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It is the nature of the game and the activity that determines the characteristic of the manifestation of fatigue according to what is required by the neuromuscular work in it, as well as the changes that occur in the functional variables and the time of the differential threshold. The location of each activity and the game of these teams have been studied in a special table for energy production systems as a result of continuous changes in their laws, and are considered within the energy systems such as the anaerobic system (Phosphagine) and lactic acid for (800) m runners - freestyle swimmers (200) m in the physical effort till fatigue. The comparison in the important functional indicators for them, and the research methodology embodied in the way of working through the method used, which is the descriptive method in comparison then, the researchers identified the research community for the young national team athletes for freestyle wrestling, and the national team(800)m runners, as well as of the national team in (200) m swimming for the sports season (2022-2023), A total of 21 athletes were selected in an organized manner and distributed into three equal groups (7 athletes) for each of the three types of sports (wrestler, 200-meter swimming and 800-meter running)., and the researchers would conduct tests for the research variables biochemical for the sample members, as well as some variables that have an impact on the results of the study such as (height, age, weight, and the age of training ), and the homogenization of the research sample members was carried out. The results of statistical treatments were presented, analyzed, and discussed, supported by sources. The most important conclusions were that most of the activities and the variation of values are very essential biochemical indicators. The differences were significant and the positive variation in accordance to the type of sport or activity, and the last variation between the activities in terms of comparison in these variables is due to the nature and specificity in terms of the intensity of the resistances and direct and indirect friction For competitors and the expenditure of energy stored in muscles. Finally, the researchers recommended knowing the most important biochemical indicators in these events and sports as they reflect a clear picture of the individuals' internal preparations and functional responses.

The present study aims to determine and comparatively examine the relationship between the self-efficacy and decision-making styles of wrestling referees. In the research, the relational screening model, one of the quantitative models, was used, and the criterion sampling method, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used in sampling selection. A total of 106 man referees, 77 national and 29 international, participated in the study. The mean age of the participating referees was 39.18±7.60 years, and the mean years of wrestling refereeing was 13.62±7.53 years. The decision-making styles of the wrestling referees were measured using the Melbourne Decision Making Questionnaire and their self-efficacy was measured using the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients of the scales were determined as 0.78 for the Melbourne Decision Making Scale and 0.92 for the Referee Self-Efficacy Scale. The data obtained were transferred to the SPSS 26.0 program and the Pearson Correlation Analysis, Independent Samples T-Test, One-Way ANOVA and descriptive statistics were applied. According to the findings of the study, there was a significant positive correlation between the self-efficacy scores of the referees and their self- esteem in decision-making and careful decision-making scores, and a significant negative correlation between the suspensive and panic decision-making scores (p

Study aim: Wrestling involves a high risk of transmission in terms of Covid-19 as it is performed using close one-to-one physical contact. This field research study examined wrestlers' approach to and awareness levels of the pandemic. Method: The study sample consists of 214 male wrestlers aged 19.15 ± 1.78 years who participated in the U-23 Turkish National Freestyle Wrestling Championship. The data was collected using a personal information form and the Pandemic Awareness Scale. The statistical analysis consisted of an independent sample t-test, descriptive statistics, and a One-Way ANOVA test for multi-group comparison. Results: Non-smokers and the wrestlers who complied with the precautions had statistically higher awareness score averages (p < 0.05). A statistically significant relationship between awareness scores and variables, including education level, being a national athlete, being diagnosed with Covid-19, losing a first-degree relative to Covid-19, having been vaccinated, and the number of vaccine doses (p > 0.05) was not found. Conclusion: The study findings indicate that the level of awareness of the pandemic is high among non-smokers and wrestlers who complied with the necessary precautions.

Background: A key component of return-to-play (RTP) from sport-related concussion is the symptom-free waiting period (SFWP), i.e., the period during which athletes must remain symptom-free before permitting RTP. Yet, the exact relationship between SFWP and post-RTP injury rates is unclear. Objective: We design computational simulations to estimate the relationship between the SFWP and rates of repeat concussion and non-concussion time-loss injury up to 30 days post-RTP for male and female collegiate athletes across 13 sports. Methods: We leverage N = 735 female and N = 1,094 male post-injury trajectories from the National Collegiate Athletic Association-Department of Defense Concussion Assessment, Research, and Education Consortium. Results: With a 6-day SFWP, the mean [95% CI] rate of repeat concussion per 1,000 simulations was greatest in ice hockey for females (20.31, [20.16, 20.46]) and American football for males (24.16, [24.05, 24.28]). Non-concussion time-loss injury rates were greatest in field hockey for females (153.66, [152.59, 154.74]) and wrestling for males (247.34, [246.20, 248.48]). Increasing to a 13-day SFWP, ice hockey for females (18.88, [18.79, 18.98]) and American football for males (23.16, [23.09, 24.22]) exhibit the greatest decrease in repeat concussion rates across all sports within their respective sexes. Field hockey for females (143.24, [142.53, 143.94]) and wrestling for males (237.73, [236.67, 237.90]) exhibit the greatest decrease in non-concussion time-loss injury rates. Males receive marginally smaller reductions in injury rates for increased SFWP compared to females (OR = 1.003, p ≤ 0.002). Conclusion: Longer SFWPs lead to greater reductions in post-RTP injury rates for athletes in higher risk sports. Moreover, SFWPs should be tailored to sport-specific post-RTP injury risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Wrist wrestling is a sport in which two individuals position themselves on a table or a bar facing each other, with their elbows resting on the table, aiming to touch their opponent's hand to the table surface. Among adults participating in this sport, humerus shaft fractures are the most commonly observed injuries. In this study, our goal was to perform a systemic video analysis of humerus fractures occurring during wrist wrestling and to examine the mechanisms of these injuries. We assumed that identifying the positions commonly associated with injuries could be useful for injury prevention. Methods: On May 1, 2023, a search was conducted on YouTube using the terms "arm wrestling fracture," "arm wrestling humerus," and "arm wrestling humerus fracture." Inclusion criteria were videos clearly showing humerus fractures and allowing clear evaluation of athletes. Videos suspected of having humerus fractures, repeated videos, videos with unclear athlete evaluation, and videos not related to wrist wrestling were excluded. Authors examined body tilt nad rotation, coronal shoulder position, sagittal shoulder position, shoulder rotation, sagittal elbow position, coronal elbow position, forearm rotation and sagittal wrist position. Results: All 31 athletes included in the study were male. When examined for intra- and inter-observer agreement, it was observed to be nearly excellent (k=0.959, p<0.001; k=0.946, p<0.001). Out of the wrist wrestling matches, 19 (61.3%) were conducted with the athletes standing, while 12 (38.7%) were performed with them in a seated position. Conclusion: Humerus fractures occurring during wrist wrestling do not appear to be significantly influenced by the athlete's shoulder, elbow, and wrist positions or whether the athlete is standing or sitting. Body position and changes in the center of mass during the competition might be contributing factors to humerus fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the effect of a nutrition program introduced among elite Greco–Roman wrestlers during the weight-loss period before the competition on the athletes' body composition, hydration, and mood. Methods: The experimental group comprised the Greco–Roman Wrestling National Team (U23) of different weights (n = 8) and the control group consisted of substitute athletes (n = 8) with the same weights as the experimental group. To achieve the target weight, the experimental group followed a personalized weight loss program under the supervision of a dietitian, whereas the control group lost weight using their own methods. The athletes completed a mood profile questionnaire, food and fluid consumption, urine density evaluation, anthropometric measurements, and body composition assessments were performed. Results: The athletes who followed a balanced diet under the guidance of a dietician had decreased body mass index, body weight, body fat rates (%), and urine density compared to the athletes who used traditional methods (P < 0.05). Negative changes in the control group and positive changes in the experimental group were observed in the mood profile scores (P < 0.05). There was a higher decrease in variables, including energy (kcal), carbohydrate (g/kg), protein (g/kg), fat (g/kg), and micronutrient consumption, in the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Change in nutritional intake at the macro and the micro level was found to be more balanced among male athletes who followed a regular and planned nutrition program under a dietitian's supervision. In addition, the experimental group had decreased body fat percentages and urine density and underwent a positive change as confirmed by their mood profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Sportif Bakis: Spor ve Egitim Bilimleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: The influence of bullying on physical activity beyond school time is uncertain, as it can vary widely in terms of type, modality, duration, adult supervision, and objectives. Methods: This study aims to analyze the relationship between school bullying and the type of physical activity practised. To this end, a descriptive study was made of 2025 pre- and adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years, reporting on their participation in victimisation and perpetration. The EBIPQ and PAQ-A were used. An analysis of the relationships between these variables was carried out according to gender and type of activity practised. Results: The results showed a higher rate of victimisation in boys who did not practise physical activity. Meanwhile, perpetration was higher in those who practised organised physical activity, especially in boys. Depending on the type of physical activity, the higher levels of both victimisation and perpetration of those who practised wrestling activities stand out in comparison with other groups. Conclusions: It could be stated that physical activity may be a protective factor against bullying victimisation, especially in boys. However, participation in organised physical activity activities may be related to higher perpetration in this sample in adolescent boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the term "sunu coosan" as a Senegalese trope of self‐articulation and as a semiotic strategy in contemporary discourses surrounding nationhood. The term, meaning "our tradition" in Wolof, is used by professionals as well as lay people in their promotion of the national sport, Làmb wrestling. By examining this phrase within the broad repertoire of Senegalese wrestling songs, I show that the musical commentary performed in the sport of Làmb situates it within a narrative of traditional continuity, subsequently producing a modern tradition for the consumption of the Senegalese nation. I argue that this collection of songs is a performative embodiment of a modern state's struggle to form its national identity. In Senegal's national wrestling arenas, ongoing lyrical engagement with the themes of history, heritage, and morality in genre‐specific, stylized formats, makes these songs the site of both 'traditional discourse' and a 'discourse about tradition'. In this article, I explore three central features of Làmb songs: the use of poetic personas; "out of time narration"; and the recitation of praise poetry. By implementing these stylistic techniques inside and outside of the arena, local musicians continually create a meta‐discourse about the meaning of tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences / Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of SPORMETRE: The Journal of Physical Education & Sport Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ancient Hellenic art of pankration differed from that of pugilism and wrestling in that it included two additional unique aspects: joint manipulations (including chokes, in the form of groundwork) and kicks. Its history of Olympic competition spans at least 869 years, from 648 BCE to 221 CE. In the following study, the comprehensive list of compiled kicking-related terms includes five general terms, seven primary techniques, six distinct variants, and five strike placement denominations for a total of 23 descriptors, amassed for this purpose for the first time in modern literature. All terms that are to be listed were sourced directly from ancient texts. The study also includes an analysis of how the ancient Greeks viewed kicking techniques in competition based on Hellenic literature of antiquity and pankration depictions (pottery, statues, & reliefs). The goal is to create a comprehensive database of Hellenic pankration's kicking techniques and practises to incorporate in an academically sound modern renewal of the combat sport that can support adequate teaching and competition that can carry into its return to the Olympics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though written in 1957, Roland Barthes’ ‘The World of Wrestling’ from Mythologies resonates with sports even today. As a choreographed fight between a pre-assigned hero and villain, wrestling plays out the archetypal moral narrative using the bodies of the participants. With exaggerated gestures and expressions, these bodies send clear messages to the surrounding audience, who aggressively cheer them on even as they know the fabricated nature of the entire event. This paper seeks to identify the semiotic structures underlying these performances using Barthes’ views on signification, denotation/connotation and ‘myth’. This framework is juxtaposed with contemporary cricket to illustrate how cricket adapts similar semiotic structures into its spatiotemporal setup, players, body politics, media representation, appearance, choreography and spectatorship. It also examines the moral ideologies governing cricket, especially notions of heroism, justice and the spectacle that can be traced back to ancient theatre. It ends with an understanding of how Barthesian wrestling can be used to analyse other contemporary sports too, suggesting directions for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sumo wrestling is a traditional sport in Japan and becoming popular worldwide. Risk factors for lower back injuries in sumo wrestlers are heavier weight and larger body mass index (BMI). The mawashi (loincloth belt) worn by sumo wrestlers has been shown to restrict motion of the lumbar spine. Purpose: To study the effects of sumo wrestling on the lumbar spine of high school and freshmen collegiate wrestlers, investigating the relationship between radiological findings, wearing of the mawashi during training, and lower back symptoms. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: From 2001 to 2017, a total of 197 members of the Japanese Sumo Federation (55 high school and 142 college freshman students) underwent routine radiographic examination of their lumbar spines and answered a questionnaire regarding lumbar symptoms. Wrestlers were classified as symptomatic and asymptomatic based on responses to a custom questionnaire. We used the unpaired t test to evaluate patient demographics and the chi square test to analyze radiographic lumbar spine abnormalities between symptomatic and asymptomatic wrestlers. Results: The wrestlers' mean height, weight, BMI, and duration in the sport were 174.0 ± 6.7 cm, 107.1 ± 22.4 kg, 35.2 ± 6.4, and 8.0 ± 3.2 years, respectively. There were 91 participants in the symptomatic group (46.2%) and 106 (53.8%) in the asymptomatic group. Ten wrestlers (5.1%) had osteophyte formations in the lumbar body; 8 of the 11 osteophytes (72.7%) appeared in the upper lumbar spine. Of the total, 48 wrestlers (24.4%) had deformities (Schmorl nodules) in the lumbar body, and 23 of 50 (46.0%) and 10 of 16 (62.5%) deformities were found in the upper lumbar spine of collegiate and high school wrestlers, respectively. Five wrestlers of the total 197 athletes (2.5%) had disc space narrowing in the lumbar body, with 3 of the 5 cases of disc space narrowing (60.0%) found in the upper lumbar spine. Spondylolysis in the lumbar body was found in 25 wrestlers (12.7%); 19 of the 91 symptomatic wrestlers (20.9%) had spondylolysis, compared with 6 of the 106 (5.7%) asymptomatic wrestlers (P =.0028). Conclusion: Almost one-third of sumo wrestlers had ≥1 abnormal radiological finding in the lumbar spine. There was a significant relationship between symptomatic wrestlers and spondylolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wrestling is the national sport of the Turks and has maintained its importance from Central Asia to modern times. When the Turks came to Anatolia, they brought wrestling with them. Here, the Central Asian Turkish wrestling tradition took a new form by being influenced by the Persian wrestling tradition. In this way, the Turkish wrestling lodge culture came into being. As a result, wrestling huts were opened in the period of the Anatolian Seljuks and Principalities. The tradition of wrestling huts continued with the establishment of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans established wrestling lodges in Bursa, Edirne, Istanbul, Manisa and throughout the Ottoman territory. Professional wrestlers were trained in these lodges for centuries. Edirne Sheikh Cemaleddin Wrestlers Lodge is one of these institutions. According to Evliya Çelebi Seyehatnamesi and Ottoman archival documents, the lodge, which was an important institution for wrestling in Edirne, was still in operation for a long time. There are many official records of the lodge from the period in question. Detailed information about the lodge can be obtained from these records. In light of the analyzed primary philological sources, the importance of the lodge in the background of Edirne wrestling becomes understandable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the effects of an 8-week plyometric training program on certain physical parameters in wrestlers. Nineteen athletes, who have been involved in wrestling and have not experienced neurological, auditory-visual disorders, or severe injuries to the upper or lower extremities within the last year, participated in the study. The athletes were divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=9). The experimental group underwent approximately 60 minutes of plyometric training, including warm-up exercises, three times a week for eight weeks, guided by their coach. Measurements taken in the study include the athletes' height, body weight, and body composition, Wingate anaerobic power test, and back strength measurements. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 25 statistical package. The Wilcoxon Test was used for intra-group pre-test and post-test comparisons, and the significance level was set at p<0.05. In the VKK values, a significant decrease was observed between the pre-test and post-test in the experimental group, while the control group saw a significant increase (p<0.05). Similarly, in the VYY values, the experimental group displayed a significant decrease between the pre-test and post-test, while the control group showed a significant increase (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test in both groups (p<0.05) for the PPW and AP values. In the right and left claw strength values, a statistically significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test in the experimental group but not in the control group (p<0.05). In back strength values, no significant difference was observed between the pre-test and post-test in both groups. The lack of a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test in both groups indicates a focus on lower extremity exercises. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that plyometric training improves physical attributes, especially strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports is the property of Online Journal of Recreation & Sports and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)