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Thomas Piketty est devenu, ces dernieres annees, une figure importante dans les spheres de l’economie et de la politique. Son remarquable parcours academique, ses multiples interventions et sa production intellectuelle lui ont assure une stature de premier plan en France, mais aussi au niveau international. S’opposer a lui n’est pas une mince affaire et pourtant c’est ce defi qu’ont releve Alain Bihr et Michel Husson, tout en reconnaissant l’ampleur de son travail. En 185 pages, ils s’appuien...

Rifted margins are the result of the successful process of thinning and breakup of the continental lithosphere leading to the formation of new oceanic lithosphere. Observations on rifted margins are now integrating an increasing amount of multi-channel seismic data and drilling of several Continent-Ocean Transitions. Based on large scale geometries and domains observed on high-quality multi-channel seismic data, this article proposes a classification reflecting the mechanical behavior of the crust from localized to diffuse deformation (strong/coupled to weak/decoupled mechanical behaviors) and magmatic intensity leading to breakup from magma-rich to magma-poor margins. We illustrate a simple classification based on mechanical behavior and magmatic production with examples of rifted margins. We propose a non-exhaustive list of forcing parameters that can control the initial rifting conditions but also their evolution through time. Therefore, rifted margins are not divided into opposing types, but described as a combination and continuum that can evolve through time and space.

Importance Despite the widespread use of systemic antibiotics to prevent infections in surgically treated patients with fracture, high rates of surgical site infection persist. Objective To examine the effect of intrawound vancomycin powder in reducing deep surgical site infections. Design, Setting, and Participants This open-label randomized clinical trial enrolled adult patients with an operatively treated tibial plateau or pilon fracture who met the criteria for a high risk of infection from January 1, 2015, through June 30, 2017, with 12 months of follow-up (final follow-up assessments completed in April 2018) at 36 US trauma centers. Interventions A standard infection prevention protocol with (n = 481) or without (n = 499) 1000 mg of intrawound vancomycin powder. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was a deep surgical site infection within 182 days of definitive fracture fixation. A post hoc comparison assessed the treatment effect on gram-positive and gram-negative-only infections. Other secondary outcomes included superficial surgical site infection, nonunion, and wound dehiscence. Results The analysis included 980 patients (mean [SD] age, 45.7 [13.7] years; 617 [63.0%] male) with 91% of the expected person-time of follow-up for the primary outcome. Within 182 days, deep surgical site infection was observed in 29 of 481 patients in the treatment group and 46 of 499 patients in the control group. The time-to-event estimated probability of deep infection by 182 days was 6.4% in the treatment group and 9.8% in the control group (risk difference, –3.4%; 95% CI, –6.9% to 0.1%;P = .06). A post hoc analysis of the effect of treatment on gram-positive (risk difference, –3.7%; 95% CI, –6.7% to –0.8%;P = .02) and gram-negative-only (risk difference, 0.3%; 95% CI, –1.6% to 2.1%;P = .78) infections found that the effect of vancomycin powder was a result of its reduction in gram-positive infections. Conclusions and Relevance Among patients with operatively treated tibial articular fractures at a high risk of infection, intrawound vancomycin powder at the time of definitive fracture fixation reduced the risk of a gram-positive deep surgical site infection, consistent with the activity of vancomycin. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT02227446

This study aimed to: (1) evaluate the independent risk factors related to survival and mortality and (2) predict survival in geriatric orthopaedic trauma patients admitted to our institution's ICU as a Level 1 or 2 trauma activation.A retrospective review was performed on patients age60, over a 10 year period, who were involved in a multi-trauma with orthopaedic injuries. Variables evaluated include: sex, age, Injury Severity Score (ISS), mechanism of injury, number and type of orthopaedic injury, anticoagulant use, comorbidities, length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU), type of ICU, ventilator use, vasopressors use, incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), number of surgeries, and 1-month and 6-month mortality. A Kaplan-Meier estimator and Cox proportional hazards analysis were used to predict and assess survival probability.174 patients were included, with an average mortality of 47.7%. Deceased patients had a significantly greater age, ISS, vasopressor usage, ICU stay, incidence of MODF, incidence of genitourinary disease, anticoagulant usage, ventilator usage, number of orthopaedic surgeries, and orthopaedic injuries. The relative risk for mortality within the first month was significantly associated with increased age, ISS, high-energy trauma, length of ICU stay, MODS, psychiatric disease, and anticoagulant use. Patients with an ISS ≤30 were significantly more likely to survive than patients with an ISS of30. Greater age, ISS, length of ICU stay, incidence of MODS, anticoagulant, and ventilator use were significantly predictive of lower survival rates. Mechanism of injury, number of orthopaedic surgeries and orthopaedic injuries, and type of orthopaedic injury were not found to be predictive of survival.An ISS30 at admission is strongly predictive of a lower probability of survival. Genitourinary disease was associated with increased mortality. Low age, ISS, length of stay in ICU, incidence of MODS, anticoagulant use, and ventilator use, are significantly predictive of survival. Number of orthopaedic surgeries, orthopaedic injuries, and type of orthopaedic injury were not found to be predictive of survival. These indications help us to better understand factors predictive of death among geriatric orthopaedic trauma patients, and improve the way we can diagnose and care for them.

Before Break-Up, the opening of the South China Sea Passive Margin (SCS) was characterized by a wide rift mode during Cenozoic rifting. Such wide extensional margin (>600 km wide) is controlled by a set of hyper-extended sub-basins separated by basement highs.These basins infill recorded a polyphased extensional deformation hence resulting in complex 3D sedimentary evolution. Based on a recent industrial 3D seismic reflection survey along the Sabah area (southern margin of the SCS), this contribution aims to investigate the detailed 3D geometries of extensional structures as well as their control on the overlying successive sedimentary sequences and relation to crustal deformation.We mapped and analyzed several crustal-scale rolling hinge structures controlled by a series of low-angle normal faults. Deeper crustal levels are likely exhumed along the core of these rolling hinge structures, separated by extensional allochthones blocs of upper continental crust. Our structural analysis enables us to identify three main extensional phases corresponding to distinct sedimentary packages: (1) a synrift sequence 1 controlled by small offset normal faults formed during incipient rifting; (2) an intermediate synrift sequence 2 recording the development of extensional detachment faults. (3) a thick syn-rift sequence 3 recording a continuation of extension along the detachment faults resulting in the dismembering of the syn-rift sequence 2. Intra-basement seismic reflectors dipping towards the north-west are observed, onto which extensional structures often seem to root. Some of these reflectors are interpreted as interleaved thrust sheets from a dismantled accretionary wedge of the former Mesozoic active margin (Yenshanian magmatic Arc).Our results provide new key observations on the 3D mechanisms of detachment faulting and its control on sedimentary evolution as well as coeval crustal deformation. 3D approach throw some light on the detailed geometries of a metamorphic core-complex in relation with crustal boudinage, shear zones and lower/middle crust exhumation below the syn- rift sediments. These geometries can be compared to those described in the Basin and Range province or the Aegean Sea. Consequently, our results have implications for our understanding of rift and breakup mechanisms of marginal basins as a whole.

Forests with a high density and basal area of living trees are known for their function as natural and cost-efficient protection against rockfall. The role of deadwood, however, is less understood. We address this knowledge gap in this contribution as we present the results of repeated real-scale experiments in a) a montane beech-spruce forest with and without deadwood and b) in a subalpine scrub mountain pine-spruce forest with deadwood. We used artificial rocks with either an equant or platy shape, masses between 45 kg and 800 kg (≈ 0.3 m3), and equipped with in-situ sensors to gain insights into rotational velocities and impact-accelerations. Clusters of deadwood and erected root plates reduced the mean runout distance at both study sites. For site a), we found that more rocks were stopped behind lying than living trees and that the stopping effect of deadwood was greater for equant compared to platy rock shapes. Site b) revealed a braking effect of scrub mountain pines for relatively small (45 kg), but also a visible reduction in rotational velocities for the 800 kg rocks sensor stream. We conclude that deadwood must be taken into account in rockfall modeling and the management of rockfall protection forests.

This work is based on the assumption that the so-called behavioral training contribute to the occultation and the reproduction of the relations of domination in work and enterprise. If today, within the framework of Continuing Professional Education (CPE) this type of training can concern all the categories of the wage-earners, the fact remains that within this category, they are still mostly provided for a particular segment: the managers of proximity (middle managers). Although the employers would like to call into question the status of the executives, this category of agents remains indispensable in the production process.In a first part, we will show through historical moments we consider to be salient, that from Public Education up to CPE - the latter being a continuation of the first - any pedagogical project, involves an ideological burden and thus both are highly political issues. They participate consequently, in the social conflict.In order to check our initial hypothesis, we will proceed in a second part, to a critical distance of behavioral trainings as long as they are vectors of the neo-liberal ideology and the managerial imagination of which many studies, surveys and recent news show the pathogenic character, generating the deterioration of social relationships in the work and enterprise.We will devote a third and final part to a set of reflections to open paths in order to think, within an alternative productive structure to the dominant model, of another type of trainings, promoting a better socialization.; Ce travail repose sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle les formations dites comportementales participent de l’occultation et de la reproduction des rapports de domination dans le travail et l’entreprise. Si aujourd’hui, dans le cadre de la Formation Professionnelle Continue (FPC), ce type de formations peut concerner toutes les catégories du salariat, il n’en demeure pas moins qu’au sein de celui-ci, elles sont encore majoritairement dispensées à l’adresse d’un segment particulier : les managers de proximité (ou encadrement intermédiaire). Quelles que soient les remises en cause du statut de cadre que souhaite le patronat, cette catégorie d’agents reste indispensable dans le procès de production.En une première partie, nous montrerons au travers de moments historiques que nous jugeons saillants, que de l’Instruction publique jusqu’à la FPC - cette dernière s’inscrivant dans la continuité de la première - tout projet pédagogique comporte une charge idéologique et ainsi, que toutes deux relèvent de questions éminemment politiques. Elles participent conséquemment, de la conflictualité sociale.Afin de vérifier notre hypothèse de départ, nous procèderons en seconde partie, à une mise à distance critique des formations comportementales en tant qu’elles sont vectrices de l’idéologie néolibérale et de l’imaginaire managérial dont de nombreuses études, enquêtes et récentes actualités montrent le caractère pathogène, générant la détérioration des rapports sociaux dans le travail et l’entreprise.Nous consacrerons une troisième et dernière partie à un ensemble de réflexions pour ouvrir des pistes afin de penser, au sein d’une structure productive alternative au modèle dominant, des formations d’un autre type, favorisant une meilleure socialisation.

The Anatolian block preserves remnants of Tethyan oceanic basins consumed by north dipping subduction zones until the Late Cretaceous prior to Paleogene collision. The Sivas Basin, which belongs to the Maastrichtian to Cenozoic Central Anatolian basins, is located in a key position limited to the north and the south by respectively the Pontides and Tauride ophiolitic bodies and to the west by the Kırşehir block. This study focuses on the southern margin of the Sivas Basin, where an obducted ophiolite is capped by Maastrichtian-Paleocene sediments. We present new field observations, with U-Pb zircon dating on magmatic rocks and geochemical analyses to (1) unravel the pre-obduction nature and origin of the ophiolitic basement and (2) describe the post-obduction tectonosedimentary evolution. The pre-obduction evolution shows that (i) the Sivas ophiolite is characterized by serpentinized peridotites, with minor magmatic intrusions, (ii) the top of the serpentinized mantle is characterized by a cataclastic deformation with ophicalcites interpreted as an extensional detachment fault, (iii) the U-Pb zircon dating of two magmatic intrusions yield age of 91.49 ± 0.8 Ma and 72.7 ± 0.5 Ma, and (iv) petrological and geochemical data show that the magmatic intrusions were affected by hydrothermal metamorphism. These data suggest that the Sivas ophiolite may have recorded forearc hyperextension in frame of a Late Cretaceous suprasubduction zone. The post-obduction evolution is characterized by the deposition of a Maastrichtian-Paleocene carbonate platform on the ophiolite, followed by clastic sediments containing reworked ophiolitic and Tauride Mesozoic clasts. ©2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved., Total Université de Lausanne Universitat de Barcelona, This work results from a research agreement between TOTAL and University of Pau and Pays Adour. Sivas C?mhuriyet University, most particularly H. Temiz, is thanked for support and collaboration during the fieldwork. Mary Ford (University of Lorraine) is warmly thanked for comments. We thank Josep-Serra Kiel (University of Barcelona) and J?r?mie Gaillot (Total, CSTJF) for identifying Maastrichtian-Paleocene microfossil and interesting discussions on Late Cretaceous evolution of the basin. Othmar M?ntener (University of Lausanne), Jaume Verg?s (University of Barcelona) are thanked for fruitful discussions. We also acknowledge the field party: C. Kergaravat, A. Pichat, C. Ribes, C. Bonnel, and B. Rouby (University of Pau). Benoit Petri is thanked for his help for the use of Isoplot software. The authors acknowledge the details reviews by M. Maffione, A. Okay, D. van Hinsbergen, and two anonymous reviewers. Eventually, the Associate Editor F. Rossetti is thanked for his comments as well as the Editor Laurent Jolivet for his advice. Geochemistry and U-Pb dating are presented in their entirety in both manuscript and in the supporting information. Tectonosedimentary data can be obtained from cited references.

The thorough interpretation of the South Atlantic long offset seismic lines provides a new view of the magmatic and crustal architecture and of the evolution of the conjugate volcanic passive margins (VPM) along the austral segment of the South Atlantic Ocean. In this study, we make the synthesis of previously published and unpublished seismic profiles that are reinterpreted consistently, and, for the first time, displayed in a conjugate view. The seaward dipping reflector sequences (SDR) expose here three main structural types (inner, outer and intermediate) that can be distinguished based on both the curvature of the reflectors and the topography displayed at their downdip terminations. We observe a specific correlation between the thinning profile of the crust and the geometric attributes of SDR. This correlation suggests a genetic relationship that is discussed in-term of rheological evolution of the crust during the magma-assisted lithospheric break-up. The South Atlantic margins architecture also featured a moderate but significant asymmetry, with a relative difference estimated to about 60% for the margin width, the total volume of SDR and their spatial distribution. A change toward a more symmetric architecture is however observed when approaching the highly magmatic area of conjugate Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise. The influence of the pre-rift inheritance, the mode of rifting and the coeval mantle dynamic are put into balance to explain this global architecture. In the asymmetric domain, the extrusive sequences show evidences for westward rift jumps that participate to develop a wider margin on the African side. We propose that an asymmetric thermal structure controlled by the profile of the lithosphere asthenosphere boundary may have promoted the formation of a wider African margin. The focusing of the last rift axis is associated to the development of the thickest SDR wedges above an ultimate necking zone of the crust. Conversely to the early stages of the rift which appears segmented and diachronous, the final localization of the tectono-magmatic activity appears coarsely synchronous, at least, along the northern half of the austral segment. A further higher thermal gradient than elsewhere associated to a thicker and a weaker preexisting continental crust and a more intense magmatic input is inferred to have promote the development of symmetric and very wide conjugate margins close to the Walvis Ridge and Rio Grande Rise.

Category: Hindfoot; Midfoot/Forefoot; Sports; Other Introduction/Purpose: Chronic heel pain often presents diagnostic and treatment challenges, in part because symptoms attributed to chronic plantar fasciitis may be part of a larger constellation of associated symptoms. This could explain unsatisfactory symptom relief in many patients who undergo surgical partial plantar fascia release after failing conservative therapy. While previous studies have suggested that additional releases of the distal tarsal tunnel and first branch of lateral plantar (Baxter’s) nerve may improve outcomes in the setting of chronic and recalcitrant heel pain, this combined surgical approach has yet to be documented. Surgically addressing constricted neurologic structures of the tarsal tunnel and Baxter’s nerve alongside partial plantar fasciectomy may lead to improved pain relief and overall patient outcomes. Methods: Study participants were retrospectively identified by database search for relevant criteria and specific CPT codes. Patient outcomes post operation were evaluated using the Foot and Ankle Ability Measurement (FAAM) and sports subscale questionnaires as outcome measures. Inclusion criteria included age greater than 18 years old, at least 6 months since surgery at time of survey, and clinical diagnosis of chronic plantar fasciitis surgically treated by partial plantar fasciectomy with Baxter’s nerve release and tarsal tunnel release performed by either of two staff surgeons between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2018. Patients with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, all patients who were unwilling to participate in the phone survey or were unable to be reached, and all non-English speaking patients were excluded. Eligible patients (N=87) were consented and surveyed by phone. Results: Mean surgery-to-survey time was 39.25 +- 24.33 months. Mean duration of symptoms prior to surgery was 26.73 +- 30.58 months. Mean visual analogue pain (VAS) pre-surgery was 8.47 +- 1.82 (n=84). Survey respondents reported mean scores of 73.10 +- 22.09 and 49.13 +- 1.82 on the ADL score and sports subscale of the FAAM respectively. In retrospectively assessing whether patients would have chosen the surgery again, 70.93% (n=61) reported ‘yes’ while 29.07% (n=25) reported ‘no.’ Significant positive confounders were longer surgery to survey time in months (B= 0.21, pConclusion: Patients with chronic plantar fasciitis may benefit from a combined surgical approach involving Baxter’s nerve release and tarsal tunnel release in addition to standard partial plantar fasciectomy. This study demonstrated that this surgical approach is successful with FAAM ADL scores of 73.10 +- 22.09 (n=87) along with 70.9% (n=61) of patients reporting satisfaction with surgical outcome. Considering these implications, future high-quality studies further investigating any comparative benefit of this combined approach over traditional methods are warranted. [Table: see text]

International audience; Surface, seismic, and borehole data characterize the Neogene-Recent Tajik fold-and-thrust belt of the Tajik basin. The basin experienced little sub-detachment basement deformation, acting as a rigid foreland plate during the Pamir orogeny. The Tajik fold-and-thrust belt contains variable thinskinned structural styles, changing along and across strike as a function of the thickness and facies of Upper Jurassic evaporites, which constitute the basal detachment, and the influence of the surrounding thickskinned belts. The southern Tajik fold-and-thrust belt shows regularly spaced, salt-cored, thrusted detachment anticlines that transition northward into imbricated thrust sheets grouped in oppositely verging stacks facing each other across a common footwall syncline. The width of the fold-and-thrust belt decreases northeastward accommodated by the Ilyak fault, a lateral ramp developed over a seismically active dextral basement fault. The southeastern Tajik fold-and-thrust belt contains massive subaerial salt sheets, formed by squeezing of preexisting salt diapirs. The salt-tectonic domain originates from a local depocenter within the Late Jurassic Amu Darya-Tajik evaporitic basin. Serial cross sections, integrating the structural geometries, yielded minimum thinskinned shortening oriented at~90°to the India-Asia convergence direction, increasing from~93 km in the south to~148 km in the center, and dropping tõ 22 km in the northeast; total shortening-including the foreland buttress-is ≥170 km. Most of the shortening in the central-southern Tajik fold-and-thrust belt occurred by hinterland-vergent, high-displacement back thrusts. The Pamir played a dominant role in the transfer of shortening to the sedimentary infill of the Tajik basin with the Tian Shan acting as a semi-passive buttress.

The New Guinea Orogen evolved by the accretion of volcanic arcs onto the northern Australian margin during the Cenozoic arc-continent collision. Since that time, the northern Australian margin has undergone oblique convergence with Pacific plate involving volcanic arcs and intra-oceanic basin in between. The resulting FTBs are the Papuan FTB, the Mobile Belt and the Aure-Moresby FTB belonging to the curved shape New Guinea Highlands.Previous regional structural studies were focus to the Central Papuan FTB. Concerning the Aure-Moresby FTB, few studies based mainly on field work describe a highly deformed Neogene underfilled foreland basin with mixed carbonate-siliciclastic deposits. One regional cross-section through the onshore Aure-Moresby FTB is proposed by Kugler during his PhD in 1967. In this regard, some lack of consistency about the regional structural style can be highlighted such as the different timing and amount of shortening between the Papuan and Aure-Moresby FTBs and the large N-S positive flower structure to explain the uplift of the Aure FTB.The main goals of this study on the Aure-Moresby Foreland FTB are: (i) to discuss the impact of the mechanical stratigraphy on structural style, (ii) to estimate the significance of basement involvement and its morphology, (iii) to determine the shortening by comparing the regional balanced and restored cross sections, (iv) to estimate the relative ages of tectonic deformation and to propose a 2D kinematic model illustrating the evolution of the orogenic system since the Late Cretaceous.For this purpose, 2D seismic profiles, chronostratigraphic synthesis, remote sensing mapping, wells and gravimetric data have been integrated in order to construct a consistent structural evolutionary model of the Aure FTB. This study is mainly focused on the interpretation of NE-SW trending 2D seismic lines in Move software to build a balanced cross-section from the hinterland to the foreland Aure foredeep.This study shows that the Aure-Moresby FTB structure is the result of thin-skinned deformation along Late Cretaceous, Miocene and Pliocene detachment levels affected by recent thick-skinned deformation. The section is characterized by multiple fault-propagation folds detached at various level within the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. In the central Aure FTB, two main structural steps show major uplifts that correspond to the wide Dude Anticlinorium and the Kapau Margin interpreted as crustal scale thrusting rooted at the brittle/ductile transition and connected with the Cretaceous décollement level. Crustal scale deformation seems to be transmitted into Mesozoic and Cenozoic decollements and disharmonic levels forming the frontal folded zone. In the frontal Aure FTB, Miocene carbonate may be involved in the deformation forming potentially Pleistocene structural traps. Based on flexural slip restoration technique, 28 km of shortening have been calculated within the sedimentary cover along 250 km that correspond to a ratio of 11,2 %.

Along the West African margin from Gabon to southern Angola, the Loeme Aptian salt deposited during the late rift break-up process. Following the Atlantic opening, passive margin subsidence, large deltas and dynamic topography triggered and shape gravity tectonic systems. Evaporite deposition occurred during the break-up process, from the rupture of the continental crust to the spreading, thus providing an early inheritance (in term of thickness and geographic distribution of evaporites) for future salt tectonics, which is largely controlled by the genetic domain compartmentalizing the margin, namely the proximal margin, the neck basin, the distal margin, and the outer high and exhumed mantle. Classically, since the mid-90s the gravity gliding system pattern, with the usual triptych extension-translation-compression, has been over-applied along the West African margin. Recent data from Angola show mini-basins in a context of gravity spreading in addition to pure gliding-spreading roll-overs, rafts and diapirs, as well as mini basins developed during the early phase of evolution, and were later on squeezed by the gliding cell. We present here a regional study to compare major internal and external factors controlling halokinesis structural styles and we propose new maps and cross-sections up to 300 km long from onshore to ultra-deep offshore, to describe the main domains and styles across the Gabon, Lower Congo, Kwanza, Benguela and Namibe sub-basins. This work is based on an extensive 2D and 3D seismic reflection data, wells and internal reports. Margin scale cartographic compilation of both pre- and post-salt tectono-sedimentary trends provide elements to constrain both geometries and kinematics. This study documents the spatial and temporal distribution of both the inherited salt controlled basins (i.e. minibasins, salt ridges, etc.) as well as the superimposed gravitational systems, their characteristics and drivers (e.g. gliding, spreading), and by linking them to the genetic domains of the margin to highlight their various roles.

The Central Andes (12°S-36°S) stretches over more than 2400km. They are characterized by strong longitudinal and latitudinal segmentation (Sierra Pampeanas, Precordillera, Cordillera Frontal, Cordillera Principal from east to west), each domain having distinctive basement involvement and showing different structural styles. The Argentinian Precordillera, located at 30°S, has long been interpreted as a thin-skinned wedge detached below into the lower part of Paleozoic succession. It makes up a typical Coulomb foreland thrust belt system. However, the impact of the Paleozoic inheritance derived from the various orogenic stages on the current structural style has been overlooked. The Chanic structures that developed in Silurian / Devonian times have been reactivated by the Andean deformation that took place from Oligocene to Plio-Pleistocene times. The current structure of the Precordillera has been the subject of numerous studies in the last decades. Thanks to compilation of this literature and fieldwork, we present a new cross-section considering these 2 superimposed events. This cross-section can be divided into 2 different zones depending on the dominant structures. The western Precordillera involves an Ordovician succession characterized by Chanic superimposed folding phases with cleavage development. On the contrary, in the eastern part, most of the observed structures were developed during Andean orogeny. The structural style is characterized by thrusts faults and penetrative deformation is absent. The Sierras Pampeanas in the East are a Miocene thick-skinned system that makes up a typical broken foreland system. The association of both systems of Precordillera and Sierras Pampeanas delineate an inheritance-controlled original orogenic thin-skinned system that turns to the east into a broad thick-skinned system involving up to Precambrian rocks.

Our understanding of continent-ocean transition structures and magmatism in the absence of excessive magmatic additions has been guided by the observations and models developed at the magma-poor Iberia-Newfoundland conjugate margins. Recently these models have been challenged in the South China Sea in light of new IODP Expeditions 367-368-368X. We have used an integrated analysis of high quality seismic reflection and gravity anomaly data, calibrated against recent deep sea drilling results, to investigate margin structure and tectono-magmatic interplay during continental breakup and early seafloor spreading between the SE China-NW Palawan conjugate margins. The Eocene-Oligocene South China Sea rifting initiates in a heterogeneous and likely thermally un-equilibrated lithosphere formed by the Mesozoic Yenshanian orogeny. Gravity and joint inversion methods confirm lateral variation of basement densities across the conjugate margins. Lithospheric and basement heterogeneities induced a rifting style characterized by a series of highly thinned rift basins associated with extensional faulting soling out at various crustal levels. Final rifting in late Eocene triggered decompression melting forming mid-ocean ridge type magmatism, which emplaced within thinned continental crust as deep intrusions and shallow extrusive rocks. This initial magmatic activity was concomitant with continued deformation of continental crust by extensional faulting. Integrated analysis of seismic reflection profiles and gravity anomaly data combined with deep-sea boreholes accurately locate the continent-ocean boundary. We show that the initial igneous crust, continentward of oceanic magnetic anomaly C10n, is asymmetric in width and in morphology for the conjugate margins. The wider and faulted newly accreted domain on the SE China side indicates that magmatic accretion is associated with tectonic faulting during the formation of initial oceanic lithosphere. We suggest that deformation was not symmetrically distributed between the conjugate margins during the initiation of seafloor spreading but evolved asymmetrically until the stabilisation of the spreading ocean ridge around C10n. The analysis of the South China Sea breakup reveals a transient interplay between faulting, magmatic budget and extension rates during the formation of the continent-ocean transition and initial emplacement of igneous crust.

BACKGROUND High prevalence of obesity and features of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are major health issues in individuals with Down syndrome (DS), and both may also affect adversely on their daily activities. Further, lower levels of physical work capacity (PWC) have been reported in this population compared to their peers with intellectual disabilities. However, no study examines the relationships between obesity and sleep problems with PWC in individuals with DS. Thus, this study investigated the influence of body mass index (BMI) and different types of sleep problems on PWC in adolescents and young adults with DS (14-31 years). METHODS The incremental treadmill walking trial was used to assess PWC. RESULTS The negative associations were indicated between BMI and walking steps (p = .03) as well as features with OSA and walking steps (p = .04). Thus, BMI and OSA were included in the regression analysis to estimate the walking steps achieved during walking trials. In addition, Bland-Altman plots demonstrated no overestimation and underestimation of variability in the difference between actual and estimated walking steps developed by using BMI and OSA. CONCLUSIONS Obesity and sleep problem are potentially detrimental to walking performance (i.e., fewer walking steps) in individuals with DS. Thus, individuals with DS may adopt a slow walk speed due to the increased balance deficits and physical fatigue that result from obesity and sleep fragmentation, respectively. Exercise interventions, which have the potential to reduce obesity and OSA, are recommended to improve the accomplishment of PWC in individuals with DS.

International audience; Interpretation of new high-resolution seismic reflection sections reveals intraplate deformation of oceanic crust in the West Somali Basin, between the East Africa margin and the Davie Ridge and its northern extension. The deformation of the oceanic crust takes the form of 1–2 km amplitude buckle folds with a 20–30 km wavelength associated with thrust faults. Reverse faulting is localized along deformation corridors, about 15–30 km wide that we interpret as inherited oceanic fracture zones of the extinct oceanic spreading center. Deformation of the oceanic crust in the westernmost segment started before Hauterivian time (~132 Ma), while oceanic accretion was ongoing to the east of the Davie Ridge, and stopped at Aptian time (~120 Ma), when spreading ceased in the whole Somali Basin. Prior to the deformation of the oceanic crust, large volcanic edifices have been emplaced on top of the oceanic crust along preexisting oceanic fracture zones. Well-defined groups of reflectors, within the mantle (