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Background: The acceptance rate of electronic health recording systems has increased significantly, so that development of this technology in the medical sector has caused a huge change in the health care system. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of investment in health information technology on financial performance with the mediating role of business process in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad hospitals in Iran. Methods: This applied and descriptive-causal study was conducted with an analytical approach. According to Morgan Table, the sample size was estimated as 341 individuals. The research instrument was a 31-item standard questionnaire validated using face validity, convergent reliability, divergent reliability, Cronbachchr('39')s alpha reliability, and compound reliability. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling were applied by Smart PLS and SPSS 20 software. Results: In this study, 9 research hypotheses were confirmed by path analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Based on the findings, investing in health information technology whit significance amounts of 3.647 and path coefficient of 0.237 had a significant effect on financial performance. The overall business process (0.477) plays a mediating role in the path between these 2 variables. The research model had a suitable fit. Conclusion: Health information technology can increase the safety and efficiency of information, improve public health, ensure the privacy of the patients, and increase the assetschr('39') efficiency by reducing costs.

Abstract Background and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of growth-enhancing bacteria on reducing the negative effects of cadmium heavy metal in two varieties of bread wheat. Materials and Methods:The experiment was performed on a completely randomized basis with three replications in the Mohaghegh Ardabili University.The experimental factors included two wheat cultivars (Gonbad and Karim),four levels of CdCl2.H2O (0, 75, 150 and 300 µm) and three bacterial levels (control ,Azotobacter Crococum and Pseudomonas potida).The grain yield, the amount of cadmium absorbed in the root,stem and seed organs and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were measured. Results: The maximum grain yield was observed in spike using Azotobacter. Examination of the results of the effect of cadmium on the measured agricultural traits showed the maximum of these traits in the control and the minimum in the highest concentration of cadmium. The highest amount of soluble sugars in both cultivars was obtained in the presence of cadmium and the lowest amount in the control treatment and Azotobacter was superior to Pseudomonas in this regard. Bacteria reduced proline in the presence of cadmium. In the case of antioxidant enzymes, the presence of cadmium increased the amount of catalase and peroxidase but reduced the amount of polyphenol oxidase. Conclusion:In general, the presence of bacteria reduced the toxicity of cadmium and the effect of the bacterium on the absorption of cadmium was significant and it was found that the Karim cultivar was more resistant to stress than the Gonbad cultivar.

Objective(s): The present study aimed to design new nanoparticle-based shielding materials for photons used in single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography facilities. Materials and Methods: Initially, the mass attenuation coefficients and half value layer (HVL) of the composites were comprehensively investigated based on a silicon rubber containing various ratios of micro- and nano-barium sulfate (BaSO4), lead oxide (PbO), and tungsten oxide (WO3) particles at 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 keV photon energies using the MCNP-X6 Monte Carlo (MC) code and WinXCOM software. In the second stage, the composites composed of 10 wt% and 20 wt% WO3 and PbO particles were constructed in a liquid silicone rubber-based matrix. The mass attenuation coefficients and HVL of the designed shields were experimentally assessed using Cs-137 and Am-241 radioactive sources.Results: The particles sizes of PbO and WO3 were within the range of 50-200 nanometers. The MC and measurement results indicated that the linear attenuation coefficients of the composites were augmented with the addition of all the studied nano- and micro-particles. However, the PbO composites had more significant shielding properties compared to the BaSO4 and WO3 composites. Conclusion: According to the results, the nanocomposites had better ability to shield γ-rays at both energies compared to the micro-composites.

Background: Despite the importance of integrated education in nursing, limited studies have been conducted to develop appropriate tools to assess its importance in Iran. Objectives: The present study aimed to develop a questionnaire and psychometrically assess the importance of integrated education in nursing from the perspective of faculty members. Methods: This is a consecutive exploratory mixed study conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the concept of Intergrated training was explained via qualitative theme analysis and the relevant key themes of the identification articles were coded. Sampling was purposeful and continued until saturation. In the second (quantitative) stage, first the face and content validity was reviewed and the necessary corrections were made by 15 experts. Then, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using internal consistency method (Cronbachchr('39')s alpha) and the construct validity of the instrument was calculated using exploratory factor analysis. Results: 203 items were extracted via qualitative content analysis and review of related scientific texts. After performing face and content validity (qualitative and quantitative) 162 items remained. Exploratory factor analysis led to the removal of 50 items and thus 112 items in 4 factors (dimension or scope), including educational content, educational activities, context and conditions. An evaluation was extracted which explained these 4 factors of 87.774 of the total variance. The reliability of the instrument with Cronbachchr('39')s alpha was 0.92. Conclusion: The questionnaire on the feasibility of the integrated curriculum in the field of nursing with features such as reliability and validity can be easily used by faculty members and policy makers. It is suggested that other psychological features of the instrument such as convergent and divergent validity be examined in future studies

Wheat is one of the strategic products and has rich nutritional value. Plant diseases are major limiting factors that reduce the yield and quality of wheat, and yellow rust Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici causes considerable damage to wheat production. The most reliable way to control this disease is the use of resistant varieties. Plants have different mechanisms to defend against pathogens, one of which being proteomics employed to examine defense mechanisms in both sensitive and resistant plants. In this research, in order to identify the expression pathways and proteins involved in the mechanisms, resistant (Gaspart) and sensitive (Morvarid) wheat varieties were inoculated with P. striiformis, followed by the examination of peroxidase, catalase enzymes, intracellular osmoprotectants. The results showed that the amount of protein, carbohydrates, proline concentration, and peroxidase and catalase activity significantly increased by rust in the resistant variety. Also, results of the electrophoresis of two-dimensional proteins with stripes of IPG = 17 cm and pH = 4-7 showed that expression changes of proteins could be divided into two groups in response to P. striiformis. The first group included the proteins that directly reacted to pathogens such as peroxidase and PR10 proteins. The second group consists of the resistance proteins as transcription factors or proteins involved in signaling pathways or chaperons in determining proteins' partial structure such as molecular chaperone protein Hsp90.

Background: Most previous studies have not referred to the implications of using electronic health record systems. So the purpose of the present study is to investigate the realization of the consequences of using the Integrated Health System (SIB) from userschr('39') point of view in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with the statistical population including all users of SIB located in Isfahan primary healthcare centers. The sample consisted of 320 users according to Morgan table. A questionnaire was arranged in five dimensions including problem solving, decision rationalization, horizontal integration, vertical integration, and customer service. After examining the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the data were analyzed by single sample t-test in SPSS software. Findings: The findings showed that although the implementation and use of SIB contributed to improving the integrity and coordination of horizontal (t = 2.30, P < 0.050) and vertical (t = 1.96, P < 0.050) communications as well as customer service (t = 8.31, P < 0.001), it had no significant role in problem solving (t = 0.68, P > 0.050) and decision rationalization (t = 1.05, P > 0.050). Conclusion: Problem solving and decision rationalization have been the main objectives of SIB; nevertheless, users evaluated them as main weaknesses of the system. So paying attention to the needs of different users is recommended to its stakeholders.

learning architecture. It seems that the mismatch with the needs and current problems of society, forgetting the values of Iranian culture and the lack of basic and applied research, has led architectural education in Iran to a developing trend towards the West lifestyles, norms and Culture. One of the main intention to western education model in architecture is that the modern learning and formal education of architecture in Iran born by the importing of French model (Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris and French Royal Academy), German model (Poly technical education, engineering learning and training Schools), English model (practical and experimental learning) and American model (combinational learning). Architectural education in Iran starting by applying French model; and after Islamic Republic revolution in 1979, if some schools and agents attempt to defining local model (Iranian and Islamic pattern) in architectural education but their models cannot developed through different architectural schools. In the last decades development of Anglo- American architectural education models impress all parties in it. Even though there are many researches concentrate on architectural education in contemporary Iran, but almost none of them focus on Zeitgeist. Interdisciplinary and its synchronicity with global approaches and the needs of society and social context, to recover and making efficient models are the aim of this study in both, which is suitable for Iran’s situation and Context. This study emphasizes the impact of the architectural education process in relation to the zeitgeist- which is derived from Hegelian literature and philosophy- and explaining its triple components which is dialectic, critical thinking, and updating in education. Finally, the educational programs evaluation has been done by testing these components. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional and applied research. The research methodology was based on qualitative method and content analysis. In research process, the contents of the curriculum of the nine top universities -which is selected in valid ranking and geographical and continental distribution- in the world were analyzed by focusing on Zeitgeist’s concept. Statistical descriptive analysis is the approach to findings and its conclusion. Findings: This study showed that Delft University in two fields of history and theory courses with thirty five percent and in the field of technology with approximately thirty two percent, and the Massachusetts University with approximately fifty two percent share in the design department are leading. In interdisciplinary courses, California universities are distinguished from others by about thirty five of the courses. Interestingly, Iran's curriculum has not achieved a significant share in the competition among the world's universities. Conclusion: This research showed that current problems, historical and cultural transcendence is equal to Zeitgeist, which is derived from our society. Although there are a variety of educational models and applied in specific and appropriate educating cases, in all of them some features have a key role to approach the Zeitgeist including changeability, program and design electivity, flexibility in learning curriculum, critical thinking, problem redefining in teaching approaches, and situations simulation. ===================================================================================== COPYRIGHTS ©2020 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. =====================================================================================

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to present a summary of the rabies surveillance program in humans in the country, its achievements and its strengths and weaknesses. Methods: This study was a review of the countrychr('39')s plan for surveillance and control of rabies in humans. The sources of information included the data, reports, documents, and published guidelines. The viewpoints of stakeholders and experts were also reviewed in this study. Results: Since rabies is a zoonotic disease, its effective management requires a good collaboration between several organizations. Moreover, because Iran is located in an endemic region, there is a need for the development of regional and international cooperation for the success of disease prevention, control and management. Animal services for biting and rabies control are provided free of charge in more than 700 centers in the country. Major achievements of the program include timely preventive treatment for animal bite cases, knowledge of the geographical distribution of the disease, identification of high-risk provinces, and decreasing the percentage of human deaths. Conclusion: The program has performed well for rabies secondary prevention. Some aspects of the program, however, still need to be improved, including improvement of educational programs targeting general population and high-risk groups, animal bite prevention, vaccination of domestic dogs, controlling the population of stray dogs, rabies control in wild animals, and proper waste collection and disposal.

The present study aims to investigate the factors and barriers of feeling social security in the family environment. To achieve the research goal, qualitative research methods (underlying theory) have been used. According to the research population, interviews were conducted with 15 women and data were coded and analyzed. In this regard, first, interviews were conducted with each respondent, and after extraction and analysis of the data, another responder was referred until the research reached saturation with fifteen people. In this research, it has been shown that the sense of security is considered as a spectrum. Along with this spectrum, security can be counted as influenced by the external structure of the family environment (as an example of society), and on the other hand, it is a spectrum of sense of security in the family environment, which, if it does not exist, can bring many consequences for society. The results showed that honesty, life satisfaction, trust, intimacy,... are factors affecting the sense of security in the family. Also, the consequences of a lack of security in the home environment can lead to inconsistency, addiction, and outburst And be anxious.

ABSTRACT Background and Objectives: Citrus fruits and their constituents especially naringin (NR), a natural predominant flavanone, have a wide range of pharmacological activities without toxicity against cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effects of orange peel extract (OPE) and naringin (NR) on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells. Methods: Amount of phenol, flavonoid and antioxidants in OPE was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu procedure, aluminum chloride colorimetric and DPPH assays, respectively. Effects of NR and OPE on viability, wound healing assay and DNA fragmentation using DAPI were investigated. Data were analyzed by ImageJ software and GraphPad Prism 6.0 at significance of 0.05. Results: Total amount of phenols, flavonoids and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl was 2.83, 2.143 and 60.76 g/100g of OPE. Amount of NR in the dried OPE was estimated to be 5.260 (µg/gr) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Treatment of ESCC cells with OPE or NR decreased viability y of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, both OPE and NR were able to decrease cell migration and increase DNA fragmentation. Conclusion: The findings of our study suggest that OPE and NR have anticancer effects on ESCC cells but the anticancer effects of OPE was better than that of NR alone. Keywords: Orange peel extract, Naringin, Migration, Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract One of the major issues of theology is the issue of God's agency. The agency of God - as the agency of every other agent - has a complete relation to his science, which is another of the fundamental questions expressed in theology. The subject of divine agency has been an important topic in the history of philosophy. In this occasion, the principle of divine agency and creation, which is one of the earliest religious teachings in the heavenly religions, is disputed, and the origin of God's action and agency goes back to the innate nature and attributes of God. Allameh Tabatabai, one of the great scholars who has dealt with the subject of God in the system of being, as a philosopher and interpreter of transcendent wisdom, as well as an expert philosopher, while explaining Sadra's beliefs and criticism. From his point of view, out of the six types of agents; God is considered as the superior. This agent is the agent who has knowledge of his verb and performs it by the will and authority of the agent, and all of his knowledge is the source of the act of issuing the verb. This research, which uses a descriptive-analytical approach to Allameh Tabataba'i's thought and attitude about the existence of God in the system of existence and its reflection in the inscriptions of Islamic architecture as Islamic artworks, has been done through library data collection. The results show that after the revelation and understanding of the viewpoints and theories of the agency of God in the system of existence from the point of view of Allameh Tabatabai, as a theory of creation and formation, one can make artistic creations such as inscriptions in Islamic architecture and reflecting mystical ideas. Research aims: 1- To analyze the viewpoint of Allameh Tabatabai in regard to the agency of God in the universe. 2- To study the reflection of such a view in the inscriptions of Islamic structures. Research questions: 1- How is the viewpoint of Allameh Tabatabai in regard to the agency of God in the universe? 2- How is such an outlook reflected in the inscriptions of Islamic structures?

Background: Fungi are one of the main causes of degradation in feeds and foodstuffs. Fungal infections in plants can result in reduced yield and quality of the products, which lead to economic losses. AflatoxinB1 (AFB1) is a secondary fungal metabolite produced in proper conditions. It is considered as a public health concern due to its adverse effect on human and animal. This study was carried out to determination of AFB1 in wheat flour and wheat bran samples of Alborz province factories. Methods: A total of 180 wheat flour and 60 wheat bran samples were collected from 20 Alborz province factories. HPLC method with immune-affinity chromatography was applied to measure AFB1 in three types of flour including Barbary, Tafton, and Sangag (A, B, and C). It was performed both in different manufactures and within three groups of flours regardless of the type of manufactures. Statistical analysis was conducted by the One-way ANOVA with post-hoc test. Results: According to the findings, 144 out of 180 wheat flour samples and 54 out of 60 wheat bran samples were found to be contaminated with AFB1. The amount of AFB1 in wheat flour and wheat bran samples was detected to be 0.01-0.5 ng/g and 0.06-0.99 ng/g, respectively. The highest means of AFB1 in Sangag, Barbary, and Tafton flours from different manufactures were 0.5, 0.4 and, 0.3 ng/g, respectively. In addition, no significant difference was found within three groups of Barbary (A), Tafton (B), and Sangag (C) flours samples (p>0.05). Despite the contamination of wheat flour and wheat bran samples, there was no contamination higher than the standard limit of Iran Standard Institute (ISRI) and European Union (EU) 2 ng/g, 5 ng/g, respectively. Conclusions: Since wheat flours are widely used in foods preparation, determination of contamination with AFB1 in wheat-based products is highly essential in order to prevent the potential adverse effects on health. As the level of AB1 in the current study was low, it is not a serious concern for consumers at this time.

Introduction: Tenofovir is a common therapy in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. Objective: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of nephropathy and proximal tubule disorder in HIV patients under tenofovir therapy. Patients and Methods: In this study, 160 HIV patients under tenofovir therapy were enrolled and the prevalence of nephropathy and proximal tubule disorder was determined and compared. Results: We found, the proximal tubule involvement in 25%, 6.8%, 2.2% and 0% in first year, 2–5 years , 6–10 years and 11–18 years of disease involvement respectively, (P = 0.02). The mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) diminution was 2.15%, 10.53%, 12.6% and 17.79%, in the first, 2–5, 6–10, and 11–18 years, respectively, again showing a significant difference between years (P = 0.02). Proteinuria was seen in 13.1% of patients. Conclusion: We concluded that GFR diminution and proximal tubule involvement are common and important to be managed in HIV-positive patients under tenofovir therapy, and discontinuation of drug has no positive effect on GFR.

Organotin compounds in low doses have toxic effects. These components may contaminate food. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the type and level of organotin in food that are mainly contaminated with these compounds, as well as common detection methods. The research studies with keywords Organotin, Tributyltin, TBT, Food, Detection, Contamination, and Pollution were searched in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases, regardless of publication time. Two author independently investigated the publications. A number of 123 studies were obtained and only 9 articles were finally selected according to exclusion and inclusion criteria. Studies were selected which organotin components were detected in the food matrix. The important data were extracted. Meta-analysis was calculated for the amount of TBT in seafood. The most important of these compounds are TBT, TPhT, Dibutyltin (DBT) and di-n-octyltin (DOT). Surveys were conducted on three continents, Europe, America and Asia. Contaminated foods reportedly included seafood and edible oils, according to studies. TBT was investigated more than other tin components in food. The overall average estimate for TBT in seafood was estimated at 182.33 ng/g that This amount was more than maximum limit. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to treat the wastewater so that these harmful compounds do not reach the water of sea.

Induced heating-healing of asphalt concrete is rapidly emerging as an innovative repairing technique in pavement engineering. In this method, asphalt concrete is heated using the external electromagnetic field. As a result, the viscosity of the asphalt binder decreases, leading to the movement of the asphalt binder through the cracks and healing them. Researchers have been intensively investigating this technique as a potential practical method to heal the cracks and extend the service life of asphalt concrete and pavement. This review paper itemizes the applications of induced heating in pavement engineering. The induced healing, as the predominant application, was compared against the self-healing mechanism in asphalt concrete. Different types of heating sources and their effects on induced heating-healing of asphalt concrete were investigated. Different types of conductive additives (i.e., fiber, powder, and granular) are utilized to enhance the induced heating-healing efficiency. This study covers the influence of conductive additive type on the rate of induced heating-healing, thermal conductivity, heat transfer, temperature distributions, and mechanical characteristics of asphalt concrete. Besides, the effects of different parameters (i.e., mixture components, aggregate gradation and type, specimen dimension, breaking temperature, crack configuration, mechanical damage, aging, moisture/freeze-thaw damage) on the induced heating-healing process in asphalt concrete were introduced and discussed in detail. Afterward, the sustainability aspects of the induced heating-healing technique (i.e., cost, greenhouse gas emission, and energy consumption) were investigated and compared with existing asphalt concrete repairing methods. Finally, the existing challenges regarding the induced heating-healing technique and suggestions for future studies were presented.

By beginning of the year 2020, COVID-19 has spread all over the world. The virus has caused numerous social, medical, and political challenges. One of the major challenges faced by countries to control the outbreak of the virus was the stability of economic and social activities and the simultaneous fulfilling of work during quarantine. Under such circumstances, telework is employed as one of the important policies control the virus. Moreover, many employees have tendency for remote working or teleworking. In such a situation, the importance of applying the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) approach to fulfill job duties seems obvious. To enjoy the benefits of BYOD, organizations need the right policy for applying BYOD. This perspective endeavors to shed light on how to apply BYOD policy. From the researchers’ point of view, the important facets that could be addressed when applying BYOD can be described like this: policy is appropriate decision-making and implementation, technical infrastructure, continuous communication, staff training, security and privacy protocols, and agreement between staff and organization as well as the use of cloud computing.

Continuum‐scale models used to model and predict two‐phase flow in the subsurface are often based on averaged flow parameters and do not consider pore‐scale fluid flow phenomena, for example, ganglion dynamics and thin‐film flow. As such, a major challenge in upscaling two‐phase flow for groundwater engineering applications is understanding the impact of disconnected flow and ganglion dynamics on continuum‐scale flow functions such as relative permeability‐saturation and capillary pressure‐saturation curves. In this study, we explored how changes in wettability and fluid velocity affect ganglion dynamics. We conducted pore‐scale numerical simulations with OpenFOAM to investigate the displacement of decane by water. Additionally, we examined how displaced phase saturation (a continuum‐scale flow function) responds to changes in dynamic fluid connectivity. We identified three different fluid flow regimes, that is, the connected pathway flow regime, ganglion dynamics (GD) flow regime, and droplet traffic flow regime, and studied the effects of changes in the wettability of the porous medium and the velocity of the invading fluid on the transitions between these different regimes. Our research showed that transitions between connected and disconnected pore‐scale flow regimes, which are induced by changes in fluid velocity and wettability, have a significant impact on both fluid displacement efficiency and average fluid flow transport kinetics. Plain Language Summary: The transport and confinement of hydrocarbons, organic pollutants or carbon dioxide (CO2) within rock pores is a complicated process that occurs on a minuscule scale and is crucial to groundwater engineering activities. The interplay of intricate fluid dynamics and alterations in rock and fluid characteristics at the microscopic level can have a considerable influence on continuum‐scale flow properties. Continuum‐scale models used to predict fluid flow in the subsurface are usually based on averaged flow parameters and do not account for the physics that occur at the pore scale. This often leads to disparities between the flow predictions made at the pore scale and at the field scale. A long‐standing challenge in scaling up flow from the pore scale to the continuum scale lies in addressing the impact of disconnected fluid ganglia and ganglion dynamics on overall flow transport kinetics. This work aims to bridge this gap between the pore and continuum scales. We investigate the behavioral response of the saturation function (a continuum‐scale function) to wettability and flow rate‐induced changes in dynamic fluid connectivity. Key Points: Changes in wettability and fluid flow rate induce transitions between connected and disconnected pore‐scale flow regimesTransitions between pore‐scale flow regimes have significant effects on the saturation function and flow transport kineticsThe Lomeland, Ebeltoft, and Thomas (L‐E‐T) relative permeability model can capture the effects of pore‐scale changes in fluid connectivity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic has started worldwide since December 2019. Medical students, as front-line health care staff, are at high risk for coronavirus and mental disorders caused by it. In pandemic conditions, higher education institutions are asked to develop management approaches regarding epidemics and encourage positive health behaviors among students. Therefore, according to this issue, examining the knowledge, attitude, anxiety and adaptation strategies of Aja University of Medical Sciences students during the Covid-19 epidemic can be helpful to increase the adaptation strategies and management of students' performance in pandemic conditions. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, anxiety, and adaptation strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic in students of AJA University of Medical Sciences. Methods and Materials: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study was performed by available sampling method on 295 students of Aja University of Medical Sciences in 2021. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire including two sections of demographic information and related questions in 44 items. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: A total of 295 students from different fields of medicine filled the questionnaire. 98.27% of the participants were in the age group of 18 to 25 years and 92.54% of them were men. Their level of knowledge was estimated to be optimal (positive answer>70%). The anxiety level of students has not been too high. The students' response about adaptation strategies was shown to be above 70% in all questions. Moreover, there was not any significant relationship between demographic characteristics (gender, age, and field of study) with any of the variables of knowledge, attitude, anxiety, and adaptation strategies. Discussion and Conclusion: A high level of knowledge and adaptation strategies with Covid-19 anxiety was indicated among medical students, which may be due to appropriate educational programs to promote a safer lifestyle and prevent the transmission of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]