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Abstract  Effect of the degree of hydration and the phosphorus to titanium ratio in sorbents based on hydrated oxotitanium hydrophosphate on their sorption properties: constant of heterogeneous substitution of hydrogen ions by cations of sodium, cesium, and strontium and static exchange capacity, was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract  The paper continues studying the uncertainty problem based on [2]. A decision-maker is assumed to have a prevalence relation on the consequences of his actions. The necessary and sufficient existence conditions for uncertainty in a decision-making problem for a nonparametric situation are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanisms of beta-endocrinocyte differentiation involving c-kit may be associated with a number of processes, including signaling pathways and regulatory mechanisms. Such factors as activation of the c-kit signaling pathway, an increase or decrease in cell proliferation and survival, regulation of differentiation gene programs and stem cells are important in controlling self-preservation and regulating the cellular number and types, that are differentiated being impacted by intermittent hypoxic hypoxia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The aim of the work is to determine the dynamics of c-kit proliferative factor in beta cells under an exogenous influence (intermittent hypoxic hypoxia) and endogenous pathology (arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus). Materials and methods. The study was conducted using 15 white Wistar rats and 5 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), which were divided into 4 groups of 5 animals each. Group 1 – control (intact) rats, group 2 – animals with experimental diabetes mellitus, group 3 – rats with hereditary arterial hypertension (SHR), group 4 – animals exposed to the effect of intermittent hypoxic hypoxia. At the end of the experiment, the animals were euthanized, organs were harvested and processed, serial histological pancreatic sections 5 µm thick were deparaffinized and retrieved. Insulin and c-kit+ beta progenitor cells were detected by the immunofluorescence method using antibodies. Immunofluorescent reactions were studied using an AxioImager-M2 fluorescence microscope. Results. The quantitative indicator of beta cells was almost 6 times decreased in rats with diabetes mellitus. Concentrations of insulin in animals of this group were increased compared to intact animals and the marker of proliferative activity was decreased without changes in the percentage of c-kit-immunopositive beta cells. The course of hereditary arterial hypertension in SHR was accompanied by an 8-fold decrease in the number of beta cells per 1 cm2, an increase in insulin in beta cells as compared to the animals of both intact and experimental diabetes groups. Regarding the c-kit expression in beta cells, it was significantly reduced only in the group of intact animals and the number of c-kit-immunopositive beta cells was almost 2.8 times decreased. In the experimental group of animals exposed to hypoxic hypoxia, the number of beta cells per measurement unit was significantly increased, the concentration of insulin in beta cells was increased as compared to the intact animals, but lower than that in rats with diabetes and hypertension. The marker of proliferative activity c-kit was decreased compared to both intact and diabetic animals. As for the number of c-kit-immunopositive beta cells, it did not differ statistically from that in intact and diabetic animals, but was higher than that in SHR. Conclusions. The development of experimental diabetes in Wistar rats and hereditary hypertension in SHR results in a significant decrease in the specific density of beta cells in the pancreas in contrast to the effect of multiple-day hypoxic training, which stimulates an increase in the density of insulin-synthesizing endocrinocytes. Experimental conditions, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and adaptation to hypoxia, are accompanied by an increase in insulin and a decrease in the c-kit expression in beta cells. However, the number of c-kit-immunopositive beta cells in the pancreatic islets significantly decreases only with the development of hereditary arterial hypertension.

Background. According to some authors, neuroinfection agents play a role in the development of several neurological disorders, including epilepsy. For many years, it was believed that acute infectious diseases, such as tick-borne encephalitis virus and meningococcus played a leading role in the emerging epileptic process of postinfectious etiology. Regarding a role for chronically persistent infections, it has not been fully explored.Objective: to identify clinical, diagnostic, and morphological features of locally induced postinfectious epilepsy, both at disease onset upon emergence of the first epileptic seizures during acute infectious process and during their recurrence in a chronically persistent infection.Material and methods. The study included observations of 1500 patients with locally induced epilepsy admitted and treated from 2007 to 2017 in various medical inpatient and outpatient institutions. Post-infection locally induced epilepsy with clear causality link between previous neuroinfection and onset of epileptic seizure was found in 127 patients (Group 1). During initial visits, infectious agents in a cohort of patients with recurrent epileptic seizures manifested as chronic persistent infection were suspected in more than 1/3 of the 1373 subjects who sought medical aid comprising 550 people (Group 2). In addition to the clinical evaluation of patients, instrumental studies were performed, including routine electroencephalography (EEG), sleep video-EEG monitoring, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and some patients underwent pathomorphological examination using electron microscopy and histological techniques.Results. Gross and marked diffuse disturbances in brain bioelectrical activity were most often detected (58% and 31%, respectively) during video-EEG monitoring in Group 1, whereas moderate alterations were recorded less frequently (11% of observations). In Group 2, the majority of diffuse disturbances in brain bioelectrical activity were of moderate level (79%) followed by mild and irritative changes recorded less frequently (in 21% of cases). MRI data showed that disorders of the amygdala-hippocampal system were observed in 41 (32%) and 211 (38%) patients in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Histological and electron microscopic data revealed a number of morphological disorders in patients with locally induced postinfectious epilepsy common with earlier described mitochondrial encephalomyopathies (mitochondrial megaconia and pleioconia) as well as a set of specific manifestations typical to such pathology.Conclusion. The conducted clinical, neurophysiological, neuroimaging, and pathomorphological studies of postinfectious epilepsy revealed specific features underlying its development at different stages, from its onset in acute infectious process to chronization in persistent infection. It was found that a comprehensive analysis of the presence and impact of infectious agents in patients with epileptic seizures is important for course and prognosis of postinfectious epilepsy, which is relevant for timely diagnosis and development of specific pharmacotherapy.

In modern medical science great attention is paid to the clarification of the molecular mechanisms, which are the basis of adaptation to environmental factors of unusual origin and/or extraordinary strength. The aim of the study is to determine the features of a group of genes with low expression level, associated with hypoxia in the pancreas of Wistar rats under conditions of intermittent hypoxia. Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 10 white, sexually mature Wistar rats, which were divided into 2 groups (5 animals in each). Animals of group 1 were part of the control (intact) group. The animals of the 2nd group were subjected to hypoxic training according to the following scheme: for 15 days, 6 hours daily, namely on days 1–5 they simulated an ascent to a height of one to five kilometers above sea level under the conditions of a barometer, and the last 10 days 6 km above the sea level. To analyze gene expression, we used the polymerase chain reaction method with real-time reverse transcription (PCR) CFX-96 Touch™ (Bio-Rad, USA) and the RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array Rat Hypoxia Signaling Pathway kit (QIAGEN, Germany), where 84 genes were the subject of research in experimental animals. Results. According to the results of the PCR study of genes in the pancreas samples of intact animals and animals exposed to hypoxic training, it was established that out of 84 genes associated with hypoxia, a group of 5 genes with a low expression level (∆∆Ct < 30) was found. This pattern includes Bhlhe40 genes, Ctsa, Hif1a, Lox, and Slc16a3, the expression of which is statistically reduced. Thus, compared to the level of their expression in intact animals, the expression of Bhlhe40 decreased by 2.59 times, Ctsa by 6.02 times, Hif1a by 3.85 times, Lox by 3.01 times, and Slc16a3 by 2.40 times. Conclusions. Intermittent hypoxia reduces the expression of the Bhlhe40 gene by 2.59 times, which can be considered as an element of adaptation of cells to a low level of oxygen and modulation of genetic programs. The decrease in Ctsa gene expression by 6.02, Hif1a by 3.85, and Lox by 3.01 times during intermittent hypoxia demonstrates, that these effects can be used as sanogenic factors in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The 2.40-fold decreased expression level of Slc16a3 is probably an element of metabolic adaptation and adaptation of the metabolic pathway of cells to hypoxia conditions.

Молодежь, проживающая в экологически неблагоприятной местности, испытывает потребность в поддержке функциональных резервов организма. Гипоксические тренировки в горах являются золотым стандартом адаптационной физиологии. Цель данной работы – изучить физиологические показатели молодых жителей г. Луганска при перемещении с равнинной территории в высокогорье. Материалы и методы. Обследованы студенты Луганского государственного педагогического университета (n = 19) до, в период и после пребывания в Приэльбрусье. Для наблюдения за физиологическими показателями проводили пульсоксиметрию на приборе MD300M, измеряли артериальное давление аускультативным методом, определяли вегетативный индекс Кердо (ВИК) и концентрацию СО2 в крови методом капнометрии. Результаты. Выявлен низкий фоновый уровень здоровья студентов. После 5-дневного пребывания в горах отмечался некоторый рост физиологического благополучия, наблюдавшийся и по возвращении в Луганск (период последействия). Так, частота сердечных сокращений (ЧСС) снизилась с 86,14±3,63 до 81,16±2,19 уд/мин, на 10-й день последействия эффект сохранился – ЧСС составила 80,87±4,77 уд/мин. Сатурация повысилась с 94,86±0,31 до 96,16±0,32 %, а на 10-й день последействия составила 95,29±0,33 %. Вегетативное равновесие сместилось с симпатикотонии (ВИК = = 22,92±5,48 у. е.) в сторону нормотонии (ВИК = 15,56±3,55 у. е.). Концентрация СО2 в артериальной крови составила: фоновая – 4,73±0,08 %, на 3-й день пребывания в горах – 5,03±0,15 %, на 2-й день последействия – 5,16±0,20 %, а на 10-й – 4,86±0,09 %. Одновременно увеличилось время задержки дыхания, что свидетельствует о состоявшейся адаптации к гипоксии. В период пребывания в горах студенты ежедневно перемещались на высоте 1500–3450 м над уровнем моря, колебательный режим гипоксических тренировок сопровождался субьективно плохим самочувствием, слабостью и головокружением, что объяснимо с позиций механизмов физиологической адаптации к гипоксии. Результаты исследования подтверждают необходимость принятия мер по повышению уровня функциональных резервов молодежи Луганска.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a significant concern due to its high prevalence and impact on global health. Ongoing scientific research aims to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of diabetes and devise effective strategies for its treatment. This involves the development of new pharmacological treatments, including novel antidiabetic drugs, and the exploration of individualized approaches to therapy. The mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes are intricate, involving various aspects of physiology and biochemistry. Gaining insight into the development and progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus through modern laboratory diagnostic methods is crucial for the development of effective treatment and prevention strategies for diabetes. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze a panel of genes, involved in insulin signals transmission in the development of experimental type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and methods. The analysis of gene expression involved in insulin signal transmission was conducted using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) on the CFX-96 Touch™ system (Bio-Rad, USA). The RT2Profiler™ PCR Array Rat Diabetes kit (QIAGEN, Germany) was employed for this purpose. Results. Based on the study results, the activity of the genes involved in insulin signal transmission can be categorized as follows: genes with low expression compared to the control group of animals, where ∆∆Ct

Intermittent hypoxia affects a variety of pathological conditions in the body and is used in medicine to reproduce the sanogenic therapeutic effect. Intermittent hypoxia is used for clinical indications to improve lung function; increase the body’s adaptive capacity; in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome; in anaemia, diabetes mellitus. In cancer radiotherapy, intermittent hypoxic training helps to increase the sensitivity of the tumour to treatment. Intermittent hypoxia is useful in rehabilitation medicine to improve the physical recovery of patients after surgery or injury to improve the body’s functional capabilities. However, to date, the activity of regulatory genes, that activate the molecular mechanisms of the above-mentioned sanogenic effects of intermittent hypoxia has not been sufficiently studied. The aim of the study: to determine the expression of hypoxia-related genes in pancreas of Wistar rats under intermittent hypoxia. Materials and methods. The CFX-96 Touch™ real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Bio-Rad, USA) and the RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array Rat Hypoxia Signalling Pathway kit (QIAGEN, Germany) were used to analyse gene expression in experimental animals, where 84 genes involved in the hypoxia signalling pathway identified in the pancreas were studied. Results. According to the results of PCR analysis of pancreatic samples from intact animals and animals exposed to hypoxic training, the activity of the gene panel can be distributed as follows: genes with high expression compared to the intact group of animals, genes with low expression compared to the intact group of animals and genes in which no significant changes were detected in the samples compared to the intact group of animals. We have found, that the genes Cops5, F10, Jmjd6, Lgals3, Rbpjl, Vegfa have high expression activity compared to the intact group of animals. Conclusions. The increase in the expression of Cops5 by 10.29 times, Lgals3 by 2.94 times and Rbpjl by 5.73 times as a result of intermittent hypoxia can be regarded as an activating factor for the increase in the proliferation of endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cells and the growth of their antiapoptotic potential. The 3.20-fold increase in Jmjd6 gene expression under intermittent hypoxia can be interpreted as a regulatory effect through protein dehydroxylation and promotion of antiapoptotic protein activity in endocrine and exocrine pancreatic cells. The 5.99-fold increased level of Vegfa expression may promote angiogenesis in the pancreas under intermittent hypoxia.

There is strong evidence that hypoxic training, within the context of diabetes, constitutes a specialized form of exercise performed under conditions of intermittent hypoxia. This approach holds promise for effectively managing and enhancing diabetes outcomes, as it has the potential to influence metabolism and physiological processes within the body significantly. The key elements of hypoxic training in diabetes encompass activities geared toward activating metabolic pathways, enhancing mitochondrial function, and regulating blood glucose levels. Such interventions can potentially lead to improvements in insulin resistance, a reduction in glycemia, and an overall enhancement of cardiorespiratory function. Hypoxic training achieves these benefits by heightening insulin sensitivity and reducing blood glucose levels, which can be particularly advantageous for individuals with diabetes. The aim of the work is to determine changes in the expression of genes associated with the course of diabetes under conditions of exposure to intermittent hypoxia in pancreatic tissue samples of Wistar rats. Materials and methods. Analysis of gene expression was used by the polymerase chain reaction method with reverse transcription in real-time using the RT2 Profiler™ PCR Array Rat Diabetes kit (QIAGEN, Germany), where the pancreas of experimental animals was studied. Results. According to the results of the PCR study of animals with experimental diabetes and the influence of hypoxic training on its course, the activity of the studied genes can be divided as follows: genes with low expression compared to the control group of animals, where ∆∆Cт

The development and progression of diabetes involves several molecular mechanisms, in particular: insulin resistance, dysfunction of beta cells, inflammatory processes. These mechanisms can disrupt insulin signaling pathways, contribute to beta-cell apoptosis, and are not necessarily dependent on the intervention of cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, genetics play a role, as some forms of diabetes are caused by genetic mutations affecting insulin production or sensitivity. The molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of diabetes are complex and encompass various aspects of the body’s physiology and biochemistry. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for the development of effective methods for treating and preventing diabetes. The aim of the work is analysis of the expression of genes, related to diabetes in pancreatic tissue samples of Wistar rats. Materials and methods. The polymerase chain reaction method with real-time reverse transcription was used to analyze gene expression using the RTI Profiler™ PCR Array Rat Diabetes kit (QIAGEN, Germany), where the pancreas was the object of research in experimental animals. Results. RTI Profiler™ PCR Array Rat Diabetes profiles the expression of 84 genes, associated with the onset, development, and progression of diabetes. The panel contains genes that contribute to obesity, insulin resistance, early-onset diabetes, and its late complications. These genes are represented by functional categories: receptors, transporters, and channels; nuclear receptors; metabolic enzymes; secretion factors; signal transduction proteins; transcription factors. According to the PCR results of the study of the control group of animals and animals with experimental diabetes, we established the activity of the Nkx2-1 genes; Pik3r1; Slc14a2 with high expression compared to control animals. Conclusions. The Nkx2-1 gene has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes, as evidenced by its high expression activity compared to the control group of animals. Additionally, the Pik3r1 protein shows elevated expression levels in the group of animals with experimental diabetes. These changes are believed to be part of a compensatory mechanism aimed at preserving the cellular function of the pancreatic endocrine system. Furthermore, the observed increase in Slc14a2 protein expression likely indicates the onset of late complications associated with kidney pathology in the course of diabetes.

The study aims to establish the appropriate parameters of UV excitation intensity and permanent excitation time on the pancreatic islets photobleaching, the ratio of the intensity of the useful signal in the region of interest to the intensity of nonspecific background fluorescence. Materials and methods. The pancreas of three adult Wistar rats was fixed in Bouin solution (20 hours) and poured into paraplast after standard histological processing. The study was carried out on paraffin sections of the pancreas. The islets’ insulin and glucagon were determined by immunofluorescence method using monoclonal antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology). The immunofluorescence reaction was studied using an AxioImager-M2 fluorescent microscope. AxioVision digital image analysis system was used for fluorescence imaging, and ImageJ 64-bit image analysis system was used for image quantification. 30 pancreatic islets with an area from 3000 µm2 to 5000 µm2 (8–13 % of the frame area) were analyzed. Results. Measurements carried out at constant values of hormone concentration in endocrinocytes showed a different estimate of the average fluorescence intensity for insulin and glucagon, which depended on the intensity of UV radiation. As the intensity of UV radiation increased, the average fluorescence intensity in the region of interest for insulin and glucagon increased, but when the camera exposure was corrected, it became almost the same. Regardless of this, the intensity of nonspecific background fluorescence increased monotonically. The use of the ratio of the logarithms of the background fluorescence of the drug and the fluorescence of endocrinocytes in the calculations gives a stable estimate of the relative concentration of hormones, which does not depend on the intensity of the selected UV radiation regime, as well as on the duration of UV irradiation of the drug. This makes it possible to neutralize the effect of photodynamic discoloration of the preparation caused by continuous irradiation. Methods for machine selection of the region of interest by various algorithms of the ImageJ program lead to different estimates of its area, integral, and average fluorescence values. At the same time, the result closest to the “ideal” interactive method of highlighting the area of interest for insulin and glucagon was shown by Otsu’s algorithm. Conclusions. In immunofluorescent examination of the pancreas, a moderate UV radiation mode should be selected, exposure correction of the CCD camera before taking each frame, and the total time for examining the visual field of the sample should be limited to 1–2 minutes. To highlight the area of interest for insulin and glucagon in automatic analysis, it is recommended to use the Otsu algorithm. To obtain a quantitative estimate of the average fluorescence intensity in the region of interest, it is recommended to use the ratio of the logarithms of the background fluorescence of the drug and endocrinocytes in the calculations.

This study investigates the impact of a binary filler on the physicomechanical and tribological properties, as well as structure, of polymeric composite materials based on ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. The organic modifier—2-mercaptobenzothiazole and wollastonite particles synthesized from two different systems (modeled and derived from waste) were used as the binary filler. The synthesis of wollastonite was carried out in the complex model system (CaSO4·2H2O–SiO2·nH2O–KOH–H2O) and from technogenic waste (borogypsum). It was demonstrated that the introduction of the binary filler made it possible to obtain an optimal combination of mechanical and tribological properties. It was found that during the wear of polymeric composite materials loaded with organic fillers, the fillers migrate to the friction surface, providing a shield against abrasive wear of the steel counterface. Due to the modification of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene by 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, the interdiffusion of polymeric matrix macromolecules and interphase coupling with wollastonite particles improve. The 2-mercaptobenzothiazole organic compound used as the filler facilitates the relaxation processes within the composite under external loads.

The Central Research Institute of Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor presents priority data obtained from the largescale population PCR-based study of the changes in the rates of circulation of SARS-CoV-2 among relatively healthy residents of Moscow and Moscow Region.

The aim of this work is to determine the features of the neurotensin content in the hypothalamic ARC in Wistar rat and SHR strains in arterial hypertension of different etiology: endocrine-salt and essential. Materials and methods. The study was performed on 24 adult male rats at the age of 13–14 months, weight of 250–270 g, which were divided into three experimental groups of 8 animals each. The 1st group (control) – Wistar rats with normal BP indices (Psys / Pdias = 110/75 ± 5 mm Hg), the 2nd – Wistar rats with endocrine-salt model of hypertension (Psys/Pdias = 145/110 ± 10 mm Hg); the 3rd – SHR with spontaneous arterial hypertension (Psys/Pdias = 150/110 ± 10 mm Hg). An immunohistochemical method was used to study the content of neurotensin in the arcuate nucleus, analyzed by digital processing with Image J and EXCEL-7.0. Results. Persistent increase in BP is accompanied by an increase in the content and concentration of neurotensin in the hypothalamic ARC, does not depend on the etiology of hypertension and has a compensatory character. In SHR with essential hypertension there is a higher expression of neurotensin in the hypothalamic ARC in comparison with the endocrine-salt model of hypertension, but the number of neurons involved in the synthesis and accumulation of the neurohormone is significantly lower, which characterizes the morphological features of cellular populations in the hypothalamus of the animals of this strain and can play a role in the development and progression of hypertension.

Встановлено закономірності структуроутворення під час кристалізації полімерних нанокомпозитів на основі поліетилену, наповненого вуглецевими нанотрубками. Виявлено ефекти впливу на ці закономірності таких факторів, як масова частка наповнювача, швидкість охолодження і метод отримання композитів. Розгляду підлягали нанокомпозити, отримані методом, що базується на змішуванні компонентів у сухому вигляді і в розплаві полімеру. Виконано зіставлення експериментальних екзотерм кристалізації для досліджуваних композитів за зазначених методів їх отримання. З використанням екзотерм кристалізації і рівняння нуклеації отримано дані про особливості структуроутворення на початковій стадії кристалізації композитів. Встановлено, що на цій стадії наявний площинний і об'ємний механізм структуроутворення за деякого переважання останнього. Виконано аналіз закономірностей структуроутворення на стадії кристалізації в об'ємі композитів у цілому в припущенні наявності двох механізмів кристалоутворення, перший з яких пов'язаний з кристалізацією на флуктуаціях густини полімеру, другий – із кристалізацією, в якій роль її центрів відіграють частинки наповнювача. Показано, що механізми кристалізації на частинках наповнювача істотно залежать від його масової частки і методу отримання композиційних матеріалів.

Modern biomedical research conducted in scientific laboratories is a basis not only for studying the pathogenetic mechanisms of diseases formation and progression, today they are widely used for highly informative diagnostic methods development, new medicines creation, and the study of newly developed pharmaceutical compounds influence on the organism with their potential effectiveness assessment. The article highlights new approaches and possibilities for the functional state of small laboratory animals assessing, taking into account modern international requirements for research conduction and findings interpretation.