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Bu araştırma, 2010-2011 yılları arasında Trabzon ili Hayrat ilçesinde organik olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan bektaşiüzümü çeşidinde bazı fenolojik ve bitkisel özellikler (çiçeklenme tarihleri, hasat tarihleri, bitki boyu, bitkide sürgün sayısı, bitkide meyve sayısı, bitki başına verim) ile pomolojik özellikleri belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, organik olarak yetiştiriciliği yapılan 4 yaşlı, bektaşiüzümü (Ribes uva-crispa) türüne ait Mucurines çeşidi materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Çalışma, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrür-3 bitki kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre; bektaşiüzümü çeşidinin (Mucurines) Nisan ayında çiçeklenip, Haziran ayında hasat olgunluğuna geldiği gözlenmiştir. Bitki boyu 101.50 cm, bitkide sürgün sayısı 25.50 adet, bitkide meyve sayısı 42.00 adet, bitki başına verim 117.48 g; meyve ağırlığı 2.79 g, meyve boyu 16.10 mm, meyve eni 15.26 mm; SÇKM % 12,07, pH 2.97, TEA % 2.03, L 39.01, a 7.91, b 17.08 olarak tespit edilmiştir. This research was conducted between the years of 2010 and 2011 to determine some phenological, pomological and plant characteristics (flowering and harvest dates, plant height, shoot number of per plant, number of fruits per plant, yield of per plant) of a gooseberry cultivar which is grown organically in the province of Trabzon (Hayrat). In this study a 4 year old gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa) cultivar (Mucurines) used as material. The study was conducted according to using a randomized complete block experimental design with 3 replications-3 plant. The results shows that gooseberry cultivar (Mucurines) blooms in April and it comes to harvest maturity in June. According to the results the values found as for plant height 101.50, number of shoots per plant 25.50 numeral, number of fruits per plant 42.00 numeral, yield of per plant 117.48 g; fruit weight 2.79 g, fruit length 16.10 mm, fruit width 15.26 mm; SÇKM % 12,07, pH 2.97, TEA % 2.03, L 39.01, a 7.91, b 17.08.

Emotional intelligence (EI) is an ability to recognize our and others' emotions, and manage emotions in ourselves and in relationships with other people. A large body of research evidence outside nursing shows that measured (EI) abilities correlated with employee performance, motivation, and job satisfaction; and preliminary nursing research evidence shows the correlation between EI ability and nurses' clinical performance. There is less research on the EI ability of Jordanian nurses, and the present study was undertaken to address this gap.A descriptive, cross-sectional, correlation comparative design (nonexperimental) was employed. Six Jordanian hospitals were included in the study. Two hundred fifty questionnaires were distributed to prospective participants. One hundred ninety-four questionnaires were returned, giving a response rate of 78%. EI was measured using the Genos Instrument. Clinical performance was measured using a self-report measure.Findings demonstrated significant positive relationships between all subscales of EI and job performance, ranging from r = .250, p = .000 to r = .193, p = .007. Regression analysis indicated working in medical-surgical wards, recognizing and expressing emotions scores (β = 0.186, p = .048), and controlling emotions (β = 0.255, p = .027) explained 19.1% of variance in nurses' job performance.The study findings confirm the correlation between nurse EI ability and clinical performance.

“Laz kirazı” veya “taflan” olarak da adlandırılan karayemiş, son yıllarda Türkiye ve bazı Kafkas ülkelerinde popüler olmaya başlayan herdemyeşil bir meyvedir. Bu çalışmada Prunus laurocerasus türüne ait Kiraz karayemiş çeşidinden farklı zamanlarda alınmış olan yeşil, yarı-odunsu ve odunsu yapraklı çeliklerin köklenmesi üzerine farklı dozlardaki IBA uygulamalarının etkisi araştırılmıştır. Ekim, Aralık, Şubat ve Temmuz aylarının ilk yarısında ve farklı odunlaşma aşamalarında alınan çelikler 5 farklı dozda (0, 50, 100, 500 ve 100 ppm) IBA uygulanmıştır. Çelikler sera şartlarında alttan ısıtmalı tavalardaki perlit içerisinde ve mistleme altında köklendirilmiştir. Temmuz ayında alınan yarı odunsu çelikler köklenme, fidan randımanı ve yaşama oranı bakımından %100’lük başarı göstermiştir. Köklenme derecesi ise Aralık ayında alınan çeliklerde 7.72 ile en yüksek olmuştur. 100 ppm IBA dozu gerek köklenme (%96.44), gerek fidan randımanı (%90.22) gerekse yaşama oranı bakımından en yüksek değerleri vermiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre karayemişler, Temmuz ayında alınan yapraklı yarı odunsu çeliklere 100 ppm gibi düşük IBA dozu uygulanarak seradaki perlit ortamında ve mistleme altında kolaylıkla çoğaltılabilir., Cherry laurel known as “karayemiş”, “laz cherry” or “taflan”, is a popular evergreen racemes fruit in Turkey and some other Caucasus countries. In this study, cherry laurel variety ‘Kiraz’ was propagated with hardwood, semi-hardwood and softwood cuttings with half leaf and effect of IBA application on rooting ability was determined. Cuttings with different lignification phase were collected from October, December, February (hardwood cuttings), May (softwood cuttings) and June (semi-hardwood cuttings) between 15th to 20th days and subjected to 0, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 ppm Indolebutryicacid (IBA). Cuttings were planted in bottom heated trays with perlite and over misting under greenhouse conditions. The percentages of rooting (100%), rootling (100%) and mortality (100%) were the highest at July’s semi-hardwood cuttings while rooting degree was the highest at December hardwood cuttings (7.72). 100 ppm IBA concentration gave the highest ratios of rooting (96.44%), first grade rootling (90.22%) and mortality rate (84.89%). These results suggest that cherry laurel varieties could be easily propagated easily by July’s semi hardwood cuttings subjected to 100 ppm IBA in perlite has bottom heating under greenhouse conditions with misting.

The present study was conducted to determine fruit weight, geometric mean diameter, flesh firmness, color characteristics, water soluble dry matter content, pH, titratable acidity, total phenolics and antioxidant activity of two different strawberry cultivars (Fragaria x ananassavar. Albion and San Andreas) grown under ecological conditions of Ordu Province and harvested at different periods. The highest fruit weight and geometric mean diameter of both cultivars were observed at 2nd harvest period. In general, flesh firmness was relatively higher in the first harvest period. While the greatest L*, chroma and hue angle values of Albion cultivar were observed in 3rd harvest period, the greatest values of San Andreas cultivar were observed in the 1st and 3rd harvest periods. The highest water soluble dry matter content was observed in the second harvest period of San Andreas (10.46%) and the lowest value was seen in the second harvest period of Albion (4.32%) cultivar. The greatest titratable acidity was observed in the 4th harvest period of San Andreas (1.07%) and the lowest value was seen in the 2nd harvest period of Albion (0.50%) cultivar. The highest pH was observed in the 2nd harvest period of Albion (3.46) and the lowest pH was seen in the 4th harvest period of San Andreas (3.17) cultivar. The greatest total phenolics, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid content were obtained from the 2nd harvest period of San Andreas cultivar. As to conclude, the fruits harvested in the 2nd harvest period had better fruit quality characteristics.

The effects of storage temperature on weight loss, ?esh ?rmness, color characteristics, soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity, vitamin C, total phenolics, total ?avonoids, antioxidant activity and individual phenolic compounds of cherry laurel fruits (Prunus laurocerasus L. cv. Kiraz) during storage (at 260.5C and 9065% RH) were investigated in this study. The weight losses of fruits increased with the increasing storage durations. The weight loss was 11.11% at the end of storage. While ?esh ?rmness, titratable acidity and vitamin C decreased throughout the storage, an increase was observed in SSC values. Throughout storage period, an increase was observed in L* and hue angle and a decrease was observed in chroma values. Total phenolics, total ?avonoids, individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity decreased throughout the storage period. Chlorogenic acid was the major phenolic acid in cherry laurel fruits.

Introduction: Parasitic liver cysts are common in many areas of the world. In our country, hydatid disease is the commonest to cause cystic lesions. We reviewed our data to compare and analyze the outcome of laparoscopic management of these patients. This paper assesses the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic management of hepatic hydatid disease in a tertiary center in Egypt. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed our operative and inpatient data at the National liver institute, Menoufia university, Egypt for clinical and operative, postoperative details patients with preoperative diagnoses of a hepatic hydatid disease starting from June 2012 to June 2015. Results: 47 patients had operative management for hepatic hydatid cystic lesions. Twenty seven patients had laparoscopic management and 20 patients were managed through open procedures. Operative procedure included endocystectomy in all laparoscopic cases and while three of the open group had liver resection in addition. Hospital stay was at a mean of 3 days for lap cases and 6 cases for open group. Complications included one cases of bile leak and minor wound infections in the open group. While there were no complications in in the lap group. Follow up showed occurrence of recurrence in two of the open group only. Conclusions: With conventional laparoscopic instruments, the laparoscopic approach in the management of hepatic hydatid cysts is safe and feasible even. It showed shorter operative time and hospital stay with relatively decreased postoperative complication rate.

This study was carried out to determine important nut and kernel quality characteristics and variation in nut and kernel weight and kernel percentage in orchards of Palaz hazelnut cultivar in Ordu and nearby villages. Samples were selected at random from 36 orchards. It was determined that the nut weight, shell thickness, kernel weight and kernel percentage of this cultivar were 1.810-2.721 g, 0.610-0.970 mm, 0.988-1.431 g and 41.94-60.53%, respectively. Furthermore, certain nut characteristics were examined: nut length, nut width, nut height, kernel length, kernel width, kernel height, small nuts, blanks, poor fill, shirvelled kernels, doubles and good kernels. The coefficients of variation for nut weight, kernel weight and kernel percentage were10.79%, 8.35% and 5.68%, respectively.

This study was carried out on Palaz and Sivri hazelnut cultivars grown in central Ordu and the surrounding area. The interrelationships among husk length, nut length, nut width, nut height nut weight, shell thickness, kernel length, kernel width, kernel height, , kernel weight and percent kernel were determined using path analysis. From the path analysis, it was found that percent kernel in Palaz cultivar was affected by shell thickness (r=-0.419**) and husk length (r=-0.350**) according to nut weight; in Sivri cultivar, it was affected by nut length according to nut weight (r=-0.351**) and by kernel width according to kernel weight (r=0.324**). There were also negative effects on percent kernel from the other characteristics according to nut weight. The correlations of percent kernel-nut length, percent kernel-kernel width, percent kernel-kernel height and percent kernel-kernel weight in Palaz cultivar, and percent kernel-nut weight, percent kernel-kernel length and percent kernel-kernel height in Sivri cultivar were not significant.

This study was carried out in Yüzüncü Yil University, Faculty of Agriculture, Depertment of Horticulture. In this research, the length and diameter development of 4 apricot forms on seedling rootstocks with one and two development of 4 apricot forms seedling rootstocks with one and two years old were ihvestigated. The length and diameter development on one year old rootstocks were 88.42 cm, 8.87 mm; on two year old rootstocks were 114.17 cm, 11.52 mm, respectively. There were signigicant differences between forms and rootstocks as well.

Bu araştırma, Ordu ili Perşembe ilçesi Efirli köyünde 20 metre rakımda bulunan Hayward kivi çeşidinde ( Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward), 2009 ve 2010 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. 3 ayrı bahçede belirlenen 6 dişi kivi bitkisinin 3 tanesi arı girişi serbest bırakılmış, 3 tanesi ise arıların girmesini engellemek için kafes içerisine alınarak, çiçeklenmeden 3 gün önce 3,8 mm x 3,8 mm gözenekleri bulunan file ile kapatılmıştır. Belirlenen her bahçeye çiçeklenme öncesi 5er adet arılı kovan konmuştur. Çiçeklenme döneminde her bir bitkide 5 çiçek üzerinde eş zamanlı olarak 10ar dakika süreyle bal arısı ve diğer böceklerin ziyaret sayımları yapılmıştır. Bal arısından morfolojik olarak küçük olan böcekler sayım dışı bırakılmıştır. Bal arılarının, bitkinin 12 günlük çiçeklenme dönemi içerisinde 5 çiçek üzerine ortalama 5,63 adet ziyaret gerçekleştirdiği saptanmış olup morfolojik olarak bal arısına eşit veya daha büyük böceklerin ziyaret gerçekleştirmediği gözlenmiştir. Tam çiçeklenme döneminde, ağaçlar üzerinde çiçek sayımları yapılmıştır. Bir ağaçta ortalama olarak 776 adet çiçek belirlenmiştir. Arı girişine serbest bırakılan ağaçlarda açan çiçeklerin %98,92si, arı girişine kapatılan ağaçlarda ise çiçeklerin %32,08nin meyveye dönüştüğü saptanmıştır. Meyvelerde tohum sayısı ve raf ömrüne de bakılmıştır. Bal arısına açık olan alandan elde edilen meyvelerde ortalama raf ömrü 66,78 gün, tohum sayısı 1497 adet olarak, arı girişine kapatılan meyvelerde ise ortalama raf ömrü 58,15 gün ve tohum sayısı ise 153 adet olarak belirlenmiştir. Bal arılarının tozlaşmaya dolayısıyla döllenmeye yaptığı katkı, bal arısız ortama kıyasla 9,8 kat daha fazla bulunmuştur. This study is performed on three kiwifruit orchards which are applied same cultural practices in Efirli village (Persembe, Ordu) in 2009 and 2010, 20 m altitude. We allowed bees to enter freely to the 3 of the 6 female kiwifruit trees. Before 3 days from first blossom, to avoid bees entering three kiwifruit plants, we caged trees by mesh with 3.8 mm x 3.8 mm openings. Five bee hives are placed to chosen fields before the blossom. We observed and counted bees and other insects activities in the blossom period and visiting duration on the 5 flowers in 10 minutes period. Insects, smaller than bees, are not taken into consideration while counting. It is observed that, honey bees have 5.63 visits on 5 flowers, in the blossom period during 12 days and insects which are equal or bigger than honey bees had no visit. Flowers, are counted in flowering period. It is defined that kiwifruit plants have 776 flowers. 98.92 % of the flowers are pollinated and turn into fruits in the bee entrance free trees while 32.08 % of the flowers are pollinated and turn into fruits in the bee restricted trees. We collected 3 fruits from each plants, detected seed numbers and storage life in the room temperature conditions. It is found that mean shelf life is 66.78 days and mean seed number is 1497 in the bee entrance free areas while mean shelf life is 58.15 days and mean seed number is 153 in the bee restricted areas. The effect of pollination or fertilization of honey bee is 9.8 times according to without honey bees.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, depolama süresince yoğurtların fizikokimyasal ve duyusal özellikleri üzerine karayemiş marmeladının (%0, %5, %10, %15 ve %20) etkisini incelemektir. Yoğurtlara ilave edilen marmelat konsantrasyonunun artırılması titrasyon asitliğini, a* değerini ve genel kabul edilebilirliliği pozitif olarak, viskozite, su salma, L* değerlerini ise negatif olarak etkilemiştir. Depolama süresince pH, viskozite, su salma, L* ve b* değerleri tat ve genel kabul edilebilirlilik puanları kontrolle karşılaştırıldığında önemli düzeyde azalırken (P0.05) titrasyon asitliği ve a* değeri önemli düzeyde artmıştır (P0.05). Depolamanın 1. günündeki L* değerleri depolama sonundaki L* değerleriyle karşılaştırıldığında, marmelat ilaveli örneklerde bir azalma gözlemlenmiş fakat konrol örneklerinde bir artış belirlenmiştir. Meyveli yoğurtların üretiminde %15 karayemiş marmeladı tavsiye edilebilmektedir. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Cherry laurel marmalade (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) on the physico-chemical and sensorial characteristics of yogurts during the storage time. Increasing marmalade concentrations into the yogurts affected titratable acidity, a* values and overall acceptability positively, and viscosity, syneresis and L* values negatively. During storage time pH, viscosity, syneresis, b* values, flavour and overall acceptability scores (P

There are very few reported cases of regression of large cervical disc herniation without any intervention—the so-called spontaneous regression, demonstrated using MRI. We report a rare and interesting case of MRI that demonstrated near complete regression of a large herniated cervical intervertebral disc, without any surgical treatment.

Treatment of murine myoblasts, myotubes and tumour cells with a tumour-produced lipid mobilizing factor (LMF), caused a concentration-dependent stimulation of protein synthesis, within a 24 h period. There was no effect on cell number or [3H] thymidine incorporation, but a similar concentration-dependent stimulation of 2-deoxyglucose uptake. LMF produced an increase in intracellular cyclic AMP levels, which was linearly (r2= 0.973) related to the increase in protein synthesis. The effect of LMF was attenuated by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor MDL 12330A, and was additive with the stimulation produced by forskolin. Both propranolol (10 μM) and the specific β3-adrenergic receptor antagonist SR 59230A (10–5M), significantly reduced the stimulation of protein synthesis induced by LMF. Protein synthesis was also increased by 69% (P = 0.006) in soleus muscles of mice administered LMF, while there was a 26% decrease in protein degradation (P = 0.03). While LMF had no effect on the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsins B and L, there was a decrease in proteasome activity, as determined both by the ‘chymotrypsin-like’ enzyme activity, as well as expression of proteasome α-type subunits, determined by Western blotting. These results show that in addition to its lipid-mobilizing activity LMF also increases protein accumulation in skeletal muscle both by an increase in protein synthesis and a decrease in protein catabolism. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign http://www.bjcancer.com

Neonatal rat primary myocardial cells were subjected to heat stress in vitro, as a model for investigating the distribution and expression of Hsp27 and αB-crystallin. After exposure to heat stress at 42°C for different durations, the activities of enzymes expressed during cell damage increased in the supernatant of the heat-stressed myocardial cells from 10 min, and the pathological lesions were characterized by karyopyknosis and acute degeneration. Thus, cell damage was induced at the onset of heat stress. Immunofluorescence analysis showed stronger positive signals for both Hsp27 and αB-crystallin from 10 min to 240 min of exposure compared to the control cells. According to the Western blotting results, during the 480 min of heat stress, no significant variation was found in Hsp27 and αB-crystallin expression; however, significant differences were found in the induction of their corresponding mRNAs. The expression of these small heat shock proteins (sHsps) was probably delayed or overtaxed due to the rapid consumption of sHsps in myocardial cells at the onset of heat stress. Our findings indicate that Hsp27 and αB-crystallin do play a role in the response of cardiac cells to heat stress, but the details of their function remain to be investigated.

Intrathoracic rib (IR) is a very rare anomaly in which a normal, an accessory, or a bifid rib lies within the chest cavity and may originate from a vertebra or a rib. It is more commonly present on the right side, and sometimes it may be associated with vertebral anomalies. Only 50 cases have been reported to date in the literature. In most cases, the IR is an isolated finding; it is incidentally detected and is asymptomatic. The IR can be easily missed on a chest radiograph and can be mistaken initially for a pleural lesion, lung consolidation, other peripheral lung parenchymal lesions, or a bony lesion. It is, therefore, essential for physicians and radiologists to know about this entity and consider it in the differential diagnosis, to avoid further evaluation and unnecessary investigations. We present a unique case of three intrathoracic ribs, a left second supernumerary rib, left third depressed normonumerary rib, and bifid arm of the left third rib, with block vertebrae and hypoplastic left lung. To our knowledge, this is the first such case presentation in the published literature.

The report discusses the destruction of toxic and non-toxic solids, liquids and gases through lasers. In order to completely understand the project first chapters describes the basics about laser and plasma separately, from definition to types, components and categories. Differences between laser and microwave system are covered in this chapter as well. Besides lasers there are different technologies that are currently being used to destroy toxic and non-toxic materials. These technologies were studied and comparison tables are made in order to discern between different destruction technologies. For the destruction of toxic and non-toxic materials through lasers two mathematical models have been developed, molecular dissociation model and plasma exploitation model, and later the experimental work was carried out on one of the toxic material. Mathematical modeling and experimental work is in accordance with each other as discussed in results and discussion. Mathematical model shows that all the materials discussed in the report can be destroyed by lasers but in order to carry further experiments on all other toxic and non-toxic materials, a proposal is made for the laser reactor using CAD model (Solid Edge) and drawing software (AutoCAD). Tables and mathematical calculations have been placed in appendix at the end of the report.

Secondary water treatment includes biological methods for the removal of soluble and insoluble pollutants by microbes. The biological wastewater treatment methods work on the fact that bacterial cells feed on organic materials in the wastewater and thereby reducing its biological oxygen demand content. This chapter is dedicated to the discussion on the various stages of biological wastewater treatment ranging from primary to secondary and tertiary stages.

SUMMARY:This study was carried out in Ordu (Türkiye), in 1999 and 2000 years. In this study, it was researched that the effects of K-Humate (Potassium Humate 120 g/L; polymeric polyhydroxy acids, humic and fulvic acids) on diameter and length growth of walnut seedlings. As a result of this study, the doses were significant in seedling growth in both of 1999 and 2000 years. Doses X Periods interaction for diameter growth was significant. The highest length growth was obtained in total 1.50 ml (0.50 ml and three times in the growing period) K-Humate / seedling treatment. The highest diameter growth was obtained in same dose and first period (June 15-July 15).Key words : Walnut, seedling, growth, humate, potassium.Potasyum Humatin Cevizde Çöğür Gelişimi Üzerine EtkisiÖZET: Bu çalışma, 1999 ve 2000 yıllarında Ordu’da yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada, potasyum humatın (120 g/L; polymerik polyhydroxy asitler, humik and fulvik asitler) ceviz çöğürlerinde çap ve boy gelişimi üzerine etkileri araştırıldı. Çalışma sonucunda, dozların çöğür gelişimi üzerine etkisi her iki yılda da önemli bulunmuştur. Çap gelişiminde dozXperiyot interaksiyonu önemli çıkmış olup, en fazla boy gelişmi çöğür başına toplam 1.50 ml (3 dönemde, 0.50’şer ml) potasyum humate’ın verildiği doz2 uygulamasında ve en fazla çap gelişimi yine aynı dozda ve 1. dönemde (15 Haziran-15 Temmuz) elde edilmiştir.Anahtar Kelimeler : Ceviz, çöğür, gelişme, humat, potasyum.

Bu araştırma 2007 ve 2008 yıllarında Yomra (Trabzon) ekolojisinde yetişen Yomra elması tipleri üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Toplam 54 tipin pomolojik özellikleri incelenmiştir. 2007 ve 2008 yılı ortalamalarına göre tiplerin meyve ağırlığı, meyve eni ve meyve boyu değerleri sırasıyla 91,77g, 63,07 mm ve 52,25 mm, meyve eti sertliği ve SÇKM değerleri ise sırasıyla 8,25 kg/cm2 ve 13,65 brix bulunmuştur. Ortalama tohum sayısı 0,39 olup tiplerin partenokarpiye meyilli olduğu saptanmıştır. Meyve renginin güneşlenme ile arttığı ve yeşil üzerine bordo-kırmızı renk oluştuğu gözlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda iyi tiplere işaret edilmiştir., The research was carried out on Yomra apple grown in Yomra (Trabzon). Pomological characteristics (fruit weight, fruit size, total soluble solid, pH, titretable acidity, etc.) were determined on 54 types in 2007 and 2008. Overall, fruit weight, length and height were 91,77g, 63,07 mm and 52,25 mm, fruit firmness and total soluble solid were 8,25 kg/cm2 and 13,65 brix, respectively. Mean of seed number was 0,39. Yomra apple tends to parthenocarphy Fruit color increased by sunlight. The best types were presented

Our country is the 4th with its 3 million tones apple production in the world ,which has got the 65 million tones apple. Turkey exports 0,3-0,4 % part of its apple production. In this research, post and preharvest physiological disorders (superficial scald, bitter spot, water core, flesh browning, CO2 induced injury, low CO2 injury, light induced scald, cleavage, corroding) for apple, which is important for our country, have been discussed. Causes of the formation and indication have explained and sensitive cultivars have given. Additionally, prevention of disorders and detection practices are emphasized. As a result, some advices have been aligned about reduction or prevention of physiological disorders which are about pre and post-harvest, Ülkemiz, 65 milyon ton’luk dünya elma üretiminde 3 milyon ton ile 4. sırada yer almaktadır. Türkiye, üretilen elmanın % 0,3-0,4’lik kısmı ihraç etmektedir. Bu çalışmada ülkemiz açısından önem arz eden elma meyvesinde hasat öncesi ve hasat sonrası görülen önemli fizyolojik bozukluklar (kabuk yanıklığı, acı benek, iç sulanması, meyve eti kahverengileşmesi, karbondioksit (CO2) zararı, düşük oksijen (O2) zararı, güneş yanıklığı, çatlamalar, paslanma) hakkında çalışmalar derlenmiştir. Bozuklukların oluşma nedenleri ve belirtileri açıklanmış ve bu bozukluklara hassa çeşitler vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, bozuklukların önlenmesi ve tespiti ile ilgili uygulamalar üzerinde de durulmuştur. Sonuçta hasat öncesi ve sonrası fizyolojik bozuklukların azaltılması veya önlenmesi hakkında alınabilecek tedbirler sıralanarak önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Viscoelastic surfactant-based acids have been extensively used over the last few years in matrix and acid fracturing treatments. Two main types of viscoelastic surfactants have been used; amphoteric and cationic. Once the acid reacts with the carbonate formation and the pH increases above two and the concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions increases, these surfactants form a long rod shaped micelles. As a result, the viscosity of the solution increases significantly. This will result in better acid diversion in matrix acid treatments and deeper acid penetration in acid fracturing treatments. Viscoelastic surfactant-based acids were used in more than 600 successful treatments. The results, however from one treatment was below expectations. Analysis of the live acid used indicated that this acid contained nearly 10,000 mg/l total iron. It was clear that there were some interactions between iron and the viscoelastic surfactant used. Therefore, this study was conduct to better understand interactions between iron and various types of viscoelastic surfactants. All tests were conducted on live acid that contained 20 wt% HCl, 4 to 6 vol% surfactant, and 0.3 vol% corrosion inhibitor. Ferric chloride was added to the live acids at various concentrations from 0 to 10,000 mg/l. Compatibility tests indicated that there are strong chemical interactions between iron (III) and all types of viscoelastic surfactants examined. A gel like material was noted at a certain iron concentration. SEM analysis indicated that the gel-like material contained iron. Also analysis of the iron in the supernatant using ICP confirmed this result. The critical iron concentration was found to be a function of the surfactant type. Extensive lab testing indicating that there is interactions between iron and the amide and amine groups present in these surfactants. Corrosion inhibitors contain amine and amide groups, and they did affect the interactions between iron and viscoelastic surfactants. These interactions resulted in the formation of the gel-like material that can cause sever formation damage. This paper will discuss the results obtained and give recommendations to avoid the formation of such damaging material.

Adipocytes isolated from cachectic mice bearing the MAC 16 tumour showed over a 3-fold increase in lipolytic response to both low concentrations of isoprenaline and a tumour-derived lipid mobilizing factor (LMF). This was reflected by an enhanced stimulation of adenylate cyclase in plasma membrane fractions of adipocytes in the presence of both factors. There was no up-regulation of adenylate cyclase in response to forskolin, suggesting that the effect arose from a change in receptor number or G-protein expression. Immunoblotting of adipocyte membranes from mice bearing the MAC16 tumour showed an increased expression of Gαs up to 10% weight loss and a reciprocal decrease in Gα. There was also an increased expression of Gαs and a decrease in Gα in adipose tissue from a patient with cancer-associated weight loss compared with a non-cachectic cancer patient. The changes in G-protein expression were also seen in adipose tissue of normal mice administered pure LMF as well as in 3T3L1 adipocytes in vitro. The changes in G-protein expression induced by LMF were attenuated by the polyunsaturated fatty acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This suggests that this tumour-derived lipolytic factor acts to sensitize adipose tissue to lipolytic stimuli, and that this effect is attenuated by EPA, which is known to preserve adipose tissue in cancer cachexia. © 2001 Cancer Research Campaign.