with the ABTS methodology, methanol and ethanol (20%), at 60 °C (8458.3±127.45 and 8,258.0±325.05 µmol TE 100 g-1 FW, respectively) (P<0.05). Extraction at 60 °C did not affect the antioxidant properties of anthocyanins. A high correlation was found between both methodologies by Pearson's Correlation (PC=0.898). In addition, the antioxidant capacity measured by the two methods was highly related to the anthocyanin content of the extracts (PC=0.973 and 0.952, respectively). Other berry species have been extensively investigated for their antioxidant compounds, but there is limited information about the optimization of anthocyanin extraction from mortiño and its high antioxidant capacity important for future industrial applications. As a result, ethanol at 20 and 60%, 60 °C for 4 h are the best conditions to extract and quantify the anthocyanins of the mortiño fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tannins are secondary metabolites produced by guanacaste tree fruit that can form complexes with other macromolecules and increase the preservation of animal skins after the tanning process. This work focused on the extraction and quantification of vegetable tannins in guanacaste tree fruit (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) for its potential application as a tanning agent for European rabbit skin (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Extractions were performed using 70% aqueous ethanol, methanol and acetone solutions and then quantified by a modified Folin Ciocalteu method using tannic acid as the standard. Finally, the tanning capacity in rabbit skin was evaluated by the physical properties of the leather. It was found that the highest concentration of tannic acid equivalents (TAE) was obtained for extraction with 70% ethanol (1,42 g TAE / L) and 70% acetone (1,49 g TAE/L), respectively. These extracts were used to obtain the leathers according to standards for these products, passing only 3 out of 5 stability and resistance tests under official standards. These extracts are a potential substitute for chromium salts, allowing tanning processes with less environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently there is a great demand for food products containing functional properties and/or bioactive compounds. One of the fruits that has been widely studied is the murta (Ugni molinae), which appears to contain various beneficial health properties. This review compiles scientific information on the functional and beneficial properties of murta for human health, such as the main components associated with anti-inflammatory activity, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, nutritional composition, other uses of murta, economic aspects, and current and future challenges of murta, all based on updated scientific work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current review entitled Chocolate: Origins, current technology and production of beneficial antioxidants for health, presents us with a compilation of researchs on the origin, history and benefits of chocolate as a superfood that contributes to the daily diet not only with empty carbohydrates; but also, with a number of complex chemical antioxidants compounds such as flavonoids, theobromine, caffeine among others, wich contribute to the health and development of the human being in all stages of their life, thus also improving the cognitive and immunological capacities of those who consume this product. All the aforementioned characteristics of this product of tropical origin require a deeper knowledge of each of its possible benefits and what are the effects on its consumption in the long and short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the research was to define the best conditions for ultrasound-assisted extraction of H. sabdariffa L. calyces, and to obtain microencapsulated powders, by spray drying. The extracts were analyzed, considering as variables: extracting solvent (water and water/ethanol) and the temperature/extraction time ratio (25 °C/60 min and 60 °C/30 min). Inlet air temperature (150 °C; 190 °C) and the mixture of gum arabic (G) and maltodextrin (MD) as encapsulating agents (G40/MD60; G60/MD40) were the variables studied. The parameters used for the analysis were: yield, pH, °Bx, chemical composition (phenols and total anthocyanins, HPLC-MS), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH). The best polyphenols extraction conditions were water:ethanol (80:20), at 60 °C for 30 min. The presence of phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, and anthocyanins (delphinidin-3-sambubioside and cyanidin-3-sambubioside) were identified as the signals of highest intensity. Inlet air temperature at 150 °C and G60/MD40 allowed the highest total phenols and anthocyanins content. However, the antioxidant capacity was better at 150 °C and G40/MD60. The microparticle obtained could be used as an ingredient for the preparation of phytopharmaceuticals or functional foods, considering their easy handling, and antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in hydroalcoholic extracts of the aerial parts of Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym. -Hamet & H. Perrier. Materials and methods: Extracts were obtained using ethanol (EtOH) and methanol (MeOH) as solvents at different concentrations. Total phenols and flavonoids were quantified using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the aluminum complexation reaction, respectively. Methodology: The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined using the DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydracil) free radical discoloration technique, while lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition assays were used to measure the anti-inflammatory activity. Results: The 70% ethanolic extract showed a greater antioxidant capacity against DPPH• and a greater inhibition of the lipoxygenase enzyme, which should be related to the overall phenols and flavonoids content, suggesting that K. daigremontiana exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the effect of pasteurization on antioxidant and oxidant properties of human milk. Methods: 42 samples of milk before and after pasteurisation were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity by the ferric reducing capacity and by scavenging the 2,2’-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline- 6-sulfonic acid radical. Lipid peroxidation was estimated by the concentration of malondialdehyde product using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay and by the evaluation of advanced oxidation protein products. Results: No significant difference was observed in fresh human milk and after pasteurization in relation to antioxidant properties determined by the ferric reducing capacity (50.0±3.4% and 48.8±3.0%, respectively) and by scavenging the 2,2’-azinobis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radical (28.9±1.5% and 31.2±1.3%, respectively). The results of malondialdehyde (62.6±4.1 and 64.3±3.6 μM/mg) and protein oxidation products (59.4±3.4 and 54.2±3.8 μM/L) of fresh and pasteurized milk, respectively, did not exhibited an y significant difference. Conclusions: This data showed that human milk has an important antioxidant activity and that the pasteurizing process does not influence the antioxidant capacity, avoiding the peroxidation of breast milk lipids and the formation of advanced protein oxidation products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introducción: el cáncer es una enfermedad multifactorial, caracterizada por el crecimiento descontrolado y disperso de células anormales. Si este crecimiento y su dispersión no son controlados oportunamente, puede resultar en metástasis lo que aumenta el riesgo de muerte. El estrés oxidativo en los últimos años se ha convertido en una diana terapéutica contra esta enfermedad, debido a que se ha evidenciado su papel importante en el proceso de la carcinogénesis, de ahí que antioxidantes y proxidantes sean potenciales agentes antitumorales administrados solos o como coadyuvantes en las quimioterapias y radioterapias. Objetivo: revisar la implicación del estrés oxidativo en los daños al ADN y en el proceso de carcinogénesis. Metodología: revisión temática. Se realizó búsqueda informática en inglés y español en las bases de datos ScienceDirect y Scielo entre los años 2009 a 2013. Se incluyeron estudios en humanos y animales. 150 resúmenes fueron obtenidos, 50 resúmenes fueron considerados pertinentes. Todos los estudios fueron adquiridos en texto completo, revisados y citados a lo largo de la presente revisión. Resultados: el estrés oxidativo ocurre como un desbalance entre la producción de especies reactivas y el sistema antioxidante que las neutraliza. Las especies reactivas han sido implicadas en el proceso de carcinogénesis, debido a que puede mediar la activación de vías de proliferación celular e inhibir la apoptosis, además se ha demostrado que el daño oxidativo al ADN lleva a mutaciones, favoreciendo aún más este proceso. Conclusión: el estrés oxidativo puede ser un importante evento celular implicado en la carcinogénesis, de ahí que el uso de agentes antioxidantes y proxidantes como potenciales antitumorales constituyen una alternativa para la terapia anticancerígena, ya sean solos o como coadyuvantes. Sin embargo se requieren más estudios que permitan validar los resultados obtenidos. Rev.cienc.biomed. 2015;6(1):107-117

Introducción: Merremia umbellata es ampliamente utilizada en la medicina popular para tratar múltiples enfermedades, incluyendo aquellas que cursan con inflamación. Objetivos: evaluar el efecto antiinflamatorio y antioxidante del extracto etanólicototal obtenido de las hojas de Merremia umbellata. Métodos: el material vegetal fue extraído por maceración con etanol. La actividad antiinflamatoria se evaluó utilizando el modelo murino in vivo de edema auricular inducido por 13-acetato de 12-orto-tetradecanoilforbol (TPA), determinando la actividad de la enzima mieloperoxidasa (MPO). Adicionalmente se determinó la inhibición de la producción de óxido nítrico (NO) en macrófagos RAW 264.7 estimulados con lipopolisacarido (LPS). Mientras que la actividad antioxidante se determinó aplicando los métodos espectrofotométricos de captación de los radicales libres DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo), ABTS (sal diamónica del ácido 2,2’azinobis-(3-etilbenzotiazolin 6- sulfónico), NO y H2O2 (peróxido de hidrógeno). Resultados: el extracto de Merremia umbellata disminuyó el edema y la actividad de la enzima MPO en orejas de ratones inflamadas con TPA, así como la producción de NO en macrófagos activados. Además presentó significativa actividad captadora de los radicales libres DPPH, ABTS y H2O2. Conclusiones: se demostró actividad antiinflamatoria y antioxidante en el extracto etanólico total de Merremia umbellata. Rev.Cienc.Biomed. 2013;4(1):13-19

Los taninos son metabolitos secundarios producidos por el fruto piñón de oreja que pueden formar complejos con otras macromoléculas e incrementar la preservación de las pieles animales posterior al proceso de curtido. Este trabajo se enfocó en la extracción y cuantificación de taninos vegetales en el fruto piñón de oreja (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) para su potencial aplicación como curtiente en la piel de conejo raza Nueva Zelanda (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Para ello, se realizaron extracciones utilizando soluciones acuosas de etanol, metanol y acetona al 70% y se cuantificó por el método Folin Ciocalteu modificado utilizando ácido tánico como patrón. Se evaluó la capacidad de curtido en la piel de conejo mediante las propiedades físicas del cuero. Se encontró que la mayor concentración de equivalentes de ácido tánico (TAE) se obtuvo para la extracción con etanol al 70% (1,42 g TAE /L) y acetona al 70% (1,49 g TAE /L), respectivamente. Estos extractos fueron utilizados para obtener los cueros conforme las normas de estandarización para estos productos, superando solo 3 de 5 pruebas de estabilidad y resistencia bajo las normas oficiales. Estos extractos son un potencial sustituto de las sales de cromo, permitiendo procesos de curtido con menor impacto ambiental.

Introducción: el uso de bebidas funcionales como las infusiones de Camellia sinensis e Hibiscus sabdariffa, ha crecido en los últimos años a nivel mundial gracias a su contenido en compuestos bioactivos con un alto poder antioxidante, atribuyéndoles diversos efectos entre los que destaca su capacidad hipolipemiente. Objetivo: el estudio tuvo como propósito evaluar la capacidad de dos extractos acuosos de C. sinensis e H. sabdariffa en la inhibición de la oxidación de las LDL obtenidas de plasma. Material y métodos: se emplearon hojas de té verde orgánico y cálices deshidratados para la obtención de los extracto. Se determino el contenido de fenoles totales por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu y el ensayo de la oxidación de las LDL como modelo biológico para la evaluación de la capacidad inhibitoria de los extractos. Resultados: se observó inhibición de la oxidación de las LDL por ambos extractos con diferencia estadística respecto al control (p≤0,05), siendo el extractos de C. sinensis el mayor actividad. Conclusiones: las dos especies aportan un alto contenido de antioxidantes fundamentales para el organismo, por lo que la ingesta regulada y dirigida por expertos podría contribuir sin duda al tratamiento de hiperlipidemia.

El objetivo fue elaborar una bebida funcional a base de Hylocereus undatus y extractos de Cymbopogon citratus y Ocimum tenuiflorum. Se realizaron extractos por medio de lixiviación de C. citratus y O. tenuiflorum, posteriormente se realizó el tamizaje fitoquímico, se determinó la actividad antioxidante por los métodos DPPH y ABTS y se evaluó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos mediante el método Folin-Ciocalteau. Posteriormente a una bebida a base de H.undatus, se le adicionó diferentes porcentajes de extractos de las dos especies vegetales, y se evaluó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos. La actividad antioxidante expresada en coeficiente de inhibición media, por ABTS fue de 15,143 y 10,213 µg·mL-1 y por DPPH fue de 36,673 y 16,793 µg·mL-1, respectivamente para los extractos de C. citratus y O. tenuiflorum y fue comparado utilizando Trolox como estandard. El contenido fenólico de los extractos de O. tenuiflorum y C.citratus fueron de 138,43 y 102,05 mgGAE·g-1 y el de la bebida en las cuatro concentraciones fueron de 33,89; 100,92; 117,58 y 112,86 mgGAE·100mL-1. Los resultados mostraron que la adición de extractos vegetales de C. citratus y O. tenuiflorum a una bebida a base de H. undatus aumentó su contenido fenólico.

La Pitahaya, conocida comúnmente como “fruta del dragón”, es un fruto originario de Centroamérica y la selva peruana cuyo fruto puede ser de diferentes colores como amarillo, purpura, rojo y blanco. Este fruto presenta un alto valor nutricional, destacando el contenido de ácido ascórbico que se encuentra entre 4-25 mg/100g según su especie, teniendo el mayor valor la especie roja. La Pitahaya es un fruto con alta capacidad antioxidante, incluso superior al de otras cactáceas, como la tuna. Presenta compuestos bioactivos como las betalainas; que favorecen a los trastornos relacionados con el stress y posee efectos antiflamatorio, además presenta betaninas y betacianinas; que son una fuente de colorante natural. Este trabajo de revisión tuvo como objetivo recopilar información sobre los estudios realizados a la Pitahaya relacionados con su cultivo, características fisicoquímicas, composicion nutricional y compuestos bioactivos, por sus beneficios a la salud, tales como; evitar el envejecimiento prematuro, reducir los niveles de presión arterial y aliviar los problemas estomacales e intestinales, además el consumo de pitahaya es recomendado para contrarrestar enfermedades como la diabetes y cáncer al colon.

El creciente interés por los snacks de vegetales no amiláceos, preparados sin fritura se explica por su menor densidad calórica, respecto a la papa deshidratada y frita. Los métodos convencionales de secado a alta temperatura en ciertos casos pueden provocar pérdidas de componentes bioactivos. Es por ello que existe interés en la búsqueda de nuevos métodos de procesamiento que reduzcan el desperdicio de estos productos. En este trabajo, se evaluó la calidad (antioxidantes fenólicos, carotenoides, azúcares, acidez, color, aceptabilidad sensorial e higroscopicidad) de snacks de zapallito redondo obtenidos por dos métodos diferentes: 1) secado con aire caliente (SAC) o 2) por un método combinado de deshidratación osmótica (DO) con NaCl seguido de una etapa de secado por aire caliente (DO+SAC). Dependiendo de la concentración de NaCl empleada, la etapa de DO permitió reducir la humedad inicial del vegetal en 15-30%. La incorporación de un pre-tratamiento de DO antes del secado por aire caliente no afectó la acidez, azúcares ni contenido de compuestos fenólicos del producto final. Los snacks obtenidos por el método combinado DO+SAC, mostraron mejor color y aceptabilidad sensorial, mayor nivel de carotenoides extraíbles y menor higroscopicidad que los producidos por SAC. Los resultados del presente trabajo muestran que los tratamientos combinados de DO y aire caliente, resultan en snacks de zapallito redondo con mejores propiedades físicas (color, higroscopicidad), nutricionales (carotenoides) y sensoriales (aceptabilidad) que aquellos obtenidos sólo por secado convencional con aire caliente.

Introdução: O fator nuclear eritroide 2 relacionado ao fator 2 (Nrf2) desempenha papel fundamental na expressão de genes mediados por elemento de resposta antioxidante (ERA); sendo assim, é uma via importante para proteger as células de substâncias carcinogênicas. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão integrativa da literatura acerca da ação quimiopreventiva dos fitoquímicos por meio da regulação do fator de transcrição Nrf2. Método: O levantamento de artigos para a revisão integrativa da literatura sobre essa temática foi realizado nos periódicos indexados nas bases de dados: Google Acadêmico, PubMed, SciELO, ScienceDirect e SpringerLink, utilizando-se os descritores advindos do MeSH: fitoquímicos, radicais livres, estresse oxidativo, carcinogênese, quimioprevenção e Nrf2. Os critérios de seleção foram artigos publicados de 2000 a 2019, relacionados, ou que investiguem diretamente a atuação de fitoquímicos no fator de transcrição Nrf2, e a prevenção do desenvolvimento de câncer. Resultados: Foram selecionados 58 artigos que estavam relacionados com o objetivo da revisão. Os estudos revisados apontaram que fitoquímicos, tais como resveratrol, curcumina, isotiocianato, luteolina, entre outros, atuam na ativação da via Nrf2, utilizando diferentes mecanismos, sendo eles dependentes ou independentes da proteína repressora Kelch-Like Epichlorohydrin-Associated Protein 1. Conclusão: Diante disso, conclui-se que a modulação do fator de transcrição Nrf2 é um mecanismo que se configura como um importante mediador no que concerne compostos nocivos ao organismo humano, e que a atuação dos fitoquímicos nessa via contribui para a redução do risco de câncer. No entanto, ainda não são completamente elucidados todos os mecanismos utilizados pelos fitoquímicos, sendo necessários ulteriores estudos na área.

Introducción: la Jatropha gossypifolia es una planta tradicionalmente utilizada como agente antidiabético e hipolipemiante. Por tanto, es importante evaluar la actividad antioxidante e inhibidora de la enzima HMG CoA reductasa, para validar su uso tradicional. Objetivo: determinar la actividad inhibidora in vitro de la enzima reductasa HMG- CoA y la actividad antioxidante del extracto metanólico de Jatropha gossypifolia. Metodología: se evaluó la inhibición de la 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-coenzima A reductasa (HMG-CoA) usando el kit de ensayo HMG-CoA reductasa (HMGR) de sigma Aldrich, la actividad antioxidante se realizó mediante la inhibición de hemólisis de los glóbulos rojos expuestos a H2O2. Los resultados se analizaron mediante análisis de varianza, aceptando significancia estadística con p

Las complicaciones cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte en pacientes diabéticos. El exceso de radicales libres, provocado principalmente por la hiperglicemia que sufren estos pacientes, provoca que los mismos se encuentren en un estado de estrés oxidativo. Esta situación acelera y desarrolla la enfermedad y sus complicaciones. Razón por la cual se estudia la relación y posible efectivo positivo de los antioxidantes para tratar y prevenir la diabetes tipo 2.

Este estudo foi realizado para determinar o efeito de hidroxitolueno butilado (BHT) sobre a qualidade do sêmen canino congelado e descongelado, utilizando o diluidor à base de água de coco em pó (ACP-106c). Para tanto, foram realizadas quinze coletas de sêmen provenientes de cinco cães. O sêmen obtido foi diluído em ACP-106c acrescido de glicerol e gema de ovo. As amostras foram então transferidas para tubos contendo diferentes concentrações de BHT (0; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mM). Em seguida, as amostras foram envasadas, congeladas e armazenadas em nitrogênio líquido. O sêmen coletado foi avaliado in natura quanto aos seguintes parâmetros: coloração, volume da fração espermática, motilidade total, vigor, concentração, morfologia e funcionalidade de membrana espermática. Após uma semana, as amostras foram descongeladas e avaliadas por meio de análise computadorizada, como também foram realizadas análises da funcionalidade de membrana e da morfologia espermática. A motilidade progressiva no grupo BHT 2,0 mM foi significativamente superior (P < 0,05) do que a do grupo BHT 0 mM (27,6 ± 11,7% vs. 19,0 ± 9,5%, respectivamente). Em todos os demais parâmetros avaliados, não houve diferença entre os grupos testados. Portanto, conclui-se que a adição do BHT ao diluidor ACP-106c não afetou a qualidade do sêmen canino pós-descongelação.

La lignina es un subproducto del licor negro obtenido del proceso de despulpado en algunas plantas de Venezuela, siendo un desecho industrial que carece de valor en la fabricación de papel. En este estudio se utilizó el licor negro obtenido de los procesos de pulpado Kraft y Sulfito para extraer la lignina mediante precipitaciones ácidas y cuantificar la cantidad de fenoles totales en dichos productos lígnicos. Para llevar a cabo este estudio, se utilizaron las técnicas de Espectrofotometría de Absorción Molecular en la región UV-Visible y la Espectroscopia de Infrarrojo (FTIR). Los productos obtenidos en el estudio presentaron señales similares que la lignina comercial (LA), además la lignina extraída con HCl presentó poca degradación, corroborado por los espectros infrarrojos. Asimismo, se cuantificó la cantidad de fenoles totales en los derivados lignicos obtenidos empleando el método de Folin-Ciocalteu. En el proceso de Sulfito el derivado lígnico extraído con ácido acético contiene mayor cantidad de fenoles, y en el proceso de Kraft, el derivado lignido extraido con ácido nítrico presentó menor cantidad. La cantidad de fenoles totales presentes en estos derivados es buena, pudiendo aprovecharse en la elaboración de antisépticos, detergentes, nylon, resina y múltiples productos industria.

Aumento da demanda mundial por combustíveis líquidos, aquecimento global, segurança e estabilidade energética, vontade política por desenvolvimento nos campos da agricultura, social e energético são pontos que mostram a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para a produção do biodiesel, a partir de diversas culturas agrícolas espalhadas por todos os países bem como a busca dos aditivos que melhorem sua estabilidade e estocagem. Diante deste cenário, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o comportamento oxidativo do biodiesel de soja puro e com adição de antioxidantes sob condições de estocagem ao relento, avaliando as propriedades físicas, químicas, fluidodinâmicas, teor de água e suscetibilidade à oxidação do biodiesel comercial. O biodiesel de soja metílico foi obtido na sua forma comercial (com adição de antioxidante, BSA100 - TBHQ) e na sua forma pura (sem adição de antioxidante, BS100) e puro – com adição de antioxidantes naturais, BSM50 - 50% de biodiesel de soja puro e 50% de biodiesel de macaúba puro, BS100-13 e BS100-14 - aditivo de extrato de uva Syrah e Petit Verdot –, respectivamente. A Cromatografia gasosa identificou o biodiesel metílico de soja, verificando a existência de 50,41%, referente à linolenato de metila que influencia sensivelmente em sua susceptibilidade no processo de oxidação. As caracterizações físicas e químicas foram realizadas, determinando-se alguns parâmetros: índice de acidez, massa específica e viscosidade cinemática, demonstrando valores dentro do limite permitido, conforme Resolução ANP no 14/2012. Com o aumento do tempo de armazenamento, ocorreu um expressivo aumento do teor de água nos biodieseis bem superior ao limite (350 ppm). Os aditivos produziram pequenos acréscimos no valor da estabilidade à oxidação. Após 30 dias de armazenamento em frascos de aço-carbono, os biodieseis metílicos de soja não mais atenderão à regulamentação da ANP.

Introdução: O resveratrol (trans-3,5,4’-trihydroxystilbene), é um composto fenólico, encontrado na uva e seus derivados, tem mostrado capacidade em diminuir os níveis de lipídeos no soro sanguíneo e agregação plaquetária, aumentar o colesterol HDL, diminuir o LDL-c e prevenir a obstrução das artérias. Objetivo: Esta revisão de literatura busca apresentar dados sobre o resveratrol, sua composição química e seus benefícios para a saúde, bem como suas fontes alimentares e sua recomendação nutricional como forma de prevenção para diversas doenças. Materiais e métodos: Foi realizada por meio de buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo e Portal de Periódicos Capes utilizando os descritores: resveratrol, composição química, alimento funcional, totalizando: 42 artigos, sendo 30 trabalhos da língua inglesa, 11 trabalhos da língua portuguesa e 1 na língua polonesa. Resultados e Discussão: Os resultados dos estudos mostra o resveratrol como um composto fenólico com atuações funcionais como agente antioxidante, anti-inflamatório e antifadiga. Este tem sido aplicado em várias doenças desempenhando efeito positivo na prevenção e tratamento de desordens metabólicas e degenerativas. Conclusão: A dose usual mais utilizada é de 15 a 20mg por dia em forma de cápsula, 250 ml de suco ou vinho tinto, ou ainda, o consumo de uvas roxas, mirtilo, cacau, entre outras, produzindo benefícios significativos à saúde. ABSTRACT Resveratrol: chemical composition and its benefits to health Introduction: Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene), a phenolic compound found in grapes and derivatives, has been shown to decrease lipid levels in serum and platelet aggregation, increase HDL cholesterol, decrease LDL-c, and prevent artery blockage. Aim: This literature review aims to present data on resveratrol, its chemical composition and its health benefits, as well as its dietary sources and its nutritional recommendation as a form of prevention for several diseases. Materials and methods: It was carried out through searches in the PubMed, Scielo and Capes Periodical Portals using the descriptors: resveratrol, chemical composition, functional food, totalizing: 42 articles, 30 English studies, 11 studies in Portuguese language and 1 in the polish language. Results and discussion: The results of the studies show resveratrol as a phenolic compound with functional performances as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fatigue agents. This has been applied in several diseases playing a positive role in the prevention and treatment of metabolic and degenerative disorders. Conclusion: The most commonly used dose is 15 to 20 mg per day in the form of a capsule, 250 ml of juice or red wine, or the consumption of purple grapes, blueberries, cacao, among others, producing significant health benefits.

Se define el estrés oxidativo como un desbalance entre las especies reactivas oxidantes oxígeno/ nitrógeno y la capacidad de respuesta antioxidante del organismo. En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión de la importancia del estrés oxidativo en la salud, con una discusión sobre los mecanismos de prevención antioxidantes, incluyendo una observación de su participación en enfermedades, para finalmente hacer una exploración del trabajo del grupo de investigación en el desarrollo y certificación de alimentos funcionales. El estrés oxidativo surge por el aumento de ROS/RNS y una disminución de la habilidad de protección antioxidante, caracterizado por la reducción en la capacidad de los sistemas endógenos para combatir los ataques oxidativos dirigido a blancos biomoleculares. Se trata el efecto del estrés oxidativo en diferentes procesos morbosos como cáncer, enfermedades cardiovasculares, enfermedades neurodegenerativas, diabetes, enfermedades inflamatorias y urolitiasis. Finalmente se aborda el papel de los antioxidantes en pastoreo y la importancia, particularmente del alfa-tocoferol y el beta-caroteno, como auxiliares en la prevención de las enfermedades crónico-degenerativas, y la importancia de una certificación de los productos de pastoreo mediante un índice de protección antioxidante.

Estresse oxidativo é um distúrbio metabólico no qual moléculas instáveis, também denominadas espécies reativas, ocasionam injúrias celulares devido a reações de óxido-redução com moléculas orgânicas, tais como fosfolipídeos, proteínas e DNA. Essas injúrias podem acarretar perda da função celular e, consequentemente, disfunções importantes nos sistemas orgânicos. Tais espécies são formadas constantemente na fisiologia celular normal, seja através do metabolismo do oxigênio ou dos aminoácidos, gerando, respectivamente, as espécies reativas do oxigênio (EROS) e espécies reativas do nitrogênio (ERNS). Devido ao potencial tóxico dessas moléculas, mecanismos de proteção endógenos e exógenos, representados pelos agentes antioxidantes, entram em ação para neutralizar esses compostos e impedir a injúria celular. Quando a produção dessas espécies excede a capacidade antioxidante do organismo, o metabolismo celular entra em estresse oxidativo. Em certos casos, as produções das EROS e ERNS tornam-se desejáveis, como exemplo nos distúrbios inflamatórios, onde participarão da produção de mediadores inflamatórios, porém a exacerbação dessa produção pode ser prejudicial, sendo importante conhecer o status oxidativo para controlar a progressão do distúrbio em animais enfermos. Neste contexto, é necessário conhecer o perfil bioquímico dos compostos oxidantes e antioxidantes na rotina clínico-hospitalar de pequenos e grandes animais. O presente trabalho objetivou elucidar sobre os mecanismos fisiopatológicos do estresse oxidativo, bem como os métodos de diagnóstico laboratorial disponíveis, para explanar a importância do estresse oxidativo na prática clínica, de modo que a determinação desses compostos seja incluída na rotina médica e hospitalar.

Introduction: Introduction: resistant arterial hypertension (HAR) is associated with a high risk for cardiovascular events due to oxidative stress. Research has shown the beneficial effects of dietary antioxidants on cardiovascular health. Objective: to analyze and correlate the biochemical, anthropometric profile and intake of antioxidant micronutrients of patients with HAR. Material and methods: the patients underwent a biochemical assessment, and an anthropometric assessment to calculate body mass index (IMC), waist circumference (PCI), hip circumference (PCA), waist-to-hip ratio (ICC), and micronutrient intake assessment: vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium and zinc, estimated by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and 24-hour recall. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics 20 software. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: sixty individuals with HAR were studied, with a mean age of 62.83 ± 10.73 years. Mean IMC was 31.01 ± 5.60 kg/m², PCI, 98.12 ± 15.04 cm, PCA, 110.55 ± 13.16 cm, and ICC, 0.879 ± 0.084. Regarding the biochemical profile, mean total colesterol was 187.65 ± 48.29 mg/dL, triglycerides, 136.38 ± 99.91 mg/dL; HDL-col, 49.00 ± 10.99 mg/dL; LDL-col, 112.01 ± 41.89 mg/dL; glucose, 105.37 ± 14.81 mg/dL, and glycated hemoglobin, 6.29 ± 1.76 %. The average daily intake of antioxidants was: vitamin A, 241.47 ± 191.87 µg/d; vitamin C, 147.02 ± 192.94 mg/d; vitamin E, 1.99 ± 1.82 mg/d; selenium, 36.80 ± 34.56 µg/d, and zinc, 99.91 ± 6.64 mg/d, where 91.38 %, 46.55 %, 93.10 %, 67.24 %, and 46.55 % of the sample were below the recommended intakes, respectively. Conclusion: inadequate antioxidant intake was observed in these patients with HAR, with a high prevalence of obesity, especially visceral adiposity and alterations in lipid profile, conditions that require a greater usage of these micronutrients. We suggest there is a need for dietary planning for these patients to improve their quality of life and their response to antihypertensive treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to determine protein content, total phenols and antioxidant activity of green orito banana (Musa acuminata AA) fruit silage, inoculated with whey, for its use as animal feeding, a completely randomized design was implemented, with six treatments (ensiling time): 0, 1, 4, 8, 15 and 30 days. The best results (P <0.05) for crude protein were obtained on days 4 (15.54%), 8 (15.44%), 15 (15.41%) and 30 (15.33%). Total phenols showed their best results on day 30 (35,812.85 µMol GAE/kg DM) and antioxidant activity on day 15 (3,034.98 µMol TROLOX/kg DM). It is concluded that, through fermentation process of the waste green orito banana fruit, between 0 and 30 days, the best protein content and antioxidant activity were achieved at 15 days, which resulted in a food with potential for animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research study was to evaluate the content of total phenols (TP) and the antioxidant activity of two varieties of native potatoes (Solanum phujera) grown in southern Colombia. The varieties of native potatoes have a great potential due to their high content of bioactive compounds. Two experimental designs were carried out, the first to determine the best solvent to extract TP and the second to evaluate the effect of using ultrasound in TP extraction. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by the ABTS+ and DPPH methods. The best solvent was 70% acetone (v/v) and the application of ultrasound increased TP extraction by 118 to 195%. TP content was greater in the peel than in the flesh. It is concluded that the examined S. phujera varieties are good sources of antioxidant compounds, but the presence of compounds such as anthocyanins requires further identification and quantification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research study assessed antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in leaf methanolic extracts from ten plant species of the genus Solanum. Antioxidant activity (phenol content and total flavonoids) was determined by using in vitro models. The presence of total phenols was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. Antimicrobial activity was examined by using the microorganisms Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. The results showed variations in total phenol content (54 to 286 mg eq. gallic Ac/g) and total flavonoids (18 to 73 mg eq. quercetin/g). There were variations in anti-radical DPPH activity (0.01 to 5.2 µmol eq. Trolox/100 g), ABTS•+ (0.03 to 2.01-µmol eq. Trolox/100 g), and FRAP reducer (202 to 887 µmol eq. Ac. ascorbic/g). Both S. mammosum and S. barbeyanum extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. It is concluded that the S. mammosum extract is a major source of bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Nutrición Clínica y Dietética Hospitalaria is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Dietetica y Ciencias de la Alimentacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Among tropical fruits, guava (Psidium guajava L.), is one of the most consumed thanks to its excellent organoleptic and functional properties, rich in bioactive compounds. Its agroindustrial use generates a large number of by-products, including the epicarp, which represents approximately 25 to 30% of the fruit's weight. The objective of the present investigation was to determine, in the epicarp of guava, the physicochemical properties, the color coordinates and characterize it in is content of carotenoid and phenolic compounds, as well as to determine its antioxidant activity. Guava epicarp flour (GEF) was made and based on approved methods, yield in weight, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, moisture content, water activity and color parameters was determined, as well as the bioactive compounds noted. The results for the physicochemical parameters were high and the content of carotenoid compounds for the different fractions fluctuated between 9,414 for the a-carotene fraction and 10,894 for the ß-cryptoxanthin fraction. The antioxidant activity showed a value of 62,281% and the content of phenolic compounds was 24,948 mg EAG/g. It is concluded that GEF can be used as a source of natural bioactive compounds in the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pitahaya, commonly known as "dragon fruit", is a fruit originating in Central America and the Peruvian jungle whose fruit can be of different colors such as yellow, purple, red and white. This fruit has a high nutritional value, highlighting the content of ascorbic acid that is between 4-25 mg / 100g depending on its species, with the highest value being the red species. Pitahaya is a fruit with a high antioxidant capacity, even superior to that of other cacti, such as prickly pear. It presents bioactive compounds such as betalains; that favor stress-related disorders and have anti-inflammatory effects, it also has betanins and betacyanins; they are a source of natural dye. This review work aimed to collect information on the studies carried out on the Pitahaya related to its cultivation, physicochemical characteristics, nutritional composition, and bioactive compounds, for their health benefits, such as; avoid premature aging, reduce blood pressure levels and alleviate stomach and intestinal problems, and the consumption of pitahaya is recommended to counteract diseases such as diabetes and colon cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descriptive study in which 24 urine samples from older adults with urinary tract infection (UTI), from nursing homes, were evaluated; in order to identify differences in the immune and biochemical response from older adults with UTI by Escherichia coli (E. coli) to major virulence factors in the pathogenesis of UTI. Iron concentration, TNF-a, IL-1ß and antioxidant capacity in urine were determined. A relation was found between, an increase in iron and red blood cell concentration in urine, and the presence of the pap GII gene found in E. coli. It is concluded that older adults, with UTIs by E. coli with the gene pap GII, have increased tissue damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Consensus (16803817) is the property of Universidad Femenina del Sagrado Corazon and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a condition marked by hyperglycaemia that causes systemic complications, including urinary vesicle dysfunction due to oxidative stress. Further, antioxidants, as well as alpha lipoic acid (ALA), may be a response to this pathological condition. The present study verified the action of ALA as a supplement in ration on glycemia and urinary vesicle structures of rats induced by streptozotocin. The rats were divided into 4 groups: Control (CG), Alpha Lipoic (ALAG), Diabetic control (DCG), and the Diabetic alpha lipoic (DALAG) group. For induction, the diabetic groups were initially induced with streptozotocin (dose 60 mg/kg). Subsequently, group glycemia was evaluated weekly. After 8 weeks, the rats were euthanized and the bladder was collected. The bladders were histologically processed and the slides were stained with Masson's Trichrome for the histomorphometry of epithelial height, connective and muscular tissue and coloration of PicroSirius Red for further analysis of collagen fibers of the bladder. The data of the glycemia demonstrated an inferior median in DALAG compared to DGC (p<0.01). The epithelial height and percentage of the muscle tissue were greater in DALAG compared to the DGC, but not significant. However, GDAL showed improvement in the organization of collagen fibers. In conclusion, bladder the morphology alterations caused by DM were not alleviated by the administration of ALA in 8 weeks of the experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Introduction and objetives: oxidative stress is considered one of the main mechanisms of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of heavy metals. In contrast, resveratrol has antioxidant properties and is one of the most studied polyphenols due to its wide variety of beneficial health effects. However, there are no systematic reviews of the scientific literature in which the effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress induced by heavy metals are analyzed. Methods: in this review, articles were searched using the PubMed and ScienceDirect databases (1996-2018). After applying various filters, eleven in vivo and in vitro researches were considered, in which the effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress induced by arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) were studied. Results: this review presents an analysis of the chemical effects of resveratrol on oxidative stress associated with the exposure of metal compounds. The interaction of resveratrol with the production of reactive oxygen species (ERO's), the endogenous antioxidant system and its effects on DNA damage is discussed. From these studies, a diagram that shows the proposed interactions for resveratrol; heavy metals As, Cd, Cu, Cr and Fe; and oxidative stress is generated. Conclusions: the studies analyzed show that resveratrol is able to modulate the oxidative stress generated by different heavy metal compounds such as As, Cd, Cu, Cr and Fe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]