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Dit artikel onderzoekt wat werk sociaal nuttig maakt en of er een uitruil plaatsvindt tussen loon en sociaal nuttig werk. Uitgangspunt is dat de mate waarin werk nuttig is vooral afhangt van de functie. De mate waarin het werk als sociaal nuttig wordt ervaren hangt af van de mogelijkheden tot zelfontplooiing en organisatiedoelen. Analyses van EWCS 2015 en ISSP 2015 laten zien dat de oordelen van beroepsbeoefenaren over de nuttigheid van hun werk sterk overeenkomen in deze datasets. Er zijn sterke effecten van aan zelfontplooiing gerelateerde functiekenmerken op sociaal nuttig werk. Ook blijken werkenden in niet-commerciële organisaties hun werk sociaal nuttiger te vinden dan werkenden in commerciële organisaties. Er is een uitruil tussen loon en sociaal nut van het werk als constant wordt gehouden voor aan zelfontplooiing gerelateerde functiekenmerken. We concluderen dat de mate waarin werk sociaal nuttig is sterk afhangt van de mogelijkheden tot zelfontplooiing in de functie, en aanleiding geeft tot uitruil tussen loon en sociaal nut.

AimsThe importance of autoantibodies (AABs) against adrenergic/muscarinic receptors in heart failure (HF) is not well-understood. We investigated the prevalence and clinical/prognostic associations of four AABs recognizing the M2-muscarinic receptor or the β1-, β2-, or β3-adrenergic receptor in a large and well-characterized cohort of patients with HF.Methods and resultsSerum samples from 2256 patients with HF from the BIOSTAT-CHF cohort and 299 healthy controls were analysed using newly established chemiluminescence immunoassays. The primary outcome was a composite of all-cause mortality and HF rehospitalization at 2-year follow-up, and each outcome was also separately investigated. Collectively, 382 (16.9%) patients and 37 (12.4%) controls were seropositive for ≥1 AAB (P = 0.045). Seropositivity occurred more frequently only for anti-M2 AABs (P = 0.025). Amongst patients with HF, seropositivity was associated with the presence of comorbidities (renal disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke, and atrial fibrillation) and with medication use. Only anti-β1 AAB seropositivity was associated with the primary outcome [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.37 (1.04–1.81), P = 0.024] and HF rehospitalization [1.57 (1.13–2.19), P = 0.010] in univariable analyses but remained associated only with HF rehospitalization after multivariable adjustment for the BIOSTAT-CHF risk model [1.47 (1.05–2.07), P = 0.030]. Principal component analyses showed considerable overlap in B-lymphocyte activity between seropositive and seronegative patients, based on 31 circulating biomarkers related to B-lymphocyte function.ConclusionsAAB seropositivity was not strongly associated with adverse outcomes in HF and was mostly related to the presence of comorbidities and medication use. Only anti-β1 AABs were independently associated with HF rehospitalization. The exact clinical value of AABs remains to be elucidated.

BACKGROUND:\ud Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors attenuate left ventricular (LV) enlargement after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Preclinical data suggest similar benefits with combined angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition, but human data are conflicting. The PARADISE-MI Echo Study (Prospective ARNI Versus ACE Inhibitor Trial to Determine Superiority in Reducing Heart Failure Events After Myocardial Infarction) tested the effect of sacubitril/valsartan compared with ramipril on LV function and adverse remodeling after high risk-AMI.\ud \ud METHODS:\ud In a prespecified substudy, 544 PARADISE-MI participants were enrolled in the Echo Study to undergo protocol echocardiography at randomization and after 8 months. Patients were randomized within 0.5 to 7 days of presentation with their index AMI to receive a target dose of sacubitril/valsartan 200 mg or ramipril 5 mg twice daily. Echocardiographic measures were performed at a core laboratory by investigators blinded to treatment assignment. The effect of treatment on change in echo measures was assessed with ANCOVA with adjustment for baseline value and enrollment region. The primary end points were change in LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and left atrial volume (LAV), and prespecified secondary end points included changes in LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes.\ud \ud RESULTS:\ud Mean age was 64±12 years; 26% were women; mean LVEF was 42±12%; and LAV was 49±17 mL. Of 544 enrolled patients, 457 (84%) had a follow-up echo at 8 months (228 taking sacubitril/valsartan, 229 taking ramipril). There was no significant difference in change in LVEF (P=0.79) or LAV (P =0.62) by treatment group. Patients randomized to sacubitril/valsartan demonstrated less increase in LV end-diastolic volume (P=0.025) and greater decline in LV mass index (P=0.037), increase in tissue Doppler e’lat (P=0.005), decrease in E/e’lat (P=0.045), and decrease in tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity (P=0.024) than patients randomized to ramipril. These differences remained significant after adjustment for differences in baseline characteristics. Baseline LVEF, LV end-diastolic volume, LV end-systolic volume, LV mass index, LAV, and Doppler-based diastolic indices were associated with risk of cardiovascular death or incident heart failure.\ud \ud CONCLUSIONS:\ud Treatment with sacubitril/valsartan compared with ramipril after AMI did not result in changes in LVEF or LAV at 8 months. Patients randomized to sacubitril/valsartan had less LV enlargement and greater improvement in filling pressure. Measures of LV size, systolic function, and diastolic properties were predictive of cardiovascular death and incident heart failure after AMI in this contemporary, well-treated cohort.

Although previous empirical research has provided insight into the link between perceived job insecurity and mental health, many questions remained unanswered. These include to what extent job insecurity has a mental health effect when controlling for (unobserved) individual characteristics, and to what extent there is effect heterogeneity. This dissertation therefore focuses on the mental health effect of job insecurity controlling for individual characteristics as well as the moderating effect of various demographic, sociological, and psychological variables. More specifically, it examined, next to a main effect, the role of gender, age, family situation, education, income, type of employment contract, religiousness, personality, and self-efficacy. By using a fixed effects estimator to control for time-invariant unobserved characteristics and data from the Netherlands for 2008-2018 chapter 2 indicates a rather small mean effect of perceived job insecurity on mental health. Some groups, however, have more trouble than others in dealing with perceived job insecurity: men, esp. with intermediate and higher levels of education, and with permanent contracts. Furthermore, negative effects of job insecurity increase with income. The moderating role of religiousness in the mental health effect of job insecurity could go either way: buffer or burden. Chapter 3 finds that religious employees in general, and Protestants among them in particular, despite being at risk due to a higher work ethic, are shielded from the adverse mental health effects of job insecurity. Instrumental are belief beyond doubt in God's existence as well as belief in life after death. The beliefs in God and in afterlife only appear to insulate workers who frequently attend religious gatherings. It is unclear how well people with different personality traits deal with a real-life stressor such as job insecurity. Chapter 4 investigates the interaction between the Big5 traits and job insecurity on mental health in three large, representative household panel data sets from the Netherlands (LISS), Germany (SOEP), and Australia (HILDA). In Dutch and German data we find (almost) no evidence of a moderating effect of Big5 personality traits in the mental health effect of job insecurity. In Australian data we find that extraversion has a mitigating effect on the mental health deterioration following job insecurity, and that openness to experience and neuroticism have an exacerbating effect on the mental health deterioration following job insecurity. There is ambiguity in the literature about the effect of self-efficacy on the stress response. Chapter 5 aims to investigate the role of self-efficacy in the mental health effect of job insecurity. The results indicate that higher baseline self-efficacy statistically significantly exacerbates the detrimental mental health effect of perceived job insecurity. This effect is only found for women; the gender difference is statistically significant. The exacerbating effect of baseline self-efficacy appears furthermore heterogeneous (albeit insignificantly so) across other groups: having completed higher education, being employed in the public sector, having a permanent contract, having a higher income as well as having a partner and having children, all tend to come with a stronger negative influence of self-efficacy in the mental health effect of job insecurity.

Funding: This work was part of the PhD thesis of the first author, developed at the Graduate Program in Ecology of the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA), with a fellowship funded by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES), Finance Code 001, (88887.141433/2017-00). The authors are also grateful for the financial and research support of the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Amazonas State Research Foundation (FAPEAM), the Newton Fund via the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/M022021/1 to O.L.P. and F.R.C.C.), PPBio Manaus, Centro de Estudos Integrados da Biodiversidade Amazônica and RAINFOR. We also thank Karina Melgaço, Aurora Levesley and Gabriela Lopez-Gonzalez for curating and managing ForestPlots.net. This was ForestPlots.net Project 26 led by Thaiane Sousa. This is publication number 832 of the Technical Series of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP, INPA/STRI). Aim : Water availability is the major driver of tropical forest structure and dynamics. Most research has focused on the impacts of climatic water availability, whereas remarkably little is known about the influence of water table depth and excess soil water on forest processes. Nevertheless, given that plants take up water from the soil, the impacts of climatic water supply on plants are likely to be modulated by soil water conditions. Location : Lowland Amazonian forests. Time period : 1971–2019. Methods : We used 344 long-term inventory plots distributed across Amazonia to analyse the effects of long-term climatic and edaphic water supply on forest functioning. We modelled forest structure and dynamics as a function of climatic, soil-water and edaphic properties. Results : Water supplied by both precipitation and groundwater affects forest structure and dynamics, but in different ways. Forests with a shallow water table (depth

Background: Higher levels of physical activity are associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population. Whether the same holds for women who underwent treatment for breast cancer is unclear.Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between physical activity in a typical week in the past 12 months and cardiac dysfunction in breast cancer survivors.Methods: We used data from a cohort of breast cancer survivors who were treated at ages 40 to 50 years (N = 559). The association between physical activity and global longitudinal strain (GLS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was evaluated using both linear and modified Poisson regression analyses adjusted for relevant confounders.Results: In total, 559 breast cancer survivors were included, with median age of 55.5 years and a median time since treatment of 10.2 years. GLS was less favorable in inactive survivors (-17.1%) than in moderately inactive (-18.4%), moderately active (-18.2%), and active survivors (-18.5%), with an adjusted significant difference for active versus inactive survivors (β = -1.31; 95% CI: -2.55 to -0.06)). Moderately active (n = 57/130) and active survivors (n = 87/124) had significantly lower risks of abnormal GLS (defined as >-18%) compared with inactive survivors (n = 17/26) (RR: 0.65 [95% CI: 0.45-0.94] and RR: 0.61 [95% CI: 0.43-0.87], respectively). LVEF, in normal ranges in all activity categories, was not associated with physical activity.Conclusions: In long-term breast cancer survivors, higher physical activity levels were associated with improved GLS but not LVEF, with the relatively largest benefit for doing any activity versus none. This finding suggests that increasing physical activity may contribute to cardiovascular health benefits, especially in inactive survivors.