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Copyright of Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Babylon Center for Humanities Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relações Internacionais is the property of Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Relações Internacionais is the property of Relacoes Internacionais and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Japanese Journal of Educational Research / Kyoikugaku Kenkyu is the property of Japanese Educational Research Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the design pedagogies developed through the alliance between disability activists at the Center for Independent Living (CIL) and a number of faculty led by Raymond Lifchez at U.C. Berkeley in the 1970s and 80s. Founded by Bay Area activists including disabled students at U.C. Berkeley, the CIL provided a critical platform for advocacy and services within the disability community. In a number of seminars and studios, Lifchez and others followed the initiatives of the CIL, documented the transformation of the built environment by disabled individuals in Berkeley, and incorporated their experiences in the design process. Rather than approaching disabled individuals as bearers of special needs, a number of specific pedagogical strategies explored their expertise and resourcefulness and incorporated them as informants, consultants, and designers. Supported by archival sources, oral histories, and publications of the period, this article contributes to ongoing discussions concerning the relationship between design and the environmental and social construction of disabilities as well as to the definition of design and architecture expertise. These pedagogies critically mobilized models to advance partial and flexible design interventions and simultaneously transformed the classroom into a model that challenged the naturalization of able-bodiedness in the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Africa Growth and Opportunity Act was introduced by the United States of America to enable beneficiary countries to boost their export volumes and make way for growth and development. The study aims at estimating the effect of the Act on export from sub-Saharan African countries to the United States of America considering the role of credit. A panel data for 49 countries sourced from IMF DOTS, WDI, and CEPII for the period 1980 to 2020 was employed. Using the GMM, and the differences in differences estimation techniques, the findings showed that the AGOA trade preference has not achieved the purpose for which it was introduced. It is however found that export to the United States can be improved under the trade preference if credit is provided to the private sector. It is therefore recommended that credit accessibility should be made easy to make way for private sector investment in the production process to feed the export sector.

Climate change exerts a profound and far-reaching toll on mental health, resulting in mental illness, diminished wellbeing, and strained social relations, with the severity of these impacts anticipated to intensify under future climate change. News coverage of climate-mental health issues can shape public perceptions and responses, and therefore understanding this coverage is vital for creating and implementing strategies to lessen climate-mental health risks. We systematically examined the extent, nature, and range of news articles from Canada and the United States that covered climate-mental health impacts. Five electronic databases were searched. Articles were included if they were print or online news stories that covered climate-mental health impacts and were published in English or French by sources in Canada or the United States between 2016 and 2020. A total of 1085 articles (642 unique stories) met the inclusion criteria and underwent data extraction and analysis using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Coverage of climate-mental health outcomes increased in both Canada and the United States from 2016 to 2019. There was, however, a substantial decrease in coverage by Canadian news outlets from 2019 to 2020. Further, although 468 different news outlets published at least one story on the topic, repeat coverage by any one news outlet was infrequent. Most opinion pieces presented climate-mental health impacts as legitimate or expressed support for people experiencing these issues. Roughly half of the included stories identified populations that are vulnerable to climate-mental health impacts, particularly children and young people. Additionally, approximately half of the included stories identified potential interventions or coping strategies to protect mental health, most often involving changes to individual lifestyles or behavior. More sustained coverage that focuses on protective factors, interventions, and coping strategies is needed, as this could help foster public understanding and drive action to reduce climate-mental health risks.

Disseminated sporotrichosis may present with inflammatory arthritis and cutaneous ulcerations that mimic noninfectious skin conditions such as pyoderma gangreonsum (PG). Sporotrichosis must therefore be ruled out before administering immunosuppressive agents for PG. Furthermore, dimorphic fungi such as sporotrichosis may grow as yeast in bacterial cultures, even before fungal cultures become positive. We present a case of disseminated cutaneous and osteoarticular sporotrichosis mimicking PG and describe the differential diagnosis and the diagnostic and treatment approach to this condition.

La gran presión demográfica y un clima de rasgos semiáridos hacen que la disponibilidad de agua en el sur de California sea reducida. Diversos trasvases se han realizado con el objetivo de abastecer de agua a la aglomeración urbana de Los Ángeles. Recientemente, nuevas técnicas de desalación y reciclaje de aguas residuales son tomadas en consideración. El artículo realiza un recorrido histórico del suministro de agua a esta región y presenta un resumen de la situación actual.

This article aims to uncover some less known uses of the impeachment mechanism in Brazil and in the United States of America: judicial impeachment. On the one hand, it aims at discussing how impeachment relates to the removal of judges from public office in these two countries, namely when it comes to judges in the highest courts of the judicial branch (Supreme or Constitutional Court); on the other hand, the purpose is to discuss the connections between impeachment, judicial independence and accountability. The idea is to use comparative constitutional law methodology to address the historical background of impeachment and how it spread throughout different jurisdictions along the way before arriving in the Brazilian legal and constitutional scenario. In light of that, one of the most relevant sources will be found in precedents and legal doctrine regarding impeachment, with a significant focus on historical registers of its use and relation to judicial independence. The final objective is to test and investigate whether judicial impeachment can be seen or not as a mechanism that enhances judicial independence in countries that still adopt the practice, such as Brazil and the United States of America.

The main characteristics of any given social group are defined through comparisons with members of other communities and result from a complex interplay. Identity and alterity are thus constructed simultaneously and interdependently in accordance with group representations emerging from various sources: direct contact through travelling, mere legends or more verifiable accounts, scientific or fictional works, press articles tackling diverse topics, school textbooks, almanacs, etc. The British and the Americans were not identified as the most noteworthy alterity figures by the Romanian mentality of the modern period, but they were surely perceived distinctively from other foreigners. Despite the cultural and/or geographical distance between Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia, on the one hand, and Great Britain and the United States of America, on the other hand, towards the end of the 19th century average Romanians were able to interwove information gathered from a wide range of sources and to transform it into realistic depictions of these two countries and their inhabitants. This process of defining the Other combined diachronic and synchronous tendencies, fiction and facts, stereotypes and truth. By synthesising the work done by previous researchers, the present study provides an overall image of the ways in which Great Britain and the United States of America were perceived by Romanians throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.

The paper presents the results of the study of the evolution of economic relations between the United States and Canada, since 1989. The agreements regulating the economic relations of these countries among themselves and with other trading partners. An economic and statistical study of Canada’s exports to Latin America and the Caribbean and imports from them was carried out. Both Canada and the United States have become leaders in creating an open and free space based on the principles of multilateral trade. The main characteristics of the free trade zone are mutual concessions in terms of access to markets for services and goods; discipline in terms of trade restrictions; the use of dispute settlement mechanisms. Nevertheless, some researchers question the effectiveness of this trading system. US President Joe Biden promises to take measures to intensify bilateral cooperation, but Canadians are concerned about his decision to cancel the Keystone XL pipeline project. The commitment of the American president to the policy of “buying American” also causes some unrest. The above determines the relevance of considering the issue related to economic cooperation between the United States and Canada in modern conditions. The following research methods were used in the work: the normative method and the method of political analysis.

Infiltration is one of the influential methods that a state follows to achieve the goals of its personal policy to demonstrate its powers, maintain a balance with other countries, and secure the requirements of its national security as well as economic reasons that pave the way for obtaining certain benefits. This method was applied to US-Chinese relations during the research period. This research aims to shed light, albeit in a nutshell, on the early stages of the American infiltration into China. The study period extends from 1791 to 1895, as the first date represents the first official attempts of that infiltration, especially after the American Congress issued a decision to reduce customs duties by 10% on imported goods from China without exception. ; While the second historiography represented the role of American diplomacy in mediating the end of the Japanese-Chinese war in 1895. The research is divided into two main axes. The first deals with the beginnings of the American infiltration into China until 1842, while the second axis deals with strengthening the American influence in China (1842-1895) by concluding a number of treaties with the Chinese government, those treaties that consolidated American infiltration in East Asia. In general, and China in particular.

Illegal logging is a global concern, related with severe negative environmental, social and monetary impacts, such as deforestation, degradation of biodiversity and loss of authorities revenues. Despite recent global eforts to combat unlawful logging activities, the problem stays widespread. While the educational literature on the subject is extensive, little systematic research has been committed to analysing the reasons of unlawful logging. Here, this knowledge gap is addressed with a cross-national evaluation of elements hypothesized to have an effect on illegal logging. The logistic regression evaluation performed in this find out about corroborates some widely held beliefs, but additionally gives some new insights on the elements that are essential for whether unlawful logging is in all likelihood to be a problem. It is shown that, except physical-geographic characteristics, a number of elements relating to the level and velocity of a country’s economic-institutional improvement are related with unlawful logging. These include gross domestic product per capita, financial growth, voice and accountability, rule of regulation and control of corruption.

The purpose of this article is to find long- and short-term determinants of U.S. economic growth over the period 1970-2016. By using cointegration analysis and vector error correction models, we compensated for many variables that were not previously linked together. Empirical analysis shows that consumer spending, population, domestic investment, FDI inflows, and exports are long-term sources of economic growth, but FDI outflows, military spending, taxes, and imports are not considered long-term sources of economic growth. grow. In the short run, all variables have no effect on economic growth.

Given the wide reach of transnational crimes and the illegal flow of money, policing at an international level has become a new frontier for authorities who aim to control these threats. The United States has taken the center stage in this effort ever since the proclamation of the war on drugs and the continuing war on terror by promoting the ‘follow the money’ principle as a fundamental strategy to be adopted worldwide. In this paper, we will focus on US efforts to expand the anti-money laundering agenda and policies to Latin America, mobilizing the policy diffusion approach. By incorporating this thinking tool, we also aim to highlight the United States hegemonic position when establishing agendas and priorities internationally. Therefore, we will trace US official documents describing strategies, practices and policies aimed at promoting anti-money laundering policies in Latin American institutions through coercion, competition, learning and emulation mechanisms. By promoting training events and formulating evaluation mechanisms, the US has stimulated Latin American countries to elaborate their own law enforcement efforts inspired by these same paradigms.

This paper examined the World Trade Organization (WTO) trade dispute settlement between Indonesia and the United States of America on the horticultural issue in 2018. The WTO aims to encourage free trade mechanisms by eliminating trade barriers, providing a negotiation forum for international trade disputes, and as a mediator to international negotiation forums on trade dispute settlement. The USA reported Indonesia to the Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) of the WTO because Indonesia was considered to have implemented a number of policies on imports of agricultural products that created trade barriers to the USA's products. This research will explain the causes of Indonesia's loss in the dispute by using Susan Strange's concept of structural power. This research used qualitative methods and obtained data sources through primary and secondary data sources. Primary data was obtained directly through field study by interviewing related parties in the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Trade of The Republic of Indonesia. Secondary data was collected by conducting literature reviews of journals, books, news, and other sources. It showed that Indonesia was defeated in the dispute because it violated the quantitative restrictions rules in article XI. I GATT 1994. The USA used its knowledge structural power, such as the existence of scientific studies and research, to strengthen its case. Indonesia could not match the knowledge structure that the USA had. This was seen in Indonesia's weaknesses in a legal capacity and inability to show facts based on research and scientific studies regarding Indonesia's actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the legal system in the world, there are two groups of laws adopted by each country "Common Law" and "Civil Law". Countries that adhere to the common law system were initially implemented in England throughout the continent, while countries that adopted the civil law system were developed in mainland European countries such as Russia, Japan, the Netherlands. Countries that were former colonies of Continental European countries also adhered to a civil law system. Along with this, English-speaking countries which are former British colonies adhere to common law. However, the United States as a former British colony developed a different system from that in force in England, although there was still a mixture of common law systems. Continental European countries (Civil Law) have principles that are very fortunate to have binding powers and are arranged systematically in certain codifications and compilations. The main value of the purpose of law is legal certainty, this can only be realized by human action which can be regulated by written regulations. In countries that adhere to this system, judges cannot freely create laws so that judges can only have binding powers in general. The Civil Law Legal System provides limits on the authority of judges to interpret and apply the “Res Ajudidicata Doctrine” regulations. "Anglo Saxon" "American Saxon" (Common Law) has legal sources ranging from judge's decisions, customs, laws, and state administrative regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to the initial expectations, censorship managed to survive through the Digital Age as far as Internet censorship is today a global issue. The present paper attempts to provide insight into some new forms of censorship through investigating the various restrictions imposed on the Iranian nation by the United States. This study has shown that the U.S. government (in collaboration with Meta, Twitter, and Google) suppresses the Iranian media, removing them from the platforms, limiting Iranians' access to the Internet, and silencing their dissenting voices in order to preserve its monopoly on the narrative. The results of this investigation also reveal one of the most extensive cases of censorship in the history of social media, which has been practiced by Instagram against General Qasem Soleimani. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how airlines in the United States report risk at a difficult and uncertain time as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The fundamental differences between the years 2019 and 2020 are identified using Leximancer, which is used to locate the key ideas and themes addressed in the risk reporting sections. Following the pandemic, the themes that addressed generic and recurring hazards were afforded less weight than themes that highlighted risks particular to day-to-day business and the stock market. The findings also point to the need for corporations to disclose future-oriented risks more fully in post-COVID-19 reporting, with an emphasis on unpredictability, stock volatility, and operational disruption. This study adds to the body of knowledge on risk profiling, particularly as it relates to the airline business, and it offers stakeholders and investors a glimpse into the general concerns of airlines. The inherent information imbalance between management and investors is lessened and transparency is increased because of this improved understanding of the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of businessman Donald John Trump on the US political scene had great media and social significance from the moment his candidacy for the 2016 Republican primaries was announced. In both the academic and journalistic dimension, rhetoric and the Trump agenda have generated a breakdown of the previously established order to analyze electoral processes. Placed outside the Republican Party ruling party, the candidate was able to excite all sectors of conservative "America" and expand the social mass of his party through an undoubtedly aggressive and ambitious electoral strategy. This strategy was based on a transformation of the standards on which political communication was conceived and the dissemination of political programs to citizens. The Republican campaign was able to neutralize Hillary Clinton's political initiative and the Democratic Party's budgetary superiority through a speech full of promises and allusions directed at citizens who were still suffering from the economic consequences of the 2008 financial disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global interest in agricultural land, while taking center stage in the agrarian issue in the 21st century, is not a recent process. Differently from what is frequently mentioned in the discussions, the countries of the Center, in addition to being operators of the land foreignization in the Peripheral countries, are also targets of the process, not only in contemporary times. Thus, the objective of the article is to analyze the debate on the foreignization of agricultural land in the United States during the 1970s. We argue that addressing the American case is important, since it allows an increasingly understanding of land foreignization as a structural element of agrarian question and, consequently, the advance of capitalist relations in the countryside, not being present in just a historical moment or in certain regions. With the article it is possible to conclude that foreignization takes on unique characteristics in space and time and different impacts on multiple scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the time-frequency dependency between government expenditures and tax revenues by employing the wavelet coherence approach using data from the United States of America (USA) for the period of 1960Q2 to 2019Q3. The four leading concepts regarding the correlation between government expenditures and tax revenues are the tax-and-spend, spend-and-tax, fiscal synchronization and institutional separation hypotheses. Our results indicate that government expenditures lead to tax revenues in both the short and long run for specific time intervals as proposed by the spend-and-tax hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research sheds light on the beginning of official relations between the United States of America and Sri Lanka after its independence in 1948. These relations were characterized by friendliness and convergence between the two countries. Sri Lanka held strategic importance for the United States, and what distinguished this period was the American administration's desire to provide assistance to the Sri Lankan government as part of the containment policy and the Fourth Point Program it adopted during the Cold War, out of fear of Sri Lanka aligning with the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ciência da Informação is the property of Instituto Brasileiro de Informacao em Ciencia e Tecnologia (IBICT) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collected Papers of Zagreb Law Faculty / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta u Zagrebu is the property of Sveuciliste u Zagrebu, Pravni Fakultet and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is devoted to the analysis of the Nicaraguan conflict as an element of the Cold War and its impact on the international political situation. The author conducts a detailed review of the latest research on this problem, both in domestic and international scientific literature, focusing on the causes of the conflict, the role of international actors, socio-economic consequences and the global impact on the Cold War. The study found that the Nicaraguan conflict was caused by political, economic and social factors such as the authoritarianism of the Sandinista regime, social inequalities and external interference. The role of international actors in the conflict turned out to be crucial, in particular due to their support for different sides of the conflict and the competition for influence in the region. The conflict was accompanied by serious socio-economic consequences, such as economic decline, destruction of infrastructure and exacerbation of political contradictions. Its global impact was to change the dynamics of the Cold War and the tensions between the superpowers. The findings of the study emphasize the importance of understanding the consequences and influence of the Nicaraguan conflict on the Cold War and the international political situation. This makes it possible to develop effective approaches to the settlement of similar conflicts in the future and contribute to the achievement of stability and peace in the region. Understanding these consequences can serve as a basis for further political negotiations and peacemaking measures aimed at reducing the socio-economic consequences of the conflict and strengthening international stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discussion about immigration to the United States of America was avast and complex topic that has been extended over a period of more than two centuries. The view about immigration changed through the passing of time, however, in recent times it was a product of two very different ideals expressed between 2015 and 2018. This subject is extremely relevant because it comprises millions of lives that could have suffered a significant change due to the constantly shifting policies. This paper aims to analyse the socio-political changes that have been generated by the creation and modification of immigration-related bills in the short, yet relevant period which comprises three years. The conclusions that have surfaced from this research are that the immigration policies were focused on stabilising the statute of immigrants before the Trump Administration. This administration modified them so to have a nationalist approach. It is important to state the negative impact that the immigration policies had upon the development of society because most recently the same bills that should create a stronger society have managed to divide it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work aims to analyze and compare the development of the legal solutions for the eviction crisis that were introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic in the New York State by each branch of the authorities. The issue will be studied by analyzing documents introduced by the legislature, executive branch and judiciary, dealing with the prohibition of evicting tenants from residential and commercial premises during the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper will analyze short-term solutions in the form of ordinances, as well as long-term solutions in the form of laws. Furthermore, it will try to demonstrate the minor contradictions, problems, and complexities involved with the bifurcation of the introduced legal solutions, and to show that eviction moratoria in the New York State did not provide total protection and assistance to tenants, as well as that their solutions were rather short-term. The paper will also present solutions from the federal level and compare them to state solutions in order to show the difference in approach. The article will also demonstrate that acting at the state and local level, on a smaller scale, is more effective because it is easier to reach a specific group of stakeholders. Moreover, a change in the nature of legal solutions introduced at the state level will be observed, which was caused by the change of a governor general of the New York State and the Supreme Court's ruling that one of the laws was illegal -- the paper will show how this ban was circumvented by the new state authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Derecho Internacional is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Profesores de Derecho Internacional y Relaciones Internacionales (AEPDIRI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Perspectivas de Politicas Publicas is the property of Universidad Nacional de Lanus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Art History is the property of Radovi Instituta za Povijest Umjetnosti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Thi Qar Arts Journal is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Research in Educational & Human Sciences Arts & Languages is the property of Research & Development of Human Recourses Center (REMAH) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the last decade, the European Union (EU), a bulwark of the liberal international order, has been subject to a high degree of turmoil resulting from various processes and crises and has witnessed the rise of national populism, of which Brexit was the main exponent. The leadership of the order was also impacted by the changes in the foreign policy of the United States of America (USA) effected by the Trump Administration. The USA, the United Kingdom (UK), and the EU are the leaders of the liberal zone of peace and if national populism structurally affects them the liberal international order could be seriously challenged. Among the various instances of national populism, Brexit remains a significant challenge to the EU and might greatly impact the liberal international order. By adopting an interpretivist methodology anchored in hermeneutics and in the methodological approach of emergent causation, this article seeks to understand how Brexit, as an internal challenge to the order, and the rise of China and other revisionist powers, as an external one, might influence the future of the liberal international order and great power competition. I argue that the news of the order's death is greatly exaggerated, and that depending on British, German, and US variables, Brexit and the rise of China can either challenge or reinforce the liberal international order. Nevertheless, liberalism has a resilience no other political perspective has due to its innate ability for criticism and adaptation to change. Considering that the current liberal international order is a USA-led order, I argue that these are the two main variables concerning how Brexit might influence the liberal international order and how the order's leading powers will adapt their strategies and foreign policies towards China and other revisionist powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the signing the Peace Treaty in 1951 and Japan's political independence, the Fulbright Scholarship Program has started sending Japanese to American universities and academic institutions for clinical training and research. During the 1950s, more than two hundred physicians received the scholarship. At the time, anesthesiology was still in its infancy in Japan. However, among them, five physicians chose anesthesiology as their specialty and completed American anesthesiology residency. The Fulbright Scholarship recipients' contributions to Japanese anesthesiology during their professional career had been notable and is the subject of this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the many questions on which our title invites reflection, one in particular has again achieved prominence in the United States: how is a politician who is Roman Catholic expected to vote when a measure purports to legalise what church teaching says is morally wrong? The debate has become increasingly acrimonious, to the point where senior prelates are among those who contend that President Biden and Speaker of the House Pelosi are unfit to receive Holy Communion since they subscribe to the 'pro-choice' position of the Democratic Party. The core question has become politicised, its public discussion poisoned by association with toxic elements of the so-called 'culture wars', at an impasse that is impairing effective leadership in the US Catholic Church, and an effective Catholic contribution to the common good of American society. I shall argue that this is as unnecessary as it is regrettable, and that a way through the impasse is to be found in mainline Catholic thinking about morality, law, and politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effects of brain drain caused by the migration of knowledge workers from India to the United States of America (USA) during the pre- and post-global financial crisis periods, 2005–2007 and 2011–2013. Data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series for the year 2018 are used to compare the different population groups in the USA and to estimate the hourly wages of Indian and White workers using Mincer regression and Oaxaca decomposition. Following Khadria's (2001–2010) analytical propositions, three premium characteristics of Indian-origin workers to the USA consisting of: (1) an age-premium, (2) a wage-premium and (3) a vintage-premium are empirically examined. The findings uphold the theoretical construct and suggest that the migration of Indian knowledge workers to the USA results in brain drain to India and brain gain for the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the connection between international politics that characterized the outbreak of COVID-19, mainly between the United States of America and China and the devastating impact of the second wave outbreak on the Nigerian economy. At the initial stage of the pandemic on the Chinese mainland, the economy of China experienced a significant decline. The efficacy of China's response to COVID-19 led to a fractional economic recovery during the pandemic. However, the internationalization of COVID-19 was greeted with a second wave in most advanced countries, such as the United States of America, Italy, and the United Kingdom, among others. The low level of preparedness and poor responses were comparably low in second-wave countries compared to China. It also examines the failure of the United States of America and China to develop a global health framework against COVID-19, as well as the Blame Game Politics that eventually played out. The politics of shifting blame between the United States of America and China, coupled with poor responses against COVID-19 in most Western countries, culminated in a devastating outbreak in low-income countries. Nigeria's COVID-19 experience severely affected the critical sectors of the economy. However, this awkward situation has heightened Nigeria's status as a major economic victim of the pandemic in Africa. The study utilized primary and secondary sources of data. The primary data were generated through the utility of Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and the secondary data were generated from textbooks, journal articles, and web-based materials. The data generated were analyzed using the logic induction method and thematic analysis. The study recommends rejigging the Nigerian economic framework and improving revenues through an Agrobased economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuel divestment movements have gained momentum since 2011, aimed at ending fossil fuel use and a move toward a cleaner, affordable, and sustainable energy system, for business and society. The present study investigates the direct impact of fossil fuel divestment announcements on stock prices of firms listed on the United States' stock exchanges. Using an event study and guided by the United Nation's sustainable development goals (SDGs), we test the effects of 116 divestments announcements between 2014 and 2019 on 51 publicly traded fossil fuel companies. Our results suggest that there is a negative effect of these announcements on fossil fuel firm stock prices. Also, we find that the type of fossil fuel firm (coal or oil and gas), the type of divestment (partial, coal only, or full), the timing of the announcement, and the size of the divesting investor have some explanatory power in relation to the (cumulative) abnormal returns following the divestment announcements. While the negative impact on stock prices is not surprising, the reaction from the divested firms after such large divestitures is not consistent with what may be expected, given past reactions to divestitures seeking to achieve different social goals. Given the SDGs, it seems clear why investors are divesting themselves from fossil fuel firms, but why has the reaction to the 116 divestments led to very little change in the way these publicly traded fossil fuel firms do business given their direct and growing impacts on society? We conclude the study with some suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the founding and operation of the First American-Yugoslav Export-Import Association in Chicago. As a private initiative of individuals from the Kingdom of Serbia and Yugoslav immigrants in the United States, the Association was founded with the aim of establishing economic ties between the Serbian and then the Yugoslav state and the USA. The subject of analysis is the emergence of new tendencies in the perception of economic development, the significance and scope of personal initiative, economic pragmatism and ideological content that accompanied the emergence of the Association, challenges in its operation, and the position of the Serbian/ Yugoslav state in the process of formation and operation of this joint stock company. The research is based on archival material stored in the Archives of Yugoslavia and the State Archives of Serbia, periodicals and monographs.

On February 24, 2022, Russia attacked its neighboring country of Ukraine. From the early days of what Russian President Putin called a special military operation, fears mounted that the conflict may grow into World War III, effectively ending the world in nuclear Armageddon. This study compares the current views of American and Russian youths on the issues of global nuclear war and nuclear weapons, as well as explores their inclinations toward supporting a first nuclear strike, nuclear retaliation, and their willingness to make personal sacrifices in the event of a nuclear conflict. Drawing upon the theoretical framework of co-orientation theory, the study methodically assesses the levels of agreement, congruency, and accuracy for the populations of both countries on the issues related to the nuclear conflict. The results show that American and Russian youths are currently in a state of imbalanced co-orientation—a newly defined state in the co-orientation theory—when it comes to their opinions on nuclear war and nuclear weapons. In conclusion, the study underscores the urgent need to address this lack of alignment between the two countries, given the potentially catastrophic consequences of nuclear warfare. Therefore, the study draws upon the co-orientation theory’s insights and formulates strategic public diplomacy recommendations, designed to cultivate mutual understanding, and promote constructive dialogue between the people of the United States of America and the Russian Federation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we investigate and analyze the elevation of localized practices of migrant belonging, social inclusion and refuge in U.S. cities during the COVID-19 pandemic using the lens of citizenship rights and evolution as proposed by T.H. Marshall. While Marshall's focus was national, we argue that this framework can be adjusted to analyze practices of substantive urban citizenship. Our study draws on interviews conducted during 2021 with local government officials as well as leaders of local immigrant-serving NGOs in 16 U.S. cities. We analyze the successes and failures of local governments as well as civil society organizations in treating migrants within their jurisdictions as 'citizens' who belong regardless of their legal status. We pay particular attention to the inter- and multiscalar practices of local, state, and national politics and policies in responding to the immediate needs of non-citizen migrants. The study concludes that Marshall's model has merit but the order he proposed is switched, so that social citizenship is prioritized. The study also emphasizes the importance of strengthening institutional coalitions, especially with migrant organizations in cities. These diverse and expanded partnerships underscore the expansion of citizenship-like practices in many jurisdictions for migrants during the pandemic. • Covid-19 cities enhanced substantive citizenship among vulnerable populations of immigrants and refugees during COVID-19. • Coalitions between civil society and local governments assisted denizens not covered by federal stimulus funds. • In a reserval of Marshall's model of citizenship rights, we found that social citizenship was prioritized during COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]