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With the globalization agri-food supply chains become longer and more complex, what makes it difficult to manage. parallel with this there is increasing customer demand for knowing the origin, ingredients and delivery chain of agricultural products. the need for more efficient, traceable and visible supply chain for agri-food products appears from supply side. The digital methods of industry 4.0 are able to provide solutions for these demands particularly those which are able to trace product reliable way from its origin to consumption. blockchain is a disruptive technology by which every important product information can be collected, stored and shared with the actors involved in the product process chain from the first phase to the final customer. The paper provides an overview about blockchain technology and its operation in agri-food supply chains environment, then presents some examples from the practice of different countries where blockchain was applied in the agricultural sector in order to introduce experiences as facts, and further possibilities as promises by blockchain.

Forest–steppe habitats in central Hungary have contrasting canopy structure with strong influence on the spatiotemporal variability of ecosystem functions. Canopy differences also co-vary with terrain feature effects, hampering the detection of key drivers of carbon cycling in this threatened habitat. We carried out seasonal measurements of ecosystem functions (soil respiration and leaf area index), microclimate and soil variables as well as terrain features along transects for 3 years in poplar groves and the surrounding grasslands. We found that the terrain features and the canopy differences co-varyingly affected the abiotic and biotic factors of this habitat. Topography had an effect on the spatial distribution of soil organic carbon content. Canopy structure had a strong modifying effect through allocation patterns and microclimatic conditions, both affecting soil respiration rates. Due to the vegetation structure difference between the groves and grasslands, spatial functional diversity was observed. We found notably different conditions under the groves with high soil respiration, soil water content and leaf area index; in contrast, on the grasslands (especially in E–SE–S directions from the trees) soil temperature and vapor pressure deficit showed high values. Processes of aridification due to climate change threaten these habitats and may cause reduction in the amount and extent of forest patches and decrease in landscape diversity. Owing to habitat loss, reduction in carbon stock may occur, which in turn has a significant impact on the local and global carbon cycles.

A szerzők célja, hogy bemutassák a HR-rel foglalkozó akadémiai közeg hogyan tud reagálni a HR-t is érintő globális trendekre, milyen új megközelítések szükségesek ehhez. Véleményük szerint felmerül az aggodalom, hogy a jelenlegi elméleti keret nem képes befogadni a modern kori változásokat, trendeket. Nem a kutatás mennyiségével van probléma, hanem azzal, hogy nem elég szerteágazó. A tanulmányok jellemzően 5 keretre alapoznak: erőforrás, illetve magatartástudomány alapú megközelítések, az emberi tőke elmélet, társadalmi csereelmélet és a képesség-motiváció-lehetőség elmélet.

A multiharmonic quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been applied to study the viscoelastic properties of the aptamer-based sensing layers at the surface of a QCM transducer covered by neutravidin following interaction with bacteria Listeria innocua. Addition of bacteria in the concentration range 5 × 103–106 CFU/mL resulted in a decrease of resonant frequency and in an increase of dissipation. The frequency decrease has been lower than one would expect considering the dimension of the bacteria. This can be caused by lower penetration depth of the acoustics wave (approximately 120 nm) in comparison with the thickness of the bacterial layer (approximately 500 nm). Addition of E. coli at the surface of neutravidin as well as aptamer layers did not result in significant changes in frequency and dissipation. Using the Kelvin–Voight model the analysis of the viscoelastic properties of the sensing layers was performed and several parameters such as penetration depth, Γ, viscosity coefficient, η, and shear modulus, μ, were determined following various modifications of QCM transducer. The penetration depth decreased following adsorption of the neutravidin layer, which is evidence of the formation of a rigid protein structure. This value did not change significantly following adsorption of aptamers and Listeria innocua. Viscosity coefficient was higher for the neutravidin layer in comparison with the naked QCM transducer in a buffer. However, a further increase of viscosity coefficient took place following attachment of aptamers suggesting their softer structure. The interaction of Listeria innocua with the aptamer layer resulted in slight decrease of viscosity coefficient. The shearing modulus increased for the neutravidin layer and decreased following aptamer adsorption, while a slight increase of µ was observed after the addition of Listeria innocua.

We present the results of P-to-S receiver function analysis to improve the 3D image of the sedimentary layer, the upper crust, and lower crust in the Pannonian Basin area. The Pannonian Basin hosts deep sedimentary depocentres superimposed on a complex basement structure and it is surrounded by mountain belts. We processed waveforms from 221 three-component broadband seismological stations. As a result of the dense station coverage, we were able to achieve so far unprecedented spatial resolution in determining the velocity structure of the crust. We applied a three-fold quality control process; the first two being applied to the observed waveforms and the third to the calculated radial receiver functions. This work is the first comprehensive receiver function study of the entire region. To prepare the inversions, we performed station-wise H-Vp/Vs grid search, as well as Common Conversion Point migration. Our main focus was then the S-wave velocity structure of the area, which we determined by the Neighborhood Algorithm inversion method at each station, where data were sub-divided into back-azimuthal bundles based on similar Ps delay times. The 1D, nonlinear inversions provided the depth of the discontinuities, shear-wave velocities and Vp/Vs ratios of each layer per bundle, and we calculated uncertainty values for each of these parameters. We then developed a 3D interpolation method based on natural neighbor interpolation to obtain the 3D crustal structure from the local inversion results. We present the sedimentary thickness map, the first Conrad depth map and an improved, detailed Moho map, as well as the first upper and lower crustal thickness maps obtained from receiver function analysis. The velocity jump across the Conrad discontinuity is estimated at less than 0.2 km/s over most of the investigated area. We also compare the new Moho map from our approach to simple grid search results and prior knowledge from other techniques. Our Moho depth map presents local variations in the investigated area: the crust-mantle boundary is at 20–26 km beneath the sedimentary basins, while it is situated deeper below the Apuseni Mountains, Transdanubian and North Hungarian Ranges (28–33 km), and it is the deepest beneath the Eastern Alps and the Southern Carpathians (40–45 km). These values reflect well the Neogene evolution of the region, such as crustal thinning of the Pannonian Basin and orogenic thickening in the neighboring mountain belts. ISSN:2169-9313 ISSN:0148-0227 ISSN:2169-9356

A multiharmonic quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has been applied to study the viscoelastic properties of the aptamer-based sensing layers at the surface of a QCM transducer covered by neutravidin following interaction with bacteria Listeria innocua. Addition of bacteria in the concentration range 5 × 103–106 CFU/mL resulted in a decrease of resonant frequency and in an increase of dissipation. The frequency decrease has been lower than one would expect considering the dimension of the bacteria. This can be caused by lower penetration depth of the acoustics wave (approximately 120 nm) in comparison with the thickness of the bacterial layer (approximately 500 nm). Addition of E. coli at the surface of neutravidin as well as aptamer layers did not result in significant changes in frequency and dissipation. Using the Kelvin–Voight model the analysis of the viscoelastic properties of the sensing layers was performed and several parameters such as penetration depth, Γ, viscosity coefficient, η, and shear modulus, μ, were determined following various modifications of QCM transducer. The penetration depth decreased following adsorption of the neutravidin layer, which is evidence of the formation of a rigid protein structure. This value did not change significantly following adsorption of aptamers and Listeria innocua. Viscosity coefficient was higher for the neutravidin layer in comparison with the naked QCM transducer in a buffer. However, a further increase of viscosity coefficient took place following attachment of aptamers suggesting their softer structure. The interaction of Listeria innocua with the aptamer layer resulted in slight decrease of viscosity coefficient. The shearing modulus increased for the neutravidin layer and decreased following aptamer adsorption, while a slight increase of µ was observed after the addition of Listeria innocua.

The region around the town Albstadt, SW Germany, was struck by four damaging earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 5 during the last century. These earthquakes occurred along the Albstadt Shear Zone (ASZ), which is characterized by more or less continuous microseismicity. As there are no visible surface ruptures that may be connected to the fault zone, we study its characteristics by its seismicity distribution and faulting pattern. We use the earthquake data of the state earthquake service of Baden-Württemberg from 2011 to 2018 and complement it with additional phase picks beginning in 2016 at the AlpArray and StressTransfer seismic networks in the vicinity of the ASZ. This extended data set is used to determine new minimum 1-D seismic vp and vs velocity models and corresponding station delay times for earthquake relocation. Fault plane solutions are determined for selected events, and the principal stress directions are derived. The minimum 1-D seismic velocity models have a simple and stable layering with increasing velocity with depth in the upper crust. The corresponding station delay times can be explained well by the lateral depth variation of the crystalline basement. The relocated events align about north–south with most of the seismic activity between the towns of Tübingen and Albstadt, east of the 9∘ E meridian. The events can be separated into several subclusters that indicate a segmentation of the ASZ. The majority of the 25 determined fault plane solutions feature an NNE–SSW strike but NNW–SSE-striking fault planes are also observed. The main fault plane associated with the ASZ dips steeply, and the rake indicates mainly sinistral strike-slip, but we also find minor components of normal and reverse faulting. The determined direction of the maximum horizontal stress of 140–149∘ is in good agreement with prior studies. Down to ca. 7–8 km depth SHmax is bigger than SV; below this depth, SV is the main stress component. The direction of SHmax indicates that the stress field in the area of the ASZ is mainly generated by the regional plate driving forces and the Alpine topography.

Özet:Bu çalışmada %100 akrilik, poliester(PES)/akrilik ve pamuk/akrilik karışımlı dokuma kumaşların boncuklanmaözellikleri incelenmiş, kontrollü olarak üretilen deneysel kumaşlarda pamuk vepoliester ipliklerin akrilik iplikler ile birlikte kullanılmasının, atkısıklığının, örgü tipinin ve atkı iplik numarasının kumaşların boncuklanmaözelliklerine etkisi araştırılmış ve istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Çalışmasonucunda %100 akrilik, poliester/akrilik ve pamuk/akrilik karışımlı dokumakumaşlarda atkı sıklığının boncuklanma oluşumuna istatistiksel olarak etkisininolmadığı, örgü tipinin boncuklanmaya etkisinin olduğu en fazla boncuklanmanınsaten örgülü kumaşlarda en az boncuklanmanın ise bezayağı örgülü kumaşlardaoluştuğu tespit edilmiştir. En az boncuklanmanın pamuk atkılı kumaşlarda, enfazla boncuklanmanın ise poliester atkılı kumaşlarda oluştuğu, atkı tipininboncuklanmaya istatistiksel olarak etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Akrilik vepamuk/akrilik kumaşlarda atkı iplik numarasının boncuklanmaya istatistikselolarak etkisi bulunmamıştır., In thisstudy, pilling behavior of acrylic (%100), polyester (PES)/acrylic andcotton/acrylic woven fabrics is studied. For this purpose, the effect of weftdensity, weave type, weft yarn count and use of acrylic yarns with polyesterand cotton yarns in experimental fabric samples on pilling behavior isinvestigated and statistically evaluated.After assessment ofthe results, it is shown that weft density has no statistically significanteffect on pilling behavior of %100 acrylic, polyester/acrylic andcotton/acrylic fabrics. But fabric weave is found to have a significant effectwith highest effect obtained with sateen weave and the lowest with plain weave.Cotton weft fabrics produce the lowest amount of pilling while it isencountered at highest amount in polyester weft fabrics. Hence the type of weftyarn shows a statistically significant effect on pilling. On the other hand,the effect of weft yarn number on fabric pilling is not found to bestatistically significant.

As most of the energy production and transformation processes are safety-critical, it is vital to develop tools that support the analysis and minimisation of their reliability-related risks. The resultant optimisation problem should reflect the structure of the process which requires the utilisation of flexible and problem-relevant models. This paper highlights that P-graphs extended by logical condition units can be transformed into reliability block diagrams, and based on the cut and path sets of the graph a polynomial risk model can be extracted which opens up new opportunities for the definition optimisation problems related to reliability redundancy allocation. A novel multi-objective optimisation based method has been developed to evaluate the criticality of the units and subsystems. The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated using a real-life case study related to a reforming reaction system. The results highlight that P-graphs can serve as an interface between process flow diagrams and polynomial risk models and the developed tool can improve the reliability of energy systems in retrofitting projects.

Bu çalışmada %100 akrilik dokuma kumaşların hava ve su buharı geçirgenliği özelliklerine atkı iplik numarası, atkı sıklığı ve örgü tipi değişiminin etkisi incelenmiş ve istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada iki farklı numara atkı ipliği ile üç farklı örgüde kumaş üretilerek iplik numarası ve örgü tipi değişiminin etkisi, bezayağı örgülü kumaş yapılarında ise 3 farklı atkı sıklığı kullanılarak atkı sıklığı değişiminin etkisi değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma sonucuna göre, akrilik dokuma kumaşlarda atkı sıklığı arttıkça hava ve su buharı geçirgenliği azalmaktadır. Bezayağı örgünün hava geçirgenliği dimi ve saten örgülü kumaş yapılarına göre daha düşük bulunmuştur. Kalın atkı ipliği kullanılan kumaşlarda daha yüksek su buharı geçirgenliği elde edilmiştir.

In this study, the effects of weft yarn count, weft density and weave type on the air and water vapor permeability properties of 100% acrylic woven fabrics were examined and evaluated statistically. Fabrics were produced with two different weft yarn counts (Ne 20/1 and Ne 16/1), three different weft densities (13, 15 and 17 thread/cm) and three different weave types (plain, twill and satin). The results of the study were statistically evaluated by using Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis H tests in SPSS 21 statistics program. According to the result of the study, the air permeability and water vapor permeability decreased when weft density was increased. Air permeability values of fabrics woven with plain weave were lower than those of satin and twill weaves. Greater water vapor permeability values were obtained in fabrics woven with thick weft yarns.

THE AIMS OF THE PAPER Revealing unfair manipulation of consumer decisions and the related consumer protection regulations are important for understanding consumer behaviour. In the last decades, research findings of behavioural economics play a key role in shaping consumer policy. In our paper, we examine how results of behavioural economics could be applied in the practice of consumer protection. METHODOLOGY Based on case studies from the decisions of the Hungarian Competition Authority (GVH) connected to three types of products, we present examples of decision-making heuristics and look at how authorities resolved these practices and how they affected regulations. MOST IMPORTANT RESULTS We identified commercial practices taking advantage of decision-making mistakes (even if unintentionally), particularly in terms of quantity, delivery method and product attributes relevant in buying decision making process. In part, this might be traced back to the over- or under-regulation associated with certain groups of products. RECOMMANDATIONS The non-rational consumer behaviour patterns explored by behavioural economics both implicitly and explicitly appear in consumer protection legislation and practices. Therefore, they may serve as a solid basis not only for law enforcement but for legislation as well. We also aim to highlight the importance of consumer protection regulation studies in marketing education. In addition, we argue that the analysis of our cases could be useful for marketing professionals. Profound knowledge of regulation is a key aspect for the corporate side, and consumer protection helps to make better decisions on the demand side.

The recent development of ambient noise tomography, in combination with the increasing number of permanent seismic stations and dense networks of temporary stations operated during passive seismic experiments, provides a unique opportunity to build the first high-resolution 3-D shear wave velocity (vS) model of the entire crust of the Bohemian Massif (BM). This paper provides a regional-scale model of velocity distribution in the BM crust. The velocity model with a cell size of 22 km is built using a conventional two-step inversion approach from Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion curves measured at more than 400 stations. The shear velocities within the upper crust of the BM are ∼0.2 km s−1 higher than those in its surroundings. The highest crustal velocities appear in its southern part, the Moldanubian unit. The Cadomian part of the region has a thinner crust, whereas the crust assembled, or tectonically transformed in the Variscan period, is thicker. The sharp Moho discontinuity preserves traces of its dynamic development expressed in remnants of Variscan subductions imprinted in bands of crustal thickening. A significant feature of the presented model is the velocity-drop interface (VDI) modelled in the lower part of the crust. We explain this feature by the anisotropic fabric of the lower crust, which is characterised as vertical transverse isotropy with the low velocity being the symmetry axis. The VDI is often interrupted around the boundaries of the crustal units, usually above locally increased velocities in the lowermost crust. Due to the north-west–south-east shortening of the crust and the late-Variscan strike-slip movements along the north-east–south-west oriented sutures preserved in the BM lithosphere, the anisotropic fabric of the lower crust was partly or fully erased along the boundaries of original microplates. These weakened zones accompanied by a velocity increase above the Moho (which indicate an emplacement of mantle rocks into the lower crust) can represent channels through which portions of subducted and later molten rocks have percolated upwards providing magma to subsequently form granitoid plutons.

Contamination of earthquake catalogues with anthropogenic events largely complicates seismotectonic interpretation. It is especially true for relatively low seismicity areas, such as Hungary. In the present study, we analyze the characteristics of earthquakes and blasts of quarries occurred between 2015 and 2020 in the Mecsek Mountains in southern Hungary within 120 km to MORH and KOVH stations.The objective of this study was to determine the linear discrimination line between the two classes earthquakes and explosions. We investigated the effectiveness of P/S amplitude ratios using filtered waveforms at different ranges of frequencies. We applied waveform cross-correlation to build correlation matrices at both stations and performed hierarchical cluster analysis to identify event clusters. Because most of the quarry blasts were carried out by ripple-fire technology, we computed spectrograms and examined the spectral ratio between low and high frequencies and the steepness of spectra.Classes of earthquakes and quarry blasts have separated well from each other by combining the amplitude ratio, waveform similarity and the different spectral methods. We compare the discrimination parameters and capability of both stations to identify the explosions in analyzed quarries that were misclassified as earthquakes in the Hungarian National Bulletins.

We compiled a dataset of continuous recordings from the temporary and permanent seismic networks to compute the high-resolution 3D S-wave velocity model of the Southeastern Alps, the western part of the external Dinarides, and the Friuli and Venetian plains through ambient noise tomography. Part of the dataset is recorded by the SWATH-D temporary network and permanent networks in Italy, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia between October 2017 and July 2018. We computed 4050 vertical component cross-correlations to obtain the empirical Rayleigh wave Green’s functions. The dataset is complemented by adopting 1804 high-quality correlograms from other studies. The fast-marching method for 2D surface wave tomography is applied to the phase velocity dispersion curves in the 2–30 s period band. The resulting local dispersion curves are inverted for 1D S-wave velocity profiles using the non-perturbational and perturbational inversion methods. We assembled the 1D S-wave velocity profiles into a pseudo-3D S-wave velocity model from the surface down to 60 km depth. A range of iso-velocities, representing the crystalline basement depth and the crustal thickness, are determined. We found the average depth over the 2.8–3.0 and 4.1–4.3 km/s iso-velocity ranges to be reasonable representations of the crystalline basement and Moho depths, respectively. The basement depth map shows that the shallower crystalline basement beneath the Schio-Vicenza fault highlights the boundary between the deeper Venetian and Friuli plains to the east and the Po-plain to the west. The estimated Moho depth map displays a thickened crust along the boundary between the Friuli plain and the external Dinarides. It also reveals a N-S narrow corridor of crustal thinning to the east of the junction of Giudicarie and Periadriatic lines, which was not reported by other seismic imaging studies. This corridor of shallower Moho is located beneath the surface outcrop of the Permian magmatic rocks and seems to be connected to the continuation of the Permian magmatism to the deep-seated crust. We compared the shallow crustal velocities and the hypocentral location of the earthquakes in the Southern foothills of the Alps. It revealed that the seismicity mainly occurs in the S-wave velocity range between ∼3.1 and ∼3.6 km/s.

SUMMARYProbing seismic anisotropy of the lithosphere provides valuable clues on the fabric of rocks. We present a 3-D probabilistic model of shear wave velocity and radial anisotropy of the crust and uppermost mantle of Europe, focusing on the mountain belts of the Alps and Apennines. The model is built from Love and Rayleigh dispersion curves in the period range 5–149 s. Data are extracted from seismic ambient noise recorded at 1521 broad-band stations, including the AlpArray network. The dispersion curves are first combined in a linearized least squares inversion to obtain 2-D maps of group velocity at each period. Love and Rayleigh maps are then jointly inverted at depth for shear wave velocity and radial anisotropy using a Bayesian Monte Carlo scheme that accounts for the trade-off between radial anisotropy and horizontal layering. The isotropic part of our model is consistent with previous studies. However, our anisotropy maps differ from previous large scale studies that suggested the presence of significant radial anisotropy everywhere in the European crust and shallow upper mantle. We observe instead that radial anisotropy is mostly localized beneath the Apennines while most of the remaining European crust and shallow upper mantle is isotropic. We attribute this difference to trade-offs between radial anisotropy and thin (hectometric) layering in previous studies based on least-squares inversions and long period data (>30 s). In contrast, our approach involves a massive data set of short period measurements and a Bayesian inversion that accounts for thin layering. The positive radial anisotropy (VSH > VSV) observed in the lower crust of the Apennines cannot result from thin layering. We rather attribute it to ductile horizontal flow in response to the recent and present-day extension in the region.

Metronidazole has been widely used topically and systemically for more than 50 years but data on its antioxidant properties are still incomplete, unclear and contradictory. Its antioxidant properties are primarily hypothesized based on

SUMMARYTo constrain seismic anisotropy under and around the Alps in Europe, we study SKS shear wave splitting from the region densely covered by the AlpArray seismic network. We apply a technique based on measuring the splitting intensity, constraining well both the fast orientation and the splitting delay. Four years of teleseismic earthquake data were processed, from 723 temporary and permanent broad-band stations of the AlpArray deployment including ocean-bottom seismometers, providing a spatial coverage that is unprecedented. The technique is applied automatically (without human intervention), and it thus provides a reproducible image of anisotropic structure in and around the Alpine region. As in earlier studies, we observe a coherent rotation of fast axes in the western part of the Alpine chain, and a region of homogeneous fast orientation in the Central Alps. The spatial variation of splitting delay times is particularly interesting though. On one hand, there is a clear positive correlation with Alpine topography, suggesting that part of the seismic anisotropy (deformation) is caused by the Alpine orogeny. On the other hand, anisotropic strength around the mountain chain shows a distinct contrast between the Western and Eastern Alps. This difference is best explained by the more active mantle flow around the Western Alps. The new observational constraints, especially the splitting delay, provide new information on Alpine geodynamics.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution means the digital transformation of production systems. Cyber-physical systems allow for the horizontal and vertical integration of these production systems as well as the exploitation of the benefits via optimization tools. This article reviews the impact of Industry 4.0 solutions concerning optimization tasks and optimization algorithms, in addition to the identification of the new R&D directions driven by new application options. The basic organizing principle of this overview of the literature is to explore the requirements of optimization tasks, which are needed to perform horizontal and vertical integration. This systematic review presents content from 900 articles on Industry 4.0 and optimization as well as 388 articles on Industry 4.0 and scheduling. It is our hope that this work can serve as a starting point for researchers and developers in the field.

This article aims to examine the application opportunities of on-demand services in the transportation and mobility sector. As these personalized, demand-driven services are gaining prominence in more and more areas, their dissemination and operation should be given a deeper un­derstanding and overview, thus a structured literature review is being con­ducted in the study to examine these adaptive service processes. There is a great variety in these service types and characteristics, such as on-demand transportation services, demand-responsive transport, dial-a-ride transit, flexible mobility on demand, and many others. Because of this, a systematic approach is strongly justified, as there is a great need for a com­prehensive summary, in order to learn more about the nature and operating model of these services.

Logisztikai Évkönyv 2021. ISSN 1218-3849