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As the world continues to become more connected by technology, commerce, and international travel, it is critical for all healthcare professionals to understand the growing role of global health and to learn from this dynamic field. The definition of “global health” continues to evolve as new challenges, regulations, and innovations are constantly emerging which may add new dimensions (and solutions) to already complex health and social issues around the world. Healthcare professionals with this interest may look for opportunities to study these issues formally in master’s degree or certificates in global health, to see how their research could impact global populations, and to work abroad on the ground. This chapter is designed to give a general overview of the key components of global health and the important aspects of this field to consider when looking at a practice and career in global health.

The process of globalization has led to a considerable number of expatriates working abroad. In this article, we investigate whether those with a higher level of English proficiency are more willing to accept international assignments. To examine our hypotheses, we conducted a time-lagged survey of 239 employees from Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs). The results reveal that employees’ English language proficiency is positively related to their willingness to accept international assignments, and that their openness to corporate globalization mediates this relationship. In addition, employees’ foreign language anxiety (FLA) moderates the mediating effect of English language proficiency on willingness to accept international assignments via openness to corporate globalization. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

This article focuses on understanding the connection between the breakout strategies of businesses and the migrant workers’ employment opportunities in ethnically themed markets, especially halal food businesses. Accordingly, this research aims to analyze the working sector where migrants are employed. On the one hand, globalized market conditions demand workers with adequate skills and knowledge to work abroad. On the other hand, studies in global cities describe that migrants’ working sector tends to serve economic areas that mainly assist similar ethnic customers. In order to address the issue of enclaving occupational activities, this research uses primary data obtained from ethnographic research and analyzes the findings using the existing frame of the breakout process and strategies. The research results show, first, the employment of foreign workers enables Japanese enterprises to reach targeted ethnic clientele by rebranding and remaking the existing products in the market. Moreover, even though these workers have been contributing to the companies’ breakout process, their roles cannot assure job security for the long-run. The evidence of this research also implies that in the current globalized market, labor importing practices rely on the dynamics of companies. However, as companies located in a specific location, the opportunity structures -such as local and national law, social discrimination, and market prospects- affect job stability along with migrants’ ability to transform their knowledge and skills.

Local networks help researchers obtain a prestigious Changjiang scholarship faster. Local networks help researchers obtain a prestigious Changjiang scholarship faster.

The article examines the legal grounds for the performance of work by Ukrainian citizens abroad. For example, this is the conclusion of an employment contract with a foreign employer. Some reasons for illegal labor migration are indicated. Attention is focused on new terminology: "informal employment", "informal economy", "undeclared work", "illegal work", "hidden work". Various approaches of the states to the decision of a question on illegal labor migration, including concerning Ukraine are specified., В статье рассматриваются правовые основания выполнения работы гражданами Украины за границей. Это направление в другое государство для выполнения определенной работы, а также заключение трудового контракта с иностранным работодателем. Указаны некоторые причины нелегальной трудовой миграции. Акцентируется внимание на новой терминологии: «неформальная занятость», «неформальная экономика», «незадекларированный труд», «нелегальный труд», «скрытый труд». Указаны разные подходы государств к решению вопроса о нелегальной трудовой миграции, в том числе касательно Украины., У статті розглядаються правові підстави виконання роботи громадянами України за кордоном. Це направлення в іншу державу з метою виконання певної роботи та укладення трудового контракту з іноземним працедавцем на виконання роботи. Вказані деякі причини нелегальної трудової міграції. Акцентується увага на новій термінології: «неформальна зайнятість», «неформальна економіка», «незадекларована праця», «нелегальна праця», «прихована праця». Вказані різні підходи держав до вирішення питання стосовно нелегальної трудової міграції, в тому числі стосовно України.

The analysis of labour migration in Transcarpathian socium, as an example of mass labour migration, is conducted in this article. Methods of research: the complex of general scientific methods, analysis and synthesis, classification was used, and the quantitative study of inhabitants of the Transcarpathian region (December 2015 - February 2016) (n = 376), which was conducted with the help of method of questioningNowadays, we lack specialists in construction sphere, in sphere of service, students at the higher educational establishments in Transcarpathia.The operationalization of the concept of the labour migration, the analysis of statistical data in Transcarpathian region and the results of the author’s sociological study «Assessment of the use of social connections in the Transcarpathian socium» was conducted by questionnaires.It has been established that labour migration is understood, as the movement in space, carried out by the individuals to increase their standard of living on the basis of more profitable use of their own labor without changing their permanent place of residence. In connection with the outflow of labor personnel Ukraine does not adhere to about 40 billion UAH every year. In addition, the shortage of labour hands inhibits the development of individual sectors of industry and leads to a decline in regions. But on the other hand, money transfers from migrant workers have become a real factor in helping to maintain financial and social stability in the country. This money serves as a social stabilizer.Mass labour migration reduces the risk of a social explosion, improves unemployment statistics, and the currency arrives in the country. Thus, some current problems are solved, but strategically the country loses. Transcarpathian region is an example of mass labor migration which is only increasing year to year. Young people choose studying abroad, and they never return to work in Ukraine. Labour migrants from Transcarpathia work abroad legally and illegally, some on biometrics, some on working visas or Hungarian passports. As a rule, most of them have no health insurance, which is a serious risk for the migrant worker. The most negative factor in the labor migration of Transcarpathians, especially young people, is that they are not planning to return home. Our region is losing young progressive generation, therefore, it is necessary to reduce the outflow of young people abroad. Well, first of all, we must accurately diagnose the demographic situation in the country. In order to evaluate the real picture and to predict at least 10 years ahead, we need to hold a census. And also the average salary of a Ukrainian should not be less than 12 thousand UAH and within 10 years to reach the level of 2/3 of the average wage in the countries of Eastern Europe. The economy should become the financial basic guarantee of social policy., В даній статті проводиться аналіз трудової міграції в закарпатському соціумі, який є прикладом масової трудової міграції. На сьогоднішні на Закарпатті вже не вистачає кадрів з будівельних спеціальностей, спеціалістів зі сфери обслуговування, а у вищих навчальних закладах регіону − студентів. Метою статті є проаналізувати трудову міграцію в закарпатському соціумі. Методи дослідження: для вирішення поставлених дослідницьких завдань було використано комплекс загальнонаукових методів, аналіз та синтез, класифікація, а емпіричною складовою статті стало кількісне дослідження жителів Закарпатської області (грудень 2015 – лютий 2016 р.) (n=376), яке було проведено за допомогою методу анкетування. Проводиться операціоналізація поняття трудова міграція, аналіз статистичних даних по Закарпатській області та обґрунтовуються результати авторського соціологічного дослідження «Оцінка використання соціальних зв’язків в Закарпатському соціумі», проведеного за допомогою анкетування.

In this study we developed a novel mentorship programme with newly qualified doctors, by matching them to Specialist Registrars at a District General Hospital. The aim was to increase their morale and support, and to simultaneously address their perceived barriers to a career in medicine. In the UK, data shows that applications to progress directly into speciality training have been falling for several years in a row. The figure has dropped from 71.3% in 2011, to 52% in 2015, with now more than half of graduates of the Foundation Programme opting for work other than further training, either in the form of casual ‘locum’ appointments, work abroad, or even a break away from medicine entirely. The results show that following regular mentorship, FY1 Doctors are more likely to decide on not just a career in medicine, but are far more likely to progress directly into specialist training. Although locum appointments remain a firm choice for graduates, those who had undecided career plans were able to make more informed decisions. Over 10% of those who received mentorship changed their decision not to progress directly to a career in medicine, and indeed 12% of respondents actively made the decision to apply for Core Medical Training, having previously being undecided. It is clear that our novel initiative to provide a mentorship to newly qualified doctors at an early stage can dramatically and positively impact their perceptions of a career in medicine before ultimately turning away from further training. Our study demonstrates positive correlation between forming interpersonal relationships within the workplace and a better understanding of a life within medicine. Ultimately, and if for no other purpose, these relationships have provided an invaluable way to improve support for juniors within the workplace, which will increase morale and lead to a better and more productive level of care for patients.

This Work-in-Progress paper explores the global work interests of engineering students. Expectancy-value models indicate that interest in working abroad should motivate students to develop global competencies due to utility value. Further, Social Cognitive Career Theory indicates that student interest in international careers may be influenced by personal and environmental factors. This exploratory research used convenience samples of data. In a national survey (17 institutions, 2305 responses), 58% of the engineering students had some interest in living internationally as a factor important in their future careers. Student interest in living in a developing country was higher among female students, decreased with rank in college, and differed by both discipline and institution. Student interest in living in a developed country was higher among female students and varied among institutions. Among incoming first-year civil, architectural, and environmental engineering students at one large public institution, 76-94% had some interest in working on projects outside the U.S. during their career. The results show significant student interest in traveling or living abroad for work. Future research should explore how college experiences influence these global work interests and whether they translate into motivation for learning global competencies.

Increasing dual practice and emigration of health workers threatens the effectiveness of the healthcare system. Insufficient information exists about these phenomena in the transitional countries of South-East Europe. Serbia, a European Union candidate, permits dual practice and there is a high intention to work abroad among its prospective healthcare professionals. A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and predictors of job satisfaction, dual practice, and intention to work abroad of all workers in the Serbian public healthcare sector (73,940 employees, a response rate of 83.8%). This study observed that 22.6% of the respondents were dissatisfied with their jobs, 11.7% reported dual practice, and 14.3% had an intention to work abroad. Physicians and nurses younger than 55 years of age employed in a tertiary healthcare institution, and males were more likely to be dissatisfied than other workers. Poor management and working conditions increased job dissatisfaction, with a subsequent increased odds for dual practice and intention to work abroad by 1.5 and 3.6 times, respectively. The national and institutional framework for health workforce policy and management must be powerful and efficient when taking advantage of the positive effects and managing the negative aspects of dual practice and the intention to work abroad.

Previous research has generally focused on employees’ willingness to accept international assignments and the rewards that are often associated with them. Little is known, however, about the potential career consequences of declining an international assignment. In this conceptual paper, psychological contract (PC) theory is used to develop propositions outlining factors that are likely to determine whether employees who turn down an international assignment will be viewed as having failed to live up to their obligations, by both the organization and themselves. Our theoretical model suggests that when the PC is breached due to the refusal of an international assignment, it may lead to reduced investments in the employee and, in turn, lower levels of objective and subjective career success for those who have spurned the offer to work abroad. We also address how the consequences of declining international assignments will affect perceptions of choice and international assignment refusal rates withi...

The history of the European translations of Charles Darwin's [On] The Origin of Species is discussed to demonstrate how ideological manipulation, censorship, and publishing strategies affected the reception of one of the most influential texts in the history of science. Darwin's involvement in the translation process is herein traced in his autobiographical writings and in the letters he exchanged with his continental translators and publishers. Aware of the decisive influence of translation on the correct understanding of his work abroad, and, in spite of his wishes to control the dissemination of his theories, Darwin had to cope with instances of overt ideological manipulation in some of the first versions he authorized, which forced him to seek out other translators to undertake new non-biased translations. The worldwide publishing success of the book came after his death, although manipulated, fragmented, or illegal editions in English and other languages also seem to have proliferated thereafter, in ...

The whole mental hygiene movement in Russia has completely revolutionized the concept of psychiatry in the direction of medical, biological, and social hygiene disciplines. --Lev Rozenshtein, First International Congress on Mental Hygiene, 1930 (1) This article examines the transnational dimension of Soviet psychiatry by focusing on outpatient psychiatry. By "outpatient psychiatry," we mean the policy of care and prevention that took place beyond the walls of psychiatric hospitals and the structures that supported them. This policy was formulated in opposition to the asylum tradition, which had advocated confining patients to help them regain their sanity. (2) We use this syntagma less narrowly in reference to the Russian expression to which it corresponds--vnebol 'nichnaia psikhiatriia or vnebol 'nichnaiapsikhiatricbeskaiapomoshch ', and more broadly to encompass the various terms most heavily used during the interwar years, such as "mental hygiene" [psikhogigiena) and "psychiatric assistance" (psikhiatricheskaia pomoshch'). Competing with one another in usage, these terms evolved semantically, as occurred with "psychiatric assistance," which had by the early 1930s come to designate psychiatric policy in general. In choosing the term "outpatient psychiatry," we wanted not only to avoid lexicographic difficulties but also to use a fairly neutral expression that allows for establishing equivalency with words that, in languages other than Russian, refer to closely related ideas and similar approaches. Soon after the revolution, psychiatrists developed outpatient psychiatry with the support of officials at the Commissariat of Health (Narkomzdrav), who prioritized the new approach in the late 1920s, once collectivization and forced industrialization began. Through outpatient psychiatry, psychiatrists sought to reduce overcrowding in hospitals, counter the development of chronic symptoms in patients, and attend to pathologies that lacked acute psychotic symptoms but nonetheless required appropriate care. To what extent and in what ways were Soviet psychiatrists' initiatives inspired by the ideas of their foreign colleagues? Did outpatient psychiatry, as it was implemented in the Soviet Union, generate interest abroad? How were exchanges carried out in practice? In taking up these questions, our investigation draws on the historiography on circulation of knowledge and practices. As Yves Cohen points out, the study of circulation entails resetting global phenomena in a local context. This literature is concerned with the successive transformations of ideas, practices, and objects and with the potential effects of their movement on the original situation. Cohen emphasizes the necessity of identifying "who" and "what" was being displaced, and of studying the discourses that accompany circulation and borrowings. (3) For the USSR, this effort raises, of course, the question of the reflective capacity of the actors involved. The image of a country that is self-sufficient and inward-looking has been largely overturned by recent historiography examining transnational exchanges. The area of medicine and health in the interwar period has been largely overlooked, however, while forms of cooperation have drawn the most attention. Susan Solomon has edited a book on collaborations between German and Soviet doctors. Cast out of the international community, Germany and the USSR drew closer with the signing of the Treaty of Rapallo. Doctors took advantage of this alliance, using their prior connections to develop joint projects that allowed these two medical communities each to pursue their own agendas. After the loss of its colonies at the end of the war, Germany was in need of a new terrain for observation and experimentation; the Soviet Union in turn benefited from German skills and intermediaries who helped Soviet scientists publish their work abroad. (4) Michael Z. David has studied the Soviet effort to combat tuberculosis, with preventive mechanisms put in place in the early 1920s culminating in the introduction of the vaccine BCG in the late 1930s. …

Despite the well-publicised risks, millions of Indonesian women labour abroad as domestic workers, where they face significant risks. By offering community education and current information on migration, Indonesian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) attempt to mitigate these risks. Yet, interviews with migrant workers and NGOs reveal that rather than seeking out migration information from government or NGO sources, women instead rely on fate and the information they receive from the middlemen who are paid to recruit women for work abroad. This paper, which is based on ten months of fieldwork in Java, focuses on the centrality of fate in women’s migration narratives. This paper examines how women’s belief in fate helps them explain their position in the migration industry and their ability to control the outcomes of their migration decisions. In addition, this paper analyses why migration authorities take up the language of fate and the challenges this presents to education and activist projects.

This article explores the experiences of non-Chinese academic staff working on an international branch campus in China. The article presents findings from an interview study that explored the expectations of expatriate staff and what motivated them to want to work abroad. The second part of the article reports on whether and how these expectations and motivations were fulfilled. The findings suggest that, although staff found many benefits from working on the international branch campus, they were insufficiently prepared for the structural and cultural differences inherent in working as an academic in China. The authors argue that more of the academics’ initial expectations and motivations could have been realized if better staff induction and ongoing collective professional development had been in place. In particular, university-level discourse communicated through policy and marketing texts, which promoted the vision of one inclusive and diverse international university community, militated against attention being paid to the structural, political, and cultural differences inherent in working as an academic in China. The authors argue that professional development that acknowledges the differences, difficulties, and disjunctions that staff are likely to encounter in their work is important in building successful international branch campuses both at the level of the organization and of the individual.

This paper analyzes migration of Polish healthcare and eldercare workers since Poland's accession to the European Union. The research indicates that while many Polish doctors, nurses, and caregivers ‘left’ Poland, they did not necessarily ‘stay’ abroad. Contemporary Polish migration has become ‘liquid’ and has often taken on a form of ‘pendulum’ or ‘circular’ migration and, in some cases, transnational commuting, especially in the early years following Poland's accession to the EU. These patterns are particularly evident among healthcare and eldercare workers whose flexible working schedules or life stages allow for retaining employment positions and households in Poland while taking short-term or prolonged leave of absence to work abroad. The research also suggests that different migration patterns are related to the characteristics of the place of migrant origin and the geographic distance or proximity of the destination countries. Residents of border towns can easily commute to cities on the ot...

Introduction: Increasingly, pediatric and emergency medicine (EM) residents are pursuing clinical rotations in low-income countries. Optimal pre-departure preparation for such rotations has not yet been established. High-fidelity simulation represents a potentially effective modality for such preparation. This study was designed to assess whether a pre-departure high-fidelity medical simulation curriculum is effective in helping to prepare residents for clinical rotations in a low-income country. Methods: 43 pediatric and EM residents planning clinical rotations in Liberia, West Africa, participated in a simulation-based curriculum focused on severe pediatric malaria and malnutrition and were then assessed by survey at three time points: pre-simulation, post-simulation, and after returning from work abroad. Results: Prior to simulation, 1/43 (2%) participants reported they were comfortable with the diagnosis and management of severe malnutrition; this increased to 30/42 (71%) after simulation and 24/31 (77%) after working abroad. Prior to simulation, 1/43 (2%) of residents reported comfort with the diagnosis and management of severe malaria; this increased to 26/42 (62%) after simulation and 28/31 (90%) after working abroad; 36/42 (86%) of residents agreed that a simulation-based global health curriculum is more useful than a didactic curriculum alone, and 41/42 (98%) felt a simulator-based curriculum should be offered to all residents planning a clinical trip to a low-income country. Conclusion: High-fidelity simulation is effective in increasing residents’ self-rated comfort in management of pediatric malaria and malnutrition and a majority of participating residents feel it should be included as a component of pre-departure training for all residents rotating clinically to low-income countries.

An RN credential has been called "a ticket to the world." Canadian RNs have been active participants in migration, especially to the United States. In an increasingly globally oriented world, Canadian nurse graduates have many employment options. The purpose of this study was to explore the job values and expectations of baccalaureate nursing students who indicated they were considering migrating for work abroad for their first job and to explore their confidence in having these values met in Canada compared to another country. This was a quantitative study guided by the Value-Expectancy Framework. Data were collected through a Web-based self-report survey and analyzed using descriptive statistics for sample characteristics and t tests for comparison. Nonprobability convenience sampling of graduating baccalaureate nursing students from a Canadian border region was used. Of 130 respondents, 92 (70.8%) indicated that they were considering migrating from Canada for work. Respondents believed that working abroad would provide more adventure, full-time work, professional development, appropriate staffing, flexible scheduling, and freedom to choose their preferred job sector/specialty. The authors conclude that there is a need to study nursing graduates' labour mobility both within and outside of Canada and the factors that influence their decision-making and to address the factors that encourage them to leave Canada. Human resource planning will become increasingly important given the predicted nursing shortage and changes to nurse licensure in Canada with the potential to influence migration.

Serviced apartments are a distinctive form of tourism product which have attracted only limited research attention. The objective is to examine the emergence and characteristics of the serviced apartment sector in South Africa as a new phenomenon within the urban tourism economy. The findings show its growth as linked to the expanding trend for business professionals and consultants to work abroad for an extended period of time, a globalisation tendency accelerated in South Africa by the brain drain of skilled professionals. The evidence from this investigation reveals that serviced apartment complexes currently are geographically concentrated in the country’s major hubs for international business travel and that, within cities, the location of these facilities is focused mainly in upmarket residential areas which offer high quality living environments and access to business and entertainment nodes.

This paper presents the results of a new method that is applied for a multidimensional analysis of the publications, patents, and authors of the related arrays of documents that are prepared under thematically similar projects that are supported by a science foundation. The contribution to and impact of various groups of scientists on the results of these projects are analyzed. Specifically, it is established that Russian scientists that work abroad (expatriates) play an important role in improving the scientific level of domestic research and in engaging domestic and foreign scientists in such research investigations. The data on the distribution of publications, patents, and authors by domestic and foreign organizations and cities, as well as by subjects of the Russian Federation and foreign countries, are obtained and analyzed.

International field work training has focused mainly on the importance of support systems and supervision. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no detailed framework that specifies the components and strategies that should be included. To fill this gap, this article will explore the use of an experiential 3-week psycho-educational training seminar. Four main components were developed for the psycho-educational seminar on the basis of the approach to traditional field work practicum. In addition, five strategies were adopted to achieve these components. Practical guidelines are proposed for training social work students in international field work abroad.

In this article, I examine the struggle of East European female migrants to reconcile their deeply held values about good mothering practices with the imperative of leaving their families to work abroad. Over the last 20 years, the concept of intensive motherhood has gained significant traction as an ideal and a norm, not only in Western care worker receiving countries, but also in post-socialist Eastern European migrant sending countries. This is surprising given that, during state socialism, the co-breadwinner model in combination with state support from cradle to grave was favored over the “bourgeois” male breadwinner and housewife model. With the case study of a Ukrainian shuttle migrant to Poland, I demonstrate that the emerging motherhood ideal has become a growing problem for circular migrants who leave their home, children, spouses and elderly parents behind. These workers are caught in dilemmas as the necessity of leaving their children behind to generate an income for their families is incompatible with an ideal of good motherhood that emphasizes the primacy of the mother–child bond, requires physical closeness, and condemns long absences from home.

The aim of the present research was to reveal the attitudes of physical education teachers towards their work as a precondition of their professional position. Independent sample consisted of 324 Lithuanian physical education teachers (183 men and 141 women, or 56.6 per cent and 43.5 percent). Teachers’ attitudes towards their work were revealed using a 14-point scale developed on the basis of V. Gerikienė (2007) questionnaire. It was established that both male and female teachers did not demonstrate high levels of affective identity (organizational pride where they work, happiness to take a certain position) with their organization. The work of physical education teacher was slightly more interesting to women (p < 0.07). Both men and women did not intend to change profession and go to work abroad. Younger physical education teachers more emotionally identified with their schools and they more supported the idea that work at school should be based on trust and responsibility. Women with a teaching experience of less than 20 years, more than their male colleagues with the same experience, were proud of their schools and paid more attention to their professional development, besides they would much more recommend this profession for their children. Physical education teachers (men and women) had no communication problems with their pupils. Keywords: physical education teachers, professional position. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15823/p.2015.011

This paper studies whether children with parents working abroad (PWA) influence school performance of their classmates. Based on novel data for lower secondary pupils in Poland, I exploit within-class variation in the fraction of classmates whose parents work abroad over time. Estimates suggest that the presence of PWA classmates benefits pupils. The impact is driven by PWA girls and PWA pupils whose parents graduated from high school. This positive effect is likely due to the student level interactions or increased teachers' commitment to classes with students from migrant families.

International volunteering is an increasingly popular form of service work, but the scholarship on international volunteering has done little to unpack the assertion that organizations shape the international volunteering experience. We demonstrate the utility of taking an organizational perspective by reporting on an ethnographic investigation of an international voluntary service episode in Southern India. In doing so, we attend to all of the parties common to international volunteering—the coordinating international volunteer service organization, the host NGOs, and the volunteers—and pay particular attention to the organizational dynamics that influence the service rendered. We find that the different actors in the service relationship understood successful international development efforts in different ways, which frustrated the productivity of the relationships in question. These mismatched goals were partly the legacy of a partnership-formation process that followed a cultural–historical logic rather than an instrumental one. The consequences were dissatisfaction on the part of volunteers and mixed benefits for the organizations with which they were matched. We suggest that these findings have relevance to other international volunteering sites.

Summary Background In a country with a poor economy and limited job opportunities, the outmigration of students is not commonly perceived as a problem but rather is perceived as a solution to the high unemployment facing young health professionals. Objectives Study objectives were to identify the prevalence of intention to work abroad of nursing graduates to point to the predictors of intention to work abroad and predictors of having a firm plan to work in a foreign country. Design Descriptive study, a survey. Settings College and specialist nursing schools, Serbia. Participants 719 nursing graduates from the 2012/2013 school year. Methods Voluntarily completed a questionnaire that was designed with regard to similar surveys administered in EU-candidate countries during the pre-accession period. Data were analysed with descriptive and multivariate regression analyses. Results Almost 70% (501) of respondents indicated an intention to work abroad. Of the nurses, 13% already had established a firm plan to work abroad. Single graduates and those with a friend or relative living abroad were more likely to consider working abroad than were their counterparts (odds ratios were 2.3 and 1.7, respectively). The likelihood of considering working abroad decreased by 29% when the individuals' financial situation was improved. Factors associated with having a firm plan were previous professional experience in a foreign country, having someone abroad and financial improvement (5.4 times, 4.8 times and 2 times greater likelihood, respectively). Conclusions The high prevalence of intention to work abroad suggests the need to place the issue of the out-migration of nursing graduates on the policy agenda. College and specialty nursing graduates and health technicians are prepared to work abroad in search of a better quality of life, better working conditions and higher salaries.

The shape of the future arrangement of bilateral relations between the United Kingdom and the European Union will also depend on the ability of both partners to find a general agreement throughout the process of negotiations. Considering the exports of goods, Britain represents a relatively important trade partner for Slovakia. The growing importance of the United Kingdom as a trading partner of Slovakia is indicated by the turnover of Slovakia’s foreign trade with the United Kingdom, which has almost doubled over the last decade. The results of the analysis carried out so far indicate that the impact of Brexit on the economic growth of Slovakia should be relatively small. With respect to the short-term migration of Slovaks to work abroad, the decline of the importance of United Kingdom has been observed in recent years. On the contrary, the long-term migration of Slovaks has seen a growing trend with a rising share of Slovak citizens employed in the United Kingdom that have achieved higher than secondary education. At present, we cannot say what kind of bilateral relations between United Kingdom and European Union will be established in the area of labor force movements. The impact of Brexit on the labor market in Slovakia is therefore questionable. The results of our analysis show that approximately 62,000 jobs are directly and indirectly linked to Slovak exports to the United Kingdom, accounting for about 2.8% of the total employment. Exports to the United Kingdom generate most jobs directly and indirectly in the services sector, accounting for 61% of the total number of jobs linked to the exports from Slovakia to the United Kingdom, while the dominating industries are the automotive, mechanical engineering and electrical engineering sectors.

I investigate the effect of studying in English in a non-English speaking country, Italy, on international labor market mobility. I exploit the introduction of master's degrees offered in English by a university while students are already enrolled in a bachelor's program as an instrument for studying in English. I find that English-taught degrees increase an individual's probability of working abroad by 11.3 percentage points. The results are driven by students outside of the top-10 universities in Italy and students from universities in less-developed regions of the country.

The paper aims at identifying and evaluating differences between microeconomic determinants of remittance from immigrant workers and migrants based on a survey of 1680 responders in Vietnam. Unlike previous studies, we add foreign language proficiency, costs for obtaining permission to work abroad (for oversea workers), home town as variables into the model. It found that female workers had a lower propensity to support their household of origin via remittances than the male worker, while female migrants seemed to send more money to their home countries rather than male migrants. Interestingly, from the North to the South, the paper found that oversea workers seemed to send more money to those they left behind, while migrants are found to send less remittance. In addition, the empirical evidence suggests that other demographic determinants including income, age, and marital status play a very important role in attracting remittance flows into Vietnam. Lastly, language proficiency might cause positive impact on amount for both migrants and immigrant workers, but it will be resulted in a decrease in frequency of remittance per year.

The exploitation of charities for terrorism finance purposes was indicated by the Financial Action Task Force in October 2001, and three categories of potential abuses have since been identified. The first involves terrorist organisations posing as legitimate entities. The second is the exploitation of charities as conduits for terrorism financing. The third involves concealing the clandestine diversion of funds to terrorist purposes, often arising from humanitarian work abroad. Two key questions will be tackled in this chapter. First, how have legal interventions and wider governance mechanisms averted terrorism funding by charities? Second, what have been the intended or unexpected practical consequences of the regulatory interventions? Unexpected consequences include processes of ‘de-risking’ or ‘de-banking,’ which have severely hampered charitable work in conflict zones and fragile states.

The aim of this chapter is to study the convergence of family functions of women and men in transnational families of Ukrainian migrant women. The key argument of the chapter is that the work abroad, combined with сare responsibilities conducted at great geographical distances, affects gender roles of both migrant women and their husbands left behind, entailing their convergence in transnational families. Yet, these changes affect more transnational mothers who assume the roles of breadwinners and family providers, thus expanding their family obligations and exposing them to multiple exploitations. Meanwhile, changes in the gender roles of Ukrainian fathers are only temporary, and do not entail tangible transformations in the institution of fatherhood in Ukraine.

In this essay, "commoditization" and "commodification" refer to two distinguishable aspects of the relationship between human rights knowledge and the commodity form. Commoditization happens when human rights is marketed like a commodity, whether by packaging information in standardized and easily consumed numbers, icons, and graphics or "branding" human rights-monitoring organizations and their campaigns. Commodification happens when human rights information actually becomes a commodity, such as when rights investigations are done under contract, at times through international information supply chains, while possibly also subject to intellectual property restrictions. While commoditization is an issue, my primary focus is on the commodification of human rights investigation and what that implies for the information's accuracy and its conduciveness to public debate.Commoditizing human rights, through celebrity endorsements, building brandname value for organizations, and other techniques closer to marketing than to documentation is now a familiar means of promoting public support for the defense of human rights. The wider trend, toward the mass marketing of social justice, human rights, and humanitarian appeals, prompts critical concerns. Can human rights' "moral and politically contested issues ... be meaningfully expressed in commercial culture using commercial language"?1 Can Internet-mediated "slacktivism" ("the desire people have to do something good without getting out of their chair") and other forms of low-intensity appeal do more than create "a political culture of narcissism . . . that renders the emotions of the self the measure of our understanding of the world at large"?2Beyond mass marketing, questions have also been asked about the institutional tensions generated by the professionalization and standardization of humanitarian relief and human rights investigation. Particularly relevant is the trend toward governance of these interventions through bureaucratically managed "economies of compassion," which Erica Caple James defines as "spheres of economic transfers that articulate with . . . commodity economies in the form of public and private charitable gifts and grants with humanitarian goals."3 James and others investigate what happens as practices of compassion, conventionally governed through ethics of religious and secular service, fall under market, bureaucratic, legal, and technical logics.4Novel recombinations are also at work in the story I tell, which begins with "selling" human rights in a metaphorical rather than a literal sense (through the use of representational techniques borrowed from advertising and news) and culminates in the commodification of information and the outsourcing and even "offshoring" of investigation ("outsourcing" referring to the contracting out of government services within the United States, and "offshoring" to the contracting of work abroad).5 One step in this story involves the reduction and standardization of information of variable texture and uneven quality into uniform and easily transferred and consumed numbers, icons, and mappings. The next step is the outsourcing of follow-up research through an open-bid process to an independent not-for-profit, non-governmental organization (NGO), followed by the offshoring of informationgathering to a social justice advocacy and research organization based in the global south.A transition, from commodity-like to commodity-proper, is just the latest chapter in a longer story, in which thresholds between the unseen and the visible, the textual and the visual, publicity and evidence, and government and NGO worlds are repeatedly crossed and recrossed. In that larger story, an allegation that had first surfaced through monitor group reports more than thirty years ago springs out of dormancy via two celebrated video documentary films. Then it shifts from that medium to another to take the shape of numerical rankings and infographics via U. …

The phenomenon of migration is widely spread throughout the world, as long as more and more individuals choose to work abroad in the idea of gaining a better payment. Also the process of globalization and the decreasing of demographic aspects manifest their influence upon the evolution of business environment generally. We also witness a general gap between men and women in terms of payment, a salary difference through the whole Europe, but also a general gap between the wage levels among countries. The paper proposes an analysis of the current situation regarding wage gaps in Romania, the research being developed in mainly a qualitative one and the results are analyzed in accordance to the data provided by official institutions. Often, the way managers perceive aspects of organizational performance in general and HR performance differs from the results reflected by the economic and financial indicators. Therefore, it becomes interesting to perform a comparison of the results expressed in official reports, through a content analysis, but also by conducting own surveys.

The article attempts to clarify the main characteristics of the student contingent that makes up the first year of the university. Among such characteristics traditionally include motivation to receive higher education and admission to NTU «KhPI», the main motives for the selection of applicants for certain specialties and factors of formation of professional interest, some approaches to the formation of life strategies for the period after graduation at the university, the attitude to a possible exit to continue studying abroad and to stay there for permanent residence and work abroad. The emphasis is on the need to study the problem of forming and realizing the life strategies of student youth. Possible directions of activity on using information about first-year students in educational, organizational, educational and career-oriented work are defined., В статье предпринята попытка выяснения основных характеристик студенческого контингента который составляет первый курс университета. К числу таких характеристик традиционно относят мотивацию к получению высшего образования и поступлению именно в НТУ «ХПИ», основные мотивы выбора абитуриентами определенной специальности и факторы формирования профессионального интереса, некоторые подходы к формированию жизненных стратегий на период после окончания учебы в университете, отношение к возможному выезду для продолжения обучения за рубеж и перспектив остаться там для постоянного проживания и работы за границей. Делается акцент на необходимости исследования проблемы формирования и реализации жизненных стратегий студенческой молодежи. Определяются возможные направления деятельности по использованию информации о студентах – первокурсниках в учебной, организационной, воспитательной и профориентационной работе., У статті зроблено спробу з’ясувати основні характеристики студентського контингенту, що складає перший курс університету. До числа таких характеристик традиційно віднесено мотивацію отримання вищої освіти та вступу саме до НТУ «ХПІ», основні мотиви вибору абітурієнтами певної спеціальності та чинники формування професійного інтересу, певні підходи ло розбудови життєвих стратегій після закінчення університету й відношення щодо можливого виїзду для продовження навчання за кордон та перспектив залишитися для постійного перебування та праці за кордоном. Наголошується на необхідності вивчення проблеми формування та реалізації життєвих стратегій студентської молоді. Визначаються можливі напрями діяльності щодо використання інформації яка характеризує студентів – першокурсників у навчальній, організаційній, виховній та профорієнтаційної роботі в університеті.

Regular appraisal and revalidation are now a routine part of professional life for doctors in the UK. For British-trained psychiatrists working abroad (in either development/humanitarian or academic fields) this is a cause of insecurity, as most of the processes of revalidation are tailored to those working in the standard structures of the National Health Service. This article explores the degree to which a peer group for psychiatrists working abroad has achieved its aim of helping its members to fulfil their revalidation requirements. It gives recommendations for how those considering work abroad can maximise their chances of remaining recognised under the revalidation system.

This chapter analyses risks and vulnerabilities for forced returnees who usually fall under the radar, namely non-admitted travellers. Third-country nationals can be forcibly returned to “home countries” both after receiving removal orders after years of life and work abroad or after decisions of non-admission, which are issued immediately upon arrival at borders. Through the introduction of carrier sanctions, migration control now occurs ever more outside of the geographical space of the Schengen area and through a politics of non-entry (Hathaway and Gammeltoft Hansen 2015). As a result, boarding denials and decisions of non-admission have become important tools of migration control. This chapter explores why and how the criminalisation of migration is currently expanding towards non-migrants in the Global South. In recent years, Cameroon case law has seen the introduction of an offence entitled “attempting to emigrate illegally.” As a consequence, citizens risk criminal prosecution when their departure projects fail to respect the administrative entry requirements of countries in the Global North. The chapter is based on research conducted in Douala, Cameroon, in the form of discussions with control agents at the international airport, investigations at a prison, a review of related case law, police registers, and interviews with Cameroonian returnees (November 2013–January 2014, and February 2016). Based on this material, the chapter argues that return risks for non-admitted travellers are related to emerging collaboration practices between immi- and emigration countries.

The Rising Sophomore Abroad Program (RSAP) is a program for first-year engineering students that combines a spring semester global engineering course with a two-week international module in May immediately following the semester. RSAP has been running for 10 years, and a variety of assessments have demonstrated benefits for students participating in the program. However, the goals of RSAP extend beyond the immediate learning outcomes of the experience. The program seeks to influence students' interests and participation in global activities throughout their college experience and into their engineering careers. This study assessed these mid-term goals by administering a survey of open-ended questions to RSAP alumni during their senior year to learn how RSAP influenced their time in college. Students reported an increased interest in travel and global topics, and all had traveled abroad since completing RSAP. They also described attitudes, knowledge, and skills that they learned from the program and have since been able to apply. Looking toward graduation, many reported a sustained interest in pursuing a career where they could work abroad. These results represent a unique contribution to the literature on global engineering programs in their exploration of the mid-term impacts of a short-term engineering study abroad program.

Background Burnout worldwide and migration of caregivers are among the most important challenges of the twenty-first century health care. Methods Quantitative, online survey of Hungarian physicians (n = 4 784) was performed in 2013. A link to an anonymous, self-administered questionnaire was sent to all potential participants, namely to the registered members of the Hungarian Medical Chamber with a valid e-mail address. Linear regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors of burnout. The association between physicians’ burnout and their willingness to migrate was determined by binary logistic regression analysis. Results Moderate/mild level of personal accomplishment was detected in 65% of respondents, whereas moderate/severe level of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization was detected in 49% and 46%, respectively. Single male physicians younger than 35 composed the cohort with the highest risk for developing burnout. Higher daily working hours and multiple workplaces contribute to the risk of developing burnout. According to logistic regression analysis, the intention to work abroad was affected by the emotional exhaustion dimension of burnout (OR = 1.432) and depersonalization had a tendency to have an impact on the willingness to migrate. Conclusions We assume that there is a circular causality between burnout and the willingness to migrate. Burnout increases the willingness to work abroad, whereas contemplating migration might evoke a certain degree of depersonalization in caregivers who are in a dilemma.

In this study, we provide the outcomes of a survey with Brazilian and German students about two main topics: (1) students’ willingness and motivation to work abroad; and (2) the students’ awareness about current industrial challenges, their knowledge perception and perspectives about the workplace of the future. We survey 733 college students from technical and natural sciences degrees in the period of October to December 2016 and compare our findings with the existing literature. We analyze the results by stressing the relevance of management’s international experience for the success of company’s internationalization as well as the importance of student’s awareness about current industrial challenges for the development of national industry. The analysis shows that Brazilian students have a significant higher willingness to work abroad and are less money-driven compared to students from Germany. On the other hand, German surveyed students have a higher awareness regarding industrial digitalization than students from Brazil.

Existen varios factores que pueden influir en la recepción de un determinado autor o una determinada obra en el extranjero. Uno de estos factores es la resistencia del texto a la traducción, es decir, su grado de conexión con la cultura de origen, con una cosmovisión, una realidad concreta. La “intraducibilidad” del texto a menudo radica en el estilo del autor, en su manera particular de narrar y el lenguaje empleado. Mijaíl Zóschenko puede ser considerado un autor “difícil” en este sentido, un verdadero quebradero de cabeza para los traductores. De esta forma, el propósito del presente artículo es revelar los motivos de esta dificultad y estudiar los problemas traductológicos que implican los relatos satíricos de Zóschenko desde el punto de vista cultural y lingüístico.

Jean Little was one of the first children's authors to deal extensively with issues of disability. Her views towards disability were affected by her own experience of visual impairment, but also by her family's missionary work abroad and their commitment to social justice at home. While disability historians have often stressed the development of the "social model" of disability as being key to the creation of a disability rights movement, this paper suggests that disabled activism also had much to do with Canada's emerging self-definition as a place that stressed the importance of good citizenship, equality and inclusion. Jean Little a ete une des premieres auteures pour enfants a traiter abondamment de questions liees aux handicaps. Ses opinions a ce sujet ont certes ete influencees par sa propre deficience visuelle, mais aussi par le travail missionnaire de sa famille a l'etranger et l'engagement de celle-ci envers la justice sociale au pays. Les historiens du handicap ont souvent mis l'accent sur la conception du > de handicap comme element fondateur du mouvement pour les droits des personnes handicapees, or le present article suggere que l'activisme handicape a aussi eu beaucoup a voir avec l'emergence de la notion canadienne de pays qui defend le civisme, l'egalite et l'inclusion.

Background International migration is one of the factors resulting in the shortage of Human Resources for Health (HRH) in India. Literature suggests that migration is fuelled by the prospect of higher salaries available abroad. The extent of these salary differentials are unknown, and this study seeks to examine the salaries of selected HRH in India and four popular destination countries (United States of America, United Kingdom, Canada and the United Arab Emirates), whilst accounting for the in-country cost of living. This study will therefore determine truer financial incentives for Indian HRH to migrate abroad. Methods A purchasing power parity (PPP) ratio is employed to equalise the international price of buying a representative basket of commonly bought goods (including food, entertainment, fuel and utilities). Using the PPP index, real differences in salaries are directly compared for selected work categories and different levels of work experience in the four respective countries. Results Nurses in the USA can earn up to 82.7% more than their Indian counterparts. Nurses in Canada and the UAE reveal more modest salary differentials, yet still significant better off by up to 28 and 20% respectively. Only nurses in the UK are potentially materially worse off than nurses working in India. We observe significant potential PPP gains of up to 57.4, 99.1 and 94.4% for medical doctors in the USA, Canada and the UAE respectively. Medical specialists potentially experience the greatest income disparities with anaesthetists potentially earning up to 600% more than their counterparts in India. Radiologists operating in the UK and general surgeons working in the USA can potentially earn more than double that of their counterparts working in India. We observe more modest positive or negligible PPP gains in other selected countries for health specialists. Conclusion Even when considering the differences in the cost of living, the financial incentive for selected cadres of Indian HRH to seek work abroad remains strong. The migration of Indian HRH to countries offering superior salaries makes it difficult for India to retain experienced health personal and compromises government efforts to render health care more accessible across the country.

Medicine is an immensely stressful profession and it is therefore hardly surprising that research has consistently shown that doctors all over the world experience significant levels of stress and the adverse effects of this, such as depression, anxiety, addiction, and burnout.1,2 The picture in the UK is no different. The recent General Medical Council (GMC) report, published in December 2018, The state of medical education and practice in the UK ,3 highlighted that doctors in the UK report considerable work pressure, poor psychological wellbeing, and impaired work–life balance. A third of the 2600 doctors studied said they plan to cut down their work hours in 3 years; a fifth plan to go part-time; and a fifth plan to leave the UK to work abroad. Furthermore, 21% of doctors in the 45–54 years age group and 66% of those in the 55–64 years age group said they plan to take early retirement by 2021. GPs included in this study highlighted some of the specific work pressures compared with other doctors, such as: working beyond rostered hours; a significant proportion of high pressure days; feeling unable to cope with workload (as a specialty, GPs do more face-to-face patient contact as core to their expected work than any other specialty, adding to the risk of burnout and exhaustion); poor satisfaction with work-life balance; and an increase in the number of referrals to manage workload pressures.3 Similar observations have been noted previously. In a systematic review of the prevalence and associated factors of burnout and psychiatric morbidity among doctors in the UK, Imo found the prevalence of psychiatric disorders to range from 17% to 52% and that GPs and consultants had the highest rates.4 Furthermore, Imo found that low job satisfaction, overload, …

*Özdemir, Hasan Fehmi ( Aksaray, Yazar ) *Orakçı, Şenol ( Aksaray, Yazar ), Turkish teachers seek to work abroad for a variety of reasons with a mixed degree of success. This study examined the common essence of the experiences of Turkish teachers, through 25 interviews with teachers commissioned to teach Turkish and Turkish culture to Turkish students in Germany and France. Interviews were conducted using semi-structured interview questions and audio recordings. The analyses used an appropriate content analysis process for a qualitative phenomenological approach. Krippendorff’s alpha coefficient showed high interrater reliability with a value of.83, and to ensure the credibility the codings have been submitted to internal and external checks. The direct quotations of the participants’ discourses were shared in the text. The results of the study showed that there was a particular driving force that directed teachers to teach abroad. This driving force embodied itself in a sense of curiosity and pride for being chosen to work abroad.

Today, many healthcare workers learn medical English: some want to go on internships or work abroad, others dream of going to international conferences, others are the first to read publications about discoveries in medicine. Whatever the goal, steps must be taken to achieve it, and we want to help you with this. In the article, we will present you with a short dictionary of medical terms in English, phrases for communicating with the patient, as well as a list of 42 best resources for learning English for doctors. Of course, in this article we will not be able to put all the medical terms in English, but still decided to give you the basic concepts. In the meantime, let's get acquainted with the basic terminology