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A new record for Abutilon theophrasti is recorded for the first time in the flora of Libya. This widespread agricultural weed was collected from El-Hamra region (El-Qabel) in the Nafusa Mountain south of Tripoli. To facilitate further identification and future detection, a full description, habitat information, distribution map and distribution data are provided. A brief discussion about the most important threats posed by this species is presented.

Summary Weed seeds in and on the soil are the primary cause of weed infestations in arable fields. Previous studies have documented reductions in weed seedbanks due to cropping system diversification through extended rotation sequences, but the impacts of different rotation systems on additions to and losses from weed seedbanks remain poorly understood. We conducted an experiment in Iowa, USA, to determine the fates of Setaria faberi and Abutilon theophrasti seeds in 2-, 3- and 4-year crop rotation systems when seed additions to the soil seedbank were restricted to a single pulse at the initiation of the study. Over the course of the experiment, seedlings were removed as they emerged and prevented from producing new seeds. After 41 months, seed population densities dropped >85% for S. faberi and >65% for A. theophrasti, but differences between rotation systems in the magnitude of seedbank reductions were not detected. Most of the reductions in seedbank densities took place from autumn through early spring in the first 5 months following seed deposition, before seedling emergence occurred, suggesting that seed predation and/or seed decay was important. For S. faberi, total cumulative seedling emergence and total seed mortality did not differ between rotation systems. In contrast, for A. theophrasti, seedling emergence was 71% lower and seed mortality was 83% greater in the 3- and 4-year rotation systems than in the 2-year system. Results of this study indicate that for certain weed species, such as A. theophrasti, crop rotation systems can strongly affect life-history processes associated with soil seedbanks.

The aim of the present study intended mainly to investigate the interrelationships between the six studied taxa namely Abutilon theophrasti, Lavatera cretica, Hibiscus trionum, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Malva parviflora and Sida alba collected from ten different accessions in Egypt belonging to family Malvaceae. Biochemical studies include protein profile using SDS-PAGE technique and three isozymes (esterase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase). The electrophoretic analysis revealed the presence of eighteen bands of molecular weight ranging from 11.3 to 115.3 KD. The highest number of bands 15 was observed in H. sabdariffa (Hs1) collected from Menia el-Kamh district and the two accessions of M. parviflora where as the lowest number 11 bands were recorded in H. trionum collected from Talkha district. Four loci of peroxidase isozyme distinguished, three loci of acid phosphatase isozyme and two loci of esterase isozyme. In regarding to random amplified polymorphic DNA technique (RAPD), ten primers were used to differentiate between these accessions. Primer OPA-4 gave the highest percentage of polymorphism (100%), while primer OP-B6 produced the lowest percentage (50%).

Robinson, D. E., McNaughton, K. E. and Bilyea, D. 2013. Comparison of sequential preemergence-postemergence and postemergence-alone weed management strategies during critical period of red beet ( Beta vulgaris L.). Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 863–870. Weed management during the first 4 wk after red beet emergence is critical to prevent yield loss. The purpose of this research was to compare weed control and red beet tolerance of postemergence (POST) treatments alone (full, split- and micro-rates of pyrazon plus triflusulfuron) with sequential preemergence (PRE) applications of s-metolachlor followed by these POST herbicide treatments. The experiment was carried out for 4 yr as a randomized complete block with four replications. Of the POST alone treatments examined, control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and green foxtail [Setaria viridis L. (Beauv.)] was 98, 86, 97 and 62%, respectively. Much more consistent control of all species (i.e., greater than 96%) was measured where the sequential treatment of s-metolachlor was applied PRE followed by POST split- or micro-rates in all study years. Red beet density and soluble solid levels were not different than the weed-free check in any of the POST or sequential treatments. However, red beet yield in the POST single and split-rate treatments alone ranged from 9500 to 12100 kg ha−1, and was significantly less than in the weed-free check (19400 kg ha−1). Yields in the sequential treatments were comparable to the weed-free check. The results of this study confirm that a sequential treatment of PRE s-metolachlor followed by POST split- and micro-rate applications of pyrazon plus triflusulfuron can be safely applied to red beet and control annual weed species.

Weed emergence models require biological parameters such as base temperature for germination, determination of which is costly and time-consuming. Transferability of these parameters across different populations may therefore represent one of the main constraints for the development and practical use of emergence models at a large scale. A collaborative project was undertaken to assess the interpopulation variability of base temperature for germination in different European populations of velvetleaf and jimsonweed and evaluate possible applicative consequences in terms of weed control. Seeds were collected in Italy, Portugal, and Spain, and each population was then sown in every country, obtaining nine seed batches named as experimental lots. Base temperature for germination was estimated for each experimental lot to calculate lot-specific accumulation of growing degree days (GDD) under three dissimilar climatic scenarios. Threshold date (TD50) was calculated as the date when GDD accumulation of a given experimental lot surpassed the values corresponding to 50% of cumulative field emergence of seedlings. GDD accumulation and TD50were then used as indicators to identify differences among experimental lots within each climatic scenario. No significant differences were detected among base temperatures estimated for velvetleaf experimental lots or among their patterns of accumulation of GDD and TD50values within climatic scenarios. Each value of base temperature determined for a single experimental lot could therefore be adopted to model germination for all the lots regardless of the population of origin or cultivation site. In contrast, the population of origin affected the base temperature for jimsonweed, with significantly higher values for experimental lots of the Portuguese population. From an applicative perspective, differences among patterns of accumulation of GDD and TD50of several experimental lots within each climatic scenario suggest the need to use population-specific values as base temperature for germination and emergence modeling of jimsonweed.

This study was conducted to select some useful plants as functional material candidates. A total of 38 plants were preliminarily screened for the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The preliminarily selected 8 plants were further investigated to verify the in vitro inhibitory effect on inflammation and oxidative stress. Boehmeria platanifolia (root), Carpinus coreana (branch), and Eupatorium japonicum (leaf) inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Eupatorium japonicum (leaf) suppressed the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), whereas Boehmeria platanifolia (root) and Prunus yedoensis (branch) inhibited the transcription of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Treatment with the extracts (2.5 ~ 20 μg/ml) of Abutilon theophrasti (leaf, flower/seed) and Hemistepta lyrata (stem) did not show toxicity on RAW 264.7 cell proliferation, but treatment with 2.5 μ g/ml of Boehmeria platanifolia (root) exhibited cell toxicity. Carpinus coreana (branch) and Prunus yedoensis (branch) showed potent scavenging activities on peroxynitrite. Akebia quinata (flower), Carpinus coreana (branch), and Prunus yedoensis (branch) effectively inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS). Abutilon theophrasti (leaf), Boehmeria platanifolia (root), Carpinus coreana (branch), and Eupatorium japonicum (leaf) exhibited strong inhibitory capacity with regard to nitric oxide (NO) production. The results suggested that Abutilon theophrasti (leaf) has in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and that is a useful functional material candidate.

A begomovirus infecting Orinoco jute (Corchorus hirtus) from Brazil was characterized. Molecular analysis revealed a bipartite genomic organization, which is typical of the New World begomoviruses. Sequence analysis and phylogenetic data showed that both genomic components have the closest relationship with abutilon mosaic Brazil virus, with an identity of 87.3 % for DNA-A, indicating that this virus is a member of a new begomovirus species for which the name "Corchorus mottle virus" (CoMoV) is proposed. Sida rhombifolia plants inoculated by biolistics with an infectious clone of CoMoV showed systemic vein chlorosis, mottling and leaf deformation symptoms, while Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato plants had symptomless infection. CoMoV is the first corchorus-infecting begomovirus reported in Brazil.

BACKGROUND Root-knot nematodes and soil-borne diseases constrain the rapid development of protected agriculture in China, especially while phasing out methyl bromide (MB). The fumigant sulfuryl fluoride (SF) is currently used as an alternative to MB for the disinfestation of buildings and post-harvest commodities. Our experiments aimed to evaluate a novel application of SF as a soil fumigant in greenhouses in China. RESULTS Dose–response experiments indicated that SF has good efficacy on root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and moderate activity against Fusarium spp. and weeds (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. and Abutilon theophrasti Medicus). The field trials indicates that SF has good efficacy, between 80 and 94%, on Meloidogyne spp., and Fusarium spp. at the rates of 25–50 g m−2 in tomato and cucumber in Beijing and Shandong Province. Marketable yield and plant vigour was not significantly different in SF and MB treatments. SF has lower emissions than MB during the fumigation operation. It is simple to apply, can be used at low temperature, and has a short plant-back time. SF was found to be an economically feasible alternative to MB for nematode control in China. CONCLUSION SF can be used as a soil fumigant to control root-knot nematodes and to reduce the levels of key soil pathogens. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry

Abutilon theophrasti and Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) are major weeds that affect cropping systems worldwide. Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effects of temperature, pH, water and salinity stress, and planting depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of Velvetleaf and Barnyardgrass. For Velvetleaf, the base, optimum and ceiling germination temperatures were estimated as 5, 35 and 48 ºC, respectively. Seed germination was sensitive to drought stress and completely inhibited by a potential of -0.6 MPa, but it was tolerant to salinity. Salinity stress up to 45 mM had no effect on the germination of Velvetleaf, but germination decreased with increasing salt concentration. Drought and salinity levels for 50% inhibition of maximum germination were -0.3 MPa and 110 mM, respectively. Seed germination of Velvetleaf was tolerant to a wide range of pH levels. For Barnyardgrass, the base, optimum and ceiling germination temperatures were estimated as 5, 38 and 45 ºC, respectively. Seed germination was tolerant to drought stress and completely inhibited by a potential of -1.0 MPa. Salinity stress up to 250 mM had no effect on seed germination. Drought and salinity levels for 50% inhibition of maximum germination were -0.5 MPa and 307 mM, respectively. A high percentage of seed germination was observed at pH=5 and decreased to 61.5% at acidic medium (pH 4) and to 11% at alkaline medium (pH 9). Maximum seedling emergence of Velvetleaf and Barnyardgrass occurred when the seeds were placed on the surface of the soil or at a depth of 1 cm.

A facultative, microbial micro-community colonizing roots of Abutilon theophrasti Medik. supports the plant in detoxifying hydroxylated benzoxazolinones. The root micro-community is composed of several fungi and bacteria with Actinomucor elegans as a dominant species. The yeast Papiliotrema baii and the bacterium Pantoea ananatis are actively involved in the detoxification of hydroxylated benzoxazolinones by generating H2O2. At the root surface, laccases, peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases cooperate for initiating polymerization reactions, whereby enzyme combinations seem to differ depending on the hydroxylation position of BOA-OHs. A glucosyltransferase, able to glucosylate the natural benzoxazolinone detoxification intermediates BOA-5- and BOA-6-OH, is thought to reduce oxidative overshoots by damping BOA-OH induced H2O2 generation. Due to this detoxification network, growth of Abutilon theophrasti seedlings is not suppressed by BOA-OHs. Polymer coats have no negative influence. Alternatively, quickly degradable 6-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzo[d]oxazol-2(3H)-one can be produced by the micro-community member Pantoea ananatis at the root surfaces. The results indicate that Abutilon theophrasti has evolved an efficient strategy by recruiting soil microorganisms with special abilities for different detoxification reactions which are variable and may be triggered by the allelochemical´s structure and by environmental conditions.

The study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of direct and indirect organogenesis for large-scale multiplication, propagation and conservation of Abutilon ranadei, an endemic and critically endangered plant. Nodes and leaves from in vitro germinated seedlings were used as source of explants for direct and indirect shoot organogenesis respectively. High frequency shoot organogenesis (77.5%) with 7.1 ± 0.2 shoots were achieved when nodes were cultured on MS medium with BAP (3.0 mg/l) and GA (0.5 mg/l). The best callus induction and proliferation response was achieved with 2,4-D (2.0 mg/l) and BAP (1.5 mg/l). Maximum response (92.5%) for shoot regeneration from callus with 13 ± 0.8 number of shoots were obtained in MS medium fortified with KN (1.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.4 mg/l). Microshoots regenerated via direct as well as indirect organogenesis were rooted best in ½MS containing 1.5 mg/l IBA and 1.0 mg/l BAP. The well rooted plantlets were successfully established in the soil.

The allelopathic effect of plant species Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. was evaluated on germination and growth of weeds. Water extracts from fresh leaves in concentrations up to 10% were examined in Petri dish bioassay. Application of water extracts showed no effect on germination of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), scentless mayweed (Tripleurospermum inodorum (L.) C.H. Schultz) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), however the highest extract concentration reduced germination of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L. emend Miller) for 19.6%. Root length of weed species was not affected by extracts, while shoot length, fresh and dry weight of black nightshade, redroot pigweed and velvetleaf seedlings was stimulated. Among weed species, scentless mayweed proved to be the most tolerant.

Velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) is an invasive alien species in many countries and one of the major weeds in summer row crops worldwide. Weed-management techniques that reduce weed production need to be investigated to provide new approaches. The first step in this process is the determination of weed productivity in different competitive conditions. Field experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2008 in an experimental field in Padinska Skela to quantify growth and seed production of velvetleaf in maize, as well as in a velvetleaf monoculture. A density of velvetleaf ranging from 1 to 8 plants m -1 was artificially created. In a mixture with maize, velvetleaf was sown in crop rows. The growth of velvetleaf was estimated based on plant height, fresh aboveground biomass and leaf area index (LAI). Velvetleaf fecundity was determined as seed mass plant -1 and seed mass m -2 . Differences between years in plant production were very prominent. In general, velvetleaf productivity in maize depended on its density. Intraspecific competition had a major influence on growth and seed production when velvetleaf density was from 4 to 8 plants m -1 in maize rows. This information indicates that environmental conditions and weed density can promote/reduce inter- and intraspecific competition and help in the construction of population dynamics models to predict population density, seed bank and competitiveness of weeds and reduce inputs for weed management. DOI: 10.2298/ABS160212092V Received: February 12, 2016; Revised: April 11, 2016; Accepted: April 19, 2016; Published online: October 4, 2016 How to cite this article: Vrbnicanin S, Onc-Jovanovic E, Božic D, Saric-Krsmanovic M, Pavlovic D, Malidža G, Jaric S. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti medik.) productivity in competitive conditions. Arch Biol Sci. 2017;69(1):157-66.

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.) is an annual broad-leaf weed species from the family Malvaceae (Mallow family). It is an erect summer annual, up to 2 m tall, with yellow flowers and large, velvety, heart-shaped leaves. This plant originated in India and China, from where it was introduced into North America in the mid-1700s, as a potential fiber crop plant. Today it has spread over many countries of the world, including southeastern Europe, and has been categorized as an alien invasive weed species. It is an important weed of many crops in Serbia and is especially problematic where corn, soybean, sunflower and sugar beet are major crops. Velvetleaf reproduces by seeds (dimensions: 2.75-3.25 x 1.5-1.75 mm). The majority of seeds fall near the parent plant, but some are also dispersed over greater distances by water, mud, soil movement and especially agricultural activities. Seed production can be high, up to 50000+ seeds per plant. Seeds can survive for 50 years or more in the soil. The seedlings are tipically vigorous and mostly emerge from the soil depth of about 1-7 cm (no more than 10-13 cm). A. theophrasti competes with the abovementioned crops for light and nutrients. This weed species can produce relatively large quantities of biomass late in the season, which may increase the competition for light in many crops. Once established, velevetleaf is difficult to control due to its long-lived seeds and sporadic germination pattern. Preemergernce and postemergence control measures, such as: crop rotation, cultural control (preplant tillage, cultivation after crop planting, manual removal of individual plants), physical and chemical (preem and postem herbicide application) control, are essential for effective control of velvetleaf.

In order to reveal the potentials of unknown and lessknown herbaceous wild plant (potential diesel plant) from saline-alkali wasteland for development biodiesel production, seed and plant samples from 33 species were collected and plant oil content, seed oil content, seed yield per plants and saline-alkali tolerance of the plants were analyzed. The result show that oil content in plants ranged from 1.31-15.01%. Euphorbia heyneana (15.01%) had the highest oil content followed by Ricinus communis (13.9%), Cirsium setosum (12.5%), Euphorbia nutans (11.02%), Cirsiu japonicum (9.27%). About fifty percent species were found have more seed oil content within the range of 21 to 48.5%. Maximum of 48.5% was observed in one wild species of Ricinus communis followed by Euphorbia esula (34.2%), Euphorbia nutans (29.3%), Xanthium sibiricum (28.5%), Euphorbia humifusa (28.1%), Euphorbia heyneana (24.1%), Capsella bursa-pastoris (24%), Suaeda glauca (23.6%), Artemisia argyi (23.5%), Lepidium apetalum (23%). Highest level of seed field per plant was observed in Ricinus communis, Glycine soja and the higher level of seed field was in Humulus scandens, Sonchus oleraceus, Gynura crepidioides, Artemisia argyi, Abutilon theophrasti, Cirsiu japonicum, Inula japonica, Comnyza canadensis. 14 species grew in moderate saline-alkali soil and only one species (Suaeda glauca) was in severe saline-alkali soil. Comprehensive analysis show that most potential herbaceous diesel plants are Ricinus communis, Euphorbia esula, Glycine soja, Gynura crepidioides, Cirsiu japonicum and Artemisia argyi, based on 4 values of oil content in plants, and seed, seed yield per plants and saline-alkali tolerance.

A class of phenolic compounds, ortho-dihydroxyphenols (hereafter “o-DHP”), has been implicated with seed survival. Based on expectations of the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis, we predicted that seed o-DHP concentration exhibits a curvilinear response to increasing resource availability in the maternal environment, with maximum o-DHP occurring at moderate resource levels. To test this hypothesis, Abutilon theophrasti seeds were produced under field conditions at two locations. Each location included twelve maternal environments established through factorial combinations of soil compost (+/-), species assemblage (A. theophrasti with and without maize), and soil nitrogen fertilizer (0, 0.5× or 1× local recommendations for maize). Resource availability with respect to A. theophrasti growth was summarized by above-ground biomass at seed harvest (maternal biomass). Results indicated that seed o-DHP concentrations increased then decreased in response to increasing maternal biomass. This relationship was modeled with a unimodal function specific to location (Location 1, y = 1.18 + 0.03xe-0.02x, pseudo-R2 = 0.59, p = 0.003; Location 2, y = 1.40 + 0.006xe-0.005x; pseudo-R2 = 0.34, p = 0.05). Seed protein concentrations remained constant across maternal biomass levels. Because inherent vulnerability to predation and decay is considered a consequence of chemical protection relative to nutritional offering, our results suggest that A. theophrasti seed susceptibility to lethal attack is influenced by resource levels in the maternal environment. More broadly, our results suggest that the growth-differentiation balance hypothesis can be extended to maternal effects on seed phenolics.

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the most suitable concentration of growth regulators for callus induction and subsequent organogenesis in Abutilon indium (L.) Sweet (Malvaceae) leaf, stem and seed explants. Since the plant has a lot of medicinal importance, it was subjected to culture in vitro . Kinetin for seeds, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), benzyl amino purine (BAP), naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) for leaf as well as BAP and kinetin for stem were the growth regulators used at different concentrations individually. Results showed that growth regulators at different combinations on subculture resulted in the regeneration of shoots. The excised shoots were transferred to liquid medium for in vitro rhizogenesis and plantlets were acclimatized in the laboratory conditions before they were transferred to garden soil. Histologically, callus sections were with active centres, embryoids and multiple shoot buds. Cytological variations such as multinucleate, chromosome bridges, polyploidy and tracheary elements were noticed in callus cells. The regenerated plants were morphologically and cytologically similar to the in vivo plants. Key words: Embryoids, multiple shoot buds, multinucleate, polyploidy, Malvaceae.

Summary Soyabean (Glycine max) was grown at ambient and projected levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (+250 μmol mol−1 above ambient) over two field seasons with and without the presence of a weed, Abutilon theophrasti, to quantify the potential effect of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration on weed–crop interactions and potential yield loss in soyabean. Under weed-free conditions, elevated CO2 resulted in stimulations in soyabean seed yield and associated components, including pod number. At an approximate density of 6 plants m−2, A. theophrasti competition resulted in a significant reduction (−40%) in soyabean seed yield. Although differences in seed yield reduction by A. theophrasti were observed as a function of year, the relative decrease in seed yield with A. theophrasti biomass did not differ in response to CO2. Although careful weed management will be necessary if CO2-induced increases in seed yield for soyabean are to be achieved, these data suggest that soyabean seed yield may be more resilient in competition with A. theophrasti as a function of rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide.

Though adjuvants are abundant in almost every pesticide solution, their mode of action is still not completely clear. Studies on their way through the cuticle are quite difficult due to a lack of radiolabelled surfactants. In this study we want to present the results of an experiment conducted to evaluate the mode of action of an ethoxylated soybean oil (ESBO) adjuvant. To evaluate the route of ESBO through the cuticle it was labelled with fluorescein and applied to one leaf of different test species (Abutilon theophrasti, Sinapis arvensis and Beta vulgaris). Treated leaves were harvested and rinsed with either deionised water, methanol/water or chloroform. The fluorescein content of washed leaves and the solution in which they were washed were analysed with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled with an UV detector. Results lead to the assumption that ESBO passed through the cuticle. If this holds true, ESBO was able to reach the underlying cell tissue where it might have been metabolised or even translocated to other plant parts. Though a lot of research has to be conducted on the mechanism and mode of action of adjuvants, this study gives an approach to investigate the behavior of foliar applied adjuvants.

A series of novel 2-(substituted phenoxyacetoxy)alkyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-one bearing fluorine 5a-n and fluorine free 5o-q were designed and synthesized. The results of bioassay showed that some of the target compounds exhibited excellent herbicidal activities to Abutilon theophrasti , Brassica juncea , Amaranthus retroflexus and Eclipta prostrata in post-emergence treatment at a dosage of 150 g ai/ha. It could be found that the type and position of fluorine-containing group as X or Y on benzene ring had a very important effect on herbicidal activity. Compound 5l 2-[(2-chloro-4-fluorophenoxy)acetoxy](methyl)methyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-one showed notable herbicidal activity, with 100% inhibition against A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus ; and compound 5m 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxyacetoxy)(methyl)methyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-one with 100% inhibition against A. theophrasti even at a dosage of 75 g ai/ha. Additional crop selectivity testing showed that compounds 5g 2-(3-trifluoromethylphenoxyacetoxy)(phenyl)methyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-one and 5l are safe to rice, corn, cotton, rape and wheat.

The potential as natural herbicide of d-limonene natural agent was conducted on several weeds in a greenhouse and Sciyos angulatus in field condition. Herbicidal activity of foliar application at a concentration of 100 and 200 kg ai of d-limonene on seven weed species was completely killed in a greenhouse condition. Also, d-limonene at a concentration of 50 kg ai was completely killing on Abutilon theophrasti, Aeschynomene indica, Echinochloa crus-galli and Digitaria ciliaris 3 days after treatment. While pre-emergence treatment of d-limonene concentration of 12.5 to 200 kg ai showed not significant visible damages. Phytotoxic symptoms of d-limonene by foliar treatment were characterized by wilting and burn-down of leaves and stems followed by discoloration, finally, plant death. Crop selectivity at d-limonene concentration of 100 kg ai over to five main crops including Zea mays by foliar application was not at all. Field trial of foliar treatment with d-limonene 70 to 140 kg ai have effectively controled over 5~20 leaf stages of S. angulatus at the natural habitats. And herbicidal efficacy of foliar application on S. angulatus with carrier volume in field condition was increased with dose dependent manners. These results suggest that d-limonene is considered possible as herbicide, and may be further optimized for natural agent for environmental friendly natural herbicide.

The boundaries between the genera Bakeridesia and Abutilon have long been debated. Results from recent phylogenetic studies using the rDNA ITS in tribe Malveae strongly suggest that these two genera as currently delimited are polyphyletic. Some species previously included in each genus form a well-supported clade that is phylogenetically removed from both Bakeridesia and Abutilon. The congruence of morphological and karyological distinctions with this molecular evidence provides compelling support for recognition of the clade as a new genus, here described as Callianthe . In the present study we transfer 40 species to Callianthe based on ITS data (including the synapomorphy of a 25-base pair deletion in ITS2) and/or morphological evidence, including the character states of four or more ovules per carpel, toothed and/or lobed leaves, and petals with impressed veins (the latter is a synapomorphy). In addition, species of Callianthe share a base chromosome number of x = 8 (versus 7 in Abutilon and 1...

A natural compound plumbagin (5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone) was isolated from the leaves of Plumbago auriculata and found to inhibit the enzyme, 8-amino-7-oxononanoate synthase (AONS, also known as 7-keto-8-aminopelargonate synthase, KAPAS) an IC 50 of 2.1 μM in vitro . Biotin supplement significantly rescued the plant injury caused by the plumbagin treatment, and this result confirmed the target site, AONS. Foliar application of 1000 ∼ 2000 μg/mL plumbagin in a greenhouse condition showed lethal activity against eight species of weeds, containing three grass species of Sorghum bicolor , Echinochloa crus-galli , Digitaria sanguinalis and five broad leaf species of Solanum nigrum , Aeschynomene indica , Abutilon avicennae , Xanthium strumarium , Calystegia japonica . Field trial of foliar application with plumbagin 2000 μg/mL have successfully controlled 10 ∼ 15 leaf-stages and 2 ∼ 3 m vine lengths of Sicyos angulatus at the natural habitats around riparian zone in the Nam-Han River in Korea. Visual symptom of desiccation might be induced by the physiological cellular leakage which was significantly dose dependent on the plumbagin treatment regardless of light.

The genus Abutilon (Malvaceae) comprises about 150 species which are perennial herbs, shrubs and rarely small trees, distributed in sub-tropical regions of all over the world. Generally, Abutilon species contain considerable amounts of mucilage due to which they are used for the treatment of rheumatism and as demulcent and diuretic agents [1 – 3]. One of the species of the genus Abutilon is Abutilon pakistanicum which commonly grows in the southern parts of Pakistan. The literature survey revealed that steroids [4, 5], esters, flavonoid glycosides [6, 7], and iridoids [8] have so far been reported from this species. The ethnopharmacological and chemotaxonomic importance of the genus Abutilon led us to further investigate the chemical constituents of A. pakistanicum. We herein report the isolation and structural elucidation of two new sphingolipids named pakistamides A (1) and B (2).

The vascular plants in Bukhansan Dulegil, Jingwan-dong Wetland and Bukhan-dong Cheolgeoji were listed 432 taxa (8.9% of all 4,881 taxa of vascular plants); 95 families, 274 genera, 345 species, 2 subspecies, 69 varieties and 16 forms. Divided into woody plants were 145 taxa (33.6%) and herbaceous plants were 287 taxa (66.4%). The Bukhansan Dulegil were listed (Myeongsang-gil 159 taxa, Huingureum-gil 227 taxa, Wooyiryeong-gil 216 taxa, Banghakdong-gil 139 taxa, Boru-gil 199 taxa), Jingwan-dong Wetland were listed 147 taxa and Bukhan-dong Cheolgeoji were listed 129 taxa. Based on the list of rare plants by Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum were Viola albida Palibin (Violaceae), Iris minutiaurea Makino (Iridaceae) and Korea National Arboretum were endemic plants, Philadelphus schrenkii Rupr. var. schrenkii (Saxifragaceae), Weigela subsessilis L.H. Bailey (Caprifoliaceae). Based on the list of floristic regional indicator plants by Korean Ministry of Environment were total 22 taxa; Wisteria floribunda DC. for. floribunda in class Ⅳ, 3 taxa (Betula davurica Pall., Mukdenia rossii Koidz., Glechoma grandis Kuprian., etc.) in class Ⅲ, 5 taxa (Acer triflorum Kom., Viola orientalis W. Becker, Heloniopsis koreana Fuse & Al., etc.) in class Ⅱ and 13 taxa (Camptosorus sibiricus Rupr., Clematis patens C. Morren & Decne., Cirsium pendulum Fisch. ex DC., etc.) in class Ⅰ. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 16 families, 35 genera, 37 species, 3 varieties, 1 form, total 41 taxa (Rumex crispus L., Abutilon theophrasti Medicus, Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. etc.), naturalization rate was 9.5% of all 432 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index was 13.3% of all 309 taxa of naturalized plants. Ecosystem disturbing wild plants were 5 taxa; Rumex acetocella L., Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Ambrosia trifida L. var. trifida, Eupatorium rugosum Houtt., Aster pilosus Willd.

Abutilon is represented in the state of São Paulo by 18 species mainly distributed in the Atlantic Forest, especially in dense rainforest. This work includes an identification key, illustrations, and comments on morphology, habitat, geographical distribution and conservation status. A new species (Abutilon costicalyx), three new synonyms, and three new records for São Paulo are presented.

Objective To evaluate the pharmacognostic parameters of the leaves of Abutilon indicum (Linn.)Sweet which will assist in standardization, quality assurance, purity and sample identification of the species. Methods The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of organoleptic, microscopic, powder microscopic, leaf constants and fluorescence analysis. Results Macroscopic study showed that the leaf shape -cordate, Size −2–4 cm long, Colour — Green, Odour -Characteristic, Taste -Characteristic, Surface — Smooth, Apex -Acute to acuminate, Lamina-Simple, Cordate, Reticulate, Dentate, Margin-Crenate-Dentate. The microscopic features of leaves were observed as covering trichomes, glandular trichome, vascular bundles, crystals, stomata, mucilage secretory cells adaxial epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll and lateral vein. Further the study was evaluated leaf constants, powder microscopy and fluorescence study of leaf powder. Conclusion Various pharmacognostic characters observed in this study help in the identification and standardization of Abutilon indicum (Linn.)Sweet.

Time of day has been observed to affect flaming efficacy. The basis for the differential plant response is not well understood; however, daily variation in leaf relative water content (RWC) is thought to contribute to the response. Leaf RWC is the ratio of the amount of water in the leaf tissue compared to when fully turgid. To determine the influence of leaf RWC in plant response to propane flaming, greenhouse experiments were conducted during April and repeated in September of 2009. Two crops [4-leaf maize ( Zea mays ) and second trifoliate soybean ( Glycine max )] and two weed species [5-leaf velvetleaf ( Abutilon theophrasti ) and 6-leaf green foxtail ( Setaria viridis )] were flamed with four propane doses of 0, 29, 43 and 87 kg ha −1 at 0, 4, 8 and 12 h after sunrise-HAS. Leaf RWC was measured before treatment application. Flaming treatment was conducted utilizing a hand flamer with one VT 2–23 C vapor phase burner positioned 20 cm above soil surface and angled horizontally at 30°. The propane pressure was 120 kPa and the application speeds were 1.6, 3.2 and 4.8 km h −1 . The plant responses evaluated were plant injury and fresh weight at 7 days after treatment (DAT). All plant species were more susceptible to flaming during the afternoon when they had lower leaf RWC at 8 HAS; however, the response of these plants did not differ with the plants flamed at 12 HAS. Green foxtail flamed at 87 kg ha −1 at 0, 8 and 12 HAS had injury of 62, 76 and 82%, respectively. The same response was observed in velvetleaf which had 80% injury when flamed with 87 kg ha −1 at 0 HAS and 93% injury when flamed at 12 HAS with the same propane dose at 7 DAT. Similar trends occurred for maize and soybean suggesting that leaf RWC could be one of the factors affecting plant response to flaming. Practical implication is that flaming operation should be conducted in the afternoon in order to improve efficacy of weed control and reduce propane consumption rate.

The GLM herbarium collection houses vascular plant specimens from Namibia collected between 1909 and 1913 by Fritz Schafer. Duplicates at Berlin-Dahlem (B) were partly destroyed during World War II, and further duplicates are known only in few cases at Zurich (Z) and Cape Town (NBG). At GLM we traced 27 type specimens of 20 validly published names, for eight of these names no further type material is known to have been preserved elsewhere. We typify the names involved and designate Schafer specimens preserved at the herbaria GLM or B, respectively, as lectotypes for Abutilon schaeferi, Anthericum apicicolum, A. diphyllum, A. glutinosum, Aster schaeferi, Gnidia suavissima, Hermannia seitziana, Lachenalia klinghardtiana, Lebeckia cinera var. schaeferi, Oldenlandia schaeferi, Pelargonium grandicalcaratum, P. squarrosum, Solanum schaeferi and Viscum schaeferi, and a Dinter specimen preserved at NBG for Pelargonium mirabile.

Thirteen novel N-(2-fluoro-5-(3-methyl-2,6-dioxo-4-(trifluoromethyl)-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-1(6H)-yl)phenyl)-2-phenoxy)acetamides were designed and synthesized utilizing 4-fluoro-aniline and ethyl 3-amino-4,4,4-trifluoro-but-2-enoate as starting materials. The chemical structures of all compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, IR, mass spectrum and elemental analyses. Subsequently, the herbicidal activities of the as-prepared compounds were evaluated in the greenhouse. Bioassay results indicated that most of compounds had better herbicidal activities against dicotyledonous weeds. Among all the tested compounds, compounds 4a–4i showed good herbicidal activities at both pre-emergence and post-emergence treatment against two or three kinds of dicotyledonous weeds, such as Abutilon theophrasti Medic, Amaranthus ascendens L, and Chenopodium album L at the dosage of 75 g ai/ha.

This study was carried out to establish an improved bioassay system on the side of practicality, pre-emergence bioassay which is more effective in developing soil application natural herbicides. A miniaturized method which have a 50 cm2 of soil surface area and was efficient by 7 times compared to the existing soil application assay ( of soil surface area) was established, in which four weed species (Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria sanguinalis, Aeschynomene indica, and Abutilon theophrasti) were planted and grown in greenhouse. This would be applicable when the amount of screening compound is much more than 50 mg. The initial application rate was desirable at . On the other hand, the 6 well plate assay which has 4 weed species in each well containing upland soil and could be conducted in growth chamber, was established. This assay was resulted in minimizing in level of 1/14 test volume and 1/14 amounts of test compound to the conventional method that has been used for screening of synthetic compounds in KRICT, and applicable for the small amount of test compound (less than 10 mg). Therefore, the improved bioassays established in this study would be helpful for a rapid and efficient development of soil application natural herbicides.

Crop seedlings detect the presence of neighboring competitors by means of the red to far-red ratio (R/FR) of light reflected from the leaf surfaces of adjacent seedlings. Although previous studies have suggested that shifts in the R/FR initiate crop– weed competition, no studies have documented the R/FR of light reflected from weeds or explored how weed management practices may affect the R/FR. Experiments were conducted to test the following hypotheses: (1) the duration of R/FR signals reflected from the leaf surface of weed seedlings will vary among herbicides following treatment and will decline faster as the dose of a given herbicide increases, (2) the R/FR of reflected light will differ among weed species, and (3) the R/FR of reflected light will decrease as weed seedling leaf area and stage of development increases. Velvetleaf was used as a model weed species to examine herbicide chemistry and dose, and six weed species including Powell amaranth, velvetleaf, Eastern black nightshade, barnyardgrass, proso millet, and green foxtail were evaluated in order to characterize the R/FR of light reflected from their leaf surfaces. Results of this study confirm that the R/FR reflected from the leaf surface of weeds is affected by: herbicide chemistry, herbicide dose, weed species, stage of weed development, and distance of the weed from the crop. The relative decline in the R/FR (as a percent of the untreated control) was most rapid following treatment with paraquat, followed by glufosinate and then glyphosate. As glyphosate dose decreased, so did the reduction in the relative R/ FR. Based on reflected R/FR, weed species tended to be grouped into monocots and dicots, with the latter reflecting a lower R/FR per unit leaf area than the former. This disparity was attributed to the compact leaf arrangement and orientation of dicot weed canopies, which may contribute to the greater competitiveness of dicot weeds. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; glufosinate; paraquat; barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli L. Beauv. ECHCG; Eastern black nightshade, Solanum ptycanthum Dunal. SOLPT; green foxtail, Setaria viridis L. (Beauv.) SETVI; proso millet, Panicum milliaceum L. PANMI; Powell amaranth, Amaranthus powellii S. Wats. AMPO; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medik. ABUTH.

We examined two co-occurring species of Malvaceae in the savanna of central Texas to determine their photosynthetic response to varying levels of light. Abutilon theophrasti had a mean (±1 SD) density of 4 ± 4 plants/m2 in the open-grassland phase of the savanna, and a density of 1 ± 2 plants/m2 under canopy of woody mottes. Malvaviscus arboreus var. drummondii was not in the open-grassland phase and had a density of 3 ± 6 plants/m2 under canopy of woody mottes. Mean midday levels of light in the open and canopy were significantly different at 2,004 versus 192 µmol/m2/s, respectively. Maximum photosynthetic rate of A. theophrasti (34.6 ± 3.6 µM CO2/m2/s) occurred at a photosynthetic-flux density of 2,000 ± 0.0 µM /m2/s and was significantly greater than the maximum photosynthetic rate of M. arboreus var. drummondii (14.8 ± 2.2 µM CO2/m2/s), which occurred at a photosynthetic-flux density of 1,350 ± 173.0 µM /m2/s. Light saturation, light-compensation point, dark respiration rates, stomatal conduc...

SUMMARYThe presence of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) in crops is increasing in arid and semi-arid environments. Field experiments were conducted in Greece in 2009 and 2010 to determine the influence of velvetleaf emergence time and maize (Zea mays) hybrids with different growth rates on maize yield and velvetleaf growth and fecundity. Velvetleaf was uniformly seeded in order to emerge at the 1, 3, 5 and 7-leaf stage of maize (V1, V3, V5 and V7 growth stages, respectively). Velvetleaf biomass, canopy area and seed production were significantly affected by the date of velvetleaf emergence. Velvetleaf plants emerging just after maize (V1) produced 7–17 times lower seed number, compared with the V5 growth stage. Maximum maize grain yield loss ranged from 26 to 37% for early emerging velvetleaf, and less than 6% yield loss occurred from velvetleaf seedlings emerging at V7 growth stage. Maize hybrids with high initial growth rate seem to be more competitive than the other hybrids. The results of this study are essential in the development of an integrated weed management strategy for maize in semi-arid environments, since they highlight the importance of the careful selection of a competitive maize hybrid and avoidance of early velvetleaf emergence.

The average mealy bug (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley) population was maximum (2.69, 2.40 and 1.73 adults/plant) on Parthenium hysterophorus at wasteland, in or near field and weeds present near stacks at Muktsar. At Ferozepur, the mean mealy bug population was 1.10 adults/plant on cotton. On the weeds, near or in the field, the maximum population (5.94 adult/plant) was recorded on P. hysterophorus followed by Digeria arvensis (3.74 adults/plant). The population was 2.69, 2.66 and 2.86 adults/plant on Sida acuta, Abutilon theophrasti and Achryanthus aspera, respectively. On wasteland weeds, similar trend was observed, i.e. maximum population was on P. hysterophorus (7.31 adults/plant), while minimum (3.00 adults/plant) on S. acuta, during 2008. Similar trend was followed in 2009 in Muktsar and Ferozepur but the population was lower than the previous year. Among the weeds, P. hysterophorus was the most preferred host for multiplication. During carry-over studies all the stages and ovisac was maximum, follo...

Weed-suppressive soils contain naturally occurring microorganisms that suppress a weed by inhibiting its growth, development, and reproductive potential. Increased knowledge of microbe–weed interactions in such soils could lead to the identification of management practices that create or enhance soil suppressiveness to weeds. Velvetleaf death and growth suppression was observed in a research field (fieldA) that was planted with high populations of velvetleaf, which may have developed via microbial mediated plant–soil feedback. Greenhouse studies were conducted with soil collected fromfieldA(soilA) to determine if it was biologically suppressive to velvetleaf. In one study, mortality of velvetleaf grown for 8 wk insoilAwas greatest (86%) and biomass was smallest (0.3 g plant−1) in comparison to soils collected from surrounding fields with similar structure and nutrient content, indicating that suppressiveness ofsoilAwas not likely caused by physical or chemical factors. WhensoilAwas autoclaved in another study, mortality of velvetleaf plants in the heat-treated soil was reduced to 4% compared to 55% for the untreated soil, thus suggesting that suppressiveness ofsoilAis biological in nature. A third set of experiments showed that suppressiveness to velvetleaf could be transferred to an autoclaved soil by amending the autoclaved soil with untreatedsoilA; this provided additional evidence for a biological basis for the effects ofsoilA.The suppressive condition in these greenhouse experiments was associated with high soil populations of fusaria.Fusarium lateritiumwas the most frequently isolated fungus from roots of diseased velvetleaf plants collected fromfieldA, and also was the most virulent when inoculated onto velvetleaf seedlings. Results of this research indicate that velvetleaf suppression can occur naturally in the field and thatF. lateritiumis an important cause of velvetleaf mortality infieldA.

Controlled environment experiments showed that velvetleaf plants grown under drought stress or low temperature (LT) treatments had greater leaf epicuticular wax (ECW) deposition compared to plants grown in soil with moisture at field capacity (FC) or a high temperature (HT) regime. Light intensity did not affect ECW deposition; however, increasing light intensity decreased the leaf ECW ester content and increased the secondary alcohol content. Plants grown at an LT regime or under FC had leaf ECW with fewer hydrocarbons and more esters than those grown at an HT or drought stress regime. Velvetleaf absorption of acifluorfen increased as light intensity decreased for plants grown in adequate soil water content, while the opposite was true for drought-stressed plants. Velvetleaf absorption of acifluorfen was approximately 3 and 10 times greater, respectively, with the addition of 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) in comparison to crop oil concentrate (COC) or no adjuvant, regardless of the environmental treatments. Plants absorbed more acifluorfen when subjected to the LT regime in comparison to the HT regime when UAN was the adjuvant, while the opposite was true when COC was the adjuvant. Velvetleaf absorption of acifluorfen was not affected by drought stress when COC or no adjuvant was used and varied between studies when UAN was used. Velvetleaf absorption of bentazon was greatest for plants grown under HT/FC or high light/FC treatments and least with plants grown under HT/drought stress or low light/drought stress treatments, regardless of the adjuvant. However, bentazon absorption was higher with the addition of an adjuvant and for plants grown at a high light intensity or FC condition compared with medium to low light intensity or drought stress treatments.

Velvetleaf is one of the most significant and fastest spreading alien weeds in Europe, and it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet. Laboratory experiments were carried out in 2007 and 2008 and field experiments were carried out in 2006, 2007, and 2008 with the aim of finding effective herbicide combinations and optimum timing of control. Herbicides containing the active ingredients phenmedipham, desmedipham, ethofumesate, clopyralid, and triflusulfuron were all tested at different timings. Phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate gave 87% velvetleaf control in pot experiments when applied at the growth stages of velvetleaf cotyledons and one true leaf, but only 27 to 42% control in field trials. Triflusulfuron gave 76% control in pot experiments and 83 to 88% control in field experiments. The timing of the first and second herbicide applications was very important: the first application of herbicides must be at the cotyledon stage of velvetleaf. A 1-wk delay in first application reduced herbicide efficacy by 8%. A 5-d period between the first and second treatments gave 93% control, while a 10-d period between the first and second treatments gave only 77% control. Sugarbeet yield decreased by 60 to 86% due to competition with velvetleaf when a standard herbicide combination (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) was used, and the velvetleaf produced between 6,700 and 14,800 seeds m−2. Inclusion of triflusulfuron in the herbicide treatment significantly reduced velvetleaf seed production to between 200 and 4,700 seeds m−2. In most cases, inclusion of triflusulfuron increased sugarbeet yield. Better velvetleaf control occurred in years when the sugarbeet canopy developed early and the index of leaf area of sugarbeet was higher.

Abutilon grandifolium is reported for the first time for the flora of Egypt. The paper includes a comprehensive description, occurrence, comparison with closely related species, comments on habitat, and an updated identification key to the species of Abutilon in Egypt. In addition, photographs are given for easy identification.

Tolpyralate, an HPPD (4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor, is a relatively new herbicide for weed control in corn. Field studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the effective dose of tolpyralate applied alone or mixed with atrazine for weed control in corn. The treatments included seven rates (0, 5, 20, 29, 40, 50 and 100 g ai ha-1) of tolpyralate applied alone or mixed with a constant rate (560 g ai ha-1) of atrazine. The evaluated weed species were common waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis Sauer), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik), henbit (Lamium amplexicaule L.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.). Overall, POST-application of tolpyralate resulted in 42-100% visual weed control, depending on the weed species and tolpyralate doses. Calculated dose of 19-31 g ai ha-1 (ED90) of tolpyralate applied alone provided 90% visual control of common waterhemp, common lambsquarters, henbit, and velvetleaf. However, addition of atrazine significantly reduced the required dose of tolpyralate to 11-17 g ai ha-1 for the same level of control of these weed species; suggesting a synergy between the two herbicides.

Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) was accidentally introduced into New Zealand in 2016 and intensive efforts are being implemented to mitigate the risk of its naturalisation. This study investigated the possibility of velvetleaf plants surviving in maize fields following silage harvest in late summer and early autumn. Velvetleaf plants were grown to maturity in a glasshouse during the summer of 2017—2018. They were left to seed and senesce naturally and, on 28 February 2018, five senesced plants were “harvested” at each height (0, 30, 50, 70 and 150 mm) with varying numbers of leaf nodes remaining (0, 0, 1, 2 and 3 pairs respectively). Velvetleaf was capable of regeneration 2—4 weeks after “harvest” from these leaf nodes. Forty percent regeneration occurred with 1 pair of nodes; 80% (2 pairs); and 100% (3 pairs). All regenerated plants subsequently produced mature seed pods with viable seed (95% germination) 6—10 weeks following “harvest”. Maize silage crops are normally cut ~100 mm above ground level. In this study, velvetleaf was able to regenerate and reproduce following simulated maize silage harvest at, below and above, normal cutting height. Growers are advised to continue management strategies for velvetleaf to prevent seed set following maize silage harvest and before sowing of the next crop or pasture.

This study was carried out to establish an improved bioassay system, whole-plant bioassay which is more effective in developing natural herbicides for foliar treatment such as herbicidal essential oils. Two bioassay systems using four weed species (Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria sanguinalis, Aeschynomene indica, and Abutilon theophrasti), spraying method and spotting method, were established. Spraying method is applicable if the amount of test compounds is enough, while spotting method is useful for the small amount of test compounds. The initial application rate was desirable at . Herbicidal activities were higher in the NOP treatment when compared to the Tween 20 treatment. To efficiently evaluate volatile compounds such as essential oils, if the compound-treated pots were incubated in dew chamber for about 10hrs, better results were obtained in the degree and stability of herbicidal responses. When the efficiency of bioassay systems established in this study was compared, the spraying method was minimized four times to the conventional method that has beed used for screening of synthetic compounds in KRICT. On the other hand, in the spotting method, screening for development of a natural herbicides was possible even in level of 1/100 test volume and 1/200 amounts of test compound compared to the spraying method.

The complete nucleotide sequence of Abutilon mosaic Brazil virus (AbMBV), a new bipartite begomovirus from Bahia, Brazil, is described and analyzed phylogenetically. Its DNA A is most closely related to those of Sida-infecting begomoviruses from Brazil and forms a phylogenetic cluster with pepper- and Euphorbia-infecting begomoviruses from Central America. The DNA B component forms a cluster with different Sida- and okra-infecting begomoviruses from Brazil. Both components are distinct from those of the classical Abutilon mosaic virus originating from the West Indies. AbMBV is transmissible to Nicotiana benthamiana and Malva parviflora by biolistics of rolling-circle amplification products and induces characteristic mosaic and vein-clearing symptoms in M. parviflora.

A new name, Abutilon ulbrichii, is proposed to replace the later homonym Abutilon longipes Ulbr. for a South American species (non A. longipes Mattei from Africa).