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O futebol de formação tem como objetivos criar jogadores segundo os valores e metodologias do clube, procurar talentos de novos jogadores e criar valor nos jovens atletas para que futuramente cheguem a um nível de poder integrar a equipa A do clube ou gerar receita através da sua transferência. O estágio incide nos processos de gestão e de planeamento das equipas de formação do SLB, onde fui inserido nos escalões de sub16 e sub19 para auxiliar nas funções de organização da época, apoio ao treino, apoio à competição e operações pós-competição. Os objetivos para a concretização deste estágio passam por compreender a estrutura e organização do departamento de futebol de formação de um clube de futebol, fazer parte e auxiliar o departamento de TM do futebol de formação a desenvolver-se; realizar de forma rigorosa e objetiva as tarefas que me eram destinadas. Este relatório tem como objetivos dar a conhecer o modelo de organização e funcionamento do departamento de TM do Sport Lisboa e Benfica, assim como revelar as várias tarefas e observações que foram realizadas durante o estágio, contribuindo para o meu desenvolvimento profissional e para a organização onde estive inserido Young level training soccer aims to develop players according to the club’s values and methodologies, to search for new players’ talents and to implement value in young athletes so thereby in the future they will be able to reach a level that allows then to join the main team or generate revenue through their transfer to another club. The internship focuses on the management and planning processes of the SLB’s youth level teams, where I was placed to assist in the season organizational tasks, support training, competition and after competition operations for the sub16 and sub19 levels. The goals set for this internship’s attainment are to understand the structure and organization of the youth level football of a clubs' department, to be part of and have a role in organization and helping the development tasks of the TM department, with objective and rigorous procedures. This report aims to acquaint the model of organization and operations of the TM department of Sport Lisboa e Benfica, as well as to reveal the various tasks and observations that were made during this period, contributing to my professional development and to the organization where I was working in

Ramirez-Campillo, R, Alvarez, C, Gentil, P, Loturco, I, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Izquierdo, M, Moran, J, Nakamura, FY, Chaabene, H, and Granacher, U. Sequencing effects of plyometric training applied before or after regular soccer training on measures of physical fitness in young players. J Strength Cond Res 34(7): 1959-1966, 2020-To compare the effects of short-term (i.e., 7 weeks) plyometric jump training applied before (PJT-B) or after (PJT-A) soccer practice on components of physical fitness in young soccer players, a single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Postpubertal boys aged 17.0 ± 0.5 years were allocated to 3 groups: PJT-B (n = 12), PJT-A (n = 14), and control (CON; n = 12). The outcome measures included tests to evaluate 20-m speed, standing long jump (SLJ), squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and drop jump (DJ), 20-m multistage shuttle run endurance (MSSRT), and Illinois change-of-direction speed (ICODT). Although the CON performed soccer-specific training, the PJT-A and PJT-B groups conducted the same soccer-specific sessions but replaced ∼11% of their time with plyometric training. The PJT-B group performed plyometric exercises after a warm-up program, and the PJT-A group conducted plyometric exercises ∼10 minutes after the completion of soccer training. Analyses of variance were used to detect differences between groups in all variables for pretraining and posttraining tests. Main effects of time (all p < 0.01; d = 0.19-0.79) and group × time interactions (all p ≤ 0.05; d = 0.17-0.76) were observed for all examined variables. Post hoc analyses revealed significant increases in the PJT-B group (SLJ: 9.4%, d = 1.7; CMJ: 11.2%, d = 0.75; 20-m MSSRT: 9.0%, d = 0.77) and the PJT-A group (SLJ: 3.1%, d = 0.7; CMJ: 4.9%, d = 0.27; 20-m MSSRT: 9.0%, d = 0.76). Post hoc analyses also revealed significant increases in the PJT-B group (20-m speed: -7.4%, d = 0.75; 20-cm DJ reactive strength index: 19.1%, d = 1.4; SJ: 6.3%, d = 0.44; ICODT results: -4.2%, d = 1.1). In general, our study revealed that plyometric training is effective in improving measures of physical fitness in young male soccer players when combined with regular soccer training. More specifically, larger training-induced effects on physical fitness were registered if plyometric training was conducted before soccer-specific training.

The aim of this study was to investigate inter-day and -week as well as intra- and inter-individual variation of selected biomarkers in high-performance youth soccer players to assist practitioners interpreting player’s internal load to counteract underperformance and unwanted health risks. Eleven male youth soccer players were tested multiple times during two 3-week periods at midpoint (3-wkmid) and at the end (3-wkend) of the first half of a German under-19 1. Bundesliga season. The levels of creatine kinase (CK), urea, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured during 3-wkmid and 3-wkend each Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. In 3-wkmid the CK median was 14% higher (241 vs. 212 U/L) compared to 3-wkend (P = 0.26, ES = 0.16). Overall, the medians of CK, urea (P = 0.59, ES = 0.08), and CRP (P = 0.56, ES = 0.10) during 3-wkmid did not differ to the values of 3-wkend. Daily coefficient of variations (CVs) ranged from 22 to 71% (CK), 17 to 37% (urea), and 9 to 164% (CRP). Individual medians ranged from 101 to 350 U/L (CK), 23 to 50 mg/dL (urea), and 0.6 to 1.1 mg/L (CRP). High intra-individual variability was demonstrated by large intra-individual CVs (medians: CK 50%, urea 18%, and CRP 45%). Our data show (i) large inter-day and inter-week variability of all biomarkers, depending on the external load and (ii) considerable inter- and intra-individual parameter variations. Creatine kinase concentrations could sensitively reflect soccer-specific loads during the season.

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a teaching program, based on Non-Linear Pedagogy, on decision-making and performance in youth soccer players as a function of the type of play action. Our participants were 19 players from the U12 age category. The teaching program, which was based on the application of modified games characterized by a numerical superiority in attack, was used for 14 training sessions. This program was conducted in two phases (preparation-for-intervention and intervention). Decision-making and execution for pass and dribbling actions were evaluated through the Game Performance Evaluation Tool. The results showed significant differences in favour of the experimental group in decision-making (p < .000) and the execution of passes (p = .003) after the intervention. However, such differences were not found for dribbling (decision-making, p = .402 and execution, p = .143). These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of this type of program for teaching actions with a high tactical component, such as the pass, and a different approach must be considered in actions with a high technical component, such as dribbling. It is necessary to continue developing studies in this line to clarify these issues.

El fútbol es el deporte más practicado a nivel mundial. Esta popularidad se debe a que prácticamente cualquier persona lo puede jugar de manera amateur, pero a medida que se va profesionalizando se requiere la valoración de un perfil antropométrico que favorezca un rol determinado dentro del campo de juego. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar las características antropométricas de futbolistas chilenos juveniles sub 14, sub 15 y sub 16 de acuerdo con la posición de juego y la categoría. Se evaluaron a 180 futbolistas juveniles de sexo masculino con edades entre los 13 y 16 años, pertenecientes a las divisiones inferiores de los clubes: Audax Italiano, Cobresal y Magallanes de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Los datos se consideraron estadísticamente significativos con p < .05. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en el peso, talla, sumatoria de 6 pliegues, kilogramos de piel, grasa, masa ósea, masa residual y en todas las longitudes corporales entre jugadores de distintas posiciones de juego. Asimismo, se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en el peso, talla, kilogramos de piel, grasa, masa ósea, músculo, masa residual y en todas las longitudes corporales menos en la radial-estiloidea entre jugadores de distintas categorías. Los resultados muestran la importancia de dividir a los futbolistas juveniles en un mayor número de roles posicionales al momento de definir las características antropométricas ideales según su ubicación en el terreno de juego. Las diferencias encontradas en la composición corporal entre categorías sugieren prestar atención al desarrollo madurativo al momento de promover a algún jugador a una división mayor. Soccer is the most practiced sport in the world. This popularity is since practically anyone can play it amateurishly, but as it becomes professionalized it requires the valuation of ananthropometric profile that favors a certain role within the playing field. The objective of the study was to compare the anthropometric characteristics of Chilean youth soccer players sub 14, sub 15 and sub 16 according to the game position and category. The number of individuals evaluated in this study was 180 male youth players in the sub 14 categories (n = 60), sub 15 (n = 58) and sub 16 (n = 62), belonging to the lower divisions of the soccer clubs: Audax Italiano (n = 62), Cobresal (n = 57) and Magallanes (n =61) from the Metropolitan Region. The sample was chosen for convenience and consists of the total of players belonging to these three categories and these three soccer teams. These players had an average training of 4 days a week with a duration of each practice session of 120 minutes, plus a match on weekends with a duration of 90 minutes. There were significant differences in all of them between different game positions. We can emphasize that the central defenses presented the greatest statistical differences in all the lengths corresponding to the lower limbs: iliospinal height (97.6 ± 3.6), trochanteric height (92.1 ± 3.3), trochanteric-tibial lateral length (45.2 ± 1.7), lateral tibial height (46.3 ± 1.8) and medial-malleolar medial tibial length (38.7 ± 2.0), whereas the archers had them in the lengths of the train superior: acromio-radial (33.0 ± 1.6), radial-styloid (27.8 ± 1.7) and styloid-dactyly medium (20.2 ± 1.0). It was also found that there are significant differences in weight among players of different categories, with those of sub 16 having the highest weight (65.7 ± 7.4) and those of sub 14 the lowest (58.7 ± 8.1). At the same time, it is shown how there are statistical differences in the size between the sub 14 division who obtained the lowest measurement on average and the other 2 series confronted, but not so between sub 15 and sub 16, the latter being those who had the highest stature on average. It is also shown as the percentage of fat mass, ranging between 24.2 % of the sub 15 division in its lower limit, and 25.2% of the sub 14 in its upper limit being all considered as "acceptable" and without statistical significance between any categories. Statistical differences were found between the sub 14 category and the sub 16 category in all body lengths except in the radial-styloid. It is also shown that there are significant differences between the sub 14 and sub 15 in the lengths: acromio-radial and trochanteric-lateral tibial and in the heights: ilio-spinal, trochanteric and lateral tibial. This is directly related to the lower average stature they present in the sub-division 14. In turn, no statistical significance was found at any length between sub-15 and sub-16 players. Likewise, statistical differences were found in the weight, height, and weight of: skin, fat, bone mass, muscle, residual mass and in all body lengths less than radial-styloid among players of different categories. The results show the importance of dividing the young players in a greater number of positional roles when defining the ideal anthropometric characteristics according to their location in the field of play. The differences found in the body composition between categories suggest paying attention to the development of maturity when promoting a player to a larger division.

The main aim of the present study was to compare skeletal maturity level and physi-cal capacities between male Norwegian soccer players playing at elite, sub-elite and non-elite level. Secondary, we aimed to investigate the association between skeletal maturity level and physical capacities. One hundred and two U14 soccer players (12.8-14.5 years old) recruited from four local clubs, and a regional team were tested for bone age and physical capacities. Bone age was estimated with x-ray of their left hand and used to indicate maturation of the skeleton. Players went through a com-prehensive test battery to assess their physical capacities. Between-groups analysis revealed no difference in chronological age, skeletal maturity level, leg strength, body weight, or stature. However, elite players were superior to sub-elite and non-elite players on important functional characteristics as intermittent-endurance ca-pacity (running distance: 1664 m ± 367 vs 1197 m ± 338 vs 693 m ± 235) and running speed (fastest 10 m split time: 1.27 seconds ± 0.06 vs 1.33 seconds ± 0.10 vs 1.39 seconds ± 0.11), in addition to maximal oxygen uptake (̇VO2max), standing long jump, and upper body strength (P < .05 for all comparisons). Medium-to-large correlations were found between skeletal maturity level and peak force (r = 695, P < .01), power (r = 684, P < .01), sprint (r = −.471, P

O futebol é atualmente o fenómeno desportivo mais popular do mundo. Trata-se também de um meio que envolve um infindável número de agentes com diferentes áreas de intervenção e consequentemente com diferentes graus de conhecimento e de influência sobre o jogo propriamente dito, elemento verdadeiramente essencial e pelo qual milhões de pessoas se apaixonam. No âmbito do Mestrado em Treino Desportivo, e tendo em consideração a abrangência de funções e responsabilidades que uma equipa técnica tem, o presente relatório visa numa primeira parte apresentar a prática do estagiário enquanto treinador adjunto na equipa técnica dos Juniores B (Sub- 17) do Sport Lisboa e Benfica – Futebol de Formação. Numa segunda área é apresentado um estudo que pretende tirar conclusões sobre o conhecimento declarativo que os jogadores possuem acerca do modelo de jogo da própria equipa. E porque é importante fomentar a curiosidade e o espírito de partilha, que se assumem como pressupostos fundamentais para a evolução do jogo, do treino e do treinador de futebol, na terceira e última área é apresentado um evento de relação com a comunidade – Vetores do Modelo de Jogo. Assim, o presente relatório foi realizado com o propósito último de produzir e aumentar o conhecimento sobre o treino, em permanente relação com o jogo, procurando contribuir de alguma forma para o enriquecimento da área de intervenção do treinador de futebol, tendo por base o paradigma da formação e do desenvolvimento contínuo do jovem jogador, nunca esquecendo, contudo, que este está invariavelmente inserido numa dinâmica coletiva. Football is currently the most popular sporting phenomenon in the world. It is also an environment that involves an endless number of agents with different areas of intervention and consequently with different degrees of knowledge and influence on the game itself, the truly essential element and which millions of people fall in love for. Under the Master in Sports Training and considering the range of functions and responsibilities that a technical staff has, this report aims firstly to present the trainee's practice as an assistant coach in the technical staff of the Sport Lisbon and Benfica’s Under-17 team. In a second part is presented a study that intends to get some conclusions about the declarative knowledge the players have about the game model of their own team. And because it is necessary to promote curiosity and a spirit of sharing, which are assumed as fundamental presuppositions for the evolution of the game, the training process and the football coach itself, in the third and last part is presented a community relationship event – Vectors of the Game Model. Thus, this report was carried out with the ultimate purpose of producing and increasing knowledge about the training process, in permanent relation with the game, seeking to contribute somehow to the enrichment of the intervention area of the football coach, based on the paradigm of the formation and continuous development of the young players, never forgetting, however, that it is invariably embedded in a collective dynamic.

Introdução: No desporto de alto nível, o treinamento intenso e repetitivo exigido para os atletas, principalmente para obterem melhor habilidade, flexibilidade, força muscular e desempenho desportivo pode facilitar o aparecimento de lesões e desequilíbrios musculares. O aparecimento de lesões pode ocorre em fase de treinamento ou em competição, sendo que essas lesões estão diretamente relacionadas aos fatores predisponentes intrínsecos e extrínsecos, e à ausência de um programa específica para cada modalidade de esporte. Os efeitos pressupostos no método Pilates podem ser aplicados no processo de reeducação postural, e de força muscular, e na prevenção de lesões, tendo em vista a melhora do condicionamento físico e flexibilidade. Este estudo já gerou um artigo sobre o método Pilates nos diversos esportes, já encaminhado para uma revista específica e também outro estudo com atletas de futebol juvenil que estão agrupados em outro artigo. O artigo já submetido versa sobre a confiabilidade para avaliação. Metodologia: Participaram do estudo quase experimental longitudinal, controlado e aleatorizado 19 atletas, com idade entre 14 e 15 anos, com frequência de treino superior a 3 vezes semanais. A amostra foi dividida em grupo controle (n=7) que não foi submetido a nenhuma intervenção terapêutica, somente o treino habitual, e grupo Pilates (n=8) que participou do programa Pilates solo. A intervenção consistiu de dezesseis sessões. Foram realizadas as avalições posturais por meio da biofotgrametria através do programa SAPO, e de força, através do dinamômetro Lafayet. O tratamento estatístico utilizado foi t student para amostra normais e Mann Whitney para não normais. Resultados: obteve-se resultados significativos no aumento da força muscular (p=0,001), com intervalo de confiança de 95% e alfa de p ≤ 0,05, porém não houve resultados no quesito alteração postural. Conclusão: quatro semanas de Pilates solo foi suficiente para aumentar a força muscular de membros inferiores, mas não o suficiente para modificar alterações posturais. Futuramente, mais estudos de alta qualidade metodológica que investiguem a eficácia dos programas de exercício que avaliam eficácia do Pilates sob a postura e força dos atletas de futebol juvenil, devem ser realizados para que sejam encontradas evidências científicas fortes Introduction: In high-level sport the intense and repetitive training required for athletes, especially for better ability, flexibility, muscle strength and athletic performance can facilitate the onset of muscle injuries and imbalances. The appearance of lesions is undergoing training or in competition, and these lesions are directly related to predisposing intrinsic and extrinsic factors, and to the absence of a preventive program. the presumed effects in the Pilates method could be applied in the process of postural reeducation and muscle strength and in the prevention of injuries in order to improve physical fitness and flexibility. This study has already generated an article about the Pilates method in the various sports, already referred to a specific magazine and also another study with youth soccer athletes that are grouped in another article. The article already submitted deals with reliability for evaluation. Methodology: Participated in the quasi-experimental longitudinal study, controlled and randomized 19 athletes, aged between 14 and 15 years, with training frequency greater than 3 times weekly. The sample was divided into a control group (n = 7) who did not undergo any therapeutic intervention, only the usual training and Pilates group (n = 8) who participated in the Pilates solo program. The intervention consisted of sixteen sessions. The postural evaluations were performed through biofotgrametry through the SAPO program and through the Lafayet dynamometer. The statistical treatment used was T student for normal and nonnormal sample Shapiro wilk. Results: significant results were obtained in muscle strength increase (p = 0.001), with 95% confidence interval and alpha of p ≤ 0.05, but there were no results in the postural alteration. Conclusion: Four weeks of Pilates soil was enough to increase muscle strength of lower limbs, but not enough to modify postural changes. In the future, more studies of high methodological quality that investigate the efficacy of exercise programs that assess the posture and strength of youth soccer athletes should be performed in order to find strong scientific evidence.

Plyometric jump training (PJT) is a frequently used and effective means to improve amateur and elite soccer players' physical fitness. However, it is unresolved how different PJT frequencies per week with equal overall training volume may affect training-induced adaptations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of an in-season 8 week PJT with one session vs. two sessions per week and equal training volume on components of physical fitness in amateur female soccer players. A single-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted. Participants (N = 23; age, 21.4 +/- 3.2 years) were randomly assigned to a one session PJT per-week (PJT-1, n = 8), two sessions PJT per-week (PJT-2, n = 8) or an active control group (CON, n = 7). Before and after training, participants performed countermovement jumps (CMJ), drop-jumps from a 20-cm drop-height (DJ20), a maximal kicking velocity test (MKV), the 15-m linear sprint-time test, the Meylan test for the assessment of change of direction ability (CoDA), and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery endurance test (Yo-YoIR1). Results revealed significant main effects of time for the CMJ, DJ20, MKV, 15-m sprint, CoDA, and the Yo-YoIR1 (all p < 0.001; d = 0.57-0.83). Significant group xtime interactions were observed for the CMJ, DJ20, MKV, 15-m sprint, CoDA, and the Yo-YoIR1 (all p < 0.05; d = 0.36-0.51). Post-hoc analyses showed similar improvements for PJT-1 and PJT-2 groups in CMJ (Delta 10.6%, d = 0.37; and Delta 10.1%, d = 0.51, respectively), DJ20 (Delta l2.9%, d = 0.47; and Delta 13.1%, d = 0.54, respectively), MKV (Delta 8.6%, d = 0.52; and Delta 9.1%, d = 0.47, respectively), 15-m sprint (M.3%, d = 2.25; and Delta 9.5%, d = 2.67, respectively), CoDA (Delta 7.5%, d = 1.68; and Delta 7.4%, d = 1.16, respectively), and YoYoIR1 (Delta 10.3%, d = 0.22; and Delta 9.9%, d = 0.26, respectively). No significant pre-post changes were found for CON (all p > 0.05; Delta 0.5-4.2%, d = 0.03-0.2). In conclusion, higher PJT exposure in terms of session frequency has no extra effects on female soccer players' physical fitness development when jump volume is equated during a short-term (i.e., 8 weeks) training program. From this, it follows that one PJT session per week combined with regular soccer-specific training appears to be sufficient to induce physical fitness improvements in amateur female soccer players. We acknowledge the support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), and Open Access Publishing Fund of University of Potsdam, Germany.

This research is aimed at examining sensitivity of the speed evaluation tests while carrying the ball. The research included 76 male examinees, aged 17 years (+/- 6 months), who were divided into two qualitatively different subgroups. For determining the speed while carrying the ball, the tests of M type of carrying the ball between cones and slalom ball carrying with a pass were performed. The obtained results proved that the examinees from the group of more successful soccer players (Group 1) scored better on the applied tests when compared to the results of the group consisting of the soccer players from lower ranked clubs and who are not national team members (Group 2). High values of the result homogeneity in the two groups (for the Groups 1 and 2 it was 75% and 68.75% respectively) lead to the conclusion that this ability is essential characteristics of young soccer players. The coefficient of discrimination of 0.269 for the results of M type test and 0.197 for the results of the test of carrying the ball with a pass indicate that the results of the two tests provide possibility to qualitatively distinguish youth players. Therefore, it can be concluded that as a technical element, carrying the ball significantly affects the quality of players' performance.

Nestes anos mais recentes, a área da observação e análise do jogo na modalidade de Futebol tem sido alvo de maior preocupação e investimento por parte dos clubes e treinadores devido aos benefícios que os processos inerentes a esta atividade trazem para o rendimento das equipas. Este relatório consiste na apresentação das minhas atividades de estágio, bem como, as reflexões que surgiram nessas atividades e que contribuíram para o meu crescimento. Estagiei como observador/analista num clube de elite e fiquei alocado ao escalão de Juvenis “A”. Este estágio permitiu-me ter um contacto direto com as melhores práticas na observação e análise no alto rendimento da modalidade, mas também, com as melhores práticas no âmbito do treino desportivo devido à observação direta do método de trabalho de uma equipa técnica de excelência. Este relatório de estágio contempla também uma investigação inovadora sobre o efeito de um programa de treino no simulador 360s na autoeficácia específica para a habilidade do passe em jovens atletas tendo como participantes atletas sub-14 e sub-13 do SL Benfica. No decorrer do estágio participei ainda na organização de um evento destinado à formação de agentes desportivos no Caixa Futebol Campus denominado por “Sport Science Day”. In these recent years, the observation and analysis in soccer has been an area of increased interest and investment. Both clubs and coaches recognize the inherent benefits of this activity to their team’s performance. This report comprises the presentation of my activities during the internship, as well as, the thoughts and reflections that I experienced during those activities and how they contributed to my personal development. I made my internship in an Observation and Analysis department of an elite club, working with the “Under 17 - A” team. This internship granted direct contact and knowledge of the best Observation and Analysis practices in professional soccer, and also, of the best practices in terms of sports training itself, by directly observing the working method of an elite coaching staff. This report also shows an innovative research about the effect of a training program, made on a 360º simulator, on the self-efficacy of the specific skill of passing, in young under-14 and under-13 SL Benfica athletes. During the internship I have also taken part in the organization of an event made in “Caixa Futebol Campus” destined to the furthering of sports professionals called “Sport Science Day”.

nderstanding the contribution of the energy systems in soccer has involved the use of time-motion studies. A number of tools have bein used (e.g., pen and paper methods, video, electronic tracking devices). Recently, global positioning technology (GPS) has been shown to be the most accurate tracking system. -In order to correctly determine the physiological requirements of football and the dosing of the workload, it is necissary to quantiff ii during an ofdcial match. [7, 8, 18] This is done by measuring different types of mobility, known as time-motion analysis. This analysis is widespread in all team sports as the most intensive use has been made in the last two decades [1, 8].

Background Dental caries and periodontitis are associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines which may trigger muscle fatigue during exercise, a strong risk factor for sports injuries. Fixed orthodontic appliances (FOA) may cause poor oral health and may disturb proprioceptive inputs of the stomatognathic system. This study aims to explore associations of poor oral health and of use of a FOA with injury frequency and postural stability. Methods One hundred eighty seven Belgian elite junior male soccer players, aged 12–17 years, completed a self-report questionnaire asking about injuries in the past year, oral health problems, use of a FOA, demographics and sports data, and stood in unipedal stance with eyes closed on a force plate to assess postural stability. Results Ordinal logistic regression with number of injuries in the past year as ordinal dependent variable and dental caries and/or gum problems, age and player position as covariates, showed that participants who reported dental caries and/or gum problems and never had had a FOA reported significant more injuries in the past year compared to the reference group of participants who reported no oral health problems and never had had a FOA (adjusted OR = 2.45; 95% CI, 1.19–5.05; p = 0.015). A 2 (temporomandibular joint problems) × 2 (FOA) × 2 (age) ANOVA with postural stabilities as dependent variables, showed a significant FOA x age interaction for the non-dominant (standing) leg. Post-hoc t-tests showed a significant better postural stability for the non-dominant leg (and a trend for the dominant leg) for the older compared with the younger participants in the non-FOA group (p = .002, ES = 0.61), while no age differences were found in the FOA-group. Conclusions These results indicate that poor oral health may be an injury risk factor and that a FOA may hinder the development of body postural stability.

El objetivo fue determinar el perfil bioquimico de los equipos juveniles de futbol nacional y comparar los valores de nueve parametros bioquimicos entre tres equipos nacionales serbios (menores de 14, 15 y 16 anos de edad), asi como entre los jugadores de futbol y no atletas. Ochenta jovenes jugadores de futbol y treinta no atletas participaron en el estudio. Se midieron nueve parametros bioquimicos (glucosa, colesterol, trigliceridos, urea, creatinina, bilirrubina total, AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), hierro). Con el fin de determinar la significacion de las diferencias entre los grupos en un nivel multivariado se administro un analisis multivariado de varianza (MANOVA), y para poner a prueba las diferencias entre los grupos en un nivel univariado se aplico un analisis univariado de la varianza (ANOVA). Se encontraron diferencias estadisticamente significativas entre los grupos (jugadores de futbol hasta 14, 15 y 16 anos de edad) en un nivel multivariado de las variables bioquimicas (MANOVA, p= 0,00). ANOVA tambien revelo diferencias significativas en creatina (p= 0,00), la bilirrubina total (p= 0,00) y ALT (SGPT) (p= 0,02). Se encontraron diferencias estadisticamente significativas en las variables aplicadas entre los jugadores de futbol y no atletas a nivel multivariado (MANOVA p= 0,00). ANOVA tambien revelo diferencias significativas en glucosa, colesterol, trigliceridos, creatinina, bilirrubina total, ALT (SGPT) y hierro (p= 0,00) entre los jugadores de futbol y no atletas. Sin embargo no hubo diferencias estadisticamente significativas en otras variables (AST (SGOT) y urea). Se concluyo que a excepcion de la AST (SGOT) y urea no existe diferencia significativa en casi todas las variables (glucosa, colesterol, trigliceridos, etc.) entre los jugadores de futbol y no atletas. Desde un punto de vista practico, el medico debe tener en cuenta no solamente la edad, sino tambien la formacion de estado de los individuos en la evaluacion de sus analisis de sangre.

he aim of this study was to provide a complete profile of elite young soccer players. Fifty-five players of the Under-14 category of Athletic Club Bilbao participated in this study. Players were classified into 4 playing positions: forwards (n=30), midfielders (n=15), defenders (n=37) and goalkeepers (n=15). Complete anthropometry, chronological age (CA), age at peak height velocity, 15-m sprint test, agility test, Yo-Yo IT level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), counter-movement jump and hand dynamometry were measured. Results were transformed into z-scores and summed up to make two performance composites (SCORE and SCOREHG). One-way analysis of variance and a Bonferroni post-hoc test were used to examine the differences between playing positions. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to estimate the contribution of independent variables to performance indicators. The level of significance was set at P

The aim of the study was to investigate test reliability of the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYIR1) in 36 high-level youth soccer players, aged between 13 and 18 years. Players were divided into three age groups (U15, U17 and U19) and completed three YYIR1 in three consecutive weeks. Pairwise comparisons were used to investigate test reliability (for distances and heart rate responses) using technical error (TE), coefficient of variation (CV), intra-class correlation (ICC) and limits of agreement (LOA) with Bland-Altman plots. The mean YYIR1 distances for the U15, U17 and U19 groups were 2024 +/- 470 m, 2404 +/- 347 m and 2547 +/- 337 m, respectively. The results revealed that the TEs varied between 74 and 172 m, CVs between 3.0 and 7.5%, and ICCs between 0.87 and 0.95 across all age groups for the YYIR1 distance. For heart rate responses, the TEs varied between 1 and 6 bpm, CVs between 0.7 and 4.8%, and ICCs between 0.73 and 0.97. The small ratio LOA revealed that any two YYIR1 performances in one week will not differ by more than 9 to 28% due to measurement error. In summary, the YYIR1 performance and the physiological responses have proven to be highly reliable in a sample of Belgian high-level youth soccer players, aged between 13 and 18 years. The demonstrated high level of intermittent endurance capacity in all age groups may be used for comparison of other prospective young soccer players.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:21:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-02-01 This study was conducted to correlate and compare values for variables determined in indirect tests with the values determined directly in youth soccer players. The study subjects were 27 youth soccer players (age 16.77 +/- 0.75 years; body mass 63.29 +/- 7.37 kg; body height 174.14 +/- 8.46 cm) playing in the basic categories of a first division team at the regional level of Brazilian soccer. Each subject was evaluated with the following tests: a) a treadmill test to directly determine values of VO2max and V-amax (Treadmill); b) an indirect Shuttle Run Test (SRT); c) an indirect Carminatti's test (TCar). VO2max showed significantly different values in the Treadmill and the SRT (59.21 +/- 5.88 and 50.67 +/- 3.58 ml.kg(-1).min(-1), respectively). Similarly, values obtained for V-Peak in the treadmill test and for Vamax in TCar were different from values for SRT VPeak (15.01 +/- 1.10, 14.92 +/- 0.87 and 12.64 +/- 0.62 km.h(-1), respectively). A correlation analysis showed a moderate relationship between values for VPeak TCar and VO2max determined on a treadmill (r = 0.46) and V-amax determined on a treadmill (r = 0.54). The analysis also showed a high correlation between values of VO2max determined on the treadmill and VO2max evaluated in the SRT (r = 0.69), as well as VPeak determined in the SRT and VO2max tested on the treadmill (r = 0.71), as well as between VPeak determined in the SRT and VO2max evaluated on the treadmill (r = 0.77). We concluded that the SRT underestimated values of VO2max and V-amax. Additionally, V-peak TCar showed no difference compared to Vamax, although it did show a low correlation with it. In addition the SRT, even with high correlations, did not seem to be a great predictor of aerobic fitness in youth soccer players. Inst Fed Educ Ciencia & Tecnol Sul Minas Gerais, Curso Educ Fis, Campus Muzambinho, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Curso Educ Fis, Campus Bauru, Paulista, Brazil Ctr Univ Catolico Salesiano Auxilium, Curso Educ Fis, Campus Lins, Lins, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Educ Fis, Campus Rio Claro, Paulista, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Curso Educ Fis, Campus Bauru, Paulista, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Dept Educ Fis, Campus Rio Claro, Paulista, Brazil

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of hormonal status, anthropometric profile, sexual maturity level, and physical performance on the technical abilities of 40 young male soccer players during small-sided games (SSGs). Anthropometric profiling, saliva sampling, sexual maturity assessment (Tanner scale), and physical performance tests (Yo-Yo and vertical jumps) were conducted two weeks prior to the SSGs. Salivary testosterone was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Technical performance was determined by the frequency of actions during SSGs. Principal component analyses identified four technical actions of importance: total number of passes, effectiveness, goal attempts, and total tackles. A multivariate canonical correlation analysis was then employed to verify the prediction of a multiple dependent variables set (composed of four technical actions) from an independent set of variables, composed of testosterone concentration, stage of pubic hair and genitalia development, vertical jumps and Yo-Yo performance. A moderate-to-large relationship between the technical performance set and the independent set was observed. The canonical correlation was 0.75 with a canonical R2 of 0.45. The highest structure coefficient in the technical performance set was observed for tackles (0.77), while testosterone presented the highest structure coefficient (0.75) for the variables of the independent set. The current data suggest that the selected independent set of variables might be useful in predicting SSG performance in young soccer players. Coaches should be aware that physical development plays a key role in technical performance to avoid decision-making mistakes during the selection of young players.

AIMS The aim of this study was to verify how European countries manage the type of game variants and their frequency during different age groups of youth competition. METHODS Data were collected from the official rules of youth football championships. To identify countries homogenous groups according to their game variants, Two Step Cluster Analysis procedure was used while a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the game variants distribution in each Cluster. In order to correlate the game variants with age groups, a Chi-Square independence test and a Spearman ordinal correlation coefficient were used. RESULTS The results showed there were five clusters with significant differences in their game variants distribution (X2 kw (4) = 22.149; p

Title: The comparison of the sport training in soccer in selected soccer teams in the U8 category. Objectives: To the creation of the concept of sport training in the category U8 in the team Dukla Prague compare this sport training with other Prague teams and held various important differences or comfornity. Methods: In creating the concept of sports training soccer U8 used the methos od purposeful collecting qualitative data. Futhermore, also use their own and expert experience dealing with this issue. Results: The result of this thesis is to identify individual differences in sports training of young soccer players between teams of Prague. Key words: Football, sports training children, preschool age, the trainig procces, the gaming principle

Aim. The purpose of the current study was to assess the developmental changes in change of direction and dribbling speed in youth soccer players taking into account skeletal age (SA), maturity status, body size, estimated fat mass, aerobic endurance, lower limb explosive strength and annual volume of training. Methods. Eighty-three male soccer players aged 10-15 years (SA) at baseline were annually followed over 5 years, resulting in an average 4.4 observations per player. After testing for multicollinearity, multi-level regression modeling was used to examine the longitudinal developmental changes on change of direction and dribbling speed. Results. Maturity-associated variability was significant in change of direction and also dribbling speed among young soccer players aged 12-14 years with better scores being performed by late maturers. Moreover, the predicted Ion gitudinal scores for change of direction and dribbling speed improved with SA (P Conclusion. Skeletal maturity status explains inter-individual variability on maximal short-term run performances with and without the ball possession at early ages of participation in competitive soccer. The effects tend to persist across ages combined with longitudinal changes in body composition and functional fitness. In the particular case of the ball test, annual volume of training was also a longitudinal performance predictor.

The present study examined whether performance characteristics discriminated between selected and deselected players in talent development programmes. This examination was carried out in talented soccer players, aged 16-18 years using objective measurement instruments. Four domains of multidimensional performance characteristics (physiological, technical, tactical and psychological) were assessed by using a test battery consisting of soccer-specific field tests and questionnaires. Multivariate analyses of covariance revealed that the physiological characteristics peak and repeated shuttle sprint, the technical characteristics of peak and repeated shuttle dribble and the tactical characteristic of 'positioning and deciding', significantly differed between the selected (n=76) and deselected players (n=37), with selected players performing better (P

Talent identification research in soccer comprises the prediction of elite soccer performance. While many studies in this field have aimed to empirically relate performance characteristics to subsequent soccer success, a critical evaluation of the methodology of these studies has mostly been absent in the literature. In this position paper, we discuss advantages and limitations of the design, validity, and utility of current soccer talent identification research. Specifically, we draw on principles from selection psychology that can contribute to best practices in the context of making selection decisions across domains. Based on an extensive search of the soccer literature, we identify four methodological issues from this framework that are relevant for talent identification research, i.e. (1) the operationalization of criterion variables (the performance to be predicted) as performance levels; (2) the focus on isolated performance indicators as predictors of soccer performance; (3) the effects of range restriction on the predictive validity of predictors used in talent identification; and (4) the effect of the base rate on the utility of talent identification procedures. Based on these four issues, we highlight opportunities and challenges for future soccer talent identification studies that may contribute to developing evidence-based selection procedures. We suggest for future research to consider the use of individual soccer criterion measures, to adopt representative, high-fidelity predictors of soccer performance, and to take restriction of range and the base rate into account.

This study evaluates the contributions of age. growth, skeletal maturation, playing position and training to longitudinal changes in functional and skill performance in male youth soccer. Players were annually followed over 5 years (n = 83, 4.4 measurements per player). Composite scores for functional and skill domains were calculated to provide an overall estimate of performance. Players were also classified by maturity status and playing position at baseline. After testing for multicollinearity, two-level multilevel (longitudinal) regression models were obtained for functional and skill composite scores. The scores improved with age and training. Body mass was an additional predictor in both models [functional (late maturing): 13.48 + 1.05 x centered on chronological age (CA)-0.01 x centered CA(2)-0.19 x fat mass (FM) + 0.004 x annual volume training-1.04 x dribbling speed; skills (defenders): 7.62 + 0.62 x centered CA-0.06 x centered CA(2) + 0.04 x fat-free mass-0.03 x FM + 0.005 x annual volume training-0.19 x repeated-sprint ability + 0.02 x aerobic endurance]. Skeletal maturity status was a significant predictor of functional capacities and playing position of skill performance. Sound accuracy of each multilevel model was demonstrated on an independent cross-sectional sample (n = 52).