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Essential oils extracted by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of naturally growing and field grown plants of Salvia cryptantha Montbert & Aucher ex Benthan were analyzed by GC-MS. Furthermore, the chemical components of naturally growing and cultured plants in 2 consecutive years (2007-2008) were compared. The essential oils of plant materials investigated ranged from 1.20% up to 1.52%. Nine for naturally growing and 22 components for both 2007-08 field grown crops were characterized, representing 94.75%, 95.82%, and 93.35%, respectively. Valencene (31.80%), eucalyptol (23.61%), and β-pinene (15.63%) were recognized as major components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of two samples of freshMikania glaucaleaves collected in different periods were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and by GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Twenty compounds, representing 99% of the total oil composition, were identified and quantified in sample 1, while forty-five compounds, also representing 99% of the total oil composition, were identified in sample 2. The essential oils from the fresh leaves of both samples were rich in the terpenes. In sample 1 and 2, respectively, α-pinene (27% and 26%), β-pinene (22% and 36%), myrcene (24% and 18%), β-caryophyllene (9% and 6%) and bicyclogermacrene (8% and 4%) were the principal constituents. This demonstrated the predominance of monoterpene hydrocarbons in the essential oil ofM. glaucaand the influence of the collection period on the concentrations of the components. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Nopol was obtained by the Prins condensation of β-pinene and paraformaldehyde over Sn-MCM-41. The catalyst was synthesized by chemical vapor deposition using a Sn salt over MCM-41. Reactions were carried out using either high purity β-pinene or turpentine oil as a starting material. The effect of catalyst Sn loading, temperature, type of solvent, catalyst amount, and reaction time on nopol selectivity was studied. Catalyst samples were characterized by XRD, IR, UV-VIS, elemental analysis and BET surface area. Low Sn loaded Sn-MCM-41 yields near 100% nopol with high purity β-pinene; whereas using turpentine as β-pinene source, nopol selectivities up to 93% were attained for equimolar ratios of reactants.

The chemical composition of the essential oils of Perymenium grande Hemsl. var nelsonii (Robins. & Greenm.) Fay (Asteraceae) growing wild in Costa Rica was analyzed by capillary GC-FID and GC-MS. One hundred and two and one hundred and seven compounds were identified in the leaf and branch oils, respectively, corresponding to about 94.9% and 79.3% of the total amount of the oils. The leaf oil consists mainly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (50.3%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (33.8%). The major components of the leaf oil were β-caryophyllene (30.5%), β-pinene (12.4%), germacrene D (10.0%), β-phellandrene (9.8%) and α- pinene (8.9%). The branch oil consists mainly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (38.3%), monoterpene hydrocarbons (21.6%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (20.4%). The major components of the branch oil were α- isocomene (13.8%), α-pinene (7.4%), β-isocomene (5.2%), β-pinene (4.3%) and β-caryophyllene (4.3%). This is the first report of the chemical composition of the essential oils obtained from this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The easily accessible niobium pentahalides NbX5 (X=F, 1a; X=Cl, 1b; X=Br, 1c) and the tantalum TaF5 (2a) were applied for the first time as effective catalysts for the synthesis of poly-β-pinene at room temperature, adopting low catalyst content (0.6mM). 1H NMR analyses indicated that the produced β-pinene polymers were structurally identical to that formed by conventional cationic Lewis acid initiators. Niobium pentachloride gave low molecular weight (M n =1200–1600) polymer with high conversion degree. The effects of the main reaction parameters (i.e. solvent, temperature, catalyst concentration, time and eventual co-catalysts) on the NbCl5-promoted polymerization were investigated. Polymerization quenching with methanol resulted in the incorporation of a methoxy-end group into the polymer chain, thus confirming a cationic mechanism. On the other hand, NbI5, TaCl5, the carbamato-complexes M(O2CNEt2)5 (M=Nb, Ta) and the mononuclear adducts NbX5L [X=Cl, L=MeCN, Ph2CO or (NMe2)2CO; X=F, L=EtOH] were not active in β-pinene polymerization. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Litsea glaucescens (Lauraceae) has been used in Mexican Traditional Medicine to relieve illness related to central nervous system, such as epilepsy, fright and sadness. In this study, L. glaucescens essential oil properties on central nervous system were evaluated in mice using different behavioral tests. Materials and methods: The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. Identification of major compounds was also carried out by comparison with authentic samples. The psychopharmacological profile of L. glaucescens essential oil, and some its major compounds, were evaluated in mice using several experimental models: forced swimming test (FST: Antidepressant-like activity), open field test (OFT: Spontaneous locomotor activity), elevated plus-maze (EPM: Anxiolytic-like activity), exploratory cylinder (ECT: Sedative-like activity), rotarod (motor coordination) and traction performance (myo-relaxant effect) the essential oil and active principles was administered intraperitoneally. Results: The essential oil showed antidepressant-like activity at doses of 100 and 300mg/Kg. The monoterpenes β-pinene and linalool were identified as the two main active principles of the essential oil, and showed antidepressant-like and sedative-like activity. Eucalyptol, limonene and α-pinene they did not show antidepressant-like activity, and were not further tested. Conclusions: L. glaucescens essential oil showed antidepressant activity, β-pinene and linalool were identified as its active principles. These results support the use of L. glaucescens in Mexican Traditional Medicine for the treatment of sadness. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ternary (liquid+liquid) equilibria date for the (water+2-propanol+ α-pinene, or β-pinene) systems were measured at T = (293.15, 298.15, 303.15, and 308.15)K under atmospheric pressure. The experimental results were correlated using the extended and modified UNIQUAC models. The calculated results obtained from the modified UNIQUAC model successfully represent the experimental tie-line data. The temperature influence on liquid-phase equilibria was studied. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A review about nopol synthesis is included in this contribution. The traditional methodologies include the thermal synthesis and the use of ZnCl2 as a catalyst, and the emergent processes are the heterogeneous catalytic processes. The use of catalysts based on Sn supported on mesoporous materials, as reported by the Environmental Catalysis Research Group 10 years ago, is widely discussed. Among the reported procedures, the homogeneous catalytic processes have the disadvantage of costs associated with separation and treatment of inorganic salts generated during the processes. The commercial alternative for nopol production by heterogeneous catalytic processes should include reduction of costs associated with the production and regeneration of the catalysts. It should also include the minimization of the solvent required for compensating the requirements of time and energy associated with the thermal process with respect to the moderate reaction conditions of the heterogeneous catalytic processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic activity of Sn-MCM-41 and Sn-SBA-15 for nopol synthesis from β-pinene and paraformaldehyde was compared in this work. The materials were prepared by the hydrothermal and the incipient wetness impregnation methods using stannous chloride as Sn precursor. In contrast to hydrothermal methods, impregnation leads to more active and selective materials for nopol production from β-pinene. β-Pinene conversion over Sn-MCM-41 and Sn-SBA-15 was similar. In the materials obtained by hydrothermal procedures, Sn(IV) species were detected as bulk SnO2 in MCM-41 and isomorphously substituting Si in SBA-15. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf essential oils of the seven endemic New Caledonian species of the genus Melaleuca have been examined. Melaleuca sphaerodendra var. microphylla and Melaleuca brevisepala produced oils in which β-caryophyllene (28.8% and 26.8% respectively) was the principal component. α-Pinene (24.8%) and β-caryophyllene (14.1%) were the principal compounds detected in the leaf oil of Melaleuca pancheri. Melaleuca brongniartii produced an oil in which the principal monoterpenes were γ-pinene (23.3%), β-pinene (10.3%) and limonene (19.8%). γ-Terpinene (15.2%), p-cymene (12.8%) and terpinolene (17.5%) were the major components in the leaf essential oil of Melaleuca buseana, whereas the leaf oil of Melaleuca dawsonii contained a-pinene (12.8%) and α-phellandrene (10.3%) as principal components. In Melaleuca gnidioides α-pinene (23.6%), β-pinene (13.6%) and spathulenol (14.7%) were the major components. All of these oils differed from the leaf oil of Melaleuca quinquenervia, an indigenous New Caledonian species also found in Australia and New Guinea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Although solid niobium has a high surface area, its high Lewis and Brønsted acidity is a drawback that always compromises its catalytic performance in oxidation reactions. In this work, treating the niobium catalyst with hydrogen peroxide circumvents this disadvantage and results in a significant increase in the selectivity of the oxidation of β-pinene. In addition, the efficiency of the niobium catalysts supported on MCM was investigated. Nb-MCM//H2O2 and Nb-MCM were the most active catalysts. Good selectivity of up to 85% at a 93–97% substrate conversion has been achieved. The catalyst can easily be recovered and reused several times without loss in activity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil and three of its main components 1,8-cineole (27.23%), α-pinene (19.43%) and β-pinene (6.71%) were evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activities and toxicology properties. R. officinalis L. essential oil possessed similar antibacterial activities to α-pinene, and a little bit better than β-pinene, while 1,8-cineole possessed the lowest antibacterial activities. R. officinalis L. essential oil exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity towards three human cancer cells. Its inhibition concentration 50% (IC50) values on SK-OV-3, HO-8910 and Bel-7402 were 0.025‰, 0.076‰ and 0.13‰ (v/v), respectively. The cytotoxicity of all the test samples on SK-OV-3 was significantly stronger than on HO-8910 and Bel-7402. In general, R. officinalis L. essential oil showed greater activity than its components in both antibacterial and anticancer test systems, and the activities were mostly related to their concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alkylation of phenol by β-pinene using Al(OPh) as a catalyst was studied. It was found that the composition of the products depended on the ratio of starting materials. The principal products were chromane-type ethers with an equimolar ratio of starting materials and an excess of phenol. ortho-Alkylated phenol and an ether with a terpene substituent of bornyl structure were formed with a two-fold excess of β-pinene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The essential oil obtained by the hydrodistillation of the leaves of Rhododendron lepidotum L growing wild in the high Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir was analyzed by a combination of capillary GC-FID and GC/MS analytical techniques. The study led to the identification and quantification of 34 chemical constituents belonging to different classes of compounds and accounting for 94.2% of the total oil composition. The oil composition is dominated by the presence of monoterpene hydrocarbons (78.9%). The principal components were α-pinene and β-pinene (54.4% and 12.5% respectively) along with limonene (6.5%), γ-terpinene (2.2%), bornyl acetate (2.8%) and α-humulene (4.2%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-Pinene, an oxygenated monoterpene, is one of the major monoterpenes emitted into the atmosphere from forest areas and trees. Besides, it is a principal component of essential oils of a number of aromatic plants, which are involved in a variety of ecological interactions, including allelopathy, in the natural environment. However, studies pertaining to phytotoxicity and biochemical effect(s) of β-pinene are largely lacking. We investigated the effect of β-pinene (0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.20, 0.40 and 0.80 mg/ml) in a dose- and time-dependent manner on early seedling growth, dry weight accumulation, photosynthetic pigments and changes in macromolecule (protein and carbohydrate) content and activities of enzymes-proteases, α- and β-amylases, polyphenol oxidases and peroxidases- in rice ( Oryza sativa) after 3rd, 5th and 7th day of exposure. β-pinene (≥0.04 mg/ml) significantly reduced the root (by 13-87%) and coleoptile (by 5-80%) length of rice. Exposure to β-pinene reduced total chlorophyll content in rice coleoptiles suggesting a negative impact on photosynthesis. The content of macromolecules (proteins and carbohydrates) enhanced significantly in response to β-pinene, whereas the activities of hydrolyzing enzymes-proteases, α-amylases, and β-amylases-declined (by 30-85, 26-84, 27-74%, respectively) in β-pinene-exposed seedlings. In contrast, the activities of peroxidases (POX) and polyphenol oxidases (PPO) enhanced significantly (by 16-152 and 53-290%, respectively) in rice roots in response to β-pinene in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Increased activities of POX and PPO indicate their involvement in providing protection and/or conferring resistance against β-pinene-induced stress. The study concludes that β-pinene inhibits the early growth of rice by altering the plant biochemical status and enhancing activities of POXs and PPOs involved in general plant defense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of essential oils from unripe and ripe fruits of Piper amalago L. var. medium (Jacq.) Yunck and Piper hispidum Sw. was examined using GC/MS analysis. The analysis of oils from P. amalago revealed a predominance of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and 65 compounds were identified; their main constituents are: (E)-nerolidol (14.2% and 19.9%), germacrene-D-4-ol (10.3% and 12.7%), α-cadinol (11.1% and 8.2%) in 99.6% and 98.7% of the compounds for unripe and ripe fruits, respectively. Piper hispidum revealed a predominance of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, from which we identified 53 compounds including: α-copaene (28.7% and 36.2%), α-pinene (13.9% and 7.1%), β-pinene (13.3% and 7.5%), and (E)-nerolidol (2.9% and 7.0%) which represented 97.8% and 98.1% of the compound constituents for unripe and ripe fruits, respectively. The essential oils of fruits of P. amalago and P. hispidum are reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eugenia copacabanensis Kiaersk. (Myrtaceae) is restricted to salt marshes or restinga areas along the southeastern coast of Brazil. This work analyzes the leaf secretory structures and volatile compounds produced in E. copacabanensis plants collected in the Marambaia Restinga of Rio de Janeiro City. Simultaneous-distillation extraction (SDE), when combined with GC-FID and GC/MS analyses, revealed α-pinene (20.2%) and β-pinene (50.4%) as the major volatiles of this plant, proving that it is rich in monoterpenes. trans-Caryophyllene (10.3%) was the only sesquiterpene identified. Using light microscopy, E. copacabanensis leaves presented numerous randomly distributed oil secretory cavities in the mesophyll, while histochemical tests showed the presence of terpenoids and lipophilic substances accumulated in secretory cavities and parenchyma cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemistry of the different components of turpentine and the effect of temperature on the synthesis of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by spray pyrolysis using ferrocene as catalyst in a temperature range of 700-1000°C at 100°C intervals was investigated. Turpentine with high α-pinene concentration (83.4%) and low β-pinene concentration (8.22%), as well as pure α-pinene and β-pinene, were used as carbon sources. The MWCNTs were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetrical analysis. When using turpentine, the optimum temperature to produce high yields of crystalline MWCNTs was 800°C. A comparative analysis between pure α- and β-pinene reveals that α-pinene produces more crystalline MWCNTs than β-pinene at 800°C, indicating that α-pinene is the active component in turpentine for the production of crystalline MWCNTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable β-pinene and natural rubber (NR) were used in the cross-metathesis reactions for the synthesis of terpene-terminated oligomers. The metathesis was carried out under solvent-free conditions using the second generation Grubbs catalyst ( I). Isolated yields of oligomers were high and ranged between 80 and 90%. It was shown that the molecular weights of products may be changed in a wide range by controlling the ratio of β-pinene to NR. The formation of β-pinene and NR cross-metathesis products during chain transfer was confirmed using a model reaction of β-pinene with ( Z)-3-methyl-2-pentene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A series of experiments have been carried out in the York University smog chamber designed to study the products and pathways of the HO radical oxidation of β-pinene. Experiments on the oxidation of β-pinene and its most prominent oxidation product, pinaketone, by HO radicals with initial NO ranging from 0 to 2.5 ppm have been undertaken. An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (API) mass spectrometer was operated for online, real-time identification and time profiling of the gas phase oxidation products. The formation of six organic nitrate products has been distinguished of which two have been assigned identifications, C10 dihydroxy nitrate (C10H17NO5) and nitrooxy-pinaketone (C9H13NO4). The real-time profiling and sensitivity to initial NO mixing ratio of each product has provided new insight into the β-pinene + HO radical oxidation mechanism. The distinguished products exhibited either no sensitivity or enhanced formations upon increasing the initial NO mixing ratio. The results also provide evidence supporting the formation of higher order organic nitrate products with formation pathways independent of pinaketone oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present work describes the novel application of sulfated zirconia (SZ) solid acid catalysts for the synthesis of nopol via Prins condensation of β-pinene and paraformaldehyde. SZ catalysts with different percentages of sulfur loadings have been synthesized and characterized using various physico-chemical techniques like PXRD, FT-IR, surface area analysis and NH3–TPD studies. The influences of various reaction parameters such as sulfur loading, reaction temperature, molar ratio of reactants, reaction time, solvent effect and reusability of the catalyst have been investigated. SZ catalyst synthesized by impregnation of 2N sulfuric acid solution over Zr(OH)4 was found to be a highly selective catalyst for β-pinene conversion (>99%) with ∼99% selectivity to nopol. The catalyst could be reused up to five cycles with minor loss in catalytic activity for β-pinene conversion, while the nopol selectivity remains unaffected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Nopol production over impregnated Sn-MCM-41 under several reaction conditions was examined and compared with Sn-MCM-41 materials previously synthesized by CVD or hydrothermal procedures. The effect of solvent on catalytic activity of Sn-MCM-41 materials and leaching tests of impregnated samples were also assessed. Selected materials were characterized by BET, XPS and H2-TPR. The effect of solvent was explained in terms of polarity by the solvatochromic parameter, E T(30), and paraformaldehyde solubility by the Hansen solubility parameter (HSP). Nopol selectivity was enhanced at intermediate values of E T(30), and the highest β-pinene conversion was obtained when the HSP was close to 18.2MPa0.5. Leaching experiments confirmed that the reaction was truly heterogeneous. Catalysts characterization suggested that tin was deposited as tin oxide nanoparticles, when MCM-41 was modified by CVD and impregnation with stannic and stannous chloride, respectively. Conversely, most of the tin hydrothermally incorporated is presumably present as aggregates in the inner walls of MCM-41 and a small fraction of tin isomorphously substituted silicon atoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Senecio rufinervis D.C (Asteraceae) is a tall aromatic herb, commonly found in Uttarakhand, India. No investigations on the biological activity of this plant have been published so far. Hence, this plant species became a subject of our scientific interest. Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition and analgesic activity of Senecio rufinervis essential oil in mice using both thermal and chemical models of pain. Materials and methods: Essential oil from dried leaves of Senecio rufinervis was extracted by steam distillation and then subjected to GC-MS analysis. Varying doses of essential oil were given to mice, 30 min prior to the induction of abdominal constrictions and determination of mean reaction time in hot-plate maintained at 55° ± 0.5°C. Results: The main component detected in the essential oil of Senecio rufinervis was germacrene D (40.19%) followed by β-pinene (12.23%), β-caryophyllene (6.21%) and β-longipinene (4.15%). Essential oil exhibited significant and dose-dependent analgesic activity against acetic acid-induced writhing in mice. The percentage inhibition in number of writhes produced by 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg doses was, respectively, 69, 80 and 85%. The oil, at doses 50 and 75 mg/kg, significantly increased the mean latency in the hot-plate after 15 and 30 min of drug administration as compared to the control group. Discussion and conclusion: The results depicted both central and peripheral analgesic activity of S. rufinervis essential oil which was attributed to the presence of terpenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This work is focused on the bioconversion of (−)β-pinene and R-(+)-limonene to α-terpineol. To carry out the present study, 400 microorganisms were tested for their ability to bioconvert the substrates. From the microorganisms, no one was able to convert R-(+)-limonene and 4 were able to bioconvert (−)-β-pinene to oxygenated monoterpenes. The metabolites recovered were α-terpineol (2856.54 ± 50.23 mg/L) and fenchol (traces) for Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404, α-terpineol (688.13 ± 41.27 mg/L) for A. niger ATCC 9642, α-terpineol (172.07 ± 32.94 mg/L) for A. niger ATCC 1004 and α-terpineol (24.38 ± 2.78 mg/L) and trans-pinocarveol (traces) for Penicillium camembertii ATCC 4845. After screening and optimization experiments, the best experimental condition for bioconversion of (−)β-pinene to α-terpineol was established using A. niger ATCC 16404 at 35 °C without addition of vitamin solution, yielding a conversion in α-terpineol of 15494.34 ± 193.87 mg/L. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, rhizomes and roots of Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith and a white-flowered variety known as Thai queen, and Etlingera littoralis (Koenig) Giseke were analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. The oils of E. elatior were dominated by mono- and sesquiterpenoids, with the major components being myrcene (13.5%), α-humulene (11.8%) and β-caryophyllene (10.7%) in the leaf oil, and camphene (18.0%) and β-pinene (16.9%) in the oils from the rhizomes and roots, respectively. The oil profiles of the Thai queen cultivar were similar, except for a much higher level of a-pinene (24.4%) and a lower concentration of myrcene in the leaf oil, and markedly increased proportions of dodecanol and dodecanal in both the oil of the leaves (18.9% and 15.9%, respectively) and that of the rhizomes and roots (12.9% and 10.6%, respectively). The oils of E. littoralis were characterized by high levels of phenylpropanoids, principally (E)-methyl isoeugenol at 37.7% in the leaf oil and 58.1% in the oils from the rhizomes and roots, the complete absence of non-terpenic aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes, and the occurrence of 8(14), 15-sandaracopimaradien-3β-ol and 7, 15-isopimaradien-3β-ol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of leaves (LV), flowers (FL) and fruits (FR) of Hypericum hircinum subsp. majus from Marche (Italy), were analyzed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Ninety-two volatile components were identified in the oils, representing 81.41-94.36% of the total oils. The major compounds were cis-β-guaiene (23.25-41.23%) and δ-selinene (8.48-25.20%) in LV, δ-selinene (18.29%) and limonene (15.23%) in FL, limonene (14.01-38.72%) and β-pinene (9.88-16.31%) in FR. The oils from LV and FL were dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, whilst the FR oils were rich in monoterpenes. Seasonal changes in relative percentages of representative groups and compounds of the oils were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil from aerial parts of Tanacetum larvatum (Gris.) Kanitz, an endemic perennial herb collected at three various natural habitats in Montenegro (Planinica [Sample a], Visitor [Sample b] and Sinjajevina [Sample c]), were analyzed using GC and GC/MS. Sixty-four components were identified, representing 83.1%, 96.6% and 89.4% of the total oils content in the Samples a, b and c, respectively. The major constituent in Samples a and b, was oxygenated monoterpene, trans-sabinyl acetate (38.1% and 55.8% respectively). Monoterpene hydrocarbons, β-pinene (13.5%) and santolinatriene (30.6%), were found to be the dominant components in Sample c. The toxic trans-sabinyl acetate was present only in traces in this sample. trans-Chrysanthenyl acetate, as one of major components in feverfew essential oil, has not been previously identified in the investigated essential oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commercial kunzea oil (Ducane kunzea oil) was analyzed by GC/MS and GC-FID and its composition was compared with that of oils from four individual Kunzea ambigua plants and five other Kunzea spp. A total of 64 components were detected in the studied oils. Ducane kunzea oil contained monoterpenes (70%) including α-pinene (48.3%), 1,8-cineole (14.5%) and α-terpineol (1.9%). Oils from individual K. ambigua plants varied significantly in their content of α-pinene (0.6-62.5%), 1,8-cineole (0-11.2%), bicyclogermacrene (0.4-14%), spathulenol (0.5-12.2%), globulol (0.5-22.6%) and viridiflorol (0.3-38%). The oils from five other Kunzea spp. had significant compositional differences from each K. ambigua oil. Kunzea sp. "Badja Carpet" had a high b-pinene content (56.1%), K. muelleri contained significant levels of allo-aromadendrene (8.0%), spathulenol (7.0%) and, among all the analyzed oils, it had the highest level of bicyclogermacrene (15.7%). Kunzea affinis contained significant levels of p-cymene (26.2%) and γ-terpinene (12.2%). Kunzea parvifolia gave an oil rich in γ-terpinene (36.5%) and p-cymene (5.0%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of Keggin-type heteropolyacids (HPAs) have been explored for cationic polymerization of β-pinene in an attempt to substitute traditional polymerization catalyst Lewis acids. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, TGA, acid strengths of the catalysts were measured with Hammett indicators. Among them, 12-phosphotungstic acid (PW12) exhibits much higher catalytic activity. The effects of solvent, calcination temperature and reaction temperature on the catalytic performance were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils obtained from leaves and roots of Aralia cachemirica were analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. A total of 25 constituents, representing 9.14 % in leaf essential oil and 26 components, representing 96.5% in root essential oil were identified. Both leaf and root oils were characterized by the presence of β-pinene (41.0%, 52.7%) and β-pinene (35.1%, 13.6%) as the major constituents. Other constituents identified in significant amount were β-caryophyllene, terpinen-4-ol, myrtenol and borneol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main constituents of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) released in the atmosphere from vegetation are terpenes. The most common terpenes are α-pinene and β-pinene. These molecules react with ozone, forming oxidized derivatives which have low vapor pressure and which nucleate into secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Such aerosol-forming reactions have been simulated in the gas phase on laboratory scale with the visualization of the formation of SOA. Electronic absorption spectroscopy shows that the UV peak of pinenes at 205 nm is shifted to 225 nm during and after ozonolysis and is accompanied by a series of spectral features in the near infrared region (between 850 nm and 1100 nm). Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) spectra were recorded on pure β(+)pinene and β(-)pinene. After ozonolysis β-pinene enantiomers are converted into nopinone enantiomers. The ORD spectra of both (-)nopinone and (+)nopinone respectively were recorded. The former showed a peak at 453 nm, an inflection point at 430 nm and a trough at 405 nm. The ORD spectrum of (-)-nopinone appears completely symmetrical to that of (+)nopinone. Thus, ORD spectroscopy can distinguish between BVOC and oxidized BVOC quite easily at least in the case of β-pinene. The ORD spectra of α-pinene enantiomers are different from those of β-pinene enantiomers and although the ORD spectra of ozonized α-pinene are not easily distinguishable from those of the primary compounds, they are completely different from those of ozonized β-pinene enantiomers. A reasonable natural model of BVOC is offered by l- and d-turpentine oil whose composition reflects that of the BVOC from conifer forests. The ORD spectra of ozonized l- and d-turpentine has permitted to distinguish between the levorotatory and dextrorotatory oxidation products and showing the ketone peak at about 367-380 nm, thus permitting in a real model to distinguish between primary BVOC (turpentine) and oxidized BVOC (or SOA) corresponding to ozonized turpentine. It has been proposed that ORD spectra in the gas phase could be used to detect chiral BVOC and oxidized chiral BVOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile constituents of the essential oil of Valeriana alliariifolia Adams growing wild in Kurdistan, Iran were investigated by the GC and GC/MS techniques. Among the 26 compounds represented, 20 (96.3%) of them were identified as oil. The main components were: trans-caryophyllene (38.96%), β-pinene (12.06%), α-pinene (9.94%), α-terpinene (9.49%), isoterpinolene (7.15%), 1,8-cineole (6.76%), 1-borneol (3.27%) and calarene (2.26%). Some of the physicochemical properties, such as the logarithm of calculated octanol-water partitioning coefficients (log Kow), total biodegradation (TBd in mol h-1 and g h-1), water solubility (Sw, mg L-1 per 25°C) and median lethal concentration 50 (LC50) were calculated for the components 1-20 of V. alliariifolia Adams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils of Protium bahianum fruit and leaves obtained through water distillation were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS, and their acaricidal activity was also evaluated using Tetranychus urticae as model. Twentynine components were identified in the oils. The main component of the fruit oil was a-pinene (34.0%) whereas aromadendrene (20.3%) was the major component of the leaf oil. The leaf oil exhibited a higher lethality rate with LC50 of 3.5 mL/L of air after 24 h exposure. The fruits oil showed LC50 of 9.1 mL/L of air and was repellent at 1% concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of their continuing studies on the constituents of the genus Duguetia, these authors have studied the composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from the leaves of two species, and the results are reported here. A hydrodistilled oils obtained from the leaves of Duguetia gardneriana and Duguetia moricandiana were analyzed by GC/MS. The oils showed a total of 33 components. Germacrene D (28.1%), viridiflorene (24.0%), b-pinene (12.6%), a-pinene (9.1%) and b-caryophyllene (5.6%) were found to be the major individual constituents of D. gardneriana oil. The leaf oil of D. moricandiana was dominated by germacrene D (44.3%), a-pinene (13.0%), viridiflorene (9.3%), b-pinene (9.2%) and b-caryophyllene (6.8%). The oils were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 11 pathogenic microorganisms using standard gel diffusion method. The essential oil of D. gardneriana showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida guilliermondii, while the essential oil of D. moricandiana was more active against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The composition of the essential oil from leaves and branches of Beilschmiedia pendula growing wild in Costa Rica was determined by capillary GC-FID and GC/MS. Sixty eight and 67 compounds were identified in the leaf and branch oils respectively corresponding to about 84.3% and 96.7% of the total amount of the oils. The leaf oil consists mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons (27.4%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (33.0%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (16.3%). The major components of the leaf oil were b-pinene (10.4%), b-caryophyllene (8.6%), a-pinene (7.9%) and bicyclogermacrene (7.2%). The branch oil consists mainly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (59.3%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (24.9%). The major components of the branch oil were b-caryophyllene (17.3%), b-selinene (9.1%), bicyclogermacrene (8.9%), a-cadinol (5.8%) and spathulenol (4.6%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New and efficient Keggin heteropolyacid (HPA) catalysts were explored for β-pinene (PI) cationic polymerization. Among them, 12-phosphotungstic acid (PW12) dehydrated at 200 °C exhibited high catalytic activity. The overall PI conversion was up to 96.53%, and the obtained polymer product yield was 60.85%. In order to study this new catalyzed reaction, special techniques of FT-IR, 1H-NMR, XRD, and XPS were used in this paper, and it was shown that the crystal structure of the heteropoly anion was not destroyed during the reaction. The protons dissociating from the catalyst played an important role in the polymerization and the HPAs had two important functions: polymerization initiator, and the counter-anion of the growing cation center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The leaf oils from five Myrtaceae species growing in the restinga forest of Carapebus, on the southeastern Brazilian coast, were obtained by hycirodistillation and analyzed by CC/MS. Eugenia punicifolia oil contained only sesquiterpenes, with predominance of ~-elemene (22.1%) followed by β-caryophyllene (8.5%) and components of the selinane (24.8%) and cadinane (14.0%) skeletal-types. Eugeriia sulcata oil had the highest content of monoterpenes, among which α-pinene (12.2%), β-pinene (10.8%) and 1,8-cineole (19.6%) predominated. This profile was completed with 23.5% of caryophyllane and humulane derivatives. α-Pinene also appeared significantly (18.8%) in Eugenia rotundifolia, followed by small amounts of α-terpineol (4.4), while limonene (4.7%) and 1,8-cineole (6.8%) were the main monoterpenes in Myrciaria floribunda. The chemical profile of Neornitranthes obscura was also dominated by selinane-type sesquiterpenes: α-cadinene (23.4%), selina-3,7(11)-diene (13.9%), β-selinene (8.5%) and α-selinene(5.5%), followed bytraces of pinenes, limonene and 1,8-cineole(2.4%). Total cyclic sesquiterpene alcohols, esters and epoxides decreased from 55.5% in E. rotundifolia to 8.6% in M. floribunda. However, the latter species contained 26.9% of (E)-nerolidol in the oil composition. Traces of ketones (up to 3.1%) are present in E. punicifolia, N. obscura and M. floribunda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the chemical constituents of the essential oils of the three peppers were determined by using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method. Experimental results revealed that qualitative and quantitative differences in chemical composition of the essential oils of the three peppers could be detected. The main constituents of three kinds of pepper essential oils were à-Pinene; Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)-; 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-; β-Pinene; Limonen-6-ol, pivalate; (E)-3(10)-Caren-4-ol; and TRANS-CARYOPHYLLENE. Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane, 4-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl)-; isocaryophillene; and Bufa-20,22-dienolide, 14-hydroxy-3-oxo-, (5á)- were detected only in essential oil of black pepper from GuangDong province. 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, trans-; Copaene; Eudesma-4(14),11-diene; and trans-9-Octadecenoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester were detected only in essential oil of black pepper from YunNan province. 1,2-Dihydropyridine, 1-(1-oxobutyl)-; and 1-Chloroeicosane were detected only in essential oil of black pepper from FuJian province. The results of this study indicated that the chemical compositions of pepper essential oils were greatly influenced by different production areas and its effective constituents might be considered as a potent source for the production of fine natural medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of three terpenes (citral, linalool and β-pinene), in combination with a mild heat treatment (55°C, 15min). The study has been carried out on an orange based soft drink inoculated using a wild strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results, expressed as growth/no-growth data, were analyzed with the logistic regression. A model comprising only of significant individual parameters (p ≤0.05) and describing the relationships between terpene concentrations and the probability of having stable beverages was obtained. When citral and β-pinene were combined, the citral concentration required to achieve a 50% probability of having stable bottles (P =0.5) dropped from 100.9µL/L in the absence of β-pinene to 49.3µL/L in the presence of 20µL/L of β-pinene. The mixture of citral and linalool was less effective, in fact, the same probability (P =0.5) was obtained combining 60µL/L of linalool with 35.1µL/L of citral. The addition of 20µL/L of linalool and β-pinene reinforced citral bioactivity and the concentration of citral needed to reach P =0.5 fell from 100.9µL/L in the presence of citral alone to 42.0µL/L. The presence of both linalool and β-pinene at a concentration of 40 or 60µL/L in the absence of citral led to a lower spoilage probability (P =0.58 and P =0.93, respectively). It can be concluded that the antimicrobial potential of the three terpenes alone can be strengthened combining appropriate concentrations of each of them. This study confirmed also the potentiating effect of a mild temperature treatment on the antimicrobial efficacy of the molecules. Neither the thermal treatment alone nor the presence of the terpenes at their maximum concentrations (without thermal treatment) were able to guarantee the microbial stability of the beverages. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The essential oil compositions of the upper parts of six Lomatium species, Lomatium brandegei , Lomatium eastwoodiae, Lomatium graveolens, Lomatium howelii, Lomatium junceum and Lomatium parryi, were determined by comparing the reported GC, GC/MS data of the oil components as well as by comparing the GC/MS retention times and the mass spectra of several other components with authentic samples. The Indra swallowtail butterfly has been observed to lay eggs on these Lomatium species. A principal component analysis of the essential oil composition of the six species against the essential oil of Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum, a non-Indra swallowtail butterfly host, was conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a summary review of the major biological features concerning the essential oil of turpentine, its origin and use in traditional and modern medicine. More precisely, the safety of this volatile fraction to human health, and the medical, biological and environmental effects of the two major compounds of this fraction (α- and β-pinenes) have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrodistilled essential oils of the flowers and leaves of Laserpitium zernyi Hayek were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Fifty-five compounds were identified in the flower oil (96.8% of total oil) and 58 in the leaf oil (89.4% of total oil). Both oils were characterised by the high amount of monoterpenes (59.1-75.6%), whereas sesquiterpenes were present in smaller quantity (21.2-29.2%). The main compounds in the flower oil were sabinene (18.5%), limonene (12.0%), β-phellandrene (12.0%) and terpinen-4-ol (10.6%), while in the leaf oil the most dominant were β-pinene (20.0%) and terpinen-4-ol (12.0%). The antimicrobial activity of the oils was determined using the agar diffusion and broth microdilution method against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, St. epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and a yeast Candida albicans. The best inhibitory effect (MIC 0.6 mg/mL) was exhibited by the flower oil against St. epidermidis, K. pneumoniae and C. albicans, the leaf oil against M. lutens, and both oils against E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil of peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.) from the USA, a dementholized cornmint oil (M. canadensis L.), and a fraction of the dementholized cornmint oil were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. The main constituents of the three samples analyzed were menthone (23.4%, 20.4% and 58.3%, respectively) and menthol (40.7%, 41.2% and 12.3%, respectively). The two oils, the cornmint oil fraction and seven mint oil compounds [(-)-menthol, (-)-menthone, (+/-)-menthyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, limonene, β-pinene and β-caryophyllene] were investigated for their antimicrobial effects against two Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis), five Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella sp.) and the yeast Candida aibicans using a modified agar dilution and agar diffusion method. Medium to high antimicrobial effects were found for both oils, the dementholized cornmint oil fraction, and the target-compounds against all Gram-positive bacteria, whereas against the Gram-negative bacteria and the yeast, one or more samples showed only weak or no activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of essential oils of five aromatic Asteraceae native of Chile was examined using GC and GC/MS. In the oil of Gnaphalium philippi Cabrera, 25 compounds were identified, with (E)-nerolidol (44.3%) and dodecanoic acid (8.7%) predominating. Seventeen compounds were identified in the oil of Leptocarpha rivularis DC., with caryophyllene oxide (25.2%), β-caryophyllene (21.1%), and α-thujone (11.9%) being the major ones. In the oil of Ophryosporus pinifolius (Phil.) King et H. Robinson, 23 compounds were identified, with limonene (35.9%) and β-caryophyllene (9.4%) being the major constituents. Eleven compounds were identified in the oil of Senecio adenotrichius DC., dehydrofukinone (70.9%) being the major one. In the oil of Senecio zoellneri Martic. et Quez., 21 compounds were identified, the predominant ones being δ-3-carene (19.5%), β-phellandrene (18.0%), β-pinene (16.4%), and α-pinene (10.8%). Monoterpenes predominated in O. pinifolius and S. zoellneri , and sesquiterpenes predominated in C. philippi, L. rivularis, and S. adenotrichius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An atmospheric pressure chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometer has been coupled to a smog chamber to study the products of atmospherically important hydrocarbon oxidation reactions. Traditional MS and MS/MS scan modes were used to identify ion signals arising from possible reaction products and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was used to follow a number of these as target→fragment ion pairs over the course of the reaction. Mechanistic information has been inferred from the time dependence of product signals. MRM profiling has allowed the identification of interferences that occur due to isobaric ions resulting from the formation of isobaric products and/or clustering, which can be undetectable using the MS and MS/MS modes. Differences in product formation rate results in variations of their MRM ion pair onset and time profile therefore allowing separation to be observed. This method was tested during a study of the products of the HO radical oxidation of β-pinene. The oxidation product pinaketone (MW 138) has been shown to have interferences at its (M+H)+, m/z 139, being more accurately monitored using its (M+H+H2O)+ cluster ion pairs, 157→139 and 157→121. Furthermore, the time dependence of the ion pair 157→111 has lead to the identification of a more highly oxidized acid-aldehyde product. It has been determined that an organic nitrate contributing to m/z 216 based on its time dependence relative to pinaketone cannot be the expected simple C10 hydroxynitrate product but rather a more highly oxidized C9 nitrate. Using MRM to follow ion signals as a function of reaction time has proven to be a valuable addition to existing mass spectrometric acquisition modes for reaction product determination. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Leaf essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Eucalyptus citriodora Hook., E. tordlliana Hook., E. macuIota Hook., E. nesophila Blakely and E. polycarpa F. Muell. (genus Eucalyptus, subgenus Corymbia) were analyzed by CC and GC/MS. The oil contents from the leaves of E. citriodora and E. maculata were greater than 2%; while the oils from the leaves of E. torelliana, E. nesophila and E. polycarpa were less than 1%. With the exception of E. citriodora oil, the composition of the other oils were found to vary significantly according species and the individual trees. Eucalyptus citriodora oil was a citronellal type (citronellal: 64.5-75.4%; citronellol: 8-11%). The main chemical types of E. torelliana in the Congo-Brazzaville were the pinene-type (17-78%), the citronellyl acetate-type (55.5%), and the globulol-type (20-26%). The major components of the E. nesophila oils were either α-pinene, or viridiflorol, which suggests the existence of an α-pinene-type and a viridiflorol-type. Eucalyptus polycarpa oils were found to he mainly rich in β-pinene (14-41%), globulol (20%), viridiflorol (23.4%), aromadendrene (8.3%) and γ-terpinene (5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of the chemical investigations of the essential oils from the flowers, leaves, stems and rhizome of Peucedanum officinale are presented. The essential oil contents were 1.21% (v/w) in flowers, 0.64% (v/w) in leaves, 0.08% (v/w) in stems and 0.24% (v/w) in rhizome. By GC and GC/MS analysis, in all four oils the total of 132 compounds was identified: 53 constituents (93.4% of total amount) in the oil obtained from the flowers, 70 (94.3% of total amount) in the oil from the leaves, 78 (87.8% of total amount) in the oil from the stems and 67 (95.9% of total amount) in the oil from rhizome. In all oils investigated, monoterpenes were the dominant class of constituents (73.9-83.7%), with hydrocarbons (65.6-81.6%) as the most abundant representatives. Limonene, α-pinene and sabinene were identified as the most important constituents in common for all four oils. In the oil from the flowers, leaves and stems, β-pinene and myrcene were also abundant. However, the flower oil differed from the others by a significant quantity of α-phellandrene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: We have performed a coordinated set of experiments to measure the electron impact ionisation and UV photoabsorption cross sections of α- and β-pinene. The adiabatic ionisation energies of α- and β-pinene were derived from experiment and found to be 8.3 and 8.6eV which compared well with high-level quantum chemical calculations (G3MP2) yielding values of 8.29 and 8.41eV. Additionally, vertical ionisation energies of 8.62 and 8.96eV were calculated using an OVGF method. UV photoabsorption cross sections were measured using a high-resolution synchrotron radiation source and electronic states interpreted on the basis of the TD quantum chemical methods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor was developed in this study with the vegetable oil from olive (OLV-QCM) to detect an important volatile organic compound, β-pinene in Indian cardamom. Hydrophobic vegetable oil from olive, which contains oleic acid and omega-9, a monounsaturated fatty acid was found to be suitable for binding β-pinene through non-covalent bonds. The fabricated QCM sensor coating was examined with the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine its surface morphology and chemical compositions. The sensitivity, reproducibility, repeatability, and reusability were studied for the developed sensor. Notably, the sensor was observed to be highly selective towards β-pinene as compared to the other volatile components present in cardamom. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) parameters were determined as 5.57 mg L−1 and 18.57 mg L−1, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption isotherm models of the sensor were studied to validate the physical adsorption affinity towards β-pinene applying Langmuir, Freundlich, and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models. The sensor showed a correlation factor of 0.99 with the peak area percentage of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis for β-pinene in cardamom samples. The sensor was prepared with natural vegetable oil, unlike health hazard chemicals. In addition to this, the low-cost, easy fabrication process ensured the suitability of the sensor for practical deployment. [Display omitted] • Vegetable oil-modified low-cost QCM sensor to detect β-pinene in cardamom. • Uniform olive oil-coated sensor achieved by nebulisation technique. • The QCM sensor showed good selectivity and sensitivity for β-pinene aroma. • Sensor response exhibits a good correlation with GCMS analysis. • Sensor is made with natural product that is suitable for deployment in food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]