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Berlin's post-1989 rebuilding is used to explore the role of cultural professionals, exemplified by architects and urban planners, in the production of locality. Drawing on an analysis of architectural debates, competitions and building projects, the article traces how the model of the ‘European city’ became the dominant paradigm of urban reconstruction in the 1990s and what precisely was understood by the term ‘European city’. In so doing, the analysis demonstrates how the contentious notion of ‘tradition’ was mobilized as the main localizing strategy in response to intense internationalization. It shows how locality came to be constructed in contrast to other spatial-cultural units (e.g. the ‘American city’) and to particular historical layers of the city (e.g. that of the socialist era). The intense controversies over Berlin's rebuilding lucidly illustrate how the ‘global’ and the ‘local’ are symbolically constructed by actors as relational categories, where the very categories are not fixed but multilayered, value-laden, historicized, contested, repeatedly redefined and restructured.

This study of inner suburban residents’ associations in Melbourne in the 1960s and 1970s examines the role of social activism in shaping Australia's urban dynamics. It argues that the focus on gentrification as an all-embracing explanatory concept in urban studies in Australia and elsewhere has detracted attention from the importance of structural change especially the de-industrialisation of the inner suburbs and the influence of urban activists and residents’ associations in this period. The article concludes that insufficient analysis of social and economic change and the limited recognition of the importance of diverse communities continue to limit inclusive policy responses to urban reconstruction in Australia.

Learning from the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, Tokyo Metropolitan Government has been preparing the restoration and reconstruction measures from a huge amount of damages caused by next Tokyo Earthquake. We are developing the methodology of earthquake restoration exercise with local government and residents according to TMG's restoration measures. In this paper, such unique trials of pre-disaster restoration measures in Tokyo are introduced and evaluated.

The urban reconstruction nowadays is a future of a modern city. The subject of the urban reconstruction is primarily the historical nucleus of the city, as the most attractive urban unit and the city growth generator. That is why the issue of urban reconstruction of the central city area is extremely important. The city nucleus of Nis has undergone numerous transformations during its development from the fortified city, to the town with Oriental characteristics, to the modern city center of the polycentric city. Reconstruction of Nis as a medium-sized city, with the significant role in the system of Serbian center network, is the issue of the strategic importance for the economic development of the country. Considering the cultural and style diversity of the Nis center, the issue of its urban reconstruction is a very complex procedure. The application of the various methods of urban reconstruction, which have been used in the past decade, is demonstrated on three analyzed examples in the central city area of Nis. These methods have been selected in order to activate, improve and revive the central city area. The paper describes the regeneration principles of these areas and investigates whether they are similar to the current trends in the world.

This study clarifies housing recovery problems in areas stricken by the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, using findings of surveys on the situation 5 years later. These problems included a lack of consistency in support measures and the image targeted in urban reconstruction after reconstruction. Results of individual housing recovery lead to confusion about reconstruction in communities and town blocks. Housing reconstruction after the earthquake had two missions: (1) "Lifestyle reconstruction" for victims and (2) implementation realizing a safe city through "city remodeling." The major lesson of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake would be that, along with the development of solutions based on previous planning in housing recovery and restoration, the importance of proactive measures should be appropriately recognized – alleviation of housing and urban damage taking into account the difficulty of postdisaster planning.

For many British cities, the received history of post‐war reconstruction, accepted rather uncritically by succeeding generations, suggests a fairly swift and harmonious development and implementation of a plan, driven forward by one or two key individuals such as a city engineer, a main planner and, perhaps, a lord mayor. Such suspiciously tidy versions of post‐war history have had high visibility and have been hard to challenge. This paper utilizes the theory of actor networks to reveal new insights into the reconstruction of Plymouth by evaluating the mismatch between the intentions set out in post‐war urban reconstruction plans and their actual implementation. Using a rich but neglected archive of evidence in Plymouth, one of Britain’s most badly bombed cities, a chronology of the dynamic interactions of the network(s) involved in devising and realizing the 1943 Plan for Plymouth is reconstructed. The discussion illustrates that, while the formulation of the plan itself, with its radical and ambitious ...

文部科学省は首都直下でM7クラスの地震が今後30年以内に発生する確率を70%と公表した。この長期評価を受けて、中央防災会議は首都直下地震対策検討専門調査会を設置して、「被害想定」を実施し、それに基づいてどのように対策を展開すべきかをとりまとめた「震災対策大綱」を、さらに今後10年以内に想定された被害を半減することを目標に「防災戦略」を公表した。また東京都は、阪神・淡路大震災以降に進めてきた直下地震対策を再点検するために、区市町村別の「被害想定」調査に取り組んだ。本研究は、これらの被害想定及び対策の展開を体, Ministry of education and science announced that the probability of the earthquake of Magnitude 7 level which occurred beneath Tokyo metropolitan region is 70% within the next three decades, and that several earthquakes of Magnitude 7 level or more shall

Considering the immense scale of damage caused by the next Tokyo Earthquake, occurring beneath a mega-city that is the capital of Japan, a quick response requires pre-disaster measures and post-disaster recovery planning to mitigate economic losses and damage to central functions. Tokyo Metropolitan Government (TMG) learned from the Great Hanshin-awaji Earthquake of 1995, and has prepared such recovery measures.Because a huge amount of damage is expected on a scale approximately ten times as great as that caused by the Great Hanshin-awaji Earthquake, restoration from the next Tokyo Earthquake cannot be completed without the participation of citizens and enterprises. In particular, it is important for the recovery of damaged districts to be implemented through community power. Accordingly, TMG published the “Planning Manual for Post-Disaster Urban Restoration Planning” in 1997, and “Administrative Manual for Post-Disaster recovery Measures for Living” in 1998. At the same time, a new type of drill for urban recovery after an earthquake, rather than disaster response activities, was developed by TMG and Tokyo Metropolitan University.This paper summarizes pre-disaster measures for post-disaster recovery planning prepared. by TMG. Two drill programs are introduced : (1) community restoration drill program for citizens and (2) administrative staff training for post-disaster urban reconstruction planning. Finally, the positioning and roles of these two programs among disaster reduction measures are discussed.

International audience; This paper describes a navigation interface by virtual flight over a 3D digital reconstitution of an urban model. Miming a plane with a hand free of any contact with a peripheral allows to navigate in the virtual environment, as a 3D tracking peripheral acquires the hand position and orientation. This way of navigating was put to use with the valorization of the 1:600 model of the city of Verdun in Meuse, France. The aim of this project is to make this 3D model available for the population to interact with. We carried out ergonomic evaluations to identify the lacks of this kind of interface for this specific application and improve it. We then present the gestural particularities and the interface elements we created to achieve an efficient way of navigating in 3D urban-scale models that suits a public as broad as possible.; Cet article décrit une interface de navigation par survol dans une reconstitution urbaine numérique en 3D de plan relief. Cette navigation s'effectue en utilisant la métaphore de l'avion mimé à partir d'une main libre de tout dispositif physique, et dont l'acquisition de sa position et de son orientation se font à partir d'un périphérique de repérage et de suivi 3D. Ce mode de navigation a été mis en place dans le cadre d'une valorisation grand public du plan relief de la ville de Verdun en Meuse, France (maquette à l'échelle 1/600 e). Deux évaluations ergonomiques ont été menées afin d'évaluer ce type d'interface, d'en révéler ses défauts, et d'en gommer certains. Des perspectives de solutions sont abordées concernant les défauts restants.

The reconstruction of historic cities after military destructions is a controversial subject. Political motivation comes always along reconstruction approaches. Some were willing to follow ´modernity´ and/or functional solutions, causing radical transformations in the urban fabric; others were more conservative, unable to respond to the dynamic nature of the city fabric. This paper investigates the reconstruction approach in Nablus old town after the military invasion of 2002. Both destruction and reconstruction processes can challenge people perception of the place, therefore, the relation with it. The collective perception of places can be considered familiar as long as it matches people`s mental map and memory. Reconstruction projects have shown some difficulties in balancing this with the physical needs of rebuilding, as architecture plays different levels of relation with the image of a place, whether collectively or individually. This paper aims to understand the transformation impact in the old town of Nablus in the frame of ‘cultural memory’. This concept carries two levels: the individual, related to the everyday experience; and the collective, regarding the urban fixed image. Field survey was conducted to understand the city structure, analysing it in the frame of ‘cultural memory’. As a result, Nablus’ old town shows that it consists of six quarters, each one structured around a public-to-private hierarchy of spaces, dealing with categories of collective life and memory, which has a strong impact on a place fixed image, and individual daily life. These ideas help to understand the dynamic nature of this old town and, therefore, may foster a balance between the immutable and variable issues of reconstruction projects in order to avoid disrupting the place’s identity and to suit individual’s requirements.

International audience; In this paper we present an update on the geometric modeling of urban scenes from physical measurements. This field of research has been studied for more than thirty years, but remains an important challenge in many scientific communi-ties as photogrammetry, computer vision, robotics or computer graphics. After introducing the objectives and difficulties of urban reconstruction, we present an non-exhaustive overview of the approaches and trends that have inspired the research communities so far. We also propose some new research directions that might be worth investigating in the coming years.

Often neglected by the practice of urban planning, this thesis explores the forms of representation of the sensitive aspects of urban life in a process of urban design. Through two field surveys we show how the inhabitants participate in the production of a creative and resilient public space. By public space we understand its double theoretical filiation: physical and political. We target the observation in the transformation processes of the public places through the modification of the practices and the meanings that these places have for the inhabitants. We also handle the public space as the place of the political debate, the meeting and the conflict in the shape of a democratic practice. This particular public space will be named: “spontaneous public space”. It is spontaneous, because it is not designed and it is not planned. As it appears spontaneously, it can disappear in the same way. It is produced from real-life experiences and from local conditions. An ethnographical field survey focused on the experiences and perception of public spaces by the inhabitants and the communities, give an intentionality to the analysis of the sensitive experience, because it does not limit itself to the dimensions of the sensitive experience but integrates what is observed or either found by inhabitants. After the earthquake and the tsunami that occurred on February 27, 2010, off the coast of south-central Chile, we noticed how in a situation of upheaval and reconstruction of the spaces of representation, the sensitive plays a key-role. The catastrophic situation generates spontaneous public spaces; it generates a practical commitment of the inhabitants, mobilizes sensitive reactions and makes the public space more hospitable and resilient. From the study of two concrete cases -corresponding to the emergency camp El Molino of Dichato and to the city of Talca after the disaster- we focus the observation in the practices of implication of the inhabitants during all the process of reconstruction of their public and private spaces as well as their intimate spheres. These practices include all the actions of the inhabitants, from their most spontaneous and short-lived actions to face the reconstruction and the state of emergency and vulnerability of the situation post-disaster, to the most formalized actions. We want to complete the idea of a “participative” urban design with the notion of a spontaneous public space - autonomous of the participative plans - as an inclusive third space capable of introducing sensitive aspects in the debate. This research gives rise to questioning the urban design as a common space of expression and understanding, where the decoupling existing between the expertise and the novice can be surpassed; Souvent négligées dans les pratiques urbanistiques, la thèse explore les formes de représentations des aspects sensibles de l'habiter mobilisables dans un processus de conception urbaine. À travers deux enquêtes de terrain nous montrons comment les habitants participent à la production d'un espace public créatif et résilient. Par espace public nous entendons sa double filiation théorique : lieu physique et espace politique. Nous ciblons l'observation sur les processus de transformation des lieux publics à travers la modification des usages et des significations que ces lieux ont pour les habitants. Nous traitons également l'espace public comme le lieu du débat politique, de la rencontre et du conflit dans la forme d'une pratique démocratique. Cet espace public particulier sera nommé : « espace public spontané ». Il est public et aussi spontané : il n'est pas conçu à l'avance, il n'est pas prémédité ou planifié. Lorsqu'il surgit spontanément, il peut disparaître de la même manière. Il est produit à partir des conditions et des vécus locaux. Une enquête ethnographique dont l'objet porte sur les espaces publics et sur les perceptions issues de l'expérience vécue et perçue par les habitants et les communautés, donne une intentionnalité à l'analyse de l'expérience sensible, car elle ne se limite pas aux dimensions de l'expérience sensible mais intègre également des aspects observés ou bien relevés par les habitants. Après le tremblement de terre et le tsunami du 27 février 2010 au Chili, nous avons remarqué comment dans une situation de bouleversement et de reconstruction des espaces de représentation, la dimension sensible joue un rôle clé. La situation catastrophique est génératrice d'espaces publics spontanés, elle génère un engagement pratique des habitants, mobilise des réactions sensibles et exacerbe le caractère hospitalier et résilient de l'espace public. À partir de l'étude de deux cas concrets, illustré par le campement d'urgence El Molino de Dichato et par la ville de Talca après la catastrophe, nous avons ciblé l'observation sur les pratiques d'implication des habitants pendant tout le processus de reconstruction de leur environnement, de leurs espaces publics et privés, ainsi que de leurs sphères d'intimité. Ces pratiques englobent l'ensemble des actions des habitants, depuis leurs actions les plus spontanées et éphémère visant à faire face à la reconstruction, à l'état d'urgence et aux vulnérabilités générées par les situations post-catastrophe, jusqu'aux actions les plus formalisées. Nous voulons compléter la compréhension d'une conception urbaine « participative » par cette notion d'investissement d'un espace public spontané, vécu comme un tiers inclus et capable d'introduire dans le débat des variables sensibles. Cette recherche donne lieu à des interrogations sur la conception urbaine en tant qu'espace commun d'expression, d'entendement et de traduction des aspects sensibles de l'expérience des habitants, où la distinction existante entre expert et novice peut être surpassé

Often neglected by the practice of urban planning, this thesis explores the forms of representation of the sensitive aspects of urban life in a process of urban design. Through two field surveys we show how the inhabitants participate in the production of a creative and resilient public space. By public space we understand its double theoretical filiation: physical and political. We target the observation in the transformation processes of the public places through the modification of the practices and the meanings that these places have for the inhabitants. We also handle the public space as the place of the political debate, the meeting and the conflict in the shape of a democratic practice. This particular public space will be named: “spontaneous public space”. It is spontaneous, because it is not designed and it is not planned. As it appears spontaneously, it can disappear in the same way. It is produced from real-life experiences and from local conditions. An ethnographical field survey focused on the experiences and perception of public spaces by the inhabitants and the communities, give an intentionality to the analysis of the sensitive experience, because it does not limit itself to the dimensions of the sensitive experience but integrates what is observed or either found by inhabitants. After the earthquake and the tsunami that occurred on February 27, 2010, off the coast of south-central Chile, we noticed how in a situation of upheaval and reconstruction of the spaces of representation, the sensitive plays a key-role. The catastrophic situation generates spontaneous public spaces; it generates a practical commitment of the inhabitants, mobilizes sensitive reactions and makes the public space more hospitable and resilient. From the study of two concrete cases -corresponding to the emergency camp El Molino of Dichato and to the city of Talca after the disaster- we focus the observation in the practices of implication of the inhabitants during all the process of reconstruction of their public and private spaces as well as their intimate spheres. These practices include all the actions of the inhabitants, from their most spontaneous and short-lived actions to face the reconstruction and the state of emergency and vulnerability of the situation post-disaster, to the most formalized actions. We want to complete the idea of a “participative” urban design with the notion of a spontaneous public space - autonomous of the participative plans - as an inclusive third space capable of introducing sensitive aspects in the debate. This research gives rise to questioning the urban design as a common space of expression and understanding, where the decoupling existing between the expertise and the novice can be surpassed, Souvent négligées dans les pratiques urbanistiques, la thèse explore les formes de représentations des aspects sensibles de l'habiter mobilisables dans un processus de conception urbaine. À travers deux enquêtes de terrain nous montrons comment les habitants participent à la production d'un espace public créatif et résilient. Par espace public nous entendons sa double filiation théorique : lieu physique et espace politique. Nous ciblons l'observation sur les processus de transformation des lieux publics à travers la modification des usages et des significations que ces lieux ont pour les habitants. Nous traitons également l'espace public comme le lieu du débat politique, de la rencontre et du conflit dans la forme d'une pratique démocratique. Cet espace public particulier sera nommé : « espace public spontané ». Il est public et aussi spontané : il n'est pas conçu à l'avance, il n'est pas prémédité ou planifié. Lorsqu'il surgit spontanément, il peut disparaître de la même manière. Il est produit à partir des conditions et des vécus locaux. Une enquête ethnographique dont l'objet porte sur les espaces publics et sur les perceptions issues de l'expérience vécue et perçue par les habitants et les communautés, donne une intentionnalité à l'analyse de l'expérience sensible, car elle ne se limite pas aux dimensions de l'expérience sensible mais intègre également des aspects observés ou bien relevés par les habitants. Après le tremblement de terre et le tsunami du 27 février 2010 au Chili, nous avons remarqué comment dans une situation de bouleversement et de reconstruction des espaces de représentation, la dimension sensible joue un rôle clé. La situation catastrophique est génératrice d'espaces publics spontanés, elle génère un engagement pratique des habitants, mobilise des réactions sensibles et exacerbe le caractère hospitalier et résilient de l'espace public. À partir de l'étude de deux cas concrets, illustré par le campement d'urgence El Molino de Dichato et par la ville de Talca après la catastrophe, nous avons ciblé l'observation sur les pratiques d'implication des habitants pendant tout le processus de reconstruction de leur environnement, de leurs espaces publics et privés, ainsi que de leurs sphères d'intimité. Ces pratiques englobent l'ensemble des actions des habitants, depuis leurs actions les plus spontanées et éphémère visant à faire face à la reconstruction, à l'état d'urgence et aux vulnérabilités générées par les situations post-catastrophe, jusqu'aux actions les plus formalisées. Nous voulons compléter la compréhension d'une conception urbaine « participative » par cette notion d'investissement d'un espace public spontané, vécu comme un tiers inclus et capable d'introduire dans le débat des variables sensibles. Cette recherche donne lieu à des interrogations sur la conception urbaine en tant qu'espace commun d'expression, d'entendement et de traduction des aspects sensibles de l'expérience des habitants, où la distinction existante entre expert et novice peut être surpassé

El documento trata de abarcar las relaciones que se producen en el ámbito de la Universidad de Sevilla con motivo del Proyecto de Cooperación “La Reconstrucción tras el terremoto, Tsunami en el Sur de Chile” desarrollado en una 1ª fase y financiado por la Oficina de Cooperación al Desarrollo. Con motivo de este proyecto hemos participado en los acciones para la reconstrucción de localidades afectadas por el devastador terremoto-tsunami de 2010 en Chile. La cooperación la hemos realizado en colaboración con el grupo de investigación del INVI de la Universidad de Chile y a través de las diferentes organizaciones comités de vecinos y ONGS, relacionados con los damnificados. Las cuatro localidades elegidas para la cooperación y el estudio son: Constitución, Llico, Cauquenes y Curicó, situadas en la séptima y octava región y representan ciudades medias y pequeñas, en situación costera y de interior, afectadas por el terremoto-tsunami. En cada una de ellas localizamos las demandas de una población vulnerable, que ha perdido los escasos recursos que en algunas ocasiones tenían y donde el Plan de Re-construcción les ha aislado aún más, a veces negándoles el propio derecho a la ciudad a la que pertenecían, a su barrio y costumbres. The document tries to include relations of cooperation that occur in the field of the University of Seville, on the occasion of the project “Reconstruction after the earthquake, tsunami in South of Chile” developed in a 1st phase and financed by the development cooperation Office, University of Seville. On the occasion of this project, we have participated in actions for the reconstruction of villages affected by the devastating 2010 Chile earthquake. Focus on working collaboratively with the Housing Institute, INVI, of the University of Chile and through different affected community-based organizations. The four villages chosen for cooperation are: Constitucion, Llico, Cauquenes, Curico, located in the VII and VIII Region and represent coastal and inland, medium and small, towns affected by the earthquake/tsunami. We found demands of a vulnerable population in each one of them, which has lost the scarce resources that sometimes had and where the Reconstruction Plan has isolated them even more, sometimes denied the right itself to the town to which they belonged, his neighborhood and customs.

The study of the evolution of urban planning of the ancient city of Tortosa is one of the main projects of the Grup de Recerca Seminari de Protohistoria i Arqueologia of the Rovira i Virgili University. The reconstruction of the urban topography of the Iberian and Roman city is the foremost goal of the project. Starting from the interpretation of the archaeological work carried out in the city, especially the interventions led by our team in Tortosa during the last ten years, we offer a first approach to the reality of the Roman occupation of ancient Dertosa. It is a a proposal of urban reconstruction of a section of the city focused on the Rastre ravine, an extramural area that was part of a southern suburb of the city, probably linked to the operations that took place at the river port. We have seen as the built spaces were adapted to the ground by building staggered platforms, and thus overcoming the morphological constraints imposed by a complex topography., El estudio de la evolución del urbanismo antiguo de la ciudad de Tortosa es uno de los principales proyectos del Grup de Recerca Seminari de Protohistoria i Arqueologia de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili, siendo la reconstrucción urbana de la ciudad ibérica y romana el más destacado objetivo del proyecto. A partir de la interpretación de los trabajos arqueológicos llevados a cabo en el municipio, sobre todo de las intervenciones efectuadas por nuestro equipo en el casco urbano de Tortosa durante los últimos diez años, presentamos un primer acercamiento a la realidad de la ocupación romana de la antigua Dertosa, concretamente una propuesta de reconstrucción urbanística de un sector de la ciudad centrado en el barranco del Rastre, una zona extramuros que formaba parte de un suburbio meridional de la ciudad, probablemente ligado al funcionamiento del puerto fluvial. Con estas intervenciones hemos podido comprobar como los espacios edificados se adaptan al terreno mediante la construcción de plataformas escalonadas, salvando así las dificultades morfológicas impuestas por una orografía compleja.

The Old Belgrade Fairground complex is the large area in the center of Belgrade that is completely isolated from other parts of Belgrade: it is one of the most devastated city areas, populated by poor inhabitants, often by those from the marginal groups, burdened with tragic history and it represents one of hardest problems for planners to solve. It is situated on the left bank of the Sava River between two bridges and downtown New Belgrade. Opposite to it, the Sava Amphitheatre slopes down the Belgrade Ridge towards the river. The complex was built in the thirties of the 20th century across the River Sava in the area that was an unpopulated swamp - Belgrade was situated on the right Sava bank. It was meant to be modern extension of oriental city, which could represent the western tendencies of the young state (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and its capital. Modern and monumental complex of exhibition and commercial pavilions was built, and started its life with national and international fairs and exhibitions. World War 2 changed its destiny: German occupation forces transformed the complex into the concentration camp, where thousands of people were tortured and killed. After the war, new republican government, both communist and antifascist, had double frustration regarding this space: it?s tragic (during the War) and "capitalist" (before the War) past, so complex that was absolutely ignored in the period of the postwar renewal, and the result is described at the beginning of this text. This paper discusses the possibility to conciliate historical roles of the complex, and to realize it?s potentials in the modern world. Facts of the complex?s history are presented in the first part of the paper. Further on, these facts are analyzed in the context of contemporary city development of Belgrade in particular but globally, too.. Finally, some guidelines for crossing the gap between this area and the rest of the city are presented in the third part of the paper.

In computer vision, the 3D structure estimation from 2D images remains a fundamental problem. One of the emergent applications is 3D urban modelling and mapping. Here, we are interested in street-level monocular 3D reconstruction from mobile vehicle. In this particular case, several challenges arise at different stages of the 3D reconstruction pipeline. Mainly, lacking textured areas in urban scenes produces low density reconstructed point cloud. Also, the continuous motion of the vehicle prevents having redundant views of the scene with short feature points lifetime. In this context, we adopt the piecewise planar 3D reconstruction where the planarity assumption overcomes the aforementioned challenges.In this thesis, we introduce several improvements to the 3D structure estimation pipeline. In particular, the planar piecewise scene representation and modelling. First, we propose a novel approach that aims at creating 3D geometry respecting superpixel segmentation, which is a gradient-based boundary probability estimation by fusing colour and flow information using weighted multi-layered model. A pixel-wise weighting is used in the fusion process which takes into account the uncertainty of the computed flow. This method produces non-constrained superpixels in terms of size and shape. For the applications that imply a constrained size superpixels, such as 3D reconstruction from an image sequence, we develop a flow based SLIC method to produce superpixels that are adapted to reconstructed points density for better planar structure fitting. This is achieved by the mean of new distance measure that takes into account an input density map, in addition to the flow and spatial information. To increase the density of the reconstructed point cloud used to performthe planar structure fitting, we propose a new approach that uses several matching methods and dense optical flow. A weighting scheme assigns a learned weight to each reconstructed point to control its impact to fitting the structure relative to the accuracy of the used matching method. Then, a weighted total least square model uses the reconstructed points and learned weights to fit a planar structure with the help of superpixel segmentation of the input image sequence. Moreover, themodel handles the occlusion boundaries between neighbouring scene patches to encourage connectivity and co-planarity to produce more realistic models. The final output is a complete dense visually appealing 3Dmodels. The validity of the proposed approaches has been substantiated by comprehensive experiments and comparisons with state-of-the-art methods; Dans le domaine de la vision par ordinateur, l’estimation de la structure d’une scène 3D à partir d’images 2D constitue un problème fondamental. Parmi les applications concernées par cette problématique, nous nous sommes intéressés dans le cadre de cette thèse à la modélisation d’un environnement urbain. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la reconstruction de scènes 3D à partir d’images monoculaires générées par un véhicule en mouvement. Ici, plusieurs défis se posent à travers les différentes étapes de la chaine de traitement inhérente à la reconstruction 3D. L’un de ces défis vient du fait de l’absence de zones suffisamment texturées dans certaines scènes urbaines, d’où une reconstruction 3D (un nuage de points 3D) trop éparse. De plus, du fait du mouvement du véhicule, d’une image à l’autre il n’y a pas toujours un recouvrement suffisant entre différentes vues consécutives d’une même scène. Dans ce contexte, et ce afin de lever les verrous ci-dessus mentionnés, nous proposons d’estimer, de reconstruire, la structure d’une scène 3D par morceaux en se basant sur une hypothèse de planéité. Nous proposons plusieurs améliorations à la chaine de traitement associée à la reconstruction 3D. D’abord, afin de structurer, de représenter, la scène sous la forme d’entités planes nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de reconstruction 3D, basée sur le regroupement de pixels similaires (superpixel segmentation), qui à travers une représentation multi-échelle pondérée fusionne les informations de couleur et de mouvement. Cette méthode est basée sur l’estimation de la probabilité de discontinuités locales aux frontières des régions calculées à partir du gradient (gradientbased boundary probability estimation). Afin de prendre en compte l’incertitude liée à l’estimation du mouvement, une pondération par morceaux est appliquée à chaque pixel en fonction de cette incertitude. Cette méthode génère des regroupements de pixels (superpixels) non contraints en termes de taille et de forme. Pour certaines applications, telle que la reconstruction 3D à partir d’une séquence d’images, des contraintes de taille sont nécessaires. Nous avons donc proposé une méthode qui intègre à l’algorithme SLIC (Simple Linear Iterative Clustering) l’information de mouvement. L’objectif étant d’obtenir une reconstruction 3D plus dense qui estime mieux la structure de la scène. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons aussi introduit une nouvelle distance qui, en complément de l’information de mouvement et de données images, prend en compte la densité du nuage de points. Afin d’augmenter la densité du nuage de points utilisé pour reconstruire la structure de la scène sous la forme de surfaces planes, nous proposons une nouvelle approche qui mixte plusieurs méthodes d’appariement et une méthode de flot optique dense. Cette méthode est basée sur un système de pondération qui attribue un poids pré-calculé par apprentissage à chaque point reconstruit. L’objectif est de contrôler l’impact de ce système de pondération, autrement dit la qualité de la reconstruction, en fonction de la précision de la méthode d’appariement utilisée. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons appliqué un processus des moindres carrés pondérés aux données reconstruites pondérées par les calculés par apprentissage, qui en complément de la segmentation par morceaux de la séquence d’images, permet une meilleure reconstruction de la structure de la scène sous la forme de surfaces planes. Nous avons également proposé un processus de gestion des discontinuités locales aux frontières de régions voisines dues à des occlusions (occlusion boundaries) qui favorise la coplanarité et la connectivité des régions connexes. L’ensemble des modèles proposés permet de générer une reconstruction 3D dense représentative à la réalité de la scène. La pertinence des modèles proposés a été étudiée et comparée à l’état de l’art. Plusieurs expérimentations ont été réalisées afin de démontrer, d’étayer, la validité de notre approche

In computer vision, the 3D structure estimation from 2D images remains a fundamental problem. One of the emergent applications is 3D urban modelling and mapping. Here, we are interested in street-level monocular 3D reconstruction from mobile vehicle. In this particular case, several challenges arise at different stages of the 3D reconstruction pipeline. Mainly, lacking textured areas in urban scenes produces low density reconstructed point cloud. Also, the continuous motion of the vehicle prevents having redundant views of the scene with short feature points lifetime. In this context, we adopt the piecewise planar 3D reconstruction where the planarity assumption overcomes the aforementioned challenges.In this thesis, we introduce several improvements to the 3D structure estimation pipeline. In particular, the planar piecewise scene representation and modelling. First, we propose a novel approach that aims at creating 3D geometry respecting superpixel segmentation, which is a gradient-based boundary probability estimation by fusing colour and flow information using weighted multi-layered model. A pixel-wise weighting is used in the fusion process which takes into account the uncertainty of the computed flow. This method produces non-constrained superpixels in terms of size and shape. For the applications that imply a constrained size superpixels, such as 3D reconstruction from an image sequence, we develop a flow based SLIC method to produce superpixels that are adapted to reconstructed points density for better planar structure fitting. This is achieved by the mean of new distance measure that takes into account an input density map, in addition to the flow and spatial information. To increase the density of the reconstructed point cloud used to performthe planar structure fitting, we propose a new approach that uses several matching methods and dense optical flow. A weighting scheme assigns a learned weight to each reconstructed point to control its impact to fitting the structure relative to the accuracy of the used matching method. Then, a weighted total least square model uses the reconstructed points and learned weights to fit a planar structure with the help of superpixel segmentation of the input image sequence. Moreover, themodel handles the occlusion boundaries between neighbouring scene patches to encourage connectivity and co-planarity to produce more realistic models. The final output is a complete dense visually appealing 3Dmodels. The validity of the proposed approaches has been substantiated by comprehensive experiments and comparisons with state-of-the-art methods, Dans le domaine de la vision par ordinateur, l’estimation de la structure d’une scène 3D à partir d’images 2D constitue un problème fondamental. Parmi les applications concernées par cette problématique, nous nous sommes intéressés dans le cadre de cette thèse à la modélisation d’un environnement urbain. Nous nous sommes intéressés à la reconstruction de scènes 3D à partir d’images monoculaires générées par un véhicule en mouvement. Ici, plusieurs défis se posent à travers les différentes étapes de la chaine de traitement inhérente à la reconstruction 3D. L’un de ces défis vient du fait de l’absence de zones suffisamment texturées dans certaines scènes urbaines, d’où une reconstruction 3D (un nuage de points 3D) trop éparse. De plus, du fait du mouvement du véhicule, d’une image à l’autre il n’y a pas toujours un recouvrement suffisant entre différentes vues consécutives d’une même scène. Dans ce contexte, et ce afin de lever les verrous ci-dessus mentionnés, nous proposons d’estimer, de reconstruire, la structure d’une scène 3D par morceaux en se basant sur une hypothèse de planéité. Nous proposons plusieurs améliorations à la chaine de traitement associée à la reconstruction 3D. D’abord, afin de structurer, de représenter, la scène sous la forme d’entités planes nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de reconstruction 3D, basée sur le regroupement de pixels similaires (superpixel segmentation), qui à travers une représentation multi-échelle pondérée fusionne les informations de couleur et de mouvement. Cette méthode est basée sur l’estimation de la probabilité de discontinuités locales aux frontières des régions calculées à partir du gradient (gradientbased boundary probability estimation). Afin de prendre en compte l’incertitude liée à l’estimation du mouvement, une pondération par morceaux est appliquée à chaque pixel en fonction de cette incertitude. Cette méthode génère des regroupements de pixels (superpixels) non contraints en termes de taille et de forme. Pour certaines applications, telle que la reconstruction 3D à partir d’une séquence d’images, des contraintes de taille sont nécessaires. Nous avons donc proposé une méthode qui intègre à l’algorithme SLIC (Simple Linear Iterative Clustering) l’information de mouvement. L’objectif étant d’obtenir une reconstruction 3D plus dense qui estime mieux la structure de la scène. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons aussi introduit une nouvelle distance qui, en complément de l’information de mouvement et de données images, prend en compte la densité du nuage de points. Afin d’augmenter la densité du nuage de points utilisé pour reconstruire la structure de la scène sous la forme de surfaces planes, nous proposons une nouvelle approche qui mixte plusieurs méthodes d’appariement et une méthode de flot optique dense. Cette méthode est basée sur un système de pondération qui attribue un poids pré-calculé par apprentissage à chaque point reconstruit. L’objectif est de contrôler l’impact de ce système de pondération, autrement dit la qualité de la reconstruction, en fonction de la précision de la méthode d’appariement utilisée. Pour atteindre cet objectif, nous avons appliqué un processus des moindres carrés pondérés aux données reconstruites pondérées par les calculés par apprentissage, qui en complément de la segmentation par morceaux de la séquence d’images, permet une meilleure reconstruction de la structure de la scène sous la forme de surfaces planes. Nous avons également proposé un processus de gestion des discontinuités locales aux frontières de régions voisines dues à des occlusions (occlusion boundaries) qui favorise la coplanarité et la connectivité des régions connexes. L’ensemble des modèles proposés permet de générer une reconstruction 3D dense représentative à la réalité de la scène. La pertinence des modèles proposés a été étudiée et comparée à l’état de l’art. Plusieurs expérimentations ont été réalisées afin de démontrer, d’étayer, la validité de notre approche

The most visible consequence of the 1916 Rising was the destruction of Sackville Street and the adjoining thoroughfares. Witnesses likened the ruined city centre to a scene from the Western Front. The damage resulted in significant material loss for the citizens and property owners of Dublin. This article will explain why the British government accepted liability for loss of property of all kinds from buildings to personal items. It will describe the nature of the compensation process, municipal concerns about town planning and reinstatement in an improving style, and the material impact of the restitution on the city and its people.

This article interrogates the relationship between terrorism and development through the lens of cities, arguing that despite the post 9/11 hype in relation to cities of the global North, the impact of terrorism on cities of the global South should not be ignored. Defining terrorism in terms of acts of terror, it is suggested that cities are more susceptible to this form of political violence than rural areas because of the likelihood of greater impact and visibility and the incidence and impact of urban terror is greatest in cities of less developed countries. Eschewing a ‘developing’/’developed’ dichotomy it is nevertheless demonstrated that while terrorism has levelled risk across cities of the North and South, vulnerabilities in developing country cities are far greater. It is here that the link between terrorism and development can be most tightly drawn, providing a clear rationale for destabilising the vicious cycle of terrorism and counter-terrorism that destroys past and undermines future development.

本研究は、前稿(阪神・トルコ・台湾の比較防災学的考察と課題-活断層地震に対する防災課題及び対策計画の相対化と普遍化-: 総合都市研究第75号)に引き続き、比較防災学の視点から、1995年1月の阪神・淡路大震災、1999年8月のトルコ・マルマラ地震および1999年9月の台湾・集集地震における復旧・復興過程を整理考察するものである。とくに、住宅の再建・復興過程の分析を中心に、都市復興の進め方にも視野を広げ、その特徴と課題を比較考察している。各国・地域の社会文化的・政治的・制度的な相違は、災害に対する意識の違いとなり、それが復旧・復興対策にも大きな違いを与えている。阪神の特徴は、①住宅復旧に向けて、個別に対応した被災者が過半を占めているのであるが、当初の避難にテントは活用されず学校等に開設された避難所を多用し、その後の住宅復旧の自力対応が困難な弱者に対して応急仮設住宅を建設していること、②住宅再建では自力再建を基本としつつも借家層に対する災害復興公営住宅を大量に供給していること、③都市復興では被害が集中したのは木造密集市街地であったが、そのうち都市インフラが未整備の地域(約280ha) では土地区画整理事業や市街地再開発事業によって、都市インフラの整備を行っていること、などに集約できる。トルコ・マルマラ地震からの復興過程では、トルコの災害法による普及復興対策に特徴がある。①住宅復旧に向けて余震への恐怖から自力あるいは公的に提供されたテントが多用され、学校等を避難所としては利用していない。軍用テントも加えて、諸外国からの支援を得て建設された応急仮設住宅は、当初は持ち家層の被災者を対象としていたことも特徴的である。②住宅再建では、持ち家階層で住宅を全壊全焼した有権者を対象に、郊外に住宅団地を急速開発し、復興住宅(恒久住宅)をほとんど無料で供給したこと、③被災した市街地は街路や公園が一定程度整備されているために復興にあたっての基盤整備は不要であるが、区分所有建物が多くて合意形成が困難な状況にあるうえに、断層近辺地域では厳しい建築規制が実施されているため、現地再建が進みにくい状況がある。台湾・集集地震では、①住宅復旧に向けて、トルコと同様にテント等が多用された。応急仮設住宅は民間団体の支援としての供給が特徴的であるが、量的には少なかった。それは、家賃補助としての現金支給策を多くの被災者が希望した結果でもある。②住宅再建では、農村地域での安価な自力再建型住宅など個別の自力再建を基本としつつも、集合住宅の再建には、基金会というNGOの支援を活用した取り組みが特徴的である。③都市復興としては、トルコと同様に日本よりも市街地の基盤施設が整備されているため、一部の地域を除いて市街地整備型の復興ではないこと、断層周辺の建築制限や斜面地で再建不能の地域のために、新規開発(新社区)による復興が進められていることも特徴である。, This is a comparative study on the characteristics of urban/housing recovery and reconstruction processes among the Marmara Earthquake of 1999 in Turkey, the 921 Taiwan Great Earthquake of 1999 and the Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake of 1995. The recovery and reconstruction processes are different from each other, which were brought in various backgrounds such as a history, social culture, economic situation, legal system for disaster recovery and reconstruction, and so on in each country. In this study, a comparison of the housing recovery and urban reconstruction among three earthquakes is highlighted. The most characteristic points of each recovery and reconstruction in Turkey are as follows; In a case of the Hanshin-Awaji Great Earthquake that occurred in winter, 1) many sufferers were evacuated in to official shelters such as schools and public buildings, not in tents. More than 49,000 units of temporary houses were supplied for approximately 30% of severe damaged houses. 2) More than 53,000 of public houses for rent are built for the poorly and the elderly who had lived in public rent houses before the earthquake, though a large number of damaged houses are rebuilt by themselves of sufferers. 3) Approximately 280 hectare of severely damaged districts are reconsturucted plannedly with the methods of land readjustment and urban redevelopment, because the condition of urban facilities such as streets and parks in these districts were very poor in spite of crowded wooden houses. 4)More than 100 condominiums which were damaged severely are rebuilt by themselves of suffered residents. They are promoted by new legal systems for renewal of condominiums and various public supports. In a case of the Marmara Earthquake in Turkey that occurred in Summer, 1) Many people who were suffered not only severely but slightly, lived in private tents and official tents both of the Red-crescent and the Military, because almost all people were afraid of aftershock and did not want to stay in slightly damaged buildings. The number of public shelter of "tent city" were prepared for more than 100,000 units. The number of private shelters of tents were unknown. The temporary houses were built by not only the national government but by the donation from foreign countries and NGOs. 2) According to Turkish Disaster Law, damaged house owners have a right to take services of temporary houses and to get a permanent house to be reconstructed by the National Government. In this earthquake, such permanent houses which are developed on the suburban hills with good condition of soil are for sale with no-interest loan in spite of high inflation of Turkish economy. It means that permanent houses are approximately "free". On the other hand, sufferers who lived rented houses have no right of permanent houses. Additionally there is no system of public houses for rent of the poorly. They can take a few of public supports for housing recovery. 3) Many parts of damaged buildings were condominiums with shops and offices of mainly 6 stories. The new regulation of building height of 3 stories or less is set in affected built-up areas of every city, because of bad soil condition for high-raised buildings. This regulation makes it impossible to be rebuilt as same scale floor as the former condominium. Therefore, a decision of rebuilding in an original site is unable to be made, though the owner of a house unit of a condominium can get a new permanent house in the suburbs. There is no case of rebuilt condominiums in the built-up areas. 4) An issue of urban reconstruction is not to widening of streets and arrangement of parks but to rebuild the damaged condominiums in built-up areas. In a case of the 921 Taiwan Great Earthquake that occurred also in summer, 1) Many tents were used as a shelter both privately and officially. Many people lived in tents temporarily, because they were also very afraid of aftershocks. More than 90% of sufferers of severely damaged houses choose a subsidy of rental fee support, but only 5% of them choose temporary houses which served by various NPOs. 2) Many of damaged houses are rebuilding by themselves, though there are several difficulties such as traditional land-owner relationships, the natives problems, jobless in villages and so on. The reconstruction of condominiums are progressing according to various supports by NGO of 921 Reconstruction Fund. Two of thirds of 178 damaged condominiums are completed or under construction for rebuilding. 3) There is new building regulation zones along the Fault, in which no-rebuilding were reconstructed. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new communities of houses for sufferers. These are "new community development plan". On the other hand, the urban reconstruction projects in each damaged district are being promoted as a "community-oriented" redevelopment and re-vitalization. Such "community-oriented" redevelopment style is learned from Japan, however there is no system for "community-oriented" nor "public participation" in Turkey.

Tens of thousands of secondary mountain disasters such as landslides, debris flows were triggered after the Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake on May 12, 2008. Large amounts of loose material were produced in gullies or on slopes, which will endanger resettled residents and destroy urban reconstruction. During the 5 years following the Wenchuan earthquake event, heavy rainfalls have already induced a great number of debris flows, barrier lakes and collapses in the earthquake-damaged area, resulting in serious casualties and property losses. The emergence and development of these disasters affect each other and are linked closely. Hence, it is important to understand the characteristics and shape of the disaster chains. In order to analyze the characteristics of secondary mountain disaster chain in Wenchuan earthquake, this paper carried out research using field survey and data statistical analysis. A large number of recording materials were reviewed and compiled to analyze more than 2440 debris flows, landslides, collapses and barrier lakes in different areas of Wenchuan, Beichuan, Dujiangyan and so on. The results showed that: the Wenchuan earthquake secondary mountain hazards are mainly distributed in Beichuan, Wenchuan, Dujiangyan and other regions near earthquake source, frequency decreases with the distance increasing source distance. The secondary disaster chain can be divided into 4 grades and 9 types, and a comprehensive type; each disaster chain consists of two or more disasters in earthquake. Precipitation and surface run off have great influence on secondary mountain disasters, and become important media for the formation of chain chains in secondary disasters. This study has some guidance to the judgment and prevention of the secondary disaster chain after earthquake.

This habilitation thesis proposes a series of contributions in the field of geometric modeling from physical measurements. These contributions present concepts and algorithms for object extraction, surface reconstruction, and scene modeling for urban environments. The methodology behind these contributions relies on stochastic geometry and graphical models. These probabilistic models are suited to analyzing the diversity and the complexity of urban objects and to exploring large and highly non-convex solution spaces at city-scales. The physical measurements, data structures, and concepts involved in our work lie between computer vision, geometry processing, and photogrammetry. A general summary also provides a vision of the many remaining challenges in the field.

In this chapter, the Town and Country Planning Act, 1947 is analysed. It constituted the final, practical form of the urban reconstruction machinery after the end of the war. In addition, the reaction to the 1947 Act and the revision of the planning system by the Conservatives is also examined through the issue of the Planning Acts of 1951, 1954 and 1959. Nevertheless, the principal Act remained the 1947 Act, especially parts I–IV, which dealt with the making and amendment of development plans, the day-to-day control of development through the grant or refusal of planning permission for development, and the acquisition and disposal of land for planning purposes, were in force during the whole of the 1950s.

This chapter focuses on the 1940–1944 period, and deals with the administrative developments related to the formulation of the reconstruction machinery and its effects in establishing the central planning authority . Emphasis is given on the Barlow, Scott and Uthwatt Reports which recommended the decentralisation or dispersal of both the industry and the industrial population, and the control of urban and agricultural land. The issue of the establishment of a central planning authority was one of the most important contained in the Barlow Commission’s report. As an outcome, the new Ministry of Town and Country Planning was established, gathering to itself all central town planning powers, responsibility for legislation and the civil servants previously concerned with planning.

Disasters are seen as opportunities for enhanced institutional and legal arrangements. Steps have been taken in all the affected countries casting an influence on the urban issues such as governance, housing, land-use and transportation. In India, the government gave significant authority to the local governments while in Indonesia urban reconstruction plan, called Blueprint, was adopted and influenced housing, transportation and economic activities in the city. Maldives government had formulated a population consolidation plan and Sri Lanka focused on development approval policies for enhanced community safety. This chapter tries to summarize urban issues impacted by the new institutional and legal arrangements in the decade after the Indian Ocean Tsunami.

This book provides a systematic account on the financing of urban reconstruction in Liaoning shantytowns. Based on a review of relevant documents and practices in China and other countries, the chapter provides an account of events most especially the mechanisms for fund-raising, fund-using, fund-repayment, particularly as it relates to experiences, problems and enlightenments. In fund-raising, Liaoning’s new local leadership team played a decisive role in establishing an effective financing platform.

El proceso de reconstrucción urbana de Minsk, después de la II Guerra Mundial, tiene un peso importante en la configuración actual de la ciudad. Los cambios radicales en su estructura, desarrollados durante este periodo, convierten a la ciudad en un caso singular y paradigmático desde el punto de vista urbanístico del modelo soviético de desarrollo urbano. El tránsito entre la ciudad histórica y la ciudad contemporánea, la descripción del modelo urbano implementado y sus características principales, son el objeto de análisis del artículo. The process of the urban reconstruction of Minsk after the World War II has an important role in its current configuration. The radical changes in its urban structure, which was developed during this period, transform the city into a unique case from the urban point of view of the soviet model of the urban development. The transition between historic and contemporary city, the description of implemented urban model and its main features are the object of analysis of the present article.

This habilitation thesis proposes a series of contributions in the field of geometric modeling from physical measurements. These contributions present concepts and algorithms for object extraction, surface reconstruction, and scene modeling for urban environments. The methodology behind these contributions relies on stochastic geometry and graphical models. These probabilistic models are suited to analyzing the diversity and the complexity of urban objects and to exploring large and highly non-convex solution spaces at city-scales. The physical measurements, data structures, and concepts involved in our work lie between computer vision, geometry processing, and photogrammetry. A general summary also provides a vision of the many remaining challenges in the field.

The paper focuses on the intersection between South African urban reconstruction and the development of social justice debates in urban geography. Drawing on a case study located in the Cape Metropolitan Region of South Africa, this investigation illustrates how decision-makers have implemented a planning strategy referred to as integrated development planning (IDP) to aid post- apartheid urban reconstruction. In so doing, the paper shows how this mechanism draws upon the spatial imagination as a method of (re)directing the development of this city. Moreover, the case study demonstrates how an imagined urban space, expressed in the planning system of the IDP, functions as a device by which shared understandings of social justice are enabled. Finally, the paper reflects on how these findings might (re)direct the theoretical development of the social justice concept in geographical and urban planning debates.

The convergence of two seemingly distinct discourses - those of medical science and planning - in the period of urban reconstruction at the close of the Second World War is discussed. It is suggested that planners in 1940s Britain conceptualized urban reconstruction by employing the visual imagery and rhetoric of contemporary 'medical aesthetics'. The convergence of these ideas was purposeful: medical knowledge and its newly emerging aesthetics transplanted itself easily into the imaginative realms of urban reconstruction so that planners and architects alike could visualize the social, moral and architectural improvements to be made to the city in terms of diagnosis, cure and treatment. Reconstruction was not simply building cities anew; it also involved a vision of post-war life in its full cultural complexity.

この報告論文は、1999年8月17日の深夜に発生したトルコ・コジャエリ地震(M.7.4)の被災地への3週間後の現地調査を基礎にしたものである。この地震は、トルコの最も経済的に先導的地位にある地域を襲った地震で、地表に現れた断層により最大4.5mの右ズレ変位と液状化などの地盤災害をともなう震動被害によって、150kmを超える範囲の複数の都市が同時被災した地震災害である。トルコの特徴的な無許可開発市街地で従来から災害時の脆弱性が危慢されてきたゲジェコンドには被害が発生せず、むしろ建物被害は最近の都市化にともない開発された新市街地に集中した。地域に与える影響を見るために県別に人口あたりの被害強度を算出してみると、被害量としては大量に発生していたコジャエリ県とサカルヤ県よりも、県域が狭く湾岸地域に立地しているヤローパ県の被害強度が高かった。被災者の救済のために、わが国では避難所として学校等の公共施設が活用されるが、トルコでは、テント都市を設営して対応している。公的なテントで11万張が設営されており、最終的には個人テントを含めて20万張以上のテントで、80万人以上が生活している。3ヵ月後には、厳しい冬対策が必要となり、35,000戸の仮設住宅を緊急整備するとしているが、一部はテントでの越冬となろう。インフレ経済下での生活復興・住宅復興・都市復興には多様な困難が予想された。

This article investigates the role and influence of urban planning in ameliorating or intensifying deeply ingrained ethnic conflict. It is based on more than 70 interviews with urban professionals in Belfast (Northern Ireland) and Johannesburg (South Africa). Policy makers in Belfast have sought intergroup stability through neutral policies that protect the territorial status quo. Equity planning in post-apartheid Johannesburg seeks spatial reconstruction of a disfigured metropolis. In both cities, policy dilemmas challenge officials who are seeking to stabilize or reconstruct strife-torn cities. Hardening of Protestant-Catholic territorial identities in Belfast, which are deemed essential to urban peace, might constitute a barrier to long-term intergroup reconciliation. In Johannesburg, policy responses to crisis conditions and reliance on private economic forces may solidify rather than transcend apartheid geography. In ethnically polarized cities, a reconceptualized urban planning that is able to improve interethnic coexistence has a vital and difficult role to play in advancing and reinforcing formal peace agreements.

In recent years, especially since 1990, there has been an increased emphasis on LED strategies as South African cities focus on urban reconstruction and development to try to reduce the inequalities associated with apartheid. The aim of this paper is to investigate the nature of local economic development strategies in Durban, with specific reference to the Point Redevelopment Programme and the International Convention Centre. It was widely expected that these projects would create jobs and promote tourism. These projects were initially largely driven by business and local state interests, and there was no public participation. Pressure from community groups led to a fundamental restructuring of the development process. The formation of the Durban Infrastructural Development Trust was a progressive strategy to get the wider community involved in the process. The Trust released a protocol which stipulated that the guiding principles for these projects would be widespread consultation in the planning and development process, as well as policies for job-creation and affirmative action. However, this paper questions whether these objectives will be realised, and whether the disadvantaged communities will benefit from the local economic development projects. An analysis of the financing of the projects and concessions granted to private developers by the local state reveals that most of the funding would come from the tax-payer. Therefore, inequalities would not be addressed and any benefits to the community would only take place by the trickle-down effect.

In the previous chapters, I examined clustering dynamics and networks of creative industries in Shanghai regarding, in general, urban space as causes while agglomeration as effects. This chapter analyzes the relationship between space and economy through an inverted perspective, taking the emergence of creative clusters as the driving forces but urban reconstruction as a result. The impacts of creative industry districts in Shanghai can be observed on urban landscape (especially the inner city of Shanghai), social-spatiality, as well as urban culture and image in addition to the economic and employment contributions mentioned in the third chapter. Through this discussion, I intend to explore the mechanism that how economic conversion can actually reshape the urban spaces and image of the city through economic, social, and cultural measures.

Простор улица, настао под утицајем идеја модерног покрета, његова морфологија и трансформације, од првих концепата и реализација до данас били су предмет непрестаних критика и преиспитивања. С једне стране, скуп уметника и архитеката различитих праваца, под окриљем јединственог назива модернисти, тражили су иновативне начине за решавањем растућих проблема модерног града, који су се огледали кроз велики прилив становништва у урбане средине и опасности које су по њих доносили нови изуми у форми аутомобила и његових механичких брзина. Заједничка карактеристика понуђених решења била је сегрегација саобраћаја по функцији. Разлике су се односиле на формално реструктуирање простора улице у односу на вертикалну или хоризонталну раван. С друге стране, критика идеја и принципа оваквих модела везана је за деградацију традиционално схваћеног уличног коридора, као места друштвене интеракције и производње. Предметно истраживање се бави морфологијом простора улица насталих под утицајем идеја модерног покрета и могућностима њихове реконструкције у савременом контексту развоја града. Полазна хипотеза је да ове просторне структуре представљају флексибилан отворен систем, чије морфолошке карактеристике омогућују различите степене интегралног третирања простора у односу на савремене захтеве урбане обнове, заштиту архитектонског наслеђа и одрживост градова. Однос трансформација урбане структуре и друштвених процеса истражује се увидом у просторну структуру Новог Београда, најзначајнију урбану целину модерног покрета на нашем тлу. Aмбивалентан карактер југословенског спољнополитичког опредељења и, у том смислу, тражење “трећег пута“ између Истока и Запада имали су утицај и на архитектонско-урбанистичку праксу, те простор Новог Београда од почетка конципирања до данас представља јединствен феномен, настао као производ непрестаних промишљања под утицајем глобалних трендова и локалних услова. The streetscape that was designed under the influence of modern movement ideas, along with its morphology and transformations, has been the subject of continuous criticism and re-evaluation ever since their earliest concepts and realizations. On the one hand, a group of artists and architects representing different movements, collectively referred to as modernists, sought innovative ways to solve the growing problems of a modern city reflected in a massive migration to urban areas and dangers posed by the recent invention of the automobile and its mechanical speeds. One feature shared by the proposed solutions was a segregation of traffic according to its function. The differences regarded a formal restructuring of streets in relation to the horizontal and vertical planes. On the other hand, the criticism of ideas and principles represented by these models pointed out a degradation of the street corridor traditionally envisioned as a site of social interraction and production. The case study deals with the morphology of streetscapes created under the influence of modern movement ideas and potential for their reconstruction in a contemporary context of urban development. The initial hypothesis is that these spatial structures represent a flexible, open system whose morphological characteristics allow varying degrees of integral treatment of the space in relation to the contemporary demands of urban renewal, protection of architectural heritage, and urban sustainability. The relationship between urban structure and social processes is explored through insight into the spatial structure of New Belgrade as the most significant urban entity representative of the modern movement on our territory. The ambivalent nature of Yugoslav foreign policy and, by extension the pursuit of a „third road“ between the East and the West influenced architectural and urban practices, thus shaping the space of New Belgrade from outset into a unique phenomenon which has grown out of a continuous contemplation influennced by global trends and local conditions. The research analyzes, identifies and documents different concepts of reconstruction; it valorizes their effects and defines possibilities for future development of the streetscape that was shaped by the modern movement. The process examines the social and political framework and its impact on dominant urban models, as well as architectural concepts of streets, their realizations and morphologic characteristics.

This article analyzes the relationship between violence and the racial city. It examines Durban's construction and disintegration in the context of unsuccessful apartheid reform, and traces corresponding distinct but overlapping stages of violence. Internecine violence of the latter 1980s constituted a racially displaced confrontation over political control and resources of the society transformed into internecine conflict within black residential areas, especially the urban peripheries. The violence was rooted in spatial and material differentiation reinforced by township and shantytown power structures, which clandestine state intervention accentuated. The article concludes by analyzing the new spatial and racial city forms, suggesting alternative urban reconstruction paths to redress the deeper causes of violence.

Recent treatments of the role and influence of architectural modernism in post‐war urban reconstruction gloss over the subtlety of different national experiences and the underlying plurality of ear...

In the 1990s, South Africa and its cities have entered an unprecedented era of change. This transition has been characterised by a burgeoning of ‘civil society’ and negotiation processes around the key policy and development challenges facing the country. Within this context, the beginnings of a new ‘post-apartheid urban reconstruction’ era has been marked by the dual challenges of neutralising the damaging anomalies created in cities by apartheid urban engineering, and of shaping efficient, functional and well-managed cities for the future. The core areas or central city zones of the major metropolitan complexes — comprising inner city residential components and central business district economic sectors — are now emerging as a priority area in urban reconstruction. This paper briefly outlines the evolution of the South African central city within the context of overall metropolitan morphology, before considering several of the key issues and processes currently shaping inner city and CBD zones.

Land readjustment (LR), a land management technique used to consolidate plots of land for unified planning of infrastructure, servicing, and subdivision (Doebele, 1982), has received increased atte...

The urban development is usually accompanied with the re-planning and reconstruction of the old urban area, which is one of the key issues of the urban development program. Over the past decade, Fuzhou City of Fujian province, SE China, has speeded up its reconstruction progress. The Cangxia area, located in the southwestern of the city, was replaned and reconstructed to improve people's living conditions because the area was full of intensively-built squatter settlements. In order to study the thermal environmental changes of the Cangxia area before and after the reconstruction, three Landsat TM images of 1986, 1996 and 2006 were utilized to perform feature extractions of the thermal-related information of the area, such as the land surface temperature (LST), impervious surface area (ISA) and vegetation coverage. The quantitative analysis on the relationship between ISA and LST suggested a positive exponential relationship between the two factors. With the assistance of the Urban-Heat-Island Ratio Index (URI), the digital image processing on the three multi-temporal images revealed the spatial and temporal variations of the urban heat island (UHI) effect in the investigated area from 1986 to 2006. The results showed that after the launch of the reconstruction project of this squatter settlement-dominated area, the UHI effect in the area had been greatly mitigated in the past 20 years, since the URI value had been decreased from 0.648 in 1986 to 0.245 in 2006. This owes greatly to the significant decrease in high-density ISAs and the notable increase in vegetation covers. The reconstruction is of benefit to the UHI mitigation of the Cangxia area.