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During childhood, recent repeated operations for esophagus are normally conducted if long gap esophageal atresia exists. During multistaged extrathoracic esophageal elongation procedure, the dissection of the esophagus poses severe problems due to adhesion. However, Gore-Tex membrane may simplify esophagus dissection. The most popular adhesion barriers used today are sodium hyaluronate (Seprafilm; Genzyme Corp., Cambridge, MA) and oxidized regenerated cellulose (Interceed; JohnsonJohnson Medical Inc., New Brunswick, NJ). The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of adhesion barriers on esophagus dissection.In the study, 21 Wistar albino adult male rats were worked on. The rats were randomly divided into three groups, each including seven rats. About 1cm-segment of the esophagus, located just behind the trachea, was dissected from the surrounding tissues through blunt dissection. Rats in group 1 were wrapped with Seprafilm, and in group 2 with Interceed. But the rats in group 3 underwent only esophagus dissection. Three weeks later, during esophagus dissection, adhesion scoring was performed and esophagus was divided into two parts: one for the assessment of hydroxyproline level, and the other for histological examination.When the adhesion scores of the three groups were compared, there was not a significant difference between the groups (p=0.75). In terms of tissue hydroxyproline levels, mean scores of hydroxyproline revealed no significant difference between the three groups (p=0.19). When the histopathological results were examined, esophagus looked normal and no connective tissues were seen around esophagus.Seprafilm and Interceed had no effect on esophagus dissection. Although Seprafilm had the best mean score, this was statistically insignificant. Gore-Tex might play a better role than Interceed in preventing adhesion formation; however, it is still not certain whether adhesion barrier should be used in such organs as esophagus having no serosa.

Bu makale finansal kalkinma ve iktisadi buyume arasindaki nedensellik iliskisini arastirir. Calisma 1986–2004 donemi Turkiye ekonomisi yillik verilerini kapsamaktadir. Calismada finansal kalkinmayi temsilen dort ayri vekil degisken kullanilmistir. Bu degiskenler genis anlamda para arzinin (M2) gayri safi yurtici hâsilaya orani, mevduat bankalarinin toplam mevduatlarinin gayri safi yurtici hâsilaya orani, ozel sektore verilen kredilerin gayri safi yurtici hâsilaya orani ve finansal tasarruflarin gayri safi yurt ici hâsilaya oranidir. Johansen-Juselius es-butunlesme testlerinden finansal kalkinma ile iktisadi buyume arasinda uzun donemli bir iliskinin olmadigi gorulmustur. Granger nedensellik testi iktisadi buyumeden finansal kalkinmaya dogru bir nedensellik iliskisinin oldugunu gostermistir. Dolayisiyla Turkiye icin iktisadi buyume ve finansal kalkinma arasindaki iliski ‘talep takibi’ seklindedir.

PP-225 Lead (Pb), one of the oldest known metals, is a pervasive and persistent environmental occupational toxic metal, and Pb poisoning remains a health threat. Neurologic, hematologic, gastrointestinal and renal toxicity are well known but cardiac toxicity has not been investigated.The aim of

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a rare neoplasm that comprises a substantial proportion of all leukemias in middle-aged persons and is the most common type among elderly persons. The major causes are not known nor is there a detailed understanding about how the elusive origin(s) may relate to clinical expression, basic biological mechanisms, or pathogenesis.Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GRD), Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) activities, glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO(*), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were measured in serum of patients with CLL and a healthy control group.Serum GSH-Px, Cu-Zn SOD activities, GSH concentration were lower in patients with CLL while serum NO(*) and MDA concentrations were higher in these patients compared with the control group. Serum GRD activity was not statistically significant in patients with CLL compared with the control. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the parameters on the basis of stages in these patients. Serum GSH concentration negatively correlated with serum MDA (r=30.63, p0.05) and NO(*) concentrations (r=0.72, p0.05) in patients with advanced stage (III+IV). However, no other correlation could be found among the parameters in healthy controls and patients with CLL CONCLUSIONS: There is significant changes in antioxidant defense system in CLL cases, which may lead to enhanced action of oxygen radical, resulting in lipid peroxidation.

The best preserved Permian-Triassic boundary beds in Turkey are found in the Hadim region of the central Taurides. The succession is exposed in one of the allochthonous units of the Tauride Belt, the Aladag Unit, whose stratigraphy includes beds ranging from the Devonian to the Cretaceous systems. In the Aladag Unit, the Permian-Triassic boundary beds are entirely composed of carbonates. The Permian portion of these beds belongs to the Paradagmarita Zone, whereas the lowermost Triassic contains the Lower Griesbachian marker Rectocornuspira kalhori. The uppermost Permian carbonates, composed of meter-scale upward shallowing subtidal cycles, are characterized by oolitic limestones of regressive character at the top and are overlain sharply by Lower Triassic stromatolites. Cyclic Upper Permian carbonates are interpreted as highstand sytems tract deposits of the last third-order sequence of the Permian System. The Permian-Triassic boundary is an unconformity corresponding to both erosional and non-depositional hiatuses. The gap at the Permian-Triassic boundary partially corresponds to the shelf-margin systems tract and partly to the transgressive systems tract of the overlying third-order sequence. Stromatolites are interpreted as transgressive systems tract deposits. Special issue International Conference on Paleozoic Foraminifera, Paleoforams 2001 Edited by Demir Altiner (Guest Editor), Rivista italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, Vol 109, No 2

A 79-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with complaints of abdominal discomfort, jaundice and weight loss. His physical examination was unremarkable, but laboratory examinations revealed significant findings indicating steatorrhea and cholestasis. An ultrasound (US) study revealed marked dilatation of the main bile duct and bile duct as well as the associated branches, with no mass in the pancreatic head. A distended gallbladder was also observed on US. A magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) revealed dilatation of the main pancreatic duct and side branches with irregular mural thickening and several filling defects (Figure A). These trends were also observed in 3-D volume rendering images (Figure B). Secondary to these findings, the gallbladder was distended, and the bile ducts were dilated. No mass was identified in the pancreas. The patient underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and histopathological examination of the biopsy revealed intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas is characterized by the presence of a mucin-producing tumor and cystic dilatation of the branches of the pancreatic duct in the uncinate process (branch duct type), diffuse or segmental dilatation of the main pancreatic duct (main duct type) or dilatation of the main ducts and branch ducts (combined type). The dilated ducts often contain profuse mucin. This tumor is also known as a mucin-producing pancreatic tumor, mucinous ductal ectasia, intraductal mucin-hypersecreting tumor or ductectatic mucinous cystic tumor [1–2]. Dilatation of the main pancreatic duct and side branches led to diagnosis of combined-type IPMN. MRCP is especially helpful for staging and as a road map to surgical and percutaneous intervention. Because the increased spatial and contrast resolution increase the sensitivity to fluid and mucin on MRCP, the internal architecture of IPMNs and wall thickening of the main pancreatic duct and branches are better defined through the use of MRCP. The clinical and radiological presentation of IPMN and chronic pancreatitis are often indistinguishable. Talamini et al. [3–5] prospectively followed 473 patients with chronic pancreatitis, including 45 cases of IPMN, and found that approximately 12% of patients with IPMN have a history leading to a diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, and roughly 2% of all chronic pancreatitis diagnoses are associated with IPMN. The misdiagnosis of IPMN as chronic pancreatitis can lead to serious delays in appropriate management. Curative surgery is only possible if the condition is detected early. Distinguishing a diagnosis of IPMN from chronic pancreatitis can only be achieved through histopathology [6]. Consequently, we considered chronic pancreatitis in the differential diagnosis of IPMN. The diagnosis is made through imaging studies that demonstrate characteristic dilatation of the branches or main duct of the pancreas and endoscopic studies that reveal thick mucin protruding through the bulging patulous duodenal papilla. The treatment decision with regard to IPMN is often based on the patient’s age at presentation, the presence or absence of symptoms, the location of the lesion in the pancreas, the extent of ductal involvement, and the presence or absence of malignant features [7, 8].

Background: Persistent left superior vena cava is a rare but important congenital vascular anomaly. However, PLSVC with absent RSVC (isolated PLSVC) is a very rare venous malformation We report on a rare case of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) with absent right superior vena cava (RSVC). Case Report: This venous malformation was identified incidentally in a 69-year-old woman during chest multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT). On chest MDCT, the SVC was noted on the left side. A bridging vein drained the right jugular and right subclavian veins and joined the left brachiocephalic vein in order to form the PLSVC, which descended on the left side of the mediastinum and drained into the left atrium (LA). The patient had no additional cardiac anomaly. Conclusions: Isolated PLSVC is usually asymptomatic but it can pose difficulties for establishing central venous access, pacemaker implantation and cardiothoracic surgery. This condition is also associated with an increased incidence of congenital heart disease, arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. A wide spectrum of clinicians should be aware of this anomaly, its variations and possible complications. © Pol J Radiol, 2012.

© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. A Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) succession is studied in detail in the Mudurnu-Göynük basin in northwestern Turkey. To characterize the K-Pg transition in this basin, two stratigraphic sections were measured and sampled at high resolution: the Okçular and the Göynük North sections. These sections were analysed for siderophile trace elements, including Ir and other platinum group elements (PGE: Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir, Pt), bulk stable carbon isotopes, calcareous nannofossils, planktic foraminifera and organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts (dinocysts). In this basin, the upper Maastrichtian consists of monotonous grey mudstones, mostly intercalated with turbidites and the basal Danian is characterised by grey mudstones, that are overlain by a rhythmic alternation of limetones and mudstones. The K-Pg boundary is marked by a thin, reddish ejecta layer, characterized by an enrichment of PGE and an abrupt negative shift in bulk δ 13 C. This ejecta layer is followed by 15-17cm of thick darker, clayey mudstone, the so-called boundary clay. The upper Maastrichtian to lower Danian interval displays a succession of biostratigraphic events, such as the globally recognized spike of the dinocyst taxon Manumiella druggii in the Maastrichtian, followed by the extinction of Cretaceous planktic foraminifera at the K-Pg boundary, and a subsequent rapid succession of First Occurrences (FOs) of dinocysts, such as Senoniasphaera inornata, Membranilarnacia? tenella and Damassadinium californicum and planktic foraminifera, including Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina and Subbotina triloculinoides in the lower Danian. Overall the sedimentological and palaeontological data suggest that the studied sites in the Mudurnu-Göynük basin were deposited under normal marine conditions, likely in an outer neritic to upper bathyal environment. Our geochemical and biostratigraphic characterization of the K-Pg boundary transition in the Mudurnu-Göynük basin provides a new K-Pg boundary record in the Northern branch of the Neo-Tethys and allows a detailed comparison with K-Pg boundary sections worldwide. publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Geochemical and palaeontological characterization of a new K-Pg Boundary locality from the Northern branch of the Neo-Tethys: Mudurnu – Göynük Basin, NW Turkey journaltitle: Cretaceous Research articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2014.07.011 content_type: article copyright: Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. ispartof: Cretaceous Research vol:52 issue:PA pages:251-267 status: published

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been found to be associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to determine whether the RDW measures are associated with the coronary artery calcification score (CACS) in patients who did not present with obvious coronary heart disease (CHD). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 527 consecutive patients with a low to intermediate risk for CHD but without obvious disease were enrolled in this study. The study subjects underwent coronary computerized tomography angiography and CACS was calculated. The patients were divided into two groups based on CACS: Group I (CACS≤100) and Group II (CACS>100). The two groups were compared in terms of classic CHD risk factors and haematological parameters, particularly the RDW. RESULTS: Group I patients were younger than Group II patients. The Framingham risk score (FRS) in patients of Group II was significantly higher than that in patients of Group I. Group II patients had significantly elevated levels of haemoglobin, RDW, neutrophil count, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio compared with Group I patients. CACS was correlated with age, RDW, and ejection fraction. In the multivariate analysis, age, RDW, and FRS were independent predictors of CACS. Using the receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, a RDW value of 13.05% was identified as the best cut-off for predicting the severity of CACS (>100) (area under the curve=0.706). CONCLUSION: We found that the RDW is an independent predictor of the CACS, suggesting that it might be a useful marker for predicting CAD.

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether high-pressure carbon dioxide insufflation facilitates mucosal dissection in the transanal endorectal pull-through (TEPT) operation performed in Hirschsprung's disease in a rabbit model. In the study, ten New Zealand rabbits were used. In six of the rabbits, CO(2) under 50 mmHg pressure was insufflated into the submucosal area through a 25-gauge scalp needle inserted 0.3 cm over the dentate line. Two of the rabbits were taken for histopathological examination. In four rabbits, the TEPT operation was performed and in another four the operation was performed without CO(2) insufflation. Histopathological examination in the CO(2)-insufflated group of rabbits showed that at transversal incisions mucosa was seen to be separated circumferentially from submucosa by high pressure CO(2) and at longitudinal incision the separation was seen to be complete along the anal canal. It was noted that mucosal dissection was rapid, non-bloody and without induced mucosal tears or perforation; however, in the non-insufflated group the operation was time-consuming, bloody and more difficult to perform and needed meticulous care. In the present study, it was seen that submucosal high pressure CO(2) insufflation in rabbits facilitates mucosal dissection in the TEPT operation and is easy to perform, time-saving and highly economical.

Oz Son otuz yildan bu yana yasanan en onemli gelismelerden biri, hizlanan kuresellesme hareketleri kapsaminda liberal iktisadi dusunce ve politikalarin dunya genelinde yayilmasi olmustur. Ozellikle neo-liberal hareketler ile birlikte iktisadi bakimdan kapsami genisletilen ozgurlukcu akimlar, toplumsal yapilanma tarafindan vazgecilmez bir unsur olmus ve ekonomik serbesti, refah gucunun artirilabilmesi amaciyla makro iktisadi gelismelerin ana eksenini olusturmustur. Dolayisiyla bu calismada, gelismekte olan ve azgelismis ulkelerin gelismis ulkelere ekonomik ozgurlukler bakimindan yaklasip yaklasmadiklari yeni bir yontem olan Haldane-Hall Yakinsama Analizi ile incelenmistir. Haldane-Hall yakinsama analizi sonuclari; Arjantin, Belarus, Bolivya, Bulgaristan, Cin, Ekvador, Misir, El Salvador, Hindistan, Meksika, Papua Yeni Gine, Romanya, Senegal, Tayland ve Turkiye’deki ekonomik ozgurluk sureclerinin gelismis ulkelere yakinsadigini; buna karsin Kongo Cumhuriyeti, Gana, Irak, Urdun, Libya, Moldova, Fas, Sudan, Svaziland, Vietnam, Yemen, Banglades, Burkina Faso, Cad, Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti, Gambiya, Gine, Madagaskar, Mali, Mozambik, Sierra Leone ve Uganda’da ise ekonomik ozgurlukler bakimindan iraksama olgusunun gundeme geldigini ortaya koymustur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Ekonomik Ozgurlukler, Yakinsama, Haldane-Hall Yaklasimi.

Upper Jurassic (Kimmeridgian)±Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) inner platform carbonates in the Western Taurides are composed of metre-scale upward-shallowing cyclic deposits (parasequences) and important karstic surfaces capping some of the cycles. Peritidal cycles (shallow subtidal facies capped by tidal-¯at laminites or fenestrate limestones) are regressive- and transgressive-prone (upward-deepening followed by upward-shallowing facies trends). Subtidal cycles are of two types and indicate incomplete shallowing. Submerged subtidal cycles are composed of deeper subtidal facies overlain by shallow subtidal facies. Exposed subtidal cycles consist of deeper subtidal facies overlain by shallow subtidal facies that are capped by features indicative of prolonged subaerial exposure. Subtidal facies occur characteristically in the Jurassic, while peritidal cycles are typical for the Lower Cretaceous of the region. Within the foraminiferal and dasyclad algal biostratigraphic framework, four karst breccia levels are recognized as the boundaries of major second-order cycles, introduced for the ®rst time in this study. These levels correspond to the Kimmeridgian±Portlandian boundary, mid-Early Valanginian, mid-Early Aptian and mid-Cenomanian and represent important sea level falls which affected the distribution of foraminiferal fauna and dasyclad ¯ora of the Taurus carbonate platform. Within the Kimmeridgian±Cenomanian interval 26 third-order sequences (types 1 and 2) are recognized. These sequences are the records of eustatic sea level ¯uctuations rather than the records of local tectonic events because the boundaries of the sequences representing 1±4 Ma intervals are correlative with global sea level falls. Third-order sequences and metre-scale cyclic deposits are the major units used for long-distance, high-resolution sequence stratigraphic correlation in the Western Taurides. Metre-scale cyclic deposits (parasequences) in the Cretaceous show genetical stacking patterns within third-order sequences and correspond to fourth-order sequences representing 100±200 ka. These cycles are possibly the E2 signal (126 ka) of the orbital eccentricity cycles of the Milankovitch band. The slight deviation of values, calculated for parasequences, from the mean value of eccentricity cycles can be explained by the currently imprecise geochronology established in the Cretaceous and missed sea level oscillations when the platform lay above fluctuating sea level.

Background Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory arthropathy associated with psoriasis (Ps). PsA can be as destructive as other arthropathies such as rheumatoid arthritis. Both Ps and PsA negatively affect quality of life. The results of the studies that compared the life satisfaction of the patients with Ps and PsA are controversial [1-3 ]. Objectives The aim of this study was to compare the health-related quality of life of the Ps patients, the PsA patients and the control subjects. Methods Eighty patients with PsA (mean age 46±12, %61,2 woman) according to the CASPAR criteria, fourty patients with Ps (mean age 41±14, %52,4 woman) and fourty healthy subjects (mean age 42±9, %59,5 woman) were included in the study. The life satisfaction was evaluated with the Health Assessment Questionnaire for Spondyloarthropathies (HAQ-S) and the Psoriatic Arthritis Quality of Life (PsAQoL) questionnaries. Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28), Disease Activity index for PSoriatic Arthritis (DAPSA), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score-CRP (ASDAS-CRP) were calculated in order to measure the disease activity in the PsA group. Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) scores of the patient groups were calculated by the same dermatologist. Results The age and gender distribution were similar among three groups. Ps and PsA groups were also similar regarding PASI scores (mean scores: 4,7±5 and 3,5±4,4 respectively; p>0,05). Quality of life evaluated with HAQ-S was found worse in the PsA group than in the Ps and control groups. (mean scores: 0,5±0,5 0,2±0,5 0,1±0,3 respectively; p PsA-Ps 0,05). Quality of life evaluated with PsAQoL was found worse in the PsA and Ps groups than in the control group but same in the PsA and Ps groups (mean scores: 6,9±5,4; 7±5,9; 3,3±4,2 respectively; p PsA-Ps >0,05, p PsA-control Conclusions It was found that the patients with Ps and PsA had worse life quality than the healthy individuals. Quality of life was found related with the disease activity for the patients with PsA. As PsAQoL is composed of questions that predominantly examine the psychological condition, it is recommended to use HAQ-S along with PsAQoL while evaluating health-related quality of life of patients with PsA. References Rosen CF, Mussani F, Chandran V, Eder L, Thavaneswaran A, Gladman DD. Patients with psoriatic arthritis have worse quality of life than those with psoriasis alone. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012 Mar;51(3):571-6. Ruschenschmidt C, Somberg B, Haussler G, Lohmann J. Comparison of patients with psoriasis vulgaris vs. psoriatic arthritis with regard to the reported quality of life. Rehabilitation (Stuttg). 2008 Dec;47(6):343-9. Prinz JC, Fitzgerald O, Boggs RI, Foehl J, Robertson D, Pedersen R, Molta CT, Freundlich B. Combination of skin, joint and quality of life outcomes with etanercept in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in the PRESTA trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011 May;25(5):559-64. Disclosure of Interest None Declared

89 ÖZET Boya, ilaç, kağıt ve pollmer sanayii gibi pekçok alanda büyük kullanım alanı bulan kolofan, yurdumuzda, kızılcam (Plnus brustla) ormanlarından akma ve kök kolofan olarak elde edilmektedir. Üretilen miktarı ihtiyacın altında kaldığı için ve türevlerinin büyük çoğunluğu yurdumuzda üretilmediği 1ç1n, kolofan ve türevleri ithal kalemlerimiz arasında yer almaktadır. Kızılcam köklerinden kolofan, ülkemizde, özel teşebbüs tarafından kurulmuş bir fabrikada çam kökü yongalarının heksan ile ekstrakslyonu sonucu üretilmektedir. Edremit'te kurulu bu fabrikanın üretiminde zaman zaman bazı sıkıntılar yaşanmaktadır. Kök kolofan üretiminde kalite ve verim artırımını amaçlayarak başladığımız çalışmada, daha ileri aşamalarda, başta kolofanın dehldrojenasyonu olmak üzere kolofan modifikasyon ürünlerinin ve türevlerinin prosesleri üzerinde çalışıldı.Kolofan üretiminde çözgen olarak kaynama noktası daha yüksek olan bir çözgenln kullanılmasının verimi artıracağı ve üretim sırasındaki çözgen kayıplarını azaltacağı saptandı. Bu konuda alternatif olarak denediğimiz ve Aliağa Rafinerisinden temin edip destilleyerek ayırdığımız 85-IIOoc kaynama aralığındakl nafta ile başarılı sonuçlar alındı. Kolofanın kalitesinde belirleyici özelliği olan rengin giderilmesi amacıyla aktif toprak işlemleri ve furfural90 ekstraks İyonu yanında bazı kimyasal maddelerin katılması ile renk giderme çalışmaları yapıldı. Kök kölofan üretiminde aktif toprak işlemi veya furfural ekstrakslyon ünitelerinden birisinin ilave edilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varıldı. Oksal 1k asit, iyot ve lyodoformun %0.5-2 aralığında ilaveleri veya erimiş kolofan içerisinden kükürt dioksit gazı geçirilmesi ile renk gidermede başarı sağlandı. Ancak bu yöntemlerin kolofan üretiminden çok modifikasyon ve türevlendlrme sırasında kullanılabilecekleri sonucuna ulaşıldı. Akma ve kök kolofanlar ile değişik derecelerde malelk ve fumarik asit modifikasyonları yapıldı, ürünlerin fiziksel özellikleri incelendi. Elde edilen ürünler ile sodyum ve potasyum sabunları yapılarak kağıt sanayii 1ç1n uygunlukları alüminyum sülfat ile beyazlık karşılaştırması yapılarak test edildi. Aynı modifikasyon ürünleri 11e kurşun ve kalsiyum sabunları yapılarak boya sanayiinde kurutucu olan bu ürünlerin fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri incelendi. Kolofan dehldrojenasyonu üzerinde kükürt, kükürt oksal 1k asit karışımı, pal lady um-karbon ve selenyum gibi katallzatörler ile çalışmalar yapıldı, ürünlerin UV spektrumlan alınarak reaksiyonun başarı derecesi takip edildi. İR ve NMR spektrumlanyla bulgulara destek sağlandı. Kolofanın, kolofan modifikasyon ürünlerinin ve kolofan ile modlflye edilmiş fenol formaldehit tipi reçinelerin gliserin ve pentaerltrltol ile esterleri elde edilerek fiziksel ve kimyasal özellikleri araştırıldı. Gliserinle yapılan esterleşme reaksiyonunda ürün üzerinde İR ve NMR spektrumlanyla yapılan91 İncelemede esterleşme yanında dehldrojenasyon reaksiyonunun da meydana geldiği saptandı. %2 katallzatör (Çinko karbonat veya kalsiyum karbonat) ile yapılan dekarboksllasyon çalışmasında yine İR ve NMR spektrumları 11e dekarboksllasyon yanında dehldrojenasyon reaksiyonunun meydana geldiği görüldü. 92 SUMMARY Rosin Is a valuble Industrial chemical product for dye, durg, paper and Industrial processes. In our country, colophony or rosin Is obtained as gum and/or wood rosin from Plnus brustla trees. The production level of rosin Insufficient for consumption In Türkiye. Thus the rosin Is also Imported. A local Industrial plant produces wood rosin of Plnus brustla by extraction of pine stump chips with hexane. The rosin product has quality problems due to some difficulties on extraction technique application. We have experimented to enchance the quality of rosin by dehydrogenation and modification processes. Some laboratory experiments conducted for increasing yield of extraction process. The higher boiling naphtha (85-1 10°C) taken from Petrochemical Industry m Aliağa, have given better yield for extraction. The colour quality of the colophony has been Increased by activated clay absorbtlon, furfural extraction and by some additive chemicals. Oxalic acid, Iodine and iodoform in 0.5-2 % additions with the flow of carbondloxlde gas, has given the best results for improvement of colour lightening. However these applications are found best to be applied, after the production of rosin and during the modification or derivatizatlon processes. The derivatizatlon of gum rosin and wood rosin are done by the use of fumarlc acid and/or malelc anhydride. The93 physical properties of products of modification have been analyzed. These products are saponified with potassium-sodium hydroxide for paper industry. The lead and calcium soaps of rosin are used as dryer In dye industry. The quality of these soaps are analyzed by using aluminium sulfate and whltlnlng agent, the physical and chemical properties analysed spectroscoplcally. The dehydrogenation process of rosin is done by palladium on activated carbon, selenium, and sulphur-oxalic acid mixtures. The UV spectra was used for following the reaction rate. The final spectral analyses were done with IR and İH NMR spectra. The esters with glycerol and pentaerythrltol of rosin, phenol formaldehyde resins in modification of rosin, have been synthesized and physical-chemical properties analyzed, it was found that during esterlflcatlon reaction, complete aromatlzatlon of dehydroabietlc acid type Is being reached. A similar result was seen at decarboxylation reaction with zinc-calcium carbonate at high temperature, on IR and NMR spectral analysis of products. 97